Moro (2013) - Faculdade Guanambi

MARCELO FREIRE MORO
SÍNTESE FLORÍSTICA E BIOGEOGRÁFICA DO DOMÍNIO
FITOGEOGRÁFICO DA CAATINGA
(FLORISTIC AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL SYNTHESIS FOR THE CAATINGA
PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL DOMAIN)
CAMPINAS
2013
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ABSTRACT: Overlooked during most of the twentieth century, the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain (DFC) has been recognized in the last decades as a unique
natural area with much more diversity and endemisms than previously assumed. We are
experiencing in the last decades an increase in the publication of floristic and
phytosociological studies for the DFC, what offers the opportunity to produce a synthesis
for this region. We aimed at evaluating how many species have been collected, their
frequency, how many species are expected to exists, and which environment types are more
or less sampled. We also mapped which are the most overlooked geographical regions
within the CPD. We thus seek to summarize the floristic and phytosociological surveys
produced for Caatinga and to sumarize the plant diversity and biogeographical patterns for
this region. We evaluate the issue of floristic similarity between different environment
types within Caatinga using multivariate analysis and compared the floristic similarity
among different subtypes of Caatinga. We also show that areas in crystalline and
sedimentary terrains differ not only floristically but also structurally, with different lifeform spectra in each environment. We offer here a general overview of the plant divertity in
the DFC, making a synthesis of the available surveys, a synthesis of the recorded species
and finally a biogeographical synthesis. Thus, we sumarize here a considerable amount of
floristic and phytosociological data scattered in the literature and offer a general overview
for the Caatinga domain.
Key-words: Plant biodiversity; Semiarid ecosystems; Seasonally dry tropical forests.
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RESUMO: Ignorado do ponto de vista dos estudos botânicos e da conservação durante a
maior parte do século XX, o Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC) foi reconhecido a
partir das últimas duas décadas como uma região natural única, com vários endemismos e
bem mais diversa floristicamente do que se assumiu no século passado. Com o recente
aumento na produção de estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos no DFC, surge a
oportunidade de produzir uma síntese geral para a região, avaliando quantas espécies já
foram coletadas, suas frequências, quantas espécies devem existir, que tipos de ambientes
dentro do domínio estão mais ou menos amostrados, além de mapear geograficamente áreas
pouco estudadas. Esta tese, portanto, busca fazer uma síntese dos levantamentos florísticos
e fitossociológicos e da diversidade vegetal para o domínio da Caatinga. Nós avaliamos a
questão da similaridade florística entre diferentes ambientes utilizando técnicas de análise
multivariada e comparamos pela primeira vez os diferentes subtipos de Caatinga não
apenas florísticamente, mas também pelos seus espectros de formas de vida, mostrando que
áreas em geologias cristalinas e sedimentares diferem tanto floristicamente quanto
estruturalmente. Com isso, oferecemos aqui uma síntese geral de dados florísticos para o
DFC, indo de uma síntese dos levantamentos, passando por uma síntese das espécies e
chegando finalmente em uma síntese biogeográfica. Com isso, compilamos um volume
considerável de literatura florística e fitossociológica antes dispersa na literatura e
oferecemos um quadro geral sobre a diversidade vegetal do DFC.
Palavras-chave: Biodiversidade vegetal; Ecossistemas semiáridos; Florestas
sazonalmentes secas.
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Sumário
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... vii
RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................ viii
AGRADECIMENTOS............................................................................................................................ xiii
INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .................................................................................................................. 15
Terminologia ................................................................................................................................. 16
Extensão geográfica do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga....................................................... 18
Caracterização geral do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga ...................................................... 19
Estrutura geral da tese .................................................................................................................. 23
Referências bibliográficas ............................................................................................................. 25
CAPÍTULO 1 - Síntese dos estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos realizados no Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga................................................................................................................ 30
RESUMO ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Introdução ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Materiais e métodos ..................................................................................................................... 34
Resultados ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Discussão ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Conclusões .................................................................................................................................... 47
Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................................ 48
Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................................................. 49
Anexo 1- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos realizados na região do semiárido
brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) ........................................................................... 54
Anexo 2- Caracterização dos 150 levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos compilados para
a região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) ....................................... 63
Anexo 3- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro
(domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) publicados em boletins técnicos ....................................... 71
Anexo 4- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro
(domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) publicados em livros e capítulos de livro. ......................... 73
Anexo 5- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro
(domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) disponíveis na forma de teses e dissertações. .................. 76
CAPÍTULO 2- A catalogue of the flora of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain: a synthesis of the
data available on floristic and phytosociological surveys ................................................................. 83
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ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... 83
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 84
Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................. 87
Results ........................................................................................................................................... 92
Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 113
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 122
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 123
Bibliographical References .......................................................................................................... 124
Appendix 1- Floristic and phytosociological lists used to build the catalogue of plants from
Caatinga and their references ..................................................................................................... 132
Appendix 2- Catalogue with all names reported in the 131 floristic and phytosociological papers
compiled by this study ................................................................................................................ 139
Appendix 3- List of exotic species reported in the 131 papers compiled for this catalogue. ..... 212
Appendix 4- List of nomina nuda and names used in error to refer to plants in the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain. ........................................................................................................ 214
Appendix 5 – number of records of each species in each environment type in the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain including native and exotic plants. (*): exotic species reported in our
database. ..................................................................................................................................... 217
Appendix 6- Number of unidentified records in each genus reported in floristic or
phytosociological papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain ....................................... 286
Appendix 7- Number of unidentified records in each family reported in floristic or
phytosociological papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain ....................................... 291
CAPÍTULO 3- Plant communities in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain: the influence of
ecosystem type, climate and spatial autocorrelation ..................................................................... 293
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 293
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 293
Material & Methods .................................................................................................................... 296
Results ......................................................................................................................................... 299
Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 310
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 313
References................................................................................................................................... 314
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 317
CAPÍTULO 4- Life-form spectra and plant communities in a seasonally dry tropical formation of
South America ................................................................................................................................. 326
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ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 327
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 328
METHODS .................................................................................................................................... 331
RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 339
DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 346
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. 350
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 350
APPENDIX - Supplementary data ................................................................................................ 355
CONCLUSÕES GERAIS DA TESE ........................................................................................................ 366
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“Moço: toda saudade é uma espécie de velhice”
Grande Sertão: Veredas
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AGRADECIMENTOS
Quem escreve uma tese de doutorado, após quatro anos de estudos, disciplinas,
intercâmbios e congressos, depois de conhecer tanta gente, ajudar e ser ajudado, viajar para
outros países e continentes, fazer tantos novos amigos, tem realmente muito a agradecer. A Deus
em primeiro lugar, pelas oportunidades que a caminhada nos oferece e pela direção em
momentos difíceis. Pela própria vida nesse mundo tão cheio de beleza. E pela própria natureza,
tão indescritivelmente assustadora e bela, perante a qual nós, pequenos seres humanos,
deveríamos demonstrar admiração, amor e respeito, em vez de promover essa mesquinha
destruição de tudo o que existe de magnífico em busca do lucro desenfreado para alimentar vidas
vazias e sedentas de acumulação de bens.
Agradeço de todo o coração à minha família, que sempre me apoiou e que, acima de tudo,
me ensinou o amor à vida. À minha mãe Ana, meu pai Carlos e minhas irmãs, Naira e Florinda. À
parte cearense da minha família que sempre me recebeu com tanto entusiasmo cada vez que
voltava ao Ceará e à parte paulista da minha família, com quem pude conviver muito mais próximo
quando mudei do Ceará para São Paulo: minha querida avó Lydia, e aos meus queridos tiosavós/praticamente-avós Tito e tia Ana por tanto carinho, viagens e almoços. Aos primos João,
Roseli, Rodrigo e Leandro Moro(s), que me receberam com carinho em suas casas quando mudei
para Campinas.
Aos amigos, antigos e recentes, velhos e novos, que me acompanharam nesses quatro
gostosos anos de caminhada. À querida Mari Macêdo, que desde o fim da graduação lá na UFC
vem sempre me acompanhando nas aventuras e desventuras dessa vida acadêmica e que tem um
lugar tão especial em minha vida. Aos novos amigos feitos nas viagens desta tese: Fiorella Mazine
(agradecimento especial por ter me apresentado a Eimear, futura co-orientadora), Marla IbrahimUehbe, Ana Luiza Côrtes, Marlon Machado, Domingos Cardoso, Vanessa Staggemeier, Rosa
Botterill, Cátia Canteiro, Amelia Baracat, Marcelo Sellaro, Eve Lucas, Priscila Oliveira, Lia, Aristônio,
Raquel Viveros. Aos amigos da Unicamp André Rech, Felipe Amorim, Diego, Maurício Fernández
(Mau), Vinicius Duartina, Leo Ré, Jeferson Bugoni, Pietro, Aline (Ia), Angélica Robatino (ela foi
medalhista na copa forró e ainda faz doutorado!), Polliana Zocche, Talita Reis, Tomate, Gastão,
Coquinho, Zulqarnain, Cris Baldauf, Gustavo Shimizu, Zilda, Dany Vinha, Anna Abrahão, Suzana
Costa, Zé Júnior, Cinthia, Luciana Franci, Maíra, Ana Paula, Carol Polido, Nívea, Jacira, Mayara
Caddah, Julia Meirelles e Leleu, Rose Morokawa, Milena, Marcela Moranguete... Como listar
todos? Impossível! A cada um agradeço o privilégio de compartilhar um pouco da minha vida. A
Igor Silva (in memorian) que partiu enquanto estávamos trabalhando em parceria sobre várias
ideias.
A Eimear, minha co-orientadora no Jardim Botânico de Kew, que mais que orientadora, se
tornou uma amiga e abriu tantas oportunidades durante meu tempo no Reino Unido. Ao professor
Fernando Martins, que também me abriu muitas oportunidades e buscou facilitar minha
caminhada acadêmica. Ao professor George Shepherd, que com sua incrível didática, grande
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inteligência e humildade, me ensinou os primeiros passos da estatística multivariada e sem o qual
essa tese não existiria. Tê-lo em minha banca quatro anos depois de ter sido seu aluno é uma
honra sem tamanho. À professora Kikyo, pelas boas conversas e pelo apoio no doutorado. Aos
professores Maria Rodal, Luciano Queiroz, Ary Oliveira-Filho, Cássia Munhoz, Flávio França, Ramiro
Camacho, Francisca Soares e Leonardo Meireles pelas ricas discussões, sugestões de literatura,
novas ideias e críticas aos manuscritos.
A Mary Stephens, que me hospedou com tanto carinho ao longo do ano que fiquei em
Kew e a todos que dividiram casa comigo naquele ano magnífico e se tornaram amigos queridos:
Plauto, Niyi, Hasan, Luciana Oliveira, Juliana Paulino.
À Unicamp, pelas tantas vivências e oportunidades propiciadas, das aulas de extensão em
dança de salão ao bandeijão de todos os dias. Ao Jardim Botânico Real de Kew, por oferecer muito
mais que uma maravilhosa infraestrutura de pesquisas. O que mais levo na memória são as
paisagens incríveis, os contato com tantos pesquisadores de renome, uma biblioteca magnífica,
galerias de arte botânica, novos amigos, horas de almoço indo almoçar com o pessoal nas cantinas
do jardim ou nos pubs em volta dele, fins de tarde às (21 hrs no verão e às 16hrs no inverno)
sentado nos banquinhos do jardim. E como expressar o sentimento de cruzar de bicicleta um dos
jardins botânicos mais lindos do mundo ao longo das quatro estações ou ir ao fim da tarde ver o
sol se por às margens do Thames? Richmond ficará para sempre em minha memória e coração,
bem como as lembranças dos passeios por Londres, dos retornos para casa de metrô (mind the
gap!) e dos jantares no kebab perto da estação de Richmond.
Essa tese resultou de um grande esforço pessoal (mas feito com muito entusiasmo) em
coligir um volume razoavelmente grande de bibliografia antes dispersa na literatura. Assim, tenho
um débito com um grande número de instituições e pessoas que me ajudaram em diversas
ocasiões. Todos (e me desculpo de coração por qualquer omissão involuntária) foram listados nos
agradecimentos dos respectivos capítulos (especialmente nos capítulos 1 e 2). Essa tese só foi
possível pelo financiamento público de duas agências. Agradeço à Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), que, além do meu mestrado, financiou os
seis primeiros meses do doutorado. Mas, especialmente, agradeço à Fundação de Amparo à
Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP processos 2009/14266-7 e 2011/22498-5) que financiou
a maior parte do doutorado, a ida a congressos e o período de intercâmbio sanduíche no Reino
Unido.
A todos, citados aqui ou não, meus sinceros agradecimentos e apreço.
Marcelo Freire Moro
Campinas, 2013
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INTRODUÇÃO GERAL
O continente sul-americano possui um rico quadro de formações vegetacionais, que
variam desde desertos muito secos, nos planaltos andinos e na costa oeste do continente, até
florestas úmidas amazônicas (AB’SÁBER, 2008; EVA et al., 2002; OLSON et al., 2001).
As grandes regiões naturais do continente já foram organizadas em diferentes sistemas, seja
buscando uma classificação morfoclimática (AB’SÁBER, 2008), biogeográfica
(MORRONE, 2001), ou conservacionista (OLSON et al., 2001). Do mesmo modo, o
Brasil, país de dimensões quase continentais, foi foco de diversos sistemas de classificação
fitogeográfica (ver um histórico em IBGE [INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA
E ESTATÍSTICA], 2012) e morfoclimática (AB’SÁBER, 1970, 2003).
Os diferentes sistemas propostos seguiram por vezes caminhos e metodologias
diferentes (desde sistemas essencialmente fisionômico-estruturais até aqueles com foco
florístico). Com isso, uma gama de diferentes termos foram aplicados aos mesmos
domínios fitogeográficos do continente, os quais foram tratados em diferentes níveis de
detalhamento e com diferentes focos pela literatura. Os diferentes sistemas de classificações
biogegráficas e morfoclimáticas, seja na escala global, continental, ou nacional trataram a
região das Caatingas em diferentes escalas, níveis de precisão, em momentos históricos
muito distintos e com o suporte de tecnologias muito díspares (desde os mapeamentos
feitos no lombo de cavalos no século XIX até mapeamentos realizados com o suporte de
modernas imagens de satélite). Deste modo, para atender a diferentes objetivos (e até por
limitações no conhecimento e nas tecnologias de cada período histórico), a delimitação, a
definição e a nomenclatura aplicada ao domínio das Caatingas variou amplamente com o
tempo.
Assim, a região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro recebeu, na literatura, nomes
distintos, como: “domínio [morfoclimático] das depressões interplanálticas semi-áridas do
Nordeste” (AB’SÁBER, 1970), “Domínio das Caatingas” (AB’SÁBER, 2003, 2008)
“província” da Caatinga (CABRERA; WILLINK, 1973), “bioma da Caatinga” (IBGE
[INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004), Ecorregião da
Caatinga”1 (OLSON et al., 2001) e “Subprovíncia Nordestina” (segundo Rizzini
subordinada floristicamente à província atlântica) (RIZZINI, 1963), só para dar alguns
exemplos.
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O nome “ecorregião da Caatinga” não aparece explicitamente no artigo do Olson et al. (2001), mas seu
trabalho propõe o reconhecimento de “ecorregiões” para todo o globo e a Caatinga surge no mapa (ver o
shapefile disponibilizado na internet pelos autores) como uma dessas ecorregiões, de modo que os autores,
implicitamente, classificam o semiárido brasileiro como a “ecorregião da Caatinga”.
