RELATIONS AMONG GROWTH TRAITS IN NATIVE AND EXOTIC

Transcrição

RELATIONS AMONG GROWTH TRAITS IN NATIVE AND EXOTIC FOREST
SPECIES
Fernanda Cristina dos Santos Oliveira1, Raoni Ribeiro Guedes Fonseca Costa 2*
ABSTRACT: The knowledge about the relations among growth traits in native forest species
is paramount in forest recovery programs, mainly when characteristics of easy measurement
present high and positive correlation with characteristics of difficult measurement. The natural environment’s edaphoclimatic characteristics are not homogeneous. Plants respond to this
variation of environmental conditions by changing the resources allocation rate among the
distinct parts of their body. The objective of this study was to estimate the phenotypic correlation among growth traits and to compare the performance among the different native and exotic species in an area under forest recovery. Growth traits, such as the plant height, stem diameter at ground and the relation height/stem diameter in 12 native species and an exotic one
were evaluated. The correlations among the studied characteristics ranged among the species,
but all of them presented significant and positive correlation coefficients. The species that
presented the best performance was Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard. The soil heterogeneity did not influence in the development of the evaluated species.
Keywords: Phenotypic correlation, determination coefficient, forest recovery.
RELAÇÕES ENTRE CARACTERES DE CRESCIMENTO EM ESPÉCIES FLORESTAIS NATIVAS E EXÓTICAS
RESUMO: O conhecimento sobre as relações entre caracteres de crescimento em espécies florestais é
de suma importância em programas de recuperação florestal, principalmente, quando características de
fácil mensuração possuem correlação alta e positiva com características de difícil mensuração. Os
ambientes naturais não são homogêneos em suas características edafoclimáticas. As plantas respondem às variações das condições ambientais, alterando a taxa de alocação dos recursos entre as distintas
partes de seu corpo. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar as relações fenotípicas entre caracteres de
crescimento e comparar o desempenho entre as diferentes espécies nativas e exóticas, em uma área em
recuperação florestal no município de Quirinópolis – GO, Brasil. Foram avaliadas características de
crescimento, como altura da planta, diâmetro do caule à altura do solo e relação altura/diâmetro do
caule em 12 espécies nativas e uma exótica. As correlações entre as características estudadas variaram
entre as espécies, porém, todos apresentaram coeficientes de correlação significativos e positivos. A
espécie que apresentou o melhor desempenho foi Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard. A heterogeneidade do solo não influenciou no desenvolvimento das espécies avaliadas.
Palavras-chave: Correlação fenotípica, coeficiente de determinação, recuperação florestal.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
Academica de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Goias, Unidade Quirinopolis Laboratorio de Botanica.
Doutorando em Ciencias Agrarias - Agronomia pelo IF goiano Campus Rio Verde. Mestre em Genetica e Mlehotramento de Plantas (Area de atuação – genética quantitativa). Professor e pesquisadoir do Curso de Ciencias
Biologicas da UEG, unidade Quirinopolis. Area de atuação Melhoramento florestal. *E-mail: [email protected]. Autor para correspondência.
2
Recebido em: 19/10/2013.Aprovado em: 25/08/2014.
Gl. Sci Technol, Rio Verde, v. 07, n. 02, p.86 – 97, maio/ago. 2014.
F. C. dos S. Oliveira & R. R. G. F. Costa
INTRODUCTION
The natural habitats are not homogeneous in their edaphoclimatic characteristics, being most of times descripted by average values of precipitation, nutrients, luminosity and temperature. Nevertheless, variations of these resources can go unnoticed
when they are not properly analysed, giving
the fake idea of homegeneity in the resources’ availability in a particular environment (ARAÚJO et al., 2007).
Plants present optimal points of exigency for each one of these environmental
variables, wheter they’re chemical, physical
or biological, whereas values above or below
the one required by plants can limitate their
development and growth, what results in
stress, and consequently affect the natural
populations’ dynamics (ARAÚJO, 2005). In
this way, growth is considered a integrated
response to numerous continuous and
intermitten stresses, which the plant is subjected to during its cicle of life
(KOZLOWSKI et al. 1991; LAWSON;
POETHIG, 1995).
