assessment

Transcrição

assessment

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T39916A10284881
Alouatta guariba, Brown Howler
Assessment by: Mendes, S.L., Rylands. A.B., Kierulff, M.C.M. & de Oliveira,
M.M.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Mendes, S.L., Rylands. A.B., Kierulff, M.C.M. & de Oliveira, M.M. 2008. Alouatta guariba.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39916A10284881.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39916A10284881.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Atelidae
Taxon Name: Alouatta guariba (Humboldt, 1812)
Synonym(s):
• Alouatta fusca
Infra-specific Taxa Assessed:
• Alouatta guariba ssp. clamitans
• Alouatta guariba ssp. guariba
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
Brown Howler, Brown Howler Monkey, Brown Howling Monkey, Southern Brown
Howling Monkey
Hurleur Brun
Barbado, Bugio, Guariba
Taxonomic Notes:
Rylands and Brandon (1998) and Gregorin (2006) discuss the validity or otherwise of the use of the
alternative names of fusca and guariba for the Brown Howler Monkey of the Atlantic forest of Brazil and
Argentina. Rylands and Brandon-Jones (1998) indicated that guariba Humboldt, 1812, is the available
name, Gregorin (2006) that fusca E. Geoffroy, 1812, is the right name. Kinzey (1982; see also Rylands et
al. 1996) described pelage variation. Gregorin (2006), studying the morphology of the cranium and
hyoid apparatus, considered the two brown howlers, listed by Rylands et al. (2000) and Groves (2001,
2005) as subspecies, to be full species. We reserve judgment on this until genetic studies can be brought
to bear. Harris et al. (2005), analysing cytochrome-b gene sequences, found significant differences
between populations of A. guariba clamitans in southern Brazil—from Rio de Janeiro on the one hand
and Santa Catarina on the other. They showed that these correspond to differences in karyotype
recorded by Koiffman (1977), and Oliveira et al. (1995, 1998, 2002). Maximum genetic distances found
by Harris et al. (2005) were considerably greater than those recorded for A. caraya and A. belzebul by
Nascimento et al. (2005), and they argued that further genetic research may result in the recognition of
three species of Brown Howler Monkey. We continue with the names and subspecific classification as
used by Rylands et al. (2000) and Groves (2001, 2005) until their taxonomy becomes better defined.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Least Concern ver 3.1
Year Published:
2008
Date Assessed:
June 30, 2008
Justification:
The species is listed as Least Concern because, although it occurs in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, a region
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Alouatta guariba – published in 2008.
1
with a high rate of historical forest loss, it remains widely distributed, is present in many protected
areas, and is not declining at a rate sufficient to qualify for a threat category.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2003 – Near Threatened (NT)
2000 – Vulnerable (VU)
1994 – Vulnerable (V)
1990 – Vulnerable (V)
1988 – Indeterminate (I)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
This species inhabits a large part of the Atlantic forest of Brazil, south from southern Bahia (formerly
south from the Rio Paraguaçú), extending south into basin of the Rio Jacuí, municipality of São Lourenço
do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul (Printes et al. 2001), and the extreme north of Argentina in the
Department of Misiones (Crespo 1954; Rylands et al. 1988; Di Bitetti et al. 1994; Rylands 1994; Marques
2003). Aguiar et al. (2007) recorded sympatry and probable hybridization with A. caraya in riparian
forest along the left margin of the Rio Paraná (between Porto Figueira and Port Camargo) in the Ilhas e
Várzeas do Rio Paraná Environmental Preotection Area on the state of Paraná. This region is considered
to be an ecotone between Cerrado (the typical domain of A. caraya) and the Atlantic forest (A. guariba).
Kinsey (1981) argued that the Rio Doce separated a northern subspecies (the nominate) from the
southern subspecies (A. g. clamitans). However, through a large part north of the Rio Doce, howler
monkeys were indistinguishable from those south (S. Mendes pers. comm.). Surveys by Rylands et al.