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Um dos primeiros a reconhecer a Caatinga enquanto unidade fitogeográfica foi Carl
Friedrich Philipp von Martius que, entre 1817 e 1820, percorreu o território brasileiro em
uma expedição de coletas biológicas e foi o primeiro a propor um sistema de classificação
fitogeográfica para o Brasil e a publicar um mapa fitogeográfico para o país (HENRIQUES,
2008; MARTIUS, 1824, 1906). O sistema de Martius sofreu várias revisões com o tempo,
mas permanece como a base de praticamente todos os sistemas posteriores (FERNANDES;
BEZERRA, 1990; FERNANDES, 1998; IBGE [INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE
GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2012).
Outros sistemas, uns focando mais em aspectos estruturais da vegetação, outros
mais em aspectos florísticos foram propostos com o tempo (ver uma pequena revisão em
FERNANDES; BEZERRA, 1990, FERNANDES, 1998 e em IBGE [INSTITUTO
BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2012). Assim, um dos primeiros
problemas quando se tenta fazer uma síntese geral para a Caatinga é definir a extensão
geográfica que será foco do estudo e a terminologia mais apropriada para aplicar à essa
região.
Terminologia
Em relação à terminologia, o termo que parece mais adequado para os objetivos
desta tese é o de “Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga” (DFC) (ANDRADE-LIMA, 1981).
O termo “Bioma” vem sendo empregado pelo IBGE (2004) para cartografar os grandes
domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros. Entretanto, o termo bioma tem um conceito,
historicamente, bem mais restrito. Ele se refere a uma fitofisionomia específica com uma
biota típica e uma ecologia própria (COUTINHO, 2006).
Apenas para dar alguns exemplos. No Domínio Fitogeográfico do Cerrado, por
exemplo, temos áreas de savanas típicas, as matas de galeria e áreas, denominadas de
“cerradão”, onde espécies típicas de cerrado atingem porte arbóreo (RIBEIRO; WALTER,
2008). Assim, dentro do Domínio Fitogeográfico do Cerrado teríamos um bioma do
cerradão (florestal), outro bioma das matas de galeria e ainda outro bioma das savanas
propriamente ditas (esse sim, o bioma do cerrado propriamente falando) (COUTINHO,
2006). Já no Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga teríamos a Caatinga sensu stricto (essa
sim o bioma da caatinga), o bioma das caatingas de áreas sedimentares, o bioma das matas
de galeria, etc.
O conceito de “bioma” é semelhante ao de “formação” e “fitofisionomia”, só que o
termo bioma engloba também a fauna em sua abrangência e é de escala bem mais restrita
que o termo “Domínio Fitogeográfico”. Quando o IBGE (2004) fala em biomas do Brasil
está, mais corretamente, se referindo aos grandes Domínios Fitogeográficos do Brasil onde,
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dentro de cada um desses grandes domínios, há diferentes biomas/formações (COUTINHO,
2006).
Vale destacar que o termo Domínio Fitogeográfico se aproxima até certo ponto do
conceito de Domínio Morfoclimático, mas eles não são sinônimos. Os Domínios
Morfoclimáticos são áreas relativamente vastas, que possuem certa unidade
macroclimática, fitogeográfica, geomorfológica e geológica que permite agrupá-las em um
único domínio (AB’SÁBER, 1970, 2003, 2008).
Conforme definem CONTI; FURLAN (2011) “a classificação morfoclimática reúne
grandes combinações de fatos geomorfológicos, climáticos hidrológicos, pedológicos e
botânicos, que por sua relativa homogeneidade são adotados como padrão em escala
regional”. E ainda: “os domínios morfoclimáticos apresentam áreas homogêneas centrais
(áreas core) com extensas faixas de transição entre si” (CONTI; FURLAN, 2011). Já os
domínios fitogeográficos propriamente ditos estão, naturalmente, mais interessados em
vínculos florísticos e processos ecológicos (os quais, claro, são influenciados pelo clima,
geologia, solos, hidrologia, etc).
É importante reconhecer que o conceito de Domínio admite certa heterogeneidade
interna, já que dentro de cada domínio encontramos uma certa variação climática,
diferentes tipos de solos, paisagens, relevos, estruturas geológicas distintas e,
especialmente, diversas fitofisionomias (biomas) convivendo. Ademais, entre as áreas
nucleares de cada domínio, onde as condições são típicas, há extensas faixas de transição
onde as características dos domínios adjacentes se misturam.
Dentro do DFC, por exemplo, há áreas de florestas decíduas, arbustais, áreas
rupestres, ambientes aquáticos, etc. Entretanto, o conjunto dessas formações está exposta a
um macroclima semiárido, com forte sazonalidade, chuvas irregulares e se desenvolvem
predominantemente sobre grandes áreas expostas do escudo cristalino brasileiro
(AB’SÁBER, 1974; ANDRADE-LIMA, 1981). Esse conjunto de características é o que
acaba por dar uma unidade tanto geográfica quanto florística à região semiárida do nordeste
brasileiro e acaba por aproximar o Domínio Morfoclimático da Caatinga proposto por
Ab’Saber (1970; 1974; 2003) do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (ANDRADE-LIMA,
1981; IBGE [INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004;
VELLOSO et al., 2002). Embora Domínio Morfoclimático e Fitogeográfico não sejam
sinônimos, na realidade brasileira a delimitação geográfica de ambos se aproxima bastante
e a delimitação de um (AB’SÁBER, 1970, 2003) auxilia bastante na delimitação do outro
(IBGE [INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004;
VELLOSO et al., 2002).
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Extensão geográfica do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga
Por fim, é preciso definir a extensão geográfica da área de estudos desta tese.
Quando comparamos as diferentes tentativas de cartografar o DFC, vemos (como é bastante
natural) que os limites propostos por diferentes autores variam (IBGE [INSTITUTO
BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004; MARTIUS, 1906; OLSON et
al., 2001; VELLOSO et al., 2002).
A proposta de delimitação do DFC feita por MARTIUS (1906) é especialmente
impressionante por ter se baseado em suas viagens por via terrestre/fluvial, já que à época
não havia imagens aéreas ou de satélite. Ela é, entretanto, bastante imprecisa para os
padrões atuais. Duas propostas cartográficas são de especial utilidade atualmente. A do
IBGE (2004), que é a delimitação oficial do Brasil e a de VELLOSO et al. (2002), que
propõe a subdivisão da Caatinga em unidades geográficas menores que eles denominam de
“ecorregiões da Caatinga”. Assim, pelo seu maior nível de detalhamento, foi utilizada a
delimitação cartográfica do DFC conforme proposta por VELLOSO et al. (2002) para
delimitar a área de pesquisa dessa tese. A proposta de VELLOSO et al. (2002) ainda tem a
vantagem de estar subdividida em unidades menores (“ecorregiões”), de modo que é
possível avaliar com razoável precisão as áreas localizadas predominantemente sobre
terrenos cristalinos e aquelas localizadas predominantemente sobre terrenos sedimentares.
Ab’Saber chama a atenção para o fato de que, na natureza, as condições ambientais
variam, sejam de modo mais suave ou mais brusco, ao longo de gradientes (AB’SÁBER,
1970, 1974, 2003). Por isso, Ab’Saber prefere, em seus mapas, adicionar faixas
transicionais entre os diferentes domínios morfoclimáticos, em vez de passar uma “linha
exata” onde acaba um domínio e começa o outro. Por isso, ao compilar um dado
levantamento nas áreas ecotonais do DFC, se a vegetação descrita no trabalho fosse de um
tipo vinculada às áreas nucleares (inselbergs ou caatingas de áreas cristalinas localizadas
nas áreas transicionais do agreste, ou caatingas de áreas sedimentares localizadas nas áreas
transicionais de Campo Maior), esse estudo seria incluído na compilação. Mas Ab’Saber
também chama a atenção para o fato de que dentro de um domínio específico há enclaves
de ambientes típicos dos domínios adjacentes. Esses enclaves representam ambientes de
exceção se considerarmos as macrocondições atuais do DFC, mas eles refletem a dinâmica
histórica de mudanças climáticas e vegetacionais de épocas passadas. Assim, no interior do
DFC encontramos enclaves de cerrado, enclaves de florestas úmidas (chamadas localmente
de “brejos”, no Nordeste do Brasil) e enclaves de campos rupestres (COSTA et al., 2004;
JUNCÁ et al., 2005; PORTO et al., 2004; RIBEIRO-SILVA et al., 2012) os quais se
localizam hoje em dia em meio às formações típicas do DFC.
O objetivo dessa tese foi, portanto, fazer uma síntese florística e biogeográfica para
o Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga. Nosso objetivo foi compilar o maior número
possível de informações florísticas e fitossociológicas e reuni-las em uma síntese
bibliográfica, nomenclatural e biogeográfica. Para a tese foram considerados todos os
18
levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos disponíveis sobre plantas vasculares (com
foco nas Angiospermas) para o DFC, conforme os limites cartografados por VELLOSO et
al. (2002) ou em suas áreas limítrofes/ecotonais (AB’SÁBER, 2003), excluindo-se do
estudo apenas os enclaves de cerrado, floresta semidecídua/ombrófila e campos rupestres
que ocorrem circunscritos ao DFC. Essas três formações são fitogeograficamente ligadas
aos domínios do Cerrado ou da Mata Atlântica e por uma limitação de tempo, de esforço de
compilação e de foco biogeográfico, preferimos deixá-las para estudos especificamente
voltados para a flora dessas áreas (e.g. RODAL et al., 2008).
Caracterização geral do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga
Dispersas pelo continente sul-americano há diversas áreas sujeitas a uma estação
seca prolongada, superior a cinco meses, onde a disponibilidade de água para a comunidade
vegetal é reduzida e imprevisível (AB’SÁBER, 1974; MILES et al., 2006; PENNINGTON
et al., 2000; SARMIENTO, 1975). Essas áreas albergam um conjunto complexo de
fitofisionomias submetidas a um condicionante ecológico predominante: a restrição de
acesso à água durante boa parte do ano (Pennington et al. 2000; Prado 2000).
Devido às convergências ecológicas de comunidades adaptadas à restrição hídrica e
à existência de táxons compartilhados disjuntamente por áreas distantes geograficamente
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2013; PRADO; GIBBS, 1993; TAYLOR; ZAPPI, 2004), foi proposto
que o conjunto de vegetações expostas a climas semiáridos e subúmidos sejam tratadas
como uma grande unidade fitogeográfica disjunta, chamadas de Formações Vegetacionais
Secas da América do Sul (Dry Plant Formations of South America - SARMIENTO, 1975)
ou Florestas Tropicais Sazonalmente Secas (Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests PENNINGTON et al., 2000; PRADO; GIBBS, 1993). Dentre essas áreas, o Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC), no Nordeste do Brasil, ocupa mais de 800.000 km2, o
que corresponde a cerca de 10% do território nacional brasileiro (AB’SÁBER, 1974; IBGE
[INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004; MILES et al.,
2006; VELLOSO et al., 2002).
A característica mais marcante do DFC é seu clima de semiaridez, o que é atípico
para uma região localizada próxima à linha do equador e onde se esperariam climas
úmidos, a exemplo da Amazônia e da Mata Atlântica, que compartilham latitudes
equivalentes com a Caatinga (AB’SÁBER, 1974, 2003; NIMER, 1989). Conforme o
esperado para regiões subequatoriais/tropicais, o clima é megatérmico, com baixa
amplitude térmica entre o verão e o inverno e com temperaturas médias anuais tipicamente
acima de 24ºC, geralmente entre 26-28ºC, salvo em áreas mais elevadas, como a Chapada
Diamantina, Planalto da Borborema ou Ibiapaba (NIMER, 1989).
19
Entretanto, ao contrário do que se esperaria de uma região subequatorial, o clima da
região não é chuvoso, mas semiárido, com precipitação média anual tipicamente inferior a
1.000 mm (e bem menos em algumas áreas, que podem chegar a precipitações inferiores a
500 mm médios anuais) (NIMER, 1972, 1989). Outro fator bastante significativo é a
concentração temporal das chuvas. Tipicamente, as chuvas no DFC são concentradas em
poucos meses e na maior parte do ano há déficit hídrico, com um período seco anual que
pode se estender de seis a impressionantes 11 meses (AB’SÁBER, 1974; IBGE
[INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2002; NIMER, 1972,
1989).
O somatório de baixas ou médias precipitações, chuvas concentradas em poucos
meses, duração extensa da época seca e elevada insolação resulta em que, após a curta
estação chuvosa, a água presente em rios e lagoas temporárias seque rapidamente. Assim,
salvo casos de exceção (como o rio São Francisco, que é um rio de grande porte que cruza
o DFC), o sistema hídrico da região é temporário e rios e lagoas secam após a época de
chuvas (AB’SÁBER, 1974).
Os motivos da semiaridez do DFC, em uma área onde se esperariam climas mais
úmidos, é complexo e envolve o fato de que sobre o Nordeste brasileiro se encontram
quatro sistemas de circulação atmosférica perturbados. Esses quatro sistemas atmosféricos
são os responsáveis pelas chuvas na região nordeste do Brasil, mas eles não atuam ao
mesmo tempo, de modo que quando um deles penetra em uma parte do DFC gerando
chuvas, os outros sistemas estão estáveis e promovem tempos secos (NIMER, 1972, 1989).
Eventualmente, as chuvas podem não vir ou vir de modo bastante brando, resultando na
ocorrência de anos de seca (NIMER, 1989). Uma boa revisão climatológica para o nordeste
brasileiro está disponível em NIMER (1972; 1989).
Geologicamente, a maior parte do DFC se posiciona sobre uma superfície de origem
cristalina, antiga e bastante desgastada pela erosão (ver áreas em cinza escuro da Fig. 1)
denominada de “depressão sertaneja”. A depressão sertaneja é uma depressão
interplanáltica composta por vastas áreas planas e/ou colinas rasas, com a presença
recorrente de campos de inselbergs e de alguns grandes maciços residuais (serras ou brejos,
a exemplo da Borborema e Baturité) (AB’SÁBER, 1974, 2003). Geologicamente, a
depressão sertaneja corresponde aos terrenos cristalinos da porção nordeste do escudo
brasileiro, composta especialmente por gnaisses e granitos (AB’SÁBER, 1974; ROSS,
2011).
20
Fig. 1- Delimitação do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga conforme mapeado por VELLOSO et al.
(2002) destacando-se as regiões onde predominam terrenos de origem cristalina (cinza escuro) e sedimentar
(cinza claro: IBI- bacia sedimentar da Ibiapaba-Araripe; TJ- Bacia sedimentar do Tucano-Jatobá; SF- Dunas
Continentais do São Francisco). Áreas hachuradas representam as principais regiões ecotonais do DFC para
os quais há dados florísticos publicados (ver capítulos 1, 2 e 3): Agreste, na transição do DFC com a Mata
Atlântica; Campo Maior, na transição com o Cerrado e o extremo sul da Caatinga no norte de Minas Gerais,
na transição com o Cerrado e a Mata Atlântica. A área hachurada no centro do DFC é a Chapada Diamantina,
onde cerrado, caatinga e campos rupestres se misturam (elaboração do mapa: M.F. Moro, modificado de
Velloso et al. 2002).
21
Mas além das superfícies cristalinas erodidas da depressão sertaneja, no DFC há
também vastas áreas de origem sedimentar (AB’SÁBER, 1974; BRITO, 1976; VELLOSO
et al., 2002). Essas áreas representam as grandes bacias sedimentares Mesozoicas
(Ibiapaba-Araripe, Tucano-Jatobá), bacias costeiras (geralmente margeando a costa e fora
dos limites do DFC, mas a bacia Potiguar, que inclui a chapada do Apodi se circunscreve
ao DFC2), e pequenas bacias sedimentares interiores (Rio do Peixe, Mirandiba, etc)
espalhadas pelo DFC (BRITO, 1976). AB’SABER (1974) chama a atenção para a
existência desses dois tipos principais de ambientes (cristalino e sedimentar) e os considera
como “subnúcleos” (sub-cores) do DFC, pois ambos os subnúcleos, embora sob um mesmo
macroclima semiárido, possuem diferenças geológicas, hidrológicas, pedológicas e
geomorfológicas importantes. Dentre estas, destacamos as diferenças edáficas. Enquanto as
áreas sobre o embasamento cristalino possuem solos rasos e pedregosos, em geral as áreas
sedimentares possuem solos bem mais profundos, os quais, potencialmente, poderiam
armazenar água edáfica alcançável pelas raízes das plantas durante a estação seca.