Plants respond to the variation of the
environmental conditions by changing the
rate of resource allocation among the distinct
parts of their bodies, what results in variation
of the rates of physiological processes, which
tends to minimize the impact of the stresses
over their growth, survival and reproduction
(ARAÚJO; MARTINS; SANTOS, 2010).
The size of the plant reflects its
growth trait facing the environmental conditions to which it is subjected, as well as the
genetic characteristics of the individual, so
that the development of the plant, more precisely the relations height/diameter, can indicate a strategy to compensate the influence of
stress factors (CRISTIANINI et al., 2004).
It is due to this environmental heterogeneity that, in an efficient forest recovery
program, it is important to choose appropriate
species, and, for that, it is necessary to compare the performance of different species.
The most evaluated traits are the stem diameter, the height and the survival rate. It is
87
noteworthy that it is possible to find individuals that detach themselves for their development in the same species. This variation,
found in the answers of these individuals in
front of a certain environmental condition, is
called phenotype and it is due to genetic and
environmental factors (CARVALHO et al.,
2003). Thereby, we can select the upper genotypes (individuals) according to growth
traits in order to use them as matrices to the
supply of seed that will be used in the production of seedlings in forest recovery programs, reducing the necessary time to the
forest recomposition and accelerating the
process
of
ecological
succession
(KAGEYAMA et al., 1980).
When dealing with forest species,
the process of evaluation is generally expensive, first because of the necessity of evaluating a considerable quantity of individuals,
and, second, because of the necessity of evaluating the height and the stem diameter, a
toilsome process, mainly when the plants are
adults. A way of reducing these evaluations is
through the estimate of phenotypic correlation among growth traits. This estimate
shows the grade of association between two
variables. When the correlation among the
traits is high and positive, it indicates that it is
possible to perform the indirect selection in a
trait by the direct selection in another one, in
order to choose upper genotypes (CRUZ;
REGAZZI, 2001; CARVALHO et al., 2003).
Many traits are measured in the same
individual they will be affected by the environmental conditions under which the individual has developed. Therefore, the environment’s variations, in a group of plants, can
cause positive and negative correlation
among traits, of genetic and/or environmental
nature. It is evident that knowing the phenotypic correlation is not enough, as it is commonly masquerade by the environment effects. However, this is the correlation we are
able to visualize directly at level of experiment (VENCOVSKY; BARRIGA, 1992).The
objectives of this study were to estimate the
phenotypic relations among growth traits and
to compare the performance among the dif-
Relations among growth…
88
ferent native and exotic species in an area ferent species, primarily intermediate in sucunder forest recovery in the municipality of cessional processes, release propagules ranQuirinópolis - GO Brazil.
domly (KAGEYAMA; GANDARA, 2004),
pits with minimum dimensions of 30cm of
diameter by 30cm of depth were made,
MATERIAL AND METHODS
spaced with 1,2m x 1,2m between them. The
The experiment was performed in an seedlings were donated by São Francisco
area of 2,22 ha, in the headboard of a stream Power Plant of Quirinópolis, being distributcalled Clemências, located in the municipali- ed in seven families, twelve native species
ty of Quirinópolis (GO) and situated in the and an exotic one (Table 01).
Microregion 18, Mesoregion Sul Goiana
The experimental area was divided
(CABRAL et al., 2011). The climate of the in layers, considering the differences in the
region is of type Aw megathermic, according physical and chemical characteristics of the
to Köppen’s classification, with a rainy sum- soil that were observed during the planting of
mer and a relatively dry season in winter, seedlings. The following species are conwith an average annual temperature of 21°. tained in layer A (Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil)
From May to August, there are lower temper- Ravenna (Malvaceae), Clitoria fairchildiana
atures, from 18°C to 20°C, being the average R.A. Howard (Fabaceae), Enterolobium
of the minimum temperatures between 11°C contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae).