(1988) resulted in the discovery of groups just south of the lower Jequitinhonha, which were all pale
gold in colour, whereas further west, north of the middle Jequitinhonha, groups in dedicuous forests
showed sexual dichromatism typical of clamitans further south (females dark brown, males golden
brown). North of the Jequitinhonha, there are very few records of any Brown Howler Monkeys at all,
and few significant populations remain. If the uniformly pale howlers of the lower Jequitinhonha are, in
fact, a distinct subspecies (the nominate), then the populations can only be miniscule. But, the validity
of the two subspecies remains doubtful, and confused even with a recent genetic analysis comparing
populations in the south of its range in the states of Santa Catarina, Sao Paolo and Rio de Janeiro
suggesting strong subpopulation differentiation in clamitans.
Country Occurrence:
Native: Argentina (Misiones); Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio
Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
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Distribution Map
3
Population
There have been a fair number of population estimates thorughout the range of this species. Most of
them in very small forest fragments. González-Solís et al. (2001) provide a recent summary. They list 11
sites (forests) where brown howlers were counted, ranging from from 50 ha to 100,000 ha. Densities can
be very high. When not hunted, densities can vary in even very small forests due to their folivory and
dietary flexibility. In the 50 ha site (Lageadinho, São Paulo) group size was 6-12, and the density 98
individuals/km² (Torres de Assumpção 1983). Chiarello (1993) recorded a density of 177 individuals/km²
at the Santa Genebre Reserve (259 ha), São Paulo. Estimates of densities at the Caratinga Biological
Statiion (survey area ranging from 570 to 800 ha), Minas Gerais, have varied from 92 to 149
individuals/km² (Mendes 1985, 1989; Hirsch 1995). Lower densities, 10.1 individuals/km², were
recorded in the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve (4,000 ha), Espírito Santo, by Pinto et al. (1993).
Hirsch (1995) estimated densities of 1.8 to 49.0 individuals/km² in the Rio Doce State Park (32,210 ha),
Minas Gerais. González-Solís et al. (2001) estimated a density of 0.79 individuals/km² in the Serra do
Paranapiacaba, in four contiguous protected areas in the state of São Paulo totalling 140,000 ha (the
state parks of Intervales, Turístico Alto Ribeira and Carlos Botelho, and the Xitué State Ecological
Station). Surveys by Chiarello (1995) in the Linhares Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo failed to register
howlers even though they were present. In later surveys in the same reserve, Chiarello (1999) recorded
an encounter rate of 0.15 groups/10 km. Schneider and Marques (1999) estimated a density of 92-125
individuals/km² in the southern part of the range of this species, in mixed broadleaf/Araucaria forest in
the Aracuri-Esmeralda Ecological Station. Buss (2001) estimated 65 to 85 individuals/km² in the Itapuã
State Park.
Note that there have been quite a number of behavioural-ecological field studies of this species, and a
number of density estimates available in the literature are a result of these studies. The study sites
chosen were those where howler monkeys were found to be numerous and visible, so these high
densities are undoubteldy at the top end of the densities possible for this species and do not reflect a
situation typical of the entire range of the species. Where they are hunted they will occur in very much
lower numbers or not at all. In some areas they are scarce even though hunting is minimal or absent (for
example, the Rio Doce State Park, or the Augusto Ruschi Biological Station). The explanation for low
population densities in these cases is generally sought in disease epidemics, especially yellow fever.
In Misiones, Argentina, densities of both A. guariba and A. caraya are extremely low probably as a result
of the dramatic habitat fragmentation suffered in the last few decades, and of an older yellow fever
outbreak that occurred in 1966.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
An inhabitant of lowland, submontane and montane forest of the Atlantic coast of Brazil, extending
inland to mesophytic semideciduous seasonal forest inland in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and
Paraná (Rylands et al. 1988; Mendes 1985, 1989; Chiarello 1993, 1995, 1999; Marques 2001). In Paraná
and Rio Grande do Sul, it occurs in the highly seasonal subtropical and temperate, mixed
broadleaf/Araucaria forest (Schneider and Marques 1999; Buss 2001). Aguiar et al. (2007) recorded it in
periodically flooded, seasonal, semideciduous forest in the floodplains of the Rio Paraná, Paraná.