Durante boa parte do século XX, se assumiu que a Caatinga, por seu clima
semiárido e vegetação caducifólia, deveria ser pobre em espécies e em endemismos. Disso
resultou o fato de, atualmente, a Caatinga ser um dos domínios fitogeográficos mais
ameaçados e menos protegidos do Brasil, com cerca de 45% de sua cobertura severamente
degradada pela ação humana, e com menos de 2% da sua área designada como unidade de
conservação de proteção integral (CASTELLETTI et al., 2003).
Entretanto, estudos do início do século XXI têm revelado que essas áreas têm muito
mais espécies do que se assumia no século XX, além de diversos endemismos (CARDOSO;
QUEIROZ, 2011; QUEIROZ, 2009; SAMPAIO et al., 2002). Mais do que isso, estudos na
escala biogeográfica têm mostrado que a flora existente em áreas sobre o embasamento
cristalino no DFC é diferente da flora existente nas áreas de origem sedimentar (bacia
sedimentar do Meio Norte, do Tucano-Jatobá e as dunas do São Francisco), sugerindo que
há diferentes biotas nesses grandes subtipos de ambientes (chamados por AB’SABER,
1974, de “sub-cores”) dentro do DFC (ARAÚJO et al., 2011; CARDOSO; QUEIROZ,
2007; GOMES et al., 2006; QUEIROZ, 2006; ROCHA et al., 2004). As listagens de
plantas endêmicas somadas aos estudos que mostram que na Caatinga há mais de um
núcleo de biodiversidade florística têm revelado que o DFC é muito mais rico e relevante
para a conservação biológica do que se supunha ao longo do século XX.
2
Infelizmente o mapeamento de VELLOSO et al. (2002) não cartografou a área da Bacia Potiguar-Chapada
do Apodi. Essa chapada sedimentar, de solos ricos em nutrientes, aparece no mapa das “Ecorregiões
propostas para o bioma Caatinga” dentro da unidade da “Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional”, embora
devesse ser tratada como uma geounidade à parte.
22
Estrutura geral da tese
Devido à percepção de que a Caatinga seria de importância secundária para
conservação, este domínio fitogeográfico foi historicamente ignorado pelos estudos de
biodiversidade quando comparado com os esforços devotados às florestas úmidas ou ao
Cerrado (PRADO, 2000; SANTOS et al., 2011). Como mostraremos nesta tese (Capítulo
1), o número de estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos no DFC passou a crescer
consistentemente na última década no século XX, com um recrudescimento mais marcante
apenas na década passada.
Entretanto, essas informações florístico/fitossociológicas se encontravam até agora
dispersas na literatura, em dezenas de artigos publicados em revistas que vão desde
algumas amplamente divulgadas até outras de cunho mais local e de difícil acesso. O
aumento no número de publicações sobre o DFC oferece uma oportunidade de síntese e de
compor um quadro geral sobre a diversidade vegetal no DFC. Assim, essa tese visou fazer
uma extensa compilação dos estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos no DFC e, com eles,
realizar uma síntese sobre o conhecimento botânico atualmente disponível. A tese está
estruturada em quatro capítulos.
Capítulo 1) O primeiro capítulo sintetizará a bibliografia florístico-fitossociológica
atualmente disponível para o DFC, listando a literatura disponível e analisando métodos de
amostragem, localização geográfica dos estudos, veículos de publicação e fazendo um
pequeno histórico da produção de estudos florístico-fitossociológicos para o DFC. Neste
capítulo serão apresentados os resultados de mais de dois anos de compilações de dados, os
quais incluíram visitações a universidades de quase todos os estados do Nordeste para
coletar bibliografia. Dentre a literatura coligida, levantamentos publicados na forma de
artigo foram analisados em maior detalhe. Registramos para cada estudo se o mesmo
apresenta dados de florística e/ou fitossociologia, se o trabalho registrou dados para a flora
geral, ou apenas para plantas lenhosas ou herbáceas, os métodos fitossociológicos adotados,
critérios de inclusão e esforços amostrais, bem como o número de espécies resgistradas em
cada estudo. Também mapeamos em um ambiente de sistema de informações geográficas
(SIG) cada levantamento publicado como artigo, como forma de indicar visualmente as
áreas mais e menos coletadas do DFC e chamar atenção para aquelas com maior carência
de dados. Esse capítulo, submetido ao livro “Fitossociologia no Brasil, volume II” tem
como objetivo apresentar aos leitores um quadro geral sobre os estudos botânicos no DFC
bem como sugerir a pessoas interessadas em realizar novos estudos, métodos e
procedimentos adequados e regiões geográficas e tipos de ambiente com maior carência de
dados.
23
Capítulo 2) Esse capítulo visa compor um catálogo geral das espécies reportadas para o
DFC nos artigos de florística e fitossociologia compilados. A partir dos artigos coligidos
para o primeiro capítulo, excluímos aqueles que apresentavam tabelas de fitossociologia
truncadas ou aqueles que foram republicados e criamos um banco de dados com todos os
nomes científicos reportados, associando a cada espécie informações ecológicas e
geográficas básicas. Cada nome reportado foi acompanhado do tipo de ambiente dentro do
DFC em que a planta ocorre, bem como do hábito da planta e formas de vida de Raunkiaer,
sempre que disponíveis. Os nomes foram checados segundo o banco de dados da Lista de
Espécies da Flora do Brasil (Forzza et al. 2011) e por consultas a mais de 50 especialistas,
além de monografias taxonômicas. A nomenclatura botânica foi atualizada para espelhar a
apresentada no banco de dados da Flora do Brasil e todos os nomes reportados foram
disponibilizados na forma de um catálogo. Comparações biogeográficas e ecológicas
também foram realizadas. Comparamos a similaridade florística geral entre os tipos de
ambiente, mostrando as relações florísticas entre eles. Além disso, usamos as publicações
que informavam os hábitos das plantas para construir espectros de hábitos para 18 áreas do
DFC. Com isso, pudemos criar e graficar paralelamente espectros de hábitos para várias
áreas, mostrando que áreas cristalinas tem uma proporção maior de plantas não lenhosas
que as áreas sedimentares. Isso tem consequências diretas na interpretação da diversidade
vegetal da Caatinga. Enquanto historicamente a maioria dos estudos em áreas cristalinas
amostrou exclusivamente plantas lenhosas, a maior parte da diversidade vegetal nas
caatingas do cristalino parece estar no componente não lenhoso. Por fim, montamos curvas
de rarefação e utilizamos índices de estimativa de riqueza de espécies a fim de avaliar o
número amostrado de espécies versus o número de espécies esperadas (mas que não foram
amostradas) em cada ambiente. Também fizemos uma estimativa da riqueza florística total
do DFC, mostrando que mais de 1700 espécies já foram reportadas nos artigos, mas que há
um déficit de coletas e que pelo menos 40% das espécies do DFC ainda não foram
amostradas em nenhum estudo de florística. Esse manuscrito está submetido à revista
Phytotaxa.
Capítulo 3) Esse capítulo visa fazer uma síntese biogeográfica geral para o DFC. Dos
estudos utilizados na construção do capítulo 2, foram excluídos aqueles realizados em áreas
degradadas (agroecossistemas), estudos que não indicam o tipo de ambiente amostrado
(delimitação pouco clara da área estudada) ou que reportam poucas espécies (estudos com
menos de 20 espécies foram retirados da análise). Os outros estudos, devidamente
classificados em um dos tipos de ambiente existentes no DFC foram comparados por meio
de análises multivariadas para avaliar as relações florísticas existentes entre as áreas. As
análises sugerem que há três grupos florísticos distintos no DFC. Aquele que ocupa as
superfícies sedimentares, o que ocupa o cristalino e aquele que ocupa inselbergs. Embora a
maior parte da variação observada entre as áreas não tenha sido capturada pelo modelo de
24
partição de variância utilizado, a variável mais relevante para a determinação da
semelhança florística entre as áreas foi o tipo de ambiente, sugerindo que a flora existente
entre o sedimentar, cristalino e inselbergs é determinada especialmente por diferenças
edáficas, embora o clima também se apresente como uma variável importante. O veículo de
publicação deste capítulo ainda não foi escolhido, mas algumas possibilidades são Annals
of the Missouri Botanical Garden ou Plant Ecology and Evolution.
Capítulo 4) O capítulo 4 também teve enfoque biogeográfico, mas com o objetivo de
comparar os espectros de formas de vida de Raunkiaer no DFC. Esse tipo de dado só se
tornou disponível na última década para a caatinga de áreas cristalinas e o primeiro espectro
de Raunkiaer na caatinga de áreas sedimentares foi publicado apenas em 2010 (Mendes &
Castro 2010), com dados para mais duas áreas publicados em 2011 (Araújo et al. 2011),
abrindo a possibilidade de, pela primeira vez, comparar áreas cristalinas e sedimentares não
apenas pela flora, mas também pelo espectro biológico. Estudos publicados em inselbergs
complementaram esse capítulo, oferecendo uma síntese dos espectros biológicos para a
Caatinga e reavaliando, desta vez com um banco de dados mais homogêneo, a relevância
do clima, tipo de ambiente e autocorrelação espacial na determinação de comunidades do
DFC. Nele, mostramos que cristalino e sedimentar diferem claramente não apenas na flora,
mas também nos seus espectros biológicos, onde áreas sedimentares têm predominância de
fanerófitos, enquanto áreas cristalinas têm predominância de terófitos. Isso reforça os
resultados de espectro de hábito compilados no capítulo 2, onde mostramos que a caatinga
do ambiente cristalino têm uma proporção maior de espécies não lenhosas, enquanto a
caatinga do sedimentar tem uma maior proporção de espécies lenhosas. Inselbergs
apresentam um padrão estrutural mais complexo, com aqueles localizados em áreas de
maior precipitação possuindo mais fanerófitos, enquanto aqueles localizados em áreas mais
secas possuem mais terófitos. O veículo de publicação deste capítulo ainda não foi
escolhido, mas algumas possibilidades são Biotropica, Journal of Arid Environments e
Plant Ecology.
Cada capítulo está apresentado na forma de manuscrito, seguindo as regras do veículo
escolhido para publicação.
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29
CAPÍTULO 1 - Síntese dos estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos realizados
no Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga
Marcelo Freire Moro3,4; Francisca Soares de Araújo5; Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal6; Fernando
Roberto Martins7
RESUMO: A atenção dada ao Domínio do Semiárido Brasileiro, ou Domínio Fitogeográfico da
Caatinga (DFC), nos estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos foi baixa ao longo do século XX.
Entretanto este quadro está mudando e um número crescente de levantamentos foram publicados
para essa região. Sintetizamos aqui o corpo de literatura florística e/ou fitossociológica disponível
até o ano de 2011, mostrando em que regiões e estados brasileiros o DFC está mais ou menos
amostrado. Avaliamos também o número de espécies registradas em cada trabalho, os métodos
fitossociológicos mais utilizados e o esforço amostral empreendido pelos pesquisadores em estudos
de fitossociologia. Embora o número de estudos no DFC esteja em crescimento, uma porcentagem
considerável dos estudos apresentam esforços amostrais muito pequenos (menos de 500 indivíduos
registrados em fitossociologias) e pelo menos 40% dos levantamentos não utilizam o critério de
inclusão recomendado para a Caatinga, gerando uma heterogeneidade desnecessária nos dados e
dificultando o uso dos mesmos em comparações. A maioria dos estudos também focou apenas em
realizar um levantamento das plantas lenhosas, ignorando o componente herbáceo da vegetação, o
que resulta em uma subestimativa grande da diversidade vegetal no DFC. Sugerimos que novos
pesquisadores direcionem novos estudos para as regiões geográficas e tipos de ambiente menos
estudados, que utilizem o critério de inclusão mais usual na Caatinga, de DNS igual ou maior que 3
cm e que amostrem, em cada levantamento, tanto plantas do componente lenhoso quanto herbáceo
da vegetação.
Palavras-chave: Caatinga; Biomas do Brasil; Levantamentos botânicos.
Introdução
O Domínio Semiárido do Brasil, ou Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC), ocupa cerca
de 840 Km2 no Nordeste do País e norte de Minas Gerais (Andrade-Lima 1981; IBGE 2004;
Queiroz 2009). Suas condições ambientais apresentam grande heterogeneidade, tanto climática
3
Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de
Biologia Vegetal, Bloco M, Caixa Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970. Campinas, SP, Brasil.
4
Autor para correspondência: [email protected]
5
Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC, Campus do Pici, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Bloco 906, CEP
60455-760. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
6
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE, Departamento de Biologia, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s.n.,
CEP 52171-900. Recife, PE, Brasil.
7
Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Bloco M,
Caixa Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970. Campinas, SP, Brasil.
30
(devido a gradientes ligados à distância do oceano e à altitude), quanto pedológica e geológica, que
influenciam a distribuição das comunidades vegetais (Andrade-Lima 1981; Araújo et al. 2005). O
tipo principal de vegetação no semiárido brasileiro é a caatinga, uma vegetação espinhosa e decídua,
variando no porte de arbórea a arbustiva e que ocorre predominantemente sobre os solos rasos e
pedregosos da depressão sertaneja (Andrade-Lima 1981; Araújo et al. 2005; Queiroz 2006; 2009).
Mas outros tipos de vegetação também ocorrem no DFC. Associadas à depressão sertaneja, ocorrem
superfícies sedimentares, onde as condições geológicas e pedológicas são diferentes das áreas
cristalinas. Estas áreas abrigam uma vegetação distinta florística e estruturalmente da caatinga,
recebendo na literatura diferentes denominações: caatinga de areia, carrascos, caatingas do
sedimentar, etc.
Além das superfícies sedimentares, existem também afloramentos rochosos por todo o
semiárido, onde os solos ausentes ou pouco desenvolvidos propiciam à flora condições ambientais
bastante diferenciadas. Outros tipos de vegetação como as matas ripárias, nas margens dos rios, e a
vegetação aquática de lagoas e rios completam o quadro das formações típicas do semiárido. Mas
além destas existem também disjunções da Mata Atlântica, Cerrado e Campos Rupestres no interiro
do DFC. Essas disjunções, entretanto, têm uma flora oriunda principalmente dos domínios
fitogeográficos adjacentes (Porto et al. 2004; Araújo et al. 2005; Juncá et al. 2005; Queiroz 2009).
Como um domínio fitogeográfico, o DFC apresenta grande complexidade de comunidades e
atualmente está dividido em oito ecorregiões, as quais refletem os grandes grupos de ambientes que
existem sob clima semiárido no Nordeste do Brasil (Velloso et al. 2002).
Breve histórico dos estudos botânicos no semiárido brasileiro
Os estudos botânicos no DFC se iniciaram no início do século XIX, quando os primeiros
naturalistas percorreram os territórios semiáridos do Nordeste do Brasil, registrando as espécies
presentes e fazendo observações sobre as vegetações. Um dos primeiros naturalistas no Nordeste do
Brasil foi João da Silva Feijó (1760-1824), que trabalhou na capitania do Ceará mapeando recursos
minerais e coletando exemplares da fauna e flora (Paiva, 2002). Feijó chegou a produzir um
manuscrito intitulado Collecção Descriptiva das Plantas da Capitania do Seará (1818), mas a obra
não foi publicada, e grande parte dos seus manuscritos foram perdidos (Paiva, 2002).