and 15°C. The absolute minimum tempera- Layer B presents the species Anadenanthera
tures are registered in July. In the hottest colubrina (Vell.) Brenan
(Fabaceae),
months – from September to February – the Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (Cecropiaceae
maximum averages are elevated – from 29°C ), Psidiumguajava L. (Myrtaceae), Inga
to 31°C – and an absolute maximum of 40°C edulis Mart. (Fabaceae), Tabebuia aurea
is not rare (SOUZA; SANTOS, 2008). The (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore
annual rainfall is around 1.400mm, concen- (Bignoniaceae), Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
trated mainly in the period between Novem- (Myrtaceae), Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.
ber and February, months of great excess of (Anacardiaceae), Myrsine gardneriana Miq.
water in soil, more than 400mm. From May (Mysinaceae), Enterolobium contortisiliquum
to September, rain is scarce, but the water (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae). Layer C has the
deficits are not elevated, about 150mm.
species (Schinustere binthifolius Raddi
The planting of seedlings was per- (Anacardiaceae), Cecropiapa chystachya
formed in December 20th, 2010, following Trécul (Urticaceae), Psidium guajava L.
the randomly model, which uses species (Myrtaceae), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.
without following any order or pre- ex Hayne e Enterolobium contortisiliquum
established arrangement. Assuming that dif- (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae).
89
Table 01. List of species evaluated in the headboard of a stream Clemências, Quirinópolis GO – Brazil
Family
Species
Common Name
Aroeira-vermelha
Anacardiaceae Schinustere binthifolius Raddi
Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.
Jacarandá
Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Ipê-amarelo
S. Moore
Bignoniaceae
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan
Angico
Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard
Sombreiro
Fabaceae
Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong
Tamboril
Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne
Jatobá
Inga edulis Mart.
Ingá-de-metro
Ceibaspeciosa (A.St.-Hil.) Ravenna
Paineira
Malvaceae
Myrsine gardneriana Miq.
Capororoca
Mysinaceae
Psidiumguajava L.
Goiaba
Myrtaceae
*Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Jambolão
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul
Embaúba
Urticaceae
* exotic
The data collection was performed
in October, 2011, drought. A hundred and
eighty-one plants were marked with numbered labels. The criterion of choice of the
individuals in field was unsystematic. The
specimens were analyzed considering the
growth of the diameter at ground in centimeters (D), the height in meters (H) and the relation plant height by diameter at ground
(H/D). The performance of the species in
relation to the soil type was also compared
(Table 02). For this, three soil compound
samples were taken, considering the differences of the soil color and texture, dividing
the area of the experiment in three layers: A
(clayey), B (intermediate) and C (pasture)
(Figure 01). These samples were sent and
analyzed in the Laboratory of Soil and Leafs
Analysis of FESURV- University of Rio
Verde. Its results are described in Table 02.
Table 02. Chemical characteristics of the soil in the different layers of the experimental area
Layer
Depth
pH Ca+Mg Ca
K
Mg
Al
H+A K
CTC
2
(cm)
(CaCl ) ......................................(mg/dm³).......................................
A
0-20 cm
3,8
0,57
0,36 0,42 0,21 1,10 1,56 164 6,6
B
0-20 cm
4,5
1,25
0,97 0,69 0,29 0,01 3,6
270 5,58
C
0-20 cm
4,4
2,31
1,73 0,74 0,58 0,05 2,6
290 5,61
90
C
B
A
Figure 01. Layering of the area according to the physical and chemical characteristics of the
soil, in the headboard of a stream Clemências in Quirinópolis - GO - Brazil.
A tape and a caliper rule were used
in the metering of the total height (m) and of
the stem diameter at ground (cm), respectively. The estimate of the relation between the
plant height by diameter at ground (H/D) was
obtained through the division of the value of
the plant height by the value of the stem diameter at ground.
The analyses of variance for height
and stem diameter were performed individually through the statistical analysis according
to the model proposed by Callegari-Jacques,
2003, ANOVA, which analyzes the data of a
completely randomized design. The estimates
of phenotypic correlation among traits were
obtained through the software Genes (CRUZ,
2003).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of variance, data for
height traits (H) and stem diameter at ground
(D), showed that there were significant differences at 0.05 of probability by the F test,
indicating that the species presented a differentiated behavior regarding growth, what
enables the selection of species that are better
adapted to these environmental conditions
(Table 03).
Tabela 03. ANOVA of the variables: plant height (H) and stem diameter at ground (D)
among the evaluated species.