4
The howler monkeys are the large leaf-eaters of the South American primate communities. The molar
teeth are particularly adapted for chewing leaves through shearing. Like the spider monkeys, they are
prehensile-tailed, with a naked patch of skin on the under surface at the tip. Their most characteristic
feature is the deep jaws which surround the enlarged larynx and hyoid apparatus, a resonating chamber.
It is with this enlarged and highly specialized voice box that they produce their howls (grunts, roars and
barks). Howling sessions, usually involving the entire group, can be heard particularly in the early
morning and are audible at distances of 1-2 kms (Drubbel and Gautier 1993).
Brown Howler Monkeys an be seen in groups of four or five, but up to 11 or so, individuals. There is
usually only one dominant male in the group (occasionally two), others being subordinate younger
male, sub-adults, or juveniles, with a harem of two to five females. Unlike the spider monkeys, and
related to the large proportion of leaves in the diet (up to 50% of the annual diet), the howler monkeys
generally have quite small and broadly overlapping home ranges, of 5 ha up to 45 ha, depending on the
type of habitat (Neville et al. 1988).
Howlers are the only New World primates which regularly include mature leaves in their diet, although
softer, less fibrous, young leaves are preferred when they are available. Their folivory and ability to eat
mature leaves is undoubtedly one of the keys to their wide distribution and the wide variety of
vegetation types they inhabit. Mature fruit is the other important food item, especially wild figs (Ficus)
in many regions, but they also eat leaf petioles, buds, flowers (sometimes seasonally very important),
seeds, moss, stems and twigs, and termitaria.
Size:
Adult male weight mean 6.73 kg (n=4) (Smith and Jungers 1997)
Adult female weight mean 4.35 kg (n=5) (Smith and Jungers 1997).
Systems: Terrestrial
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
Widespread forest loss and fragmentation throughout its range, hunting, and disease epidemics are the
main threats. However, the species is able to survive in even quite small forest fragments if there is no
hunting. Selective logging for prized Araucaria pine is a threat in the south of its range. Mortality has
also been reported due to electrocution from power lines, mainly in the small populations surviving in
urban parks such as Lami Municipal Reserve, Porto Alegre (Lokschin et al. 2007).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
This species is present in a number of protected areas:
Argentina
Cruce Caballero Provincial park (435 ha) (at least two groups, Di Bitteti et al. 1994; Parera 2002)
Urugua-í Provincial Park (Parera 2002)
Piñalito Natural Reserve (3,796 ha) (Parera 2002). (A. caraya also occurs in this park, between the Rios
Uruguai and Paraná, and hybrids have been recorded there (Di Bitteti 2005). Di Bitetti (2005) suggested
A. caraya was replacing A. guariba in ths region due to forest destruction and degradation).
5
Brazil
Espírito Santo
Linhares Forest Reserve (Companhia Vale do Rio Doce) (22,000 ha) (Mendes 1991; Chiarello 1995).
Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve (3,572 ha) (Mendes, 1991; Pinto et al. 1993)
Sooretama Biological Reserve (27,943 ha) (rare, Chiarello 1999)
Córrego Grande Biological Station (1,489 ha)
Pedra Azul State Biological Reserve (1,200 ha) (Mendes 1991)
Duas Bocas State Biological Reserve (2,910 ha) (Mendes 1991)
Fazenda Montes Verdes Forest Reserve (1,500 ha) (Mendes 1991)
Santa Lúcia Biological Station (400 ha) (Mendes 1991)
São Lourenço Biological Station (22 ha) (Mendes 1991)
Minas Gerais
Caparaó National Park (across the Espírito Santo border) (31,853 ha)
Rio Doce State Park (35.973 ha) (Stallings and Robinson 1991; Hirsch 1995)
Serra do Brigadeiro State Park (13,210 ha) (Cosenza 1993)
Ibitipoca State Park (1,488 ha) (Hirsch et al. 1994)
Caratinga Biological Station RPPN Feliciano Abdala (Mendes 1985, 1989)
Paraná
Ilha Grande National Park (108,166 ha) (Aguiar et al. 2007)
Ilhas e Várzeas do Rio Paraná Environmental Protection Area (1,003,059 ha) (Aguiar et al. 2007)
Rio de Janeiro
Serra dos Órgãos National Park (10,527 ha)
Serra da Bocaina National Park (across border with São Paulo) (98,115 ha)
Itatiaia National Park (28,155 ha) (Diblasi-Filho and Borsoi Jr. 1983)
Tinguá Biologica Reserve (24.902 ha)
Poço das Antas Biological Reserve (5,065 ha)
Desengano State Park (22,500 ha)
Floresta da Cicuta State Area of Outstanding Ecological Interest (144 ha)
São Paulo
Turístico Alto Ribeira State Park (36,712 ha) (González-Solís et al. 2001)
Carlos Botelho State Park (37,644 ha) (González-Solís et al. 2001)
Morro do Diabo State Park (Coimbra Filho 1976b)
Serra do Mar State Park
Cantareira State Park (7,000 ha) (Cordeiro da Silva 1981; Oliveira and Ades 1993)
Paranapiacaba State Biological Reserve (336 ha)
Juréia-Itatins State Ecological Station (79,270 ha)
Xitué State Ecological Station (González-Solís et al. 2001)
Rio Grande do Sul
Aparados da Serra National Park (13,081 ha)
Itapuã State Park (5,566 ha) (Prates et al. 1990; Buss 2001; Marques 2003)
6
Espigão Alto State Park (1,319 ha) (Marques 2003)
Rondinha State Park (1,000 ha) (Marques 2003)
Turvo State Park (17,491 ha) (Marques 2003)
Serra Geral State Biological Reserve (4,846 ha) (Marques 2003)
Ibicuí-mirim Biological Reserve (598 ha) (Marques 2003)
Aracuri-Esmeralda Ecological Station (277 ha) (Marques 2003)
Lami Municipal Biological Reserve (Marques 2003)
São Francisco de Paula National Forest (1,607 ha) (Marques 2003)
Parque do Morro do Osso (Marques 2003)
Rota do Sol Environmental Protection Area (52,535 ha) (Marques 2003)
Argentina
Cruce Caballero Provincial park (435 ha) (at least two groups, Di Bitteti et al. 1994; Parera 2002)
Urugua-í Provincial Park (Parera 2002)
Piñalito Natural Reserve (Parera 2002). (A. caraya also occurs in this park, between the Rios Uruguai and
Paraná, and hybrids have been recorded there [Di Bitteti 2005]. Di Bitetti (2005) suggested A. caraya
was replacing A. guariba in ths region due to forest destruction and degradation).
It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.
Credits
Assessor(s):
Mendes, S.L., Rylands. A.B., Kierulff, M.C.M. & de Oliveira, M.M.
Reviewer(s):
Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (Primate Red List Authority)
7
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Stallings, J. R. and Robinson, J. G. 1991. Disturbance, forest heterogeneity and primate communities in a
Brazilian Atlantic forest park. In: A. B. Rylands and A. T. Bernardes (eds), A Primatologia no Brasil-3, pp.
357-368. Fundação Biodiversitas and Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Torres de Assumpção, C. 1983. An ecological study of the primates of southeastern Brazil, with a
reappraisal of Cebus apella races. Doctoral Thesis, University of Edinburgh.
Citation
Mendes, S.L., Rylands. A.B., Kierulff, M.C.M. & de Oliveira, M.M. 2008. Alouatta guariba. The IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39916A10284881.
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
10
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate
-
Suitable
Yes
1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
-
Suitable
Yes
1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
-
Suitable
Yes
1. Forest -> 1.8. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp
-
Suitable
Yes
1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
-
Suitable
Yes
Use and Trade
End Use
Local
National
International
Food - human
Yes
No
No
Threats
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
-
-
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or
farming
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching
or farming
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.2. Utility &
service lines
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood
harvesting -> 5.3.5. Motivation
Unknown/Unrecorded
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.2. Problematic native species
Ongoing
-
-
Stresses:
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Conservation Actions in Place
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
In-Place Education
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
Conservation Actions Needed
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
Research Needed
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy
12
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
13
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

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