O naturalista alemão Carl Von Martius (1794-1868), nas suas viagens pelo Brasil (entre 1817
e 1820) que culminaram na publicação da monumental obra Flora Brasilensis (publicada entre 1840
31
e 1906), também coletou no semiárido, onde quase morreu pela escassez de água (Henriques, 2008).
Na Tabulae Phisiognomicae da Flora Brasiliensis, Martius retrata aspectos das regiões
fitogeográficas brasileiras em textos e em várias litografias, representando dentre elas a caatinga. No
sistema fitogeográfico de Martius a região do semiárido já era reconhecida como um domínio
fitogeográfico distinto, denominado Hamadryades, em referência às ninfas mortais gregas, pelo fato
das plantas perderem as folhas na estação seca (Veloso et al., 1991; Fernandes, 1998).
Na segunda metade do século XIX, um grupo de naturalistas brasileiros do Instituto
Histórico e Geográfico recebeu apoio da corte para realizar uma expedição científica constituída por
brasileiros. Essa expedição, denominada Comissão Científica de Exploração, visava fortalecer a
ciência nacional e permitir o descobrimento do Brasil pelos próprios brasileiros. Liderada por
Francisco Freire Alemão (1797-1874), foi constituída em 1856 e iniciou seus trabalhos em 1859
(Braga, 1962; Silva Filho, 2006). Os trabalhos da Comissão, entretanto, ficaram restritos
praticamente ao território do Ceará. Coletando tanto na região costeira, quanto nas serras e na
caatinga do Ceará, os naturalistas registraram parte da flora do Nordeste do Brasil, e, junto com ela,
a flora do semiárido, fazendo, dentre outras atividades, a descrição formal de espécies novas. Além
desses naturalistas, merece destaque também a atuação do naturalista escocês George Gardner
(1812-1849), que esteve no Brasil entre 1836 e 1841 e procurou explorar áreas não percorridas por
Martius (Paiva, 2002), coletando também no domínio do semiárido.
Somados a esses primeiros naturalistas, botânicos como Albert Löfgren (1854-1918),
Adolpho Ducke (1876-1959) e Philipp Von Luetzelburg (1880-1948) coletaram e viajaram pelo
nordeste do Brasil na primeira metade do século XX, caracterizando as fisionomias, descrevendo
novas espécies e fazendo notas sobre a ecologia da caatinga. Os primeiros cento e cinquenta anos de
estudos no semiárido permitiram o estabelecimento da base nomenclatural para estudos botânicos
futuros e produziram os primeiros mapas, listas de espécies (e.g. Ducke, 1953) e observações
ecológicas.
Estudos de florística e fitossociologia no Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga
Baseando-se em propostas metodológicas do início do século XX, na segunda metade do
referido século o enfoque dos levantamentos botânicos no semiárido começou a mudar. Os
primeiros levantamentos no Brasil se preocupavam em produzir floras ou listagens de unidades
32
geopolíticas (para o país ou um estado/província), por meio de expedições que percorriam estradas e
coletavam em amplos territórios. Entretanto, logo no início do no século XX, Clements (1905)
propôs o método de parcelas, para obter informações quantitativas sobre a estrutura da vegetação
junto com dados de florística. Também na primeira metade do século XX foi proposto por BraunBlanquet o método dos relevés (Braun-Blanquet, 1932; Poore, 1955). Esse método consiste em
descrever a vegetação de um local delimitado, com características homogêneas, de modo que suas
feições possam ser determinadas. O relevé era uma lista de plantas de um ambiente homogêneo
associada a informações sobre a cobertura vegetal, a comunidade e o ambiente (Braun-Blanquet,
1932; Poore, 1955). Os métodos de parcelas e o do relevé colocaram uma nova possibilidade de
foco nas pesquisas botânicas. Em vez de listagens de grandes territórios, os estudos poderiam focar
na escala local, em áreas mais homogêneas e com comunidades melhor delimitadas.
Assim, no século XX iniciou-se uma nova abordagem nas pesquisas botânicas, produzindo
estudos em escalas locais, onde posição geográfica, dados de clima, solo, fitofisionomia e tipo de
ambiente poderiam ser associados a uma lista de espécies. Esses levantamentos permitem a
incorporação de informações ecológicas e biogeográficas, que oferecem novas possibilidades aos
estudos botânicos. Os primeiros trabalhos quantitativos da vegetação do semiárido (e especialmente
da vegetação de caatinga) datam das décadas de 1960 e 1970, para determinar o volume de madeira
disponível para fins de exploração comercial no Nordeste (ver Martins 1989). Vários trabalhos na
escala local passaram a ser produzidos e com o tempo o foco mudou da mensuração de estoque
madeireiro para conservação, ecologia e biogeografia (e.g. Gomes 1980; Ferraz et al. 1998; Araújo
et al. 1999).
Apresentamos aqui uma síntese dos estudos “pontuais”. Trabalhos florísticos ou
fitossociológicos, herdeiros do relevé de Braun-Blanquet e do método de parcelas de Clements
(1905), produzidos sobre a flora e a vegetação no DFC. Compilamos o maior número possível
desses trabalhos e avaliamos a cronologia de publicações, a distribuição geográfica dos estudos e os
métodos utilizados, até a data limite de 2011.
Buscamos aqui responder às seguintes questões:
1)
Quantos levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos estão disponíveis na
literatura sobre o DFC?
33
2)
Quais os métodos e critérios de inclusão mais aplicados aos estudos
fitossociológicos?
3)
Qual o esforço amostral e qual a riqueza média de espécies registrada por
estudos no DFC?
4)
Em quais estados brasileiros o semiárido está mais ou menos amostrado?
5)
Como variou o número de trabalhos florísticos e/ou fitossociológicos
produzidos no DFC ao longo do tempo?
Materiais e métodos
Abrangência geográfica do banco de dados
O Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC) possui um complexo conjunto vegetacional,
incluindo vários tipos de formações características (Andrade-Lima 1981), e encraves vegetacionais
dos domínios fitogeográficos adjacentes. Esses encraves representam áreas de cerrado; campos
rupestres (especialmente na Chapada Diamantina - Juncá et al. 2005); e mata atlântica (os chamados
“brejos”, com floresta ombrófila e semidecídua – Porto et al. 2004), que ocorrem circunscritos ao
domínio semiárido, mas que são floristicamente relacionadas aos domínios fitogeográficos vizinhos.
Devido a isso, encraves de Cerrado, Campos Rupestres e Matas Ombrófilas ou Semidecíduas no
DFC foram excluídos da nossa compilação. Nosso trabalho visou fazer uma síntese dos trabalhos
realizados nas formações típicas do DFC (cujos limites geográficos adotados são aqueles mapeados
por Velloso et al. 2002), sintetizando o conjunto de dados atualmente disponível na literatura para as
seguintes formações do semiárido: caatinga sensu stricto, vegetações das áreas sedimentares
(carrascos e caatingas de areia), inselbergs, matas de galeria (florestas ripícolas) e comunidades de
plantas aquáticas.
Levantamento bibliográfico e tratamento dos dados
Realizamos uma extensa revisão bibliográfica por meio de consultas a todos os volumes
publicados das principais revistas de botânica e biologia do Brasil em busca de artigos de florística
ou fitossociologia. Após isso, buscamos nas referências bibliográficas dos artigos citações a outros
trabalhos ainda não compilados. Também procuramos artigos por meio de indexadores digitais, em
especial as bases de dados Web of Science e Google Scholar. Por fim, entre novembro e dezembro
34
de 2011, percorremos várias universidades do Nordeste do Brasil (UFBA, UEFS, UFS, UFPE,
UFRPE, UFPB, UFRN, UERN, UFERSA, UFC, UFPI) em busca de teses e dissertações produzidas
em cada universidade, bem como artigos em revistas locais de menor circulação e capítulos de livros
produzidos pelo corpo científico de cada universidade. Todos os trabalhos produzidos até o ano de
2011 que localizamos foram cadastrados em um banco de dados e depois analisados.
Os trabalhos foram classificados nas seguintes categorias bibliográficas: “teses e
dissertações”, “livros e capítulos de livro”, “artigos em boletins técnicos” e “artigos em periódicos”.
Consideramos boletins técnicos as publicações seriadas, mas não periódicas e/ou sem revisão por
pares, de instituições técnicas (e.g. Embrapa, SUDENE). De todas as formas de publicação, os
artigos
em
periódicos
são
a
forma
mais
apropriada
para
apresentação
de
dados
florísticos/fitossociológicos, pois estão disponíveis em bibliotecas públicas, bem como em
bibliotecas digitais (JSTOR, Scielo, Scopus, etc.), além de terem passado pelo processo de revisão
por pares, incrementando a qualidade dos dados. Assim, produzimos uma síntese mais detalhada
sobre os dados publicados em periódicos. Consultamos um a um todos os artigos e registramos
quantos levantamentos havia em cada artigo (alguns artigos trazem levantamentos para mais de uma
área), o tipo de levantamento (florístico ou fitossociológico), a posição geográfica, estado e
município do estudo e a riqueza de espécies registrada. Para estudos fitossociológicos registramos
também o método utilizado, o critério de inclusão adotado, o esforço amostral em área (parcelas) ou
número de pontos-quadrantes, o esforço amostral em número de indivíduos, a densidade e a
dominância de plantas lenhosas da área (Anexos 1 e 2).
Eventualmente, um artigo pode trazer mais de uma lista florística de locais bastante
próximos. A escolha sobre a conveniência de tratar esses dados como várias listas florísticas
individuais ou como uma única lista florística de maior abrangência geográfica é subjetiva.
Registramos no Anexo 2 quando um trabalho pode ser classificado como uma ou várias listagens,
dependendo dos objetivos do consulente, para que os leitores possam readaptar os dados às suas
necessidades. Muitos artigos (mesmo alguns recentes) não trazem coordenadas geográficas do local
estudado ou trazem coordenadas erradas (fora do Estado onde o trabalho foi feito ou mesmo fora do
Brasil). Conferimos todas as coordenadas relatadas nos artigos e, na ausência de uma ou quando a
indicada no texto estava claramente errada, extraímos uma coordenada de referência dos mapas dos
artigos ou, na ausência destes, usamos como coordenada de referência a sede do município onde o
trabalho foi realizado.
35
Incluímos nesse estudo levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos abordando a flora
geral, ou uma sinúsia da flora geral (apenas plantas lenhosas, ou apenas plantas herbáceas) de uma
área, refletindo apenas estudos florísticos na escala local. Tratamentos taxonômicos de uma família
ou gênero, ou floras e catálogos que lidam com uma unidade geopolítica (estado ou município) não
foram considerados “relevés” e não foram adicionados a este estudo (mas uma excelente flora a
nível municipal está disponível em Alves et al. 2009). Também não consideramos estudos de
etnobiologia, ou de plantas apícolas, ou de plantas consumidas pelo gado, a menos que esses
trabalhos, além de uma lista das plantas “úteis” tenham trazido também uma listagem geral de
espécies da área estudada.
Resultados
Compilamos neste trabalho 120 artigos de periódicos, os quais traziam 150 levantamentos
florísticos ou fitossociológicos para o DFC (Anexos 1 e 2; Fig. 1). Além dos artigos em periódicos,
compilamos 17 artigos em boletins técnicos (Anexo 3), 21 livros ou capítulos de livros (Anexo 4) e
92 teses e dissertações (Anexo 5). Os trabalhos mais antigos disponíveis para a Caatinga foram
publicados nos boletins técnicos da SUDENE (1969, além de vários trabalhos publicados durante as
décadas de 1970 e 1980 – ver Anexo 3) e os primeiros artigos em periódicos surgiram na segunda
metade da década de 1970 (e.g. Hayashi & Numata, 1976). Entretanto, a publicação de
levantamentos no DFC começou realmente a se fortalecer ao longo da década de 1990, havendo
grande aumento de publicações entre 2001 e 2011 (Fig.2; Fig. 3). Só para exemplificar, dos 120
artigos compilados, 99 foram produzidos nesse período. Também a produção de teses e dissertações
voltadas para o estudo da flora do semiárido vem aumentando rapidamente (Fig. 3) e 66% das
dissertações e teses existentes foram defendidas entre 2001 e 2011. Idealmente, essas teses poderão
ser convertidas em artigos e disponibilizadas em periódicos em um futuro próximo.
36
Fig. 1- Distribuição geográfica dos 150 levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos compilados para o domínio
fitogeográfico da Caatinga (ver Anexos 1 e 2), divididos nos tipos de ambiente de cada estudo. Ecorregiões sensu
Velloso et al. (2002): CCD: Complexo da Chapada Diamantina; CCM: Complexo de Campo Maior; CIA: Complexo
Ibiapaba-Araripe; DSF: Dunas do São Francisco; DSM: Depressão Sertaneja Meridional; DSS: Depressão Sertaneja
Setentrional; PB: Planalto da Borborema; RC: Raso da Catarina (Elaboração do mapa: M.F. Moro, modificado de
Velloso et al. 2002).
37
Número de publicações
30
25
Artigos em periódicos
Boletins técnicos
20
Livros e capítulos
Teses e dissertações
15
Total de publicações
10
5
0
Fig. 2- número de trabalhos florísticos ou fitossociológicos produzidos por ano no domínio semiárido brasileiro até 2011
(lista completa das publicações nos Anexos 1 a 5 no fim do capítulo)
Número de publicações
300
250
200
Artigos em periódicos
Boletins técnicos
Livros e capítulos
150
Teses e dissertações
Total de publicações
100
50
0
Fig. 3- Total acumulativo de publicações florísticas ou fitossociológicas produzidos no domínio do semiárido brasileiro
até 2011 (lista completa das publicações nos Anexos 1 a 5 no fim do capítulo).
Nos 120 artigos publicados em periódicos, encontramos 44 florísticas voltadas para a flora
total (listas que amostraram conjuntamente plantas lenhosas e herbáceas); 29 florísticas voltadas
apenas para a flora lenhosa; e seis voltadas apenas para o componente herbáceo. Em relação aos
38
estudos fitossociológicos, 75 deles eram voltados ao componente lenhoso e 15 ao herbáceo, além de
três estudos em inselbergs, com parcelas que incluem na mesma unidade amostral plantas lenhosas e
herbáceas (ver Anexos 1 e 2). Entretanto, sete das fitossociologias voltadas ao componente lenhoso
e uma voltada ao herbáceo apresentaram tabelas fitossociologicas truncadas, onde apenas as
espécies mais abundantes são apresentadas e os dados para as outras espécies são omitidos. Além
disso, cinco estudos do componente lenhoso e cinco do componente herbáceo pretenderam
apresentar dados fitossociológicos, mas porque não informaram a área amostrada, não informaram o
critério de inclusão adotado, adotaram critérios de inclusão subjetivos (e.g. amostraram plantas com
hábito arbóreo/arbustivo em vez de plantas com um tamanho determinado) ou não informaram a
abundância das espécies (Anexo 2), são, na verdade, fitossociologias parciais, onde se pode ter ideia
da estrutura da área, mas não resgatar os dados para comparações com outras áreas. Algumas
fitossociologias apresentam seus dados de tal forma que é possível resgatar apenas os dados
absolutos de abundância ou densidade, perdendo-se os outros valores da estrutura (frequência e
dominância absoluta) para comparações. Por outro lado, 60 levantamentos fitossociológicos
voltados ao componente lenhoso apresentaram uma boa caracterização estrutural das suas áreas,
publicando tabelas fitossociológicas completas (não-truncadas) com os descritores de estrutura mais
importantes, como densidade, freqüência e dominâncias absolutas e/ou relativas (Duringan, 2003;
Moro & Martins, 2011).