FV
GL
QM
F
D
H
Species
0.472602
0.209691
24.969*(D)
12
Inside
0.016529
0.007424
28.246*(H)
45
Total
57
Overall average
0.8761(D)
Overall average
0.4747 (H)
*Significative at 0,05 of probability by the F test. NS not significant.
The species that presented the highest height growth was Clitoria fairchildiana
(Fabaceae), with an average of 1.05 m, followed Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae), with
an average of 0.60 m. The lowest development
was
presented
by
Schinus
terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), with an
average height of 0.21 m. For the characteristic diameter at ground, the species that presented the highest average was Clitoria
fairchildiana (Fabaceae),
91
with an average diameter of 1.62
cm,
followed
by
Tabebuia
aurea
(Bignoniaceae), with and average diameter
of 1.13 cm and by Cecropia pachystachya
(Urticaceae), with an average diameter of
1.04 cm. The species that presented the lowest performance for this characteristic was
Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae),
with and average diameter of 0.44 cm (Figure
02).
Graph of the species’ performance
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
H
0,8
D
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
Figure 02. Graph of the species performance for the characteristics H and D, in the headboard
of a stream Clemências in Quirinópolis - GO – Brazil.
The results of the performance
among the species found in this research corroborate with the results found by Cabral et
al. (2011) that verified a higher growth in
plant height in a descending order in the species Alibertia edulis, Clitoria fairchildiana,
Anadenanthera colubrine, Enterolobium
contortisiliquum and Cecropia pachystachya.
For the characteristic stem diameter
at ground, the species that presented the best
performance, also in a descending order,
were Clitorea fairchildiana, Alibertia edulis,
Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Bauhinia
variegata and Anadenanthera colubrine.
These authors comment that a limiting factor
to the development of these species is the
water stress during drought. Duarte et al.
(2010) found in Clitorea fairchildiana the
highest performance for stem diameter. According to Scalon et al. (2008), this species is
featured for presenting a quick growth, being
able to exceed 2m in only two years. It is
important to emphasize that the plants must
present quick growth and high survival rate,
so that a forest recovery program be efficient.
By comparing the growth performance of the species in different soil types,
layers A and B presented a higher growth in
D and H than layer C, as it can be observed in
the Figures 2 and 3. The characteristics
height and stem diameter are frequently used
to describe the structure of the populations
(AMORIM; SAMPAIO; ARAUJO, 2005;
ANDRADE et al., 2009). These populations
have an influence in the environmental variation more important than the physiological
aspects of an individual. Therefore, growth is
considered an integrated response to many
continuous or intermittent stresses which the
plant is subjected to during its cycle of life
(LAWSON; POETHIG, 1995).
The
species
Enterolobium
contortisiliquum is the only one which was
observed in the three types of soil layers and
did not present significant difference (at 0,05
of probability) for the D and H characteristics, as well as for the correlation stem diameter with the variable H/D (relation plant
height and stem diameter). Despite not significant, the layer A presented the highest
value for the relation H/D, with 128.57%,
followed by layer B, with 100%, and layer C
with 85.71%. The highest value for this relation indicates that there is a higher allocation
of resources for the height feature than for the
diameter in the layers A and B than in layer C
(Figures 03 a and b ). However, whereas no
differences in the performance of the species
among the sampling areas were observed, it
is possible to assume that the soil types exert
similar effects over them.
92
This result corroborate with the one
found by Cristianini et al. (2004) after comparing Savannah plants in two environmental
conditions in the municipality of Itirapina SP. For Mesquita et al. (2004), the importance of evaluating the stem diameter is in
the property of this variable of being able to
express the plant vigor, due to the importance
of the growth of the vascular cambium,
which is responsible for the formation of new
layers of phloem and xylem and for the increment of the stem and branch diameter.
According to Alves and Santos
(2002), growth strategies in tree species of
the Atlantic Rainforest, considering height
and stem diameter, vary depending on the
layer occupied by them, as well as on their
ontogenetic stage. The poor Savannah soil
and disturbances such as fire are limiting factors more important than luminosity, considering their effects in the plant’s growth
(CRISTIANINI et al., 2004). The suboptimal conditions cause a differentiated response in the plants, concerning the allocation of resources among their distinct body
parts, what results in variation in the growth
rates, diameter, survival and reproduction
(ARAÚJO et al., 2010).