Levantamentos fitossociológicos devem fornecer dados numéricos da estrutura de uma
vegetação e permitir uma comparação objetiva entre diferentes estandes. Mas para que isso seja
possível os estudos devem adotar os mesmos critérios de inclusão, ter esforços amostrais
semelhantes e utilizar métodos compatíveis. Das 75 fitossociologias voltados ao componente
lenhoso, 64 (85%) utilizaram o método de parcelas, oito o método de quadrantes e três uma variante
do método de quadrantes (que denominamos de quadrantes compostos), em que em cada ponto se
amostram oito ou mais indivíduos lenhosos, em vez de apenas quatro. O critério de inclusão mais
adotado na Caatinga é o diâmetro do tronco no nível do solo (DNS) de 3 cm, seguindo o proposto
por Rodal et al. (1992). Esse critério foi utilizado por 59% (44) dos levantamentos (Fig. 4; Anexo
2). Uma proporção de 77% dos levantamentos (58) usaram o nível do solo como referência para
medição das plantas (DNS de 1 e 3 cm e PNS de 5; 9; 10 e 12 cm foram registrados) enquanto
apenas 9 levantamentos (12%) usaram a altura do peito como referência para medição (DAP de 3 e
5 cm e PAP de 3; 6; 10 e 12 cm foram registrados – Fig. 4; Anexo 2). Sete trabalhos (9%) usaram,
em vez do diâmetro, uma altura mínima que as plantas devem atingir como critério de amostragem,
39
um usou o diâmetro de cinco centímetros, mas não informou a altura da medição, e um trabalho
usou o tipo de hábito das plantas, sem estipular valores objetivos (Fig. 4).
50
Número de levantamentos
45
44
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
2
3
3
4
6
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
0
Fig. 4- Critérios de inclusão adotados pelos levantamentos fitossociológicos voltados ao componente lenhoso no
semiárido brasileiro.
Em fitossociologias, a área média amostrada pelo método de parcelas na Caatinga foi de 0,57
± 0,37 ha e o número médio de pontos-quadrantes foi 223,8 ± 255,9 pontos-quadrantes. Esforços
amostrais tão pequenos quanto 0,1 ha ou 100 quadrantes (e até menos que isso) foram aplicados em
alguns estudos. Apenas 13 trabalhos amostraram 1 ha ou mais, e apenas dois estudos amostraram
250 quadrantes ou mais, seguindo sugestões de esforço amostral feitas por alguns autores (Caiafa &
Martins 2007; Moro & Martins 2011). Quando representamos o esforço de coleta das
fitossociologias como o número de indivíduos amostrados, a média foi de 1.411,6 ± 1315,8
indivíduos por trabalho. Esforços amostrais bem pequenos, menores que 500 indivíduos, foram
aplicados em 25 trabalhos, e menores que 1.000 indivíduos em 38 levantamentos (Fig. 5).
40
Fig. 5- Esforço amostral, em número de indivíduos, dos artigos de fitossociologia publicados para o Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (ver Anexos 1 e 2). Ecorregiões sensu Velloso et al. (2002): CCD: Complexo da Chapada
Diamantina; CCM: Complexo de Campo Maior; CIA: Complexo Ibiapaba-Araripe; DSF: Dunas do São Francisco;
DSM: Depressão Sertaneja Meridional; DSS: Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional; PB: Planalto da Borborema; RC: Raso
da Catarina (Elaboração do mapa: M.F. Moro. Modificado de Velloso et al. 2002).
41
A riqueza média registrada pelo conjunto total de trabalhos compilados (n=150) variou
muito, mas riquezas tão pequenas como 11-15 espécies foram registradas (Fig. 6), especialmente em
fitossociologias com pequeno esforço amostral. Florísticas em geral direcionam todo o esforço de
coleta para a busca por mais espécies e, por isso, tendem a registrar riquezas maiores. Dentre as
florísticas voltadas apenas para o componente lenhoso, a riqueza média foi de 50 ± 20 espécies
(n=29). Para as voltadas apenas ao componente herbáceo, a riqueza média foi de 62 ± 14 espécies
(n= 6) e a riqueza média em florísticas voltadas à flora total (lenhosas e herbáceas) foi de 106 ± 61
espécies (n= 44), sugerindo que o componente herbáceo constitui uma parte considerável da
biodiversidade nas formações do semiárido, superando em número de espécies o componente
lenhoso.
42
Fig. 6 - Número de espécies registradas pelos 150 artigos de florística ou fitossociologia publicados para o Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (ver Anexos 1 e 2 e comparar com as Figs. 1 e 5). Ecorregiões sensu Velloso et al. (2002):
CCD: Complexo da Chapada Diamantina; CCM: Complexo de Campo Maior; CIA: Complexo Ibiapaba-Araripe; DSF:
Dunas do São Francisco; DSM: Depressão Sertaneja Meridional; DSS: Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional; PB: Planalto
da Borborema; RC: Raso da Catarina (Elaboração do mapa: M.F. Moro. Modificado de Velloso et al. 2002).
43
O estado com maior número de levantamentos publicados em periódicos é Pernambuco, com
46 levantamentos, seguido da Paraíba (33), Rio Grande do Norte (19), Ceará e Bahia (18 cada),
Minas Gerais (9) e Piauí (7). Entretanto, quando consideramos o número de levantamentos em
relação à área em cada estado dentro do DFC, vemos que Minas Gerais, seguida da Paraíba e
Pernambuco, são os estados mais bem amostrados. Não encontramos levantamentos publicados em
periódicos (até 2011) para o DFC em Alagoas, Sergipe e Maranhão (Tabela 1; Fig. 1).
Tabela 1- número de levantamentos no semiárido publicados em periódicos e a relação do número
de levantamentos pela área do estado dentro do domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga.
Área do
estado
(Km2)
Estado
% do estado no
domínio da
Caatinga (IBGE
2004)
48%
54%
100%
1%
2%
92%
83%
63%
Área de
Nº de
caatinga
Levantamentos/
no estado levantamentos Km2 de Caatinga
(Km2)
13.334,08
0
305.008,66
18
1 / 16.944,93
148.920,54
18
1 / 8.273,36
3.319,36
0
11.730,41
9
1 / 1.303,38
51.951,91
33
1 / 1.574,30
81.461,44
46
1 / 1.770,90
158.493,29
7
1 / 22.641,9
Alagoas
27.779,343
Bahia
564.830,859
Ceará
148.920,538
Maranhão
331.935,507
Minas Gerais 586.520,368
Paraíba
56.469,466
Pernambuco
98.146,315
Piauí
251.576,644
Rio Grande do
52.810,699
95%
50.170,16
19
1 / 2.640,53
Norte
Sergipe
21.918,354
49%
10.739,99
0
Área total aproximada do domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga no Nordeste Brasileiro: 844.453
Km2 (IBGE 2004)
Discussão
Inicialmente, os estudos feitos no DFC foram disponibilizados apenas como teses e
dissertações não publicadas ou foram publicados em boletins técnicos, em um formato de
apresentação de dados que dificulta a utilização dos dados. Felizmente, a publicação de
levantamentos na forma de artigo vem aumentando exponencialmente ao longo das últimas duas
décadas (Fig. 2; Fig. 3) e é notável tanto o crescimento recente no número de teses e dissertações
quanto de artigos em periódicos, que é o formato mais apropriado para a divulgação dos dados. Em
meados da década de 1990, Sampaio (1996) estimou em 44 o número somado de teses, dissertações,
44
artigos em periódicos e artigos em boletins técnicos com trabalhos fitossociológicos disponíveis
para a Caatinga. Quinze anos depois, encontramos 75 estudos fitossociológicos voltados ao
componente lenhoso, 15 voltados ao componente herbáceo e três voltados a ambientes rochosos
(inselbergs), além de 79 listas florísticas no DFC. E isso se considerarmos apenas artigos publicados
em periódicos. Se incluirmos outras categorias bibliográficas, teremos também 92 teses e
dissertações (incluindo estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos com esforços amostrais muito
heterogêneos, alguns dos quais já estão publicados na forma de artigo e outros que não possuem
amostragem suficiente para tal), 21 livros e capítulos de livro e 17 boletins técnicos (ver anexos de 1
a 5), o que mostra que a produção de dados florísticos e fitossociológicos no DFC está em
crescimento (Fig. 2; Fig. 3).
Teses e dissertações são um veículo restrito de divulgação de dados botânicos. Idealmente
deveriam ser convertidas em artigos, garantindo maior visibilidade e citabilidade aos dados. Isso
parece estar se concretizando, pois a partir de 2007 o número total de artigos produzidos superou o
de teses (Fig. 3). O crescimento no número de teses e dissertações também sugere algumas
tendências na produção de conhecimento. O primeiro levantamento sobre plantas aquáticas no
semiárido, por exemplo, data de 2003 (França et al. 2003), mas só no ano de 2011 dois novos artigos
com plantas aquáticas, resultantes de dissertações (Moura Júnior et al. 2011; Lima et al. 2011),
foram publicados e novas dissertações recentemente defendidas (e.g. Normando 2011) sugerem que
a disponibilidade de dados sobre comunidades pouco amostradas irá aumentar. Do mesmo modo, até
2011 não localizamos artigos florísticos e fitossociológicos para o DFC de Sergipe, Alagoas e
Maranhão, mas várias dissertações recentes na Caatinga de Sergipe (ver anexo 5) sugerem que essa
carência logo deverá ser sanada.
Em relação aos estudos publicados como artigos em periódicos, os quais foram analisados
com mais detalhes, os esforços amostrais e critérios de inclusão variaram bastante. Alguns artigos de
fitossociologia trazem levantamentos com esforço amostral muito pequeno, com menos de 500
indivíduos (Fig. 5), o que resulta em uma caracterização bastante pobre dos estandes estudados, com
poucas espécies registradas (Fig. 6). Também chamamos a atenção para dois aspectos
metodológicos que vêm sendo ignorados por boa parte dos levantamentos e que deveriam ser
centrais para pesquisadores em fitossociologia: a adoção de critérios de inclusão padronizados e a
descrição da área estudada atendendo ao protocolo mínimo estabelecido pela Comissão de
Fitossociologia da Sociedade Botânica do Brasil (ver Felfili et al. 2011). Alguns estudos recentes
45
não fornecem sequer coordenadas geográficas ou não descrevem adequadamente o tipo de ambiente
da área de estudo, reduzindo a utilidade do levantamento para outros pesquisadores.
Quanto ao critério de inclusão, Rodal et al. (1992) propuseram o DNS ≥ 3 cm para
amostragem do componente lenhoso na Caatinga, e esse critério tem sido utilizado por 59% dos
estudos. A menos que os autores tenham algum objetivo específico (e.g. amostragem de indivíduos
de pequeno porte para estudos de regeneração), o ideal é utilizar esse mesmo valor (DNS≥ 3cm)
para novos estudos, compatibilizando os novos resultados com a literatura já produzida. Os valores
de densidade da comunidade variam muito quando critérios de inclusão diferentes são utilizados
(Sampaio 1996; Martins & Santos 1999; Durigan 2009), tornando estudos com diferentes critérios
de inclusão de difícil comparação. Em relação à altura de medição, o nível do solo é a altura mais
prática para medir os indivíduos nas formações do semiárido, porque as plantas em geral são muito
ramificadas. No nível do solo basta obter uma medida de diâmetro para cada indivíduo, facilitando o
trabalho de campo, ao passo que no nível do peito as plantas podem ter uma ramificação excessiva,
exigindo a tomada de várias medidas (Rodal et al. 1992; Moro & Martins 2011). Além disso,
arbustos de baixa estatura podem não ter ramos grossos a 1,3 m de altura, excluindo esse importante
componente da amostragem da caatinga.
A prática de truncar as tabelas fitossociológicas, apresentando apenas os dados de estrutura
para as espécies de maior IVI, também não deve ser feita, já que gera a perda de informações sobre
um componente fundamental das comunidades vegetais: as espécies raras. Além disso, várias
comparações se tornam impossíveis caso a tabela fitossociológica seja truncada, reduzindo
imensamente a utilidade do trabalho para os outros pesquisadores. Uma síntese do protocolo mínimo
da Comissão de Fitossociologia da Sociedade Botânica do Brasil, para estudos de estrutura, está
disponível em Felfili et al. (2011), e um manual de métodos fitossociológicos, critérios de inclusão e
procedimentos para a construção de tabelas fitossociológicas está presente em Durigan (2003) e em
Moro & Martins (2011).
Alguns estudos utilizaram uma variante do método de quadrantes, em que em cada pontoquadrante são amostrados quatro arbustos e quatro árvores com DNS de 3cm, em vez de
simplesmente as quatro plantas com DNS de 3 cm mais próximas. Denominamos esse método de
quadrantes compostos. O método de quadrantes se baseia na relação da distância das plantas ao
ponto central para estimar a densidade e dominância, mas como nos quadrantes compostos usam-se
dois critérios de inclusão para um mesmo ponto (DNS e hábito da planta), o resgate da densidade ou
46
dominância da comunidade lenhosa total é dificultado. Se o objetivo do trabalho for comparar os
componentes arbóreo e arbustivo de uma área, é mais conveniente usar o método de parcelas, que
tem área fixa e permite facilmente a junção ou separação dos subcomponentes da vegetação por
outros pesquisadores.
A riqueza média amostrada em estudos florísticos indica que na Caatinga há mais espécies
no componente herbáceo-subarbustivo que no lenhoso. Historicamente, a maioria dos estudos no
semiárido focou no componente lenhoso, mas recentemente o componente herbáceo-subarbustivo
vem sendo mais frequentemente amostrado (e.g. Reis et al. 2006; Silva et al. 2009), com vários
artigos que incluem plantas de todos os hábitos, o que permite uma melhor caracterização da
biodiversidade vegetal e mostra a importância das herbáceas no DFC (e.g. Costa et al. 2007; Araújo
et al. 2011).
Rocha et al. (2004), Gomes et al. (2006), Cardoso & Queiroz (2007) e Araújo et al. (2011)
chamaram a atenção para o fato de que as formações que ocorrem sobre áreas sedimentares possuem
uma flora distinta da caatinga das áreas cristalinas. Dentre as ecorregiões sedimentares, a da
Ibiapaba-Araripe (majoritariamente no estado do Piauí) é a maior de todas e também a que dispõe do
maior número de levantamentos. Outras ecorregiões sedimentares como a das Dunas do São
Francisco só foram amostradas por poucos estudos. Embora vários levantamentos em Inselbergs
estejam publicados, todos se concentraram em áreas de origem cristalina. Estudos sobre a
composição florística de inselbergs nas ecorregiões sedimentares são bastante desejáveis.
Contrastando com a grande extensão territorial do semiárido, muitas áreas têm sido pouco ou nada
amostradas, com grandes vazios de publicações para a região centro-sul do estado da Bahia.
Também não localizamos artigos no DFC de Alagoas, Sergipe e Maranhão. Por outro lado, várias
dissertações recentemente defendidas na UFS (Anexo 5) sugerem que logo surgirão artigos
publicados para Sergipe. Seria interessante também ter dados florísticos e fitossociológicos na
caatinga do Maranhão, já no limite oeste de distribuição do domínio.
Conclusões
No total, verificamos ser necessário aumentar a cobertura de coletas para o semiárido
brasileiro, mas também vemos que o ritmo de publicações florístico-fitossociológicas vem
aumentando vertiginosamente nos últimos vinte anos. Formações antes não estudadas como
comunidades de plantas aquáticas e as caatingas das Dunas do São Francisco passaram a ser alvo
47
recente de levantamentos, mas ambientes como os inselbergs de áreas sedimentares ainda não foram
investigados. Embora o número de levantamentos venha crescendo, alguns artigos apresentam
esforço amostral diminuto (menos de 500 indivíduos registrados) e listas florísticas bastante
reduzidas, sendo de menor utilidade. Do mesmo modo, artigos que publicaram tabelas
fitossociológicas truncadas reduziram fortemente a utilidade dos dados para estudos comparativos e
macroecológicos. Assim, o número de artigos realmente consistentes é menor do que o número total
de publicações. Idealmente precisamos de mais trabalhos florísticos que invistam pelo menos um
ano de coletas mensais na área de pesquisa (a fim de registrar um número razoável de espécies) e
fitossociológicos com esforço amostral de 1 ha e critérios de inclusão de DNS ≥ 3 cm,
especialmente nos estados da Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas e Maranhão, mas também em boa parte do
Ceará (ver Fig. 1). Novos levantamentos deveriam preferencialmente ampliar a cobertura amostral
em regiões menos coletadas, em vez de focar nas áreas mais conhecidas (Fig. 1). Sempre que
possível, os pesquisadores devem manter o máximo de padronização metodológica, a fim de
possibilitar a comparabilidade de seus resultados com outros estudos. Se o objetivo do trabalho for
fazer uma descrição da estrutura comunitária da vegetação, o uso do critério de inclusão mais
adequado é o DNS ≥ 3 cm, já utilizado pela larga maioria dos levantamentos publicados no
semiárido (Rodal et al. 1992; Moro & Martins 2011).
Agradecimentos
Os autores agradecem a todos os professores e pesquisadores das universidades do Nordeste
do Brasil (UFBA, UEFS, UFS, UFPE, UFRPE, UFPB, UFRN, UFERSA, UERN, UFC e UFPI), os
quais gentilmente permitiram o acesso a suas bibliotecas particulares, indicaram referências e
forneceram cópias de seus próprios trabalhos durante o processo de compilação bibliográfica.
Também agradecemos às equipes de bibliotecários das várias universidades, e especialmente a da
Unicamp, que forneceram suporte para a localização e manejo das referências bibliográficas aqui
apresentadas. Esse projeto demandou a visitação a pesquisadores e bibliotecas de onze instituições
em sete estados nordestinos, mais consultas à coleção de periódicos da Unicamp, em São Paulo, e só
foi possível pelo financiado obtido por meio da concessão de bolsa de doutorado da Fundação de
Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (processo FAPESP 2009/14266-7) ao primeiro autor.
48
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53
Anexo 1- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos realizados na região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga)
publicados em periódicos, associados à localização geográfica e referências bibliográficas de cada levantamento. Quando uma lista
florística/fitossociológica produzida pelos mesmos autores para a mesma área foi disponibilizada mais de uma vez, indicamos que o trabalho
mais antigo foi republicado em um trabalho posterior. O código de cada área (Cod. área) é o mesmo entre os anexos 1 e 2
Cod.
UF Município
área
1
BA Feira de Santana
2
BA Feira de Santana
3
BA Angüera
4
BA Angüera
5
BA Angüera
6
BA Angüera
7
BA Itatim
8
9
10
BA Feira de Santana
BA Itatim
BA Itatim
Vários - Uauá
BA adotado como
referência
Contendas do
BA
Sincorá
11
12
Vegetação
Plantas aquáticas –
região do Agreste
Plantas aquáticas –
região do Agreste
Plantas aquáticas –
região do Agreste
Plantas aquáticas –
região do Agreste
Plantas aquáticas –
região do Agreste
Plantas aquáticas –
região do Agreste
lat (S)
long (O)
Autores
Ano
12º16’24’’ 39º03’10’’ França et al.
2003
12º16’32’’ 39º03’22’’ França et al.
2003
12º13’30’’ 39º06’42’’ França et al.
2003
12º13’24’’ 39º06’59’’ França et al.
2003
12º11’38’’ 39º09’07’’ França et al.
2003
12º10’
39º12’36’’ França et al.
2003
Inselberg-Caatinga
12º42’40’’ 39º46’18’’ França et al.
2006
Inselberg-Agreste
Inselberg-Caatinga
Inselberg-Caatinga
12º16’18’’ 39º03’39’’ França et al.
12º43’
39º42’ França et al.
12º42’
39º46’ França et al.
2005
1997
1997
Caatinga (raso da
Catarina)
10º
39’
Caatinga arbórea
com elementos de
13º46’
41º03’
Revista
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Sitientibus Série
Ciências Biológicas
Hoehnea
Sitientibus
Sitientibus
Guedes
1985 Rodriguésia
Lima & Lima
1998
54
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Volume Páginas
17(4)
549-559
17(4)
549-559
17(4)
549-559
17(4)
549-559
17(4)
549-559
17(4)
549-559
6(1)
30-35
32(1)
17
17
93-101
163-176
163-184
37(62)
5-8
12(3)
441-450
Republicado
em
Entre Barra e
Juazeiro
Entre Barra e
Juazeiro
Entre Barra e
Juazeiro
Senhor do
Bonfim
Jacobina
Cerrado
Plantas aquáticas –
região da caatinga
Plantas aquáticas –
região da caatinga
Plantas aquáticas –
região da caatinga
Moura Júnior et
al.
Moura Júnior et
9º46’23’’ 42º04’35’’
al.
Moura Júnior et
9º12’51’’ 40º58’58’’
al.
13
BA
14
BA
15
BA
16
BA
17
BA
18
BA Barra
Caatinga de areia
10º48’
42º50’
Rocha et al.
19
20
CE Crateús
CE Crateús
5º10’
5º08’
40º56’
40º52’
21
CE Crateús
Carrasco
Caatinga
Mata seca em área
sedimentar
5º08’
40º54’
22
CE Ubajara
Carrasco
3º54’34’’ 40º59’24’’ Araújo et al.
1999
23
CE Quixadá
Inselberg-Caatinga
4º57’20’’ 39º01’28’’ Araújo et al.
2008
24
CE Novo Oriente
Carrasco
5º43’
40º55’
Araújo et al.
1998
25
CE Novo Oriente
Carrasco
5º43’
40º55’
Araújo et al.
1998
26
CE Novo Oriente
Carrasco
5º43’
40º55’
Araújo et al.
1998
27
CE Novo Oriente
Carrasco
5º43’
40º55’
Araújo et al.
1998
28
CE Sobral
Caatinga
3º41’
40º20’
Campanha et al.
2011
29
CE Quixadá
Caatinga
4º49’34’’ 38º58’90’’ Costa et al.
30
CE Aiuaba
Caatinga
6º36’01’’ 40º07’15’’ Lemos & Meguro 2010
Caatinga
Caatinga
10º51’20’’ 42º55’45’’
2011 Rodriguésia
62(4)
731-742
2011 Rodriguésia
62(4)
731-742
2011 Rodriguésia
62(4)
731-742
Ramalho et al.
2009 Revista Caatinga
22(3)
182-190
11º11’08’’ 40º32’10’’ Ramalho et al.
22(3)
182-190
27(4)
739-755
Araújo et al.
Araújo et al.
2009 Revista Caatinga
Revista Brasileira
2004
de Botânica
2011 Rodriguésia
2011 Rodriguésia
62(2)
62(2)
341-366
341-366
Araújo et al.
2011 Rodriguésia
62(2)
341-366
59(4)
663-678
59(4)
659-671
21(2)
105-116
58(1)
85-95
58(1)
85-95
58(1)
85-95
24(3)
94-101
68
237-247
8(1)
34-43
10º28’
40º11’
55
2007
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Rodriguésia
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Revista Caatinga
Journal of Arid
Environments
Revista Brasileira
de Biociências
5º08’29’’ 40º54’05’’ Lima et al.
CE Quixadá
Mata seca em área
sedimentar
Mata seca em área
sedimentar
Mata seca em área
sedimentar
Caatinga
4º58’17’’ 39º00’55’’ Santos et al.
35
CE Aiuaba
Caatinga
6º34’25’’ 40º07’25’’ Souza et al.
36
CE Crateús
Carrasco
5º08’45’’ 40º55’43’’
37
MG Januária
Caatinga arbórea
15º28’
44º23’
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
MG
MG
MG
MG
MG
MG
MG
MG
Caatinga arbórea
Caatinga arbórea
Caatinga arbórea
Caatinga arbórea
Caatinga arbórea
Caatinga arbórea
Caatinga arbórea
Caatinga arbórea
14º24’88’’
14º28’22’’
14º26’04’’
14º24’88’’
14º27’68’’
14º29’26’’
14º15’93’’
14º32’68’’
44º09’79’’
44º11’30’’
44º10’67’’
44º09’79’’
44º30’58’’
44º11’03’’
44º06’42’’
44º12’63’’
47
Juvenília
Juvenília
Juvenília
Juvenília
Montalvânia
Juvenília
Juvenília
Juvenília
Barra de Santa
PB
Rosa
PB Pombal
Caatinga
Santos et al.
Santos et al.
Santos et al.
Santos et al.
Santos et al.
Santos et al.
Santos et al.
Santos et al.
Almeida Neto et
6º43’12’’ 36º03’39’’
al.
6º42’10’’ 37º45’15’’ Alves et al.
48
PB Taperoá
Mata Ciliar
7º12’28’’ 36º49’33’’ Andrade et al.
49
PB
Caatinga
6º28’54’’ 36º08’58’’ Andrade et al.
50
PB Pocinhos
Caatinga
7º03’10’’ 36º03’06’’ Andrade et al.
31
CE Crateús
32
CE Crateús
33
CE Crateús
34
46
Cuité; Barra de
Santa Rosa
Caatinga
5º05’
40º51’
Lima et al.
5º08’29’’ 40º54’51’’ Lima et al.
Vasconcelos et
al.
Ratter et al.
56
Revista Brasileira
de Biociências
Acta Botanica
2009
Brasilica
2007
5(s.2)
438-440
23(3)
756-763
2011 Rodriguésia
62(2)
379-389
2008 Revista Verde
Cadernos de
2007
Cultura e Ciência
Biodiversity &
2010
Conservation
Revista Brasileira
1978
de Botânica
2011 Cerne
2007 Revista Árvore
2007 Revista Árvore
2007 Revista Árvore
2007 Revista Árvore
2007 Revista Árvore
2007 Revista Árvore
2008 Revista Caatinga
3(2)
116-135
2(2)
1-10
19
2263-2289
1
47-58
17(2)
31(1)
31(1)
31(1)
31(1)
31(1)
31(1)
21(4)
247-258
135-144
135-144
135-144
135-144
135-144
135-144
154-162
2009 Revista Caatinga
22(4)
187-194
2010 Revista Verde
Natureza &
2008
Conservação
Acta Scientiarum.
2010
Biological Sciences
Revista Brasileira
2007 de Ciências
Agrárias
5(2)
152-168
6(2)
61-67
32(3)
249-255
2(2)
135-142
Lima et al.
(2011)
Araújo et al.
(2011)
São João do
Cariri
São João do
Cariri
São João do
Cariri
São José dos
Cordeiros
São João do
Cariri
Pombal
51
PB
52
PB
53
PB
54
PB
55
PB
56
PB
57
PB Santa Luzia
Caatinga
58
PB Remígio
Inselberg-Agreste
59
Vários-Serra
PB Branca como
referência
60
PB Patos
61
Vários-São João
PB do Cariri como
referência
62
63
64
Vários- São João
PB do Cariri como
referência
São José dos
PB
Cordeiros
São João do
PB
Cariri
Caatinga
7º24’
36º32’
Andrade et al.
2005 Cerne
11(3)
253-262
Caatinga
7º23’30’’ 36º31’59’’ Andrade et al.
2009 Revista Caatinga
22(1)
229-237
Caatinga
7º23’30’’ 36º31’59’’ Araujo et al.
2010 Revista Caatinga
23(1)
63-70
Caatinga
7º28’15’’ 36º53’51’’ Barbosa et al.
2007
11(3)
313-322
Caatinga
7º23’48’’ 36º31’55’’ Barbosa et al.
2007
11(3)
313-322
Caatinga
6º42’10’’ 37º45’15’’ Dantas et al.
Fabricante &
6º48’36’’ 36º57’38’’
Andrade
Fevereiro &
6º52'48" 35º59'28"
Fevereiro
2010
5(1)
134-142
11(3)
341-349
1(1)
126-131
Caatinga
7º29’14’’ 36º39’51’’ Gomes
1980 Vegetalia
14
1-27
Caatinga
7º01’32’’ 37º16’41’’
20
23-44
Hayashi &
Numata
2007
1980
1976
Oecologia
Brasiliensis
Oecologia
Brasiliensis
Revista Verde
Oecologia
Brasiliensis
Agropecuária
Técnica
Tokyo Geography
Papers
Mata Ciliar
7º23’27’’ 36º32’01’’ Lacerda et al.
2005
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
19(3)
647-656
Mata Ciliar
7º23’27’’ 36º32’01’’ Lacerda et al.
2007
Oecologia
Brasiliensis
11(3)
331-340
Mata Ciliar
7º26’13’’ 36º54’30’’ Lacerda et al.
2010 Biota Neotropica
10(4)
275-284
Mata Ciliar
7º31’38’’ 36º33’06’’ Lacerda et al.
2010 Biota Neotropica
10(4)
275-284
57
Lacerda et
al. (2007);
parcialmente
em Lacerda
et al. (2010)
Parcialmente
em Lacerda
et al. (2010)
São João do
Cariri
65
PB
66
PB Lagoa Seca
67
68
São João do
Cariri
São João do
PB
Cariri
PB
69
PB Monteiro
70
PB Areia
71
PB Areia; Remígio
72
PB Areia; Remígio
73
PB Esperança
74
PB Boqueirão
75
PB Boqueirão
Boa Vista;
PB
Cabaceiras
PB Puxinanã
Vários-Barra de
PB Santana como
ref.
76
77
78
Mata Ciliar
7º25’33’’ 36º29’21’’ Lacerda et al.
TransiçãoCaatinga/Agreste
7º09’52’’ 35º51’37’’
7º24’
Caatinga
7º21'45"
Mata Ciliar
7º53’69’’ 37º08’67’’ Pegado et al.
Caatinga
10(4)
Revista
2003 Nordestina de
Biologia
17(1/2) 23-58
Luna & Coutinho 2007 Revista Caatinga
Caatinga
TransiçãoCaatinga/Agreste
TransiçãoCaatinga/Agreste
TransiçãoCaatinga/Agreste
Inselberg-Agreste
TransiçãoCaatinga/Agreste
Caatinga
36º32’
Lourenço &
Barbosa
2010 Biota Neotropica
36º32'00" Paes-Silva et al.
Agropecuária
Técnica
Acta Botanica
2006
Brasilica
2003
6º53’22’’ 35º47’55’’ Pereira et al.
2003 Biotropica
6º52’52’’ 35º47’42’’ Pereira et al.
2002
6º52’52’’ 35º47’41’’ Pereira et al.
2001
7º01’00’’ 35º52’50’’ Porto et al.
2008
7º28’49’’ 36º08’02’’ Queiroz et al.
2006
7º28’49’’ 36º08’02’’ Santos & Melo
2010
7º20’
36º18’
Santos & Santos
2008
35º58'31" Tölke et al. 2011 2011
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Revista Caatinga
Revista de Biologia
e Ciências da Terra
Revista Caatinga
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Biotemas
Inselberg-Agreste
7º08'62"
Mata Ciliar
7º31’12’’ 35º59’59’’ Trovão et al.
2010 Revista Caatinga
Journal of Range
1999
Management
79
PE Petrolina
Caatinga
9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’ Albuquerque
80
PE Petrolina
Caatinga
9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’
Albuquerque &
Bandeira
58
1995
Pesquisa
Agropecuária
275-284
20(2)
8-15
24(1)
47-59
20(4)
887-898
35(2)
154-165
16(3)
357-369
15(3)
413-426
21(2)
214-222
6(1)
251-259
23(2)
32-40
22(4)
1077-1084
24(4)
39-48
23(2)
78-86
52(3)
241-248
30(6)
885-891
Pereira et al.
(2003)
Albuquerque
et al. (2004;
2008)
Brasileira
TransiçãoCaatinga/Agreste
Caatinga
Albuquerque et
al.
Albuquerque et
9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’
al.
Alcoforado-Filho
8º14’18’’ 35º55’20’’
et al.