Graphic of development in diameter by Soil Type (Soil A , Soil B
and Soil C )
3
Diameter (mm)
2,5
2
Soil A
1,5
Soil B
Soil C
1
0,5
0
Individuals Genotypes
93
Graphic of development in height by Soil Type (Soil A,Soil B
andSoil C H)
120
Plant height (m)
100
80
Soil A
60
Soil B
Soil C
40
20
0
Individuals (Genótypes)
Figures 03 a) and b). Performance graph of the species in the distinct soil types for the characteristic stem diameter at ground (cm) D and for the characteristic plant height (m) H.
The estimate of linear correlation
shows the grade o association between two
variables. There was a tendency of positive
influence between height (H) and stem diameter at ground (D) in all species. The highest
values of correlation between these traits
were observed in Jacaranda cuspidifolia
Mart., with 0,82, followed by Hymenaea
stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne, with a correla-
tion of 0.81; Clitoria fairchildiana, with 0.74
and Syzugium cumini, with a moderate correlation of 0.63. In this way, it is possible to
perform the indirect selection of a character
through the direct selection of another one.
The lowest estimate for this parameter was
0.053ns,
observed
in
Enterolobium
gummiferum (Table 04).
Table 04. Estimates of linear correlation (rxy) and determination coefficients (r2xy) between
diameter at ground (D) and height (H) and correlation between stem diameter at ground (D),
with the relation plant height and stem diameter at ground (H/D) of native and exotic plants
rxy
r2xy
(H/D)
Species
Scientific name
Common name
Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil.) Paineira
0.1018
0.01038
-0.2739
Ravenna
Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Ipê Amarelo
0.0771
0.006
-0.0471
Benth. & Hook. f. ex S.
Moore
1
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Jambolão
0.63603
0.4045
-0.0701
Myrsine gardneriana Miq.
Pororoca
0.38176
0.1457
-0.5262
Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Jatobá
0.80896
0.65442
-0.1688
ex Hayne
Enterolobium
contortisili- Tamboril
0.053ns
0.0028
-0.5983
quum (Vell.) Morong
Clitoria fairchildiana R. A. Sombreiro
0.7403
0.5480
-0.6042
Howard
Psidium guajava L.
Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.
Anadenanthera
colubrina
(Vell.) Brenan
Inga edulis Mart.
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
94
Goiabeira
Caroba
Angico
0.2011
0.8223
0.4916
0.0404
0.6762
0.2416
-0.4065
0.2619
-0.2031
Ingá de Metro
Embaúba
Aroeira
0.457
0.3301
0.6314
0.2088
0.1089
0.3987
-0.5496
-0.7680
-0.3765
**, *: Significant at 1 and 5 % of probability through the F ns: not significant through the T. 1 Exotic plant.
High and positive correlations between the characteristics height and diameter
were found by Tavares et al. (2011), who
obtained correlation of 0.78 after evaluating
progenies of dwarf cashew tree in Tocantins.
Similar values were verified by Ramos et al.
(2009) in banana tree’s genotypes (0.51).
Freitas et al. (2007) found positive but lower
correlations than the ones found in this work
(0.177), in Coffea arabica L. Ferreira et al.
(2012) also found positive correlations for
these characters in papaya trees.
Sebbenn et al. (2008) found phenotypic correlations of 0.53 in Pinus elliottii
var. elliottii. According to these authors, the
selection of a character can bring indirect
genetic benefits in the other. In other words,
the selection of progenies with higher stem
diameter averages can indirectly guarantee
the selection of progenies with higher height.
In this case, the selection must be performed
with the DAS character, considering its higher precision and ease of measurement. It is
important to note that information about phenotypic correlations among growth traits in
native Savannah plants is still scarce, most
likely due to its little use in commercial plantation.