8º34’38’’ 37º11’50’’ Andrade et al.
2004
Caatinga
8º09’00’’ 36º19’15’’ Andrade et al.
2009
9º05’49’’ 40º17’01’’ Aranha et al.
2010
81
PE Petrolina
Caatinga
82
PE Petrolina
Caatinga
83
PE Caruaru
84
PE Buíque
Brejo da Madre
PE
de Deus
85
9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’
2008 Revista Caatinga
21(4)
17-28
4(1/2)
52-58
17(2)
287-303
31(3)
337-348
26(2)
161-184
22(1)
1-14
55(4)
595-607
55(4)
595-607
55(4)
595-607
19(2)
285-294
2011 Revista Caatinga
24(2)
67-74
2008 Revista Caatinga
Revista Brasileira
2009 de Ciências
Agrárias
2002 Brasil Florestal
2003 Phytocoenologia
2003 Phytocoenologia
Revista Brasileira
1998
de Botânica
1998 Revista Brasileira
21(4)
201-211
4(1)
48-54
74
33(1)
33(1)
37-43
71-92
71-92
21(1)
7-15
21(1)
7-15
2004
2003
86
PE Petrolina
Mata Ciliar
87
PE Floresta
Caatinga
8º30’
38º00’
Araújo et al.
1995
88
PE Floresta
Caatinga
8º37’
38º17’
Araújo et al.
1995
89
PE Custódia
Caatinga
8º06’
37º19’
Araújo et al.
1995
90
PE Caruaru
TransiçãoCaatinga/Agreste
8º14’
35º55’
Araújo et al.
2005
91
PE Petrolina
Caatinga
92
PE Serra Talhada
Caatinga
93
PE Betânia/Floresta
Caatinga
8º18’45’’ 38º11’43’’ Costa et al.
94
95
96
PE Petrolina
PE Serra Talhada
PE Serra Talhada
Caatinga
Caatinga
Caatinga
9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’ Drumond et al.
7º57’
38º17’ Ferraz et al.
7º59’
38º19’ Ferraz et al.
97
PE Serra Talhada
Caatinga
7º57’
38º17’
Ferraz et al.
98
PE Serra Talhada
Caatinga
7º59’
38º19’
Ferraz et al.
9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’
7º49’
38º11’
Calixto Jr. &
Drumond
Cantalice et al.
59
Sitientibus Série
Ciências Biológicas
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Hoehnea
Revista de
Geografia
Revista do
Instituto Florestal
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Reis et al.
(2006)
99
PE Floresta
Mata Ciliar
8º35’60’’ 38º34’05’’ Ferraz et al.
2006
100
PE Buíque
Caatinga
8º24’11’’ 37º21’30’’ Figueiredo et al.
2000
101
PE Buíque
Caatinga
8º35’
37º15’
Gomes et al.
2006
102
PE Bezerros
Inselberg-Agreste
8º20’
35º50’
Gomes & Alves
2009
103
PE
Inselberg-Agreste
8º22’55’’ 35º50’38’’ Gomes & Alves
2010
104
PE Altinho/Agrestina Inselberg-Agreste
8º23’29’’ 36º00’37’’ Gomes & Alves
2010
105
PE Venturosa
8º34’30’’ 36º52’45’’ Gomes et al.
2011
106
PE Cumarú
7º58’02’’ 35º44’33’’ Lima et al.
107
PE Pedra
8º33’33’’ 36º59’07’’ Lima et al.
108
PE Petrolina
109
PE Betânia; Floresta Caatinga
8º18’43’’ 38º11’45’’ Pessoa et al.
110
PE Mirandiba
Caatinga
8º03’35’’ 38º43’07’’ Pinheiro & Alves 2007
111
PE Mirandiba
8º04’10’’ 38º44’20’’ Pinheiro et al.
112
PE Caruaru
Caatinga
TransiçãoCaatinga/Agreste
113
PE Buíque
Caatinga
8º37’14’’ 37º09’23’’ Rodal et al.
1998
114
115
116
PE Floresta; Betânia Caatinga
PE Floresta
Caatinga
PE Floresta
Caatinga
8º18’43’’ 38º11’45’’ Rodal et al.
8º30’
38º00’ Rodal et al.
8º37’
38º17’ Rodal et al.
2008
2008
2008
São Joaquim do
Monte
Inselberg-Agreste
Plantas aquáticas região do Agreste
Plantas aquáticas –
região da caatinga s
Mata Ciliar
9º02’
8º14’
40º14’
35º55’
Nascimento et
al.
Reis et al.
60
de Botânica
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Naturalia
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Edinburgh Journal
of Botany
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
Check List
20(1)
125-134
25
205-224
20(1)
37-48
66(2)
329-346
33(4)
661-676
33(4)
661-676
7(2)
173-181
2011 Rodriguésia
62(4)
771-783
2011 Rodriguésia
62(4)
771-783
26(3)
271-287
18(1)
27-53
5(sup)
426-428
23(2)
68-77
29(3)
497-508
58(3)
517-526
35(2)
21(3)
21(3)
209-217
192-205
192-205
2003
2004
2010
2006
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
Revista
Nordestina de
Biologia
Revista Brasileira
de Biociências
Revista Caatinga
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Hoehnea
Revista Caatinga
Revista Caatinga
117
118
PE Custódia
PE Custódia
Caatinga
Caatinga
119
PE Ibimirim
Caatinga
120
121
PE Serra Talhada
PE Floresta
Caatinga
Caatinga
7º59’00’’ 38º19’16’’ Sampaio et al.
8º35’27’’ 38º32’02’’ Santos et al.
122
PE Petrolândia
Caatinga
9º04’57’’ 38º13’47’’ Silva et al.
123
PE Petrolândia
Caatinga
9º05’27’’ 38º13’43’’ Silva et al.
124
4º49’42’’ 42º10’11’’ Barros & Castro
127
PI Campo Maior
Mata Ciliar
Transição
Caatinga/Cerrado
Caatinga
Transição
Caatinga/Cerrado
8º34’26’’ 38º32’45’’ Souza & Rodal
126
PE Floresta
Campo Maior;
PI
Jatobá do Piauí
PI ?
2008 Revista Caatinga
2008 Revista Caatinga
Acta Botanica
1999
Brasilica
1993 Biotropica
2009 Rodriguésia
Acta Botanica
2009
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
2009
Brasilica
2010 Revista Caatinga
125
128
129
130
131
132
133
Vários-S.R.
PI Nonato como
Caatinga
referência
Vários-S.R.
PI Nonato como
Caatinga
referência
PI São José do Piauí Caatinga
Transição
PI Padre Marcos
Caatinga/Carrasco
Serra Negra do
Caatinga
RN
Norte
Carnaúba dos
Caatinga
RN
Dantas
134 RN Acari
Caatinga
8º05’25’’ 37º39’05’’ Rodal et al.
8º05’25’’ 37º39’05’’ Rodal et al.
21(3)
21(3)
192-205
192-205
13(1)
15-28
25(4)
60(2)
452-460
389-402
23(1)
100-110
23(1)
100-110
23(4)
54-62
2006 Interações
8(13)
119-130
1987 Bull. Ecol.
Acta Botanica
2004
Brasilica
18(4)
431-438
18(4)
949-963
8º26’50’’ 42º19’47’’ Lemos
2004 Rodriguésia
55(85)
55-66
8º44’01’’ 42º29’21’’ Lemos & Rodal
2002
16(1)
23-42
6(1)
39-44
22
131-150
19(3)
615-623
23(4)
935-943
23(4)
935-943
8º39’
37º35’
Rodal et al.
8º50’
43º00’
Emperaire
4º52’
42º03’
Farias & Castro
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
6º51’13’’ 41º28’15’’ Mendes & Castro 2010 Check List
7º07’
40º58’
Oliveira et al.
1997 Naturalia
6º35’
37º20’
Amorim et al.
2005
6º32’56’’ 36º35’34’’ Andrade et al.
6º27’35’’ 36º38’27’’ Andrade et al.
61
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
2009
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
2009
Brasilica
135 RN Caraúbas
136 RN Carnaubais
137 RN Serra do Mel
Caatinga
Caatinga e Mata
Ciliar
Caatinga costeira
5º43’14’’ 37º42’22’’ Benevides et al.
Cavalcanti &
5º18’14’’ 36º58’44’’
Rodal
5º10’12’’ 37º01’46’’ Cezar et al.
2007 Revista Verde
2(1)
33-44
2010 Revista Caatinga
23(2)
41-50
1(2)
100-112
13
961-974
2(1)
135-147
3
23-30
3(2)
Sem
numeração
6(1)
165-175
3
31-43
2(1)
21(3)
113-126
40-48
4(4)
83-89
139 RN Messias Targino
Caatinga
140 RN Açu
Caatinga
5º34’20’’ 36º54’33’’ Lira et al.
141 RN Serra do Mel
Caatinga
5º10’12’’ 37º01’46’’ Maracajá et al.
142 RN Caraúbas
Caatinga
5º43’14’’ 37º42’22’’
143 RN Açu
Caatinga
5º34’20’’ 36º54’33’’ Miranda et al.
144 RN Caraúbas
145 RN Apodi
Serra Negra do
146 RN
Norte
Serra Negra do
147 RN
Norte
148 RN Jucurutú
149 RN Bento Fernandes
Caatinga
Caatinga
5º47’33’’ 37º33’24’’ Moreira et al.
5º32’16’’ 37º53’44’’ Pessoa et al.
2006 Revista Verde
Revista Brasileira
de Engenharia
2009
Agrícola e
Ambiental
2007 Revista Verde
Agropecuária
2007 Científica no SemiÁrido
Revista de Biologia
2003
e Ciências da Terra
Revista de Biologia
2006
e Ciências da Terra
Agropecuária
2007 Científica no SemiÁrido
2007 Revista Verde
2008 Revista Caatinga
Caatinga
6º39’46’’ 37º24’01’’ Santana et al.
2009 Revista Verde
Caatinga
6º39’46’’ 37º24’01’’ Santana & Souto 2006
6(2)
232-242
Caatinga
Caatinga
1(2)
3(4)
86-99
47-57
150 RN Messias Targino
Caatinga
5º57’06’’ 36º56’41’’ Santos et al.
5º41’38’’ 35º49’11’’ Silva et al.
Sizenando Filho
6º08’
37º26’
et al.
7(2)
?
Vários-Jardim do
138 RN Seridó como
Caatinga
referência
6º38’40’’ 36º47’02’’ Costa et al.
6º08’
37º26’
Freitas et al.
Maracajá &
Benevides
62
Revista de Biologia
e Ciências da Terra
2006 Revista Verde
2008 Revista Verde
Revista de Biologia
2007
e Ciências da Terra
Benevides et
al. (2007)
Santana et
al. (2009)
Anexo 2- Caracterização dos 150 levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos compilados para a região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio
fitogeográfico da Caatinga). Multi área indica quando um trabalho traz mais de uma lista de espécies, que podem ser fundidas ou separadas,
dependendo do interesse do leitor. Flora Le: indica que o trabalho traz uma lista da flora lenhosa da área; Flora He: indica que o trabalho traz
uma lista da flora herbácea da área; Fito Le: indica que há dados de estrutura voltados ao componente lenhoso; Fito He: indica que há dados de
estrutura voltados ao componente herbáceo; Fito Roc: indica que há dados de estrutura voltados a ambientes rochosos, onde lenhosas e
herbáceas são amostradas pelas mesmas unidades amostrais; Fito Reg: indica que há dados de estrutura voltados às plantas regenerantes;
Método fito: método fitossociológico aplicado ao estudo do componente lenhoso; Área (ha): área amostral, em hectares, utilizada em estudos
com parcelas voltado ao componente lenhoso; Nº pq: número de pontos quadrantes utilizados em estudos fitossociológicos voltados ao
componente lenhoso; CI: critério de inclusão adotado por estudos fitossociológicos voltados ao componente lenhoso; Abd.: Abundância; se
refere ao número de indivíduos vivos amostrados por cada levantamento de fitossociologia voltado ao componente lenhoso; Den (ha):
Densidade, por hectare, em cada área onde há dados de estrutura voltada ao componente lenhoso (os valores reportados aqui eventualmente
diferem dos informados nos trabalhos originais porque recontamos o número de indivíduos nas tabelas considerando apenas as plantas vivas,
enquanto alguns autores computaram as mortas no cálculo da densidade); Ab m2/ha: área basal total (dominância) da comunidade, em m2/ha
(quando levantamentos menores foram fundidos em um maior – levantamentos marcados como Multi área- tirou-se a média das dominâncias
das subáreas para se obter a dominância do total); Riq fito: Riqueza de espécies registrada por cada levantamento fitossociológico voltado ao
componente lenhoso; Riq total: Riqueza total de espécies registradas por cada trabalho, somando-se todas as espécies reportadas em tabelas
fitossociológicas voltadas para o componente lenhoso, tabelas fitossociologicas voltadas ao componente herbáceo, tabelas de espécies
regenerantes e tabelas florísticas. Valores em branco indicam que a riqueza total é igual à riqueza fitossociológica. * indica que o trabalho traz
uma lista florística ou fitossociológica para a respectiva categoria da tabela; a.p.: o trabalho faz adições pontuais de espécies à florística da área,
mas o foco do trabalho é fitossociológico; T: o trabalho trás uma tabela fitossociológica, mas ela está truncada e não é possível obter os dados de
estrutura para todas as espécies; P: o trabalho pretende fornecer dados de fitossociologia, mas pela organização dos dados não é possível
resgatar a abundância e densidade das espécies para comparações; Abu: Fitossociologia que informa apenas a densidade ou abundância das
plantas, omitindo outros dados de estrutura, ou apresenta os outros dados de estrutura em uma forma em que os valores absolutos de
freqüência e dominância não podem ser resgatados para comparações; DNS: diâmetro ao nível do solo; DAP: diâmetro à altura do peito (1,3m);
PNS: perímetro ao nível do solo; PAP: perímetro à altura do peito (1,3m); ?: dados não informados pelos autores. O código de cada área (Cod.
área) é o mesmo entre os anexos 1 e 2. Autores que desejem utilizar esses dados em comparações devem avaliar a utilidade de cada trabalho
individualmente para seus propósitos, pois parte dos levantamentos listados aqui são de áreas degradadas, com riqueza de espécies e área basal
63
diminuídas. Ademais, os levantamentos marcados no campo “Multi área” podem ser mais apropriados para comparações se forem
desmembrados em áreas menores, usando seus respectivos valores sociológicos individuais.
Cod.
área
1
BA
Flora
Le
*
Flora
He
*
-
Área
(ha)
-
2
BA
*
*
-
-
3
BA
*
*
-
4
BA
*
*
5
BA
*
6
BA
*
7
BA
8
BA
*
UF
Multi
área
Fito
Le
Fito
He
Fito
Roc
Fito
Reg
-
Riq
fito
-
32
-
-
46
-
-
-
40
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
48
Nº pq
CI
Abd.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*
-
-
-
*
-
-
-
-
-
*
-
*
Método fito
Den (ha) Ab m2/ha
Riq total
-
9
BA
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
180
10
BA
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
196
11
BA
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
112
12
BA
Parcelas
1
-
2897
2897
-
-
71
13
BA
*
*
*
-
-
-
DAP
5cm
-
-
-
-
-
21
14
BA
*
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
15
BA
*
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30
16
BA
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
52
17
BA
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
62
*
*
T
18
BA
*
*
quadrantes
-
210
Altura
832
1083
-
22
85
19
CE
*
*
Abu
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
136
20
CE
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
137
21
CE
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
250
22
CE
parcelas
1
-
DNS
3cm
4254
4254
?