The determination coefficient of higher magnitude was found in Jacaranda
cuspidifolia, with an value equal to 0.6762,
followed by Hymenaea stigonocarpa with
0.6544. It appears that 67.62% of the variation in the plant height can be explained by
the variation in the stem diameter. The lowest
determination coefficient was verified in
Tabebuia aurea, with 0.006. In other words,
only 0.6% of the variation in the plant height
is explained by the stem diameter at ground
(Table 04). These values were already expected, considering that the phenotypic corre-
lations were all positive and significant in
most of the species.
Similar value for this estimate was found by
Silva et al. (2007) who found a determination
coefficient value (R²) varying from 0.76
(Tamarindus
indica
and
Leucaena
leucocephala) to 0.92 (Prosopis juliflora and
Azadirachta indica), after evaluating the
growth of seven perennial species adapted to
the Brazilian semiarid.
Araújo et al. (2010) showed that the
resource allocation pattern is complex and
variable during the plant’s cycle of life. The
determination coefficients registered by these
authors were low if compared to the ones
found in this research, being the highest value
(0.55) observed in the juvenile stage for the
populations of Croton sonderianus Müll.Arg.
and Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. Silva
(1998) also registered low values of the determination coefficient (11%) for the relation
height/diameter in ten populations of
Caatinga. Figueiredo et al. (2010), on the
other hand, found determination coefficients
of 0.98 – values that are higher than the ones
found in this work.
It was observed that the stem diameter had a correlation significantly negative
with the variable H/D (relation plant height
and stem diameter). The lowest value was
found in Tabebuia aurea, with -0.0471. The
species Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart. presented low but significant correlation: 0.2619
(Table 04). A similar value was found by
Tavares et al. (2011), who verified correlation of -0.0401 in dwarf cashew tree, what is
expected because a high value for the relation
H/D is not interesting, since it would mean
plants with a thin stem and low vigor
(Tavares et al., 2011).
According to Figueiredo et al.
(2010), the plant height reflects its growth
rate, which is subjected to the environmental
conditions and to the genetic characteristics
of the individual. The plant shape, considering the relation height/diameter, can be indicated as a visible strategy to compensate the
influence of stress factors. Variations for these growth traits were also significant in the
work of Figueiredo et al. (2011), comparing
populations of Caatinga in environments with
and without streams, where the species C.
leucocephala presented differentiated behavior for plant height and stem diameted between both sites.
Cristianini et al. (2004) verified that
the diameter growth was proportionally higher in relation to the height growth, values that
ranged 0.05 in Diospyros, and 0.03 in
Aegiphilla, Dalbergia, Erythoxylum and
Stryphnodendron, after comparing these species in different environmental disturbances
in an area of the Savannah. For these authors,
the phylogenetic factor had higher contribution to the plants growth, since no environmental influence was verified.
Therefore, as the stem grows (increase in the plant’s diameter), the relation
H/D decreases proportionally, what is confirmed by the negative correlation. A minor
relation of this character contributes to the
success of the plant’s adaptation, making it
more resistant to the environmental conditions (SILVA et al., 2007; TAVARES et al.,
2011; FIGUEIREDO et al., 2012). The relation among growth traits has been indicated
as a way to evaluate the resources allocation
strategies obtained by the plants. Thereby,
differences in the development of the plant
among the sites allow us to indicate strategies
adopted by the vegetal in stress conditions,
aiming at maximizing its performance. At
this point, the plant’s form would be subjected to the natural selection (LAMBERS et al.,
1998).
95
to growth traits, with emphasis on Clitoria
fairchildiana, which presented the best averages for plant height and stem diameter at
ground. Regarding the heterogeneity of the
soil, it exercised similar effects over the evaluated species.
The linear (phenotypic) correlations
among growth traits were positive for all the
evaluated species, indicating that it is possible to perform the indirect selection in a trait
through the direct selection in another one,
being recommended the selection through D.
Due to the ease of measurement, this data is
confirmed by the high estimate of the determination coefficients.
The correlations between stem diameter and the variable H/D (relation plant
height and stem diameter) were significant
and negative, thus, as the stem grows, this
relation decreases.
REFERENCES
ALEXANDER V. CRISTIANINI, CAROLINA B. VIRILLO, FLAVIA T. COLPAS &
RAFAEL C. COSTA. 2004. Relações entre
diâmetro e altura e diâmetro e espessura do
córtex em espécies de cerrado do município
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