74
*
64
-
23
CE
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
77
24
CE
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
184
*
parcelas
0,25
-
1429
5716
14,2
49
-
CE
*
parcelas
0,25
-
1411
5644
27,7
54
-
27
CE
*
parcelas
0,25
-
1590
6360
19,5
49
-
28
CE
*
parcelas
0,3
-
393
1310
5,46
16
-
29
CE
*
*
-
-
-
DNS
3cm
DNS
3cm
DNS
3cm
DNS
3cm
-
25
CE
26
-
-
-
-
133
30
CE
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
160
31
CE
parcelas
1
-
5683
5683
47
88
32
CE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
104
33
CE
parcelas
1
-
-
5683
47
88
102
34
CE
*
parcelas
0,48
-
924
1925
6,29
25
-
35
CE
T
parcelas
0,4
-
-
-
?
?
27
36
CE
Abu
parcelas
0,5
-
2790
5580
?
39
-
37
MG
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
42
38
MG
*
parcelas
0,8
-
1322
1652.5
16,10
47
64
39
MG
*
*
-
-
-
PNS
9cm
PNS
9cm
PAP
12cm
DNS
3cm
PNS
9cm
PAP
10cm
-
-
-
-
-
59
40
MG
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
36
41
MG
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
40
42
MG
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
34
43
MG
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
37
44
MG
*
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
37
45
MG
*
*
parcelas
0,4
-
PAP
723
1807.5
19,25
33
44
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
a.p.
*
*
*
*
65
-
10cm
46
PB
*
parcelas
0,99
-
47
PB
-
-
-
48
PB
P
parcelas
0,8
-
49
PB
P
P
parcelas
0,4
-
50
PB
*
*
parcelas
0,4
-
51
PB
*
parcelas
0,48
-
52
PB
*
-
-
-
53
PB
*
P
-
-
-
54
PB
*
*
parcelas
0,5
-
55
PB
*
*
parcelas
0,108
-
56
PB
*
parcelas
1
-
57
PB
*
parcelas
0,4
-
58
PB
-
-
-
59
PB
*
T
parcelas
1
-
60
PB
*
*
parcelas
0,04
61
PB
*
*
-
62
PB
*
*
-
63
PB
*
64
PB
*
65
PB
*
66
PB
*
67
PB
P
*
*
*
*
*
*
a.p.
T
*
a.p.
*
*
DNS
3cm
-
2850
2879
12,12
22
-
-
-
-
Hábito
DNS
3cm
DNS
3cm
PNS
10cm
-
3176
3970
?
42
-
-
-
?
39
-
885
2212.5
23,85
37
45
920
1916.67
18,79
17
-
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
-
-
14
1940
3880
16,93
20
67
304
2814.81
12,01
12
26
2756
2756
11,55
23
-
1252
3130
22,74
20
20
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
?
-
40
-
DNS
3cm
DNS
3cm
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6cm
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3cm
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ro 5cm
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363
9075
4,39
27
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
-
-
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62
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68
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125
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68
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71
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3cm
508
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74
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quadrantes
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quadrantes
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400
2764.5
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parcelas
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RN
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parcelas
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parcelas
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parcelas
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47
18
Anexo 3- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) publicados em
boletins técnicos
N° Autores
Ano
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S.
1
1969
& Lima, J.L.S.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S.,
2
1969
Neves, M.A. & Carvalho, G.H.
Título
Inventário florestal do Ceará: estudo preliminar das matas
remanescentes do município de Quixadá
Inventário florestal de Pernambuco I. Estudo preliminar das matas
remanescentes do município de São José do Belmonte
Publicação
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE, 7, 93-111.
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE, 7, 113-139.
3
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S.,
1970
Carvalho, G.H. & Lima, J.L.S.
Inventário florestal de Pernambuco. Estudo preliminar das matas
remanescentes dos municípios de Ouricuri, Bodocó, Santa Maria
da Boa Vista e Petrolina
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE, 8, 149-194.
4
Carvalho, G.H.
Contribuição para a determinação da reserva madeireira no
Sertão Central do estado de Pernambuco
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE, 9, 289-312.
5
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Carvalho, G.H.,
Tavares, E.J.S., Machado, O.F., Lima,
1971
J.L.S. & Souza, S.A.
Inventário florestal em Alagoas: contribuição para o potencial
madeireiro dos municípios de São Miguel dos Campos, Chão do
Pilar, Colônia de Leopoldina e União dos Palmares
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE, 9, 123-231.
6
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S.,
1971
Neves, M.A. & Lima, J.L.S.
7
Souza Sobrinho, J.
Inventário florestal de Alagoas I. Nova contribuição para o estudo
preliminar das matas remanescentes do estado de Alagoas
Contribuição à determinação do potencial madeireiro do Vale do
Jaguaribe, Estado do Ceará.
Inventário florestal do Ceará II. Estudo preliminar das matas
remanescentes do município de Tauá
Inventário florestal do Ceará III. Estudo preliminar das matas
remanescentes do município de Barbalha
Inventário florestal na Paraíba e no Rio Grande do Norte I. Estudo
preliminar das matas remanescentes do vale do Piranhas.
Inventário florestal na Paraíba e no Rio Grande do Norte. I: estudo
preliminar das matas remanescentes do Vale do Piranhas
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S.
& Lima, J.L.S.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S.
9
& Lima, J.L.S.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S.
10
& Carvalho, G.H.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S.,
11
Lima, J.L.S. & Carvalho, G.H.
Tavares, S., Tavares, E.J.S., Paiva, F.A.F.
12
& Carvalho, G.H.
8
1971
1974
1974
1974
1975
1975
1975
Nova contribuição para o inventário florestal de Alagoas.
71
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE, 9, 5-122.
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE, 12, 91-120.
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE, 12, 5-19.
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
SUDENE1, 12, 20-46.
SUDENE. Série Recursos
Vegetais, 3.
SUDENE. Série Recursos
Naturais, 3, 5-31.
SUDENE. Série Recursos
Vegetais, 1.
13
Carvalho, G.H., Carvalho, M.L.R., Leite,
C.R. & Neri, A.F.O.
Albuquerque, S.G., Soares, J.G.G. &
Araújo Filho, J.A.
Drumond, M.A., Lima, P.C.F., Souza,
15
S.M. & Lima, J.L.S.
14
1979
1982
1982
16 Fotius, G.A. & Sá, I.B.
1985
17 Fotius, G.A. & Sá, I.B.
1988
Contribuição para a determinação da potencialidade madeireira
da bacia do São Francisco - estado da Bahia.
Densidade de espécies arbóreas e arbustivas em vegetaçao de
caatinga
Sociabilidade das espécies florestais da Caatinga em Santa Maria
da Boa Vista-PE
SUDENE. Série Recursos
Vegetais, 8.
EMBRAPA-CPATSA. Pesquisa
em Andamento, 16.
Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal,
4, 47-59.
EMBRAPA-CPATSA.
Esboço da vegetação da bacia hidrográfica do Sipaúba, Bodocó, PE
Documentos, 29.
Prospecção botânica em área de exploração petrolífera, no
EMBRAPA-CPATSA.
município de Pendências, RN
Documentos, 47.
72
Anexo 4- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) publicados em
livros e capítulos de livro.
N° Autores
Ano
1
Araújo, F.S. de, Costa, R.C. da, Figueiredo, M.A. & Nunes,
E.P.
2005
2
Barbosa, M.R. de V., Lima, R.B. de, Agra, M. de F., Cunha,
J.P. da & Pessoa, M. do C.R.
2005
3
Castro, A.A.J.F., Printz, A., Mendes, M.R. de A., Soares, F.
de A.R., Oliveira, J.O.S., Albino, R.S., Lange, F.-M. & Farias,
R.R.S. de.
2003
4
Fabricante, J.R. & Andrade, L.A. de.
2007
5
Farias, R.R.S. de, Castro, A.A.J.F. & Mendes, M.R. de A.
2010
6
Figueiredo, M.A.
1987
7
Figueiredo, M.A.
1983
8
Gadelha-Neto, P. da C. & Barbosa, M.R.V.
2000
9
Leal, I. R., Vicente, A. & Tabarelli, M.
2003
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Silva, V.M., Araújo Filho, J.A., Leite, E.R., Pereira, V.L.A. &
17
1995 produção em Serra Talhada, Pernambuco. Anais da XXXII Reunião da Sociedade
Ugiette, S.A.
Brasileira de Zootecnia. pp. 58-61. Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, Brasília.
Projeto para o desenvolvimento integrado da Bacia Hidrográfica do Jatobá;
18 SUDENE
1979
levantamento da vegetação. SUDENE, Recife.
Inventário da vegetação dos tabuleiros do Nordeste. Escola Superior de
19 Tavares, S.
1988
Agricultura de Mossoró. Coleção Mossoroense, Mossoró.
11
74
20
Trovão, D.M. de B.M., Alves, R.R.N., Dantas Neto, J.,
Fernandes, P.D. & Andrade, L.A.
21 Ururahy, J.C. & Oliveira Junior, L.C.
Fragments of Caatinga in the Sub-Basin of Rio Bodocongó: A Conservation Study
in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Tropics. In: Semi-Arid Environments: Agriculture,
2010
Water Supply and Vegetation (ed. Degenovine, K.M.). Nova Science Publishers,
New York.
Estimativa do volume de fitomassa parcial das formações arbóreas da caatinga.
1986 In: Anais do Simpósio sobre a Caatinga e sua exploração racional, Feira de
Santana. pp. 243-269. Embrapa, Brasília.
75
Anexo 5- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) disponíveis na
forma de teses e dissertações.
N°
Autor
Ano
1
Gomes, M.A.F.
1979
2
Lira, O.C.
1979
3
Oliveira, J.G.B.
1979
4
Lyra, A.L.R.T.
1982
5
Souza, G.V.
1983
6
Lima, G.F.C.
1984
7
Rodal, M.J.N.
1984
8
Ferraz, E.M.N.
1985
9
Silva, G.C.
1985
10
Carvalho, V.C.
1986
11
Emperaire, L.
1987
12
Moura, J.W.S.
1987
13
Santos, M.F.A.V.
1987
14
Ferreira, R.L.C.
1988
15
Araújo, E.L.
1990
Título
Universidade
Universidade Federal Rural de
Padrões de caatinga nos Cariris Velhos, Paraíba
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Continuum vegetacional nos Cariris Velhos, Paraíba
Pernambuco
Characterization of range sites
University of Arizona
Efeito do relevo na vegetação de duas áreas do município do
Universidade Federal Rural de
Brejo da Madre de Deus (PE)
Pernambuco
Estrutura da vegetação da Caatinga hipoxerófila do estado de
Universidade Federal Rural de
Sergipe
Pernambuco
Determinação da fitomassa aérea disponível ao uso animal em
Universidade Federal Rural de
caatinga pastejada na região de Ouricuri - PE
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Fitoecologia de uma área do médio vale do Moxotó, Pernambuco
Pernambuco
Florística e fitossociologia de uma área da Caatinga arbórea da
Universidade Federal Rural de
fazenda Boa Vista, Custódia-PE
Pernambuco
Flora e vegetação das depressões inundáveis da região de
Universidade Federal Rural de
Ouricuri - PE
Pernambuco
Structure et dynamique de la vegetation en milieu tropical semiUniversité de Toulouse - Le Mirail
aride
Vegetation et gestion des ressources naturelles dans la Caatinga Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris
du sud-est du Piaui (Bresil)
6
Disponibilidade e qualidade de pastos nativos e de capim buffel
Universidade Federal Rural de
(Cenchrus ciliaris L.) diferido no semi-árido de Pernambuco
Pernambuco
Características de solo e vegetação em sete áreas de Parnamirim, Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Pernambuco
Análise estrutural da vegetação da Estação Florestal de
Experimentação de Açu-RN, como subsídio básico para o manejo Universidade Federal de Viçosa
florestal
Composição florística e estrutura da vegetação de três áreas de
Universidade Federal Rural de
76
16
Vasconcelos, A.J.N.
1990
17
Fonseca, M.R.
1991
18
Silva, I.H.
1991
19
Araújo, F.S.
1992
20
Rodal, M.J.N.
1992
21
Alcoforado Filho, F.G. 1993
22
Ferraz, E.M.N.
1994
23
Oliveira, M.E.A.
1995
24
Araújo, F.S.
1998
25
Luna, R.G.
1998
26
Nascimento, C.E.S.
1998
27
Gomes, A.P.S
1999
28
Lemos, J.R.
1999
29
Andrade, W.M.
30
Figueirêdo, L.S.
31
Pereira, I.M.
Caatinga de Pernambuco
Otimização de parcelas em levantamentos botânicos em áreas
de solos bruno não cálcicos do estado de Pernambuco
Análise da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea da caatinga hiperxerófila
do noroeste do estado de Sergipe
Correlações entre a vegetação e tipos distintos de solos no baixio
de Irecê, Bahia
Composição florística e fitossociologia da vegetação de Carrasco,
Novo Oriente - CE
Fitossociologia da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea em quatro áreas
de Caatinga em Pernambuco
Composição florística e fitossociologia de uma área de Caatinga
arbórea no município de Caruaru, PE
Variação forístico-vegetacional na região do vale do Pajeú,
Pernambuco
Vegetação e flora de uma área de transição Caatinga-Carrasco
em Padre Marcos - PI
Estudos fitogeográficos do carrasco no nordeste do Brasil
Microbiota edáfica e fitocenose como indicadores de degradação
ambiental do semi-árido paraibano
Estudo florístico e fitossociológico de um remanescente de
caatinga à margem do rio São Francisco, Petrolina-Pernambuco
Florística e fitossociologia da vegetação arbustiva subcaducifólia
no município de Buíque - Pernambuco
Fitossociologia do componente lenhoso de um trecho de
vegetação arbustiva caducifólia espinhosa no Parque Nacional
Serra da Capivara, Piauí, Brasil
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Influência dos sítios de estabelecimentos na forma das plantas
Universidade Federal Rural de
2000
de populações simpátricas da caatinga
Pernambuco
2000 Levantamento florístico do estrato arbóreo e análise da estrutura Universidade Federal da Paraíba
2000
Variações de abundância em populações de plantas da Caatinga
77
32
Barbosa, F.M.
2001
33
Camacho, R.G.V.
2001
34
Lima, C.E.L.
2002
35
Silva, R.A.
2002
36
Farias, R.R.S.
2003
37
Mendes, M.R.A.
2003
38
Pereira, D.D.
2003
39
Rodarte, A.T.A.
2003
40
Carvalho, K.C.B.
2004
41
Costa, K.C.C.
2004
42
Feitoza, M.O.M
2004
43
Silva, K.A.
2004
44
Barros, J.S.
2005
fitossociológica de ecossistemas de Caatinga sob diferentes níveis
de antropismo
O extrativismo do angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina
(Vell.) Brenan) no Cariri ocidental da Paraíba: uma perspectiva
para o manejo florestal sustentado da Caatinga
Estudo fitofisiográfico da Caatinga do Seridó - Estação Ecológica
do Seridó, RN
Levantamento Florístico de um Fragmento de Mata de Agreste,
em Lagoa Seca, Paraíba
Riqueza e diversidade de espécies vegetais lenhosas da Caatinga
na região de Xingó, Alagoas
Florística e fitossociologia em trechos de vegetação do Complexo
de Campo Maior, Campo Maior, Piauí
Florística e fitossociologia de um fragmento de Caatinga Arbórea,
São José do Piauí, Piauí
O caroá Neoglaziovia variegata Mez no Cariri paraibano:
ocorrência, antropização e possibilidades de manejo no
assentamento Estrela D’alva
Flora fanerogâmica das dunas interiores da margem esquerda do
médio rio São Francisco, Ibiraba, Barra, Bahia, com ênfase na
flora apícola (10º47’37''S e 42º49'25''W)
Florística e fitossociologia de uma área de Caatinga na RPPN
Maurício Dantas, Betânia, Pernambuco
Fitossociologia do componente lenhoso da vegetação caducifólia
espinhosa da depressão sertaneja no Nordeste do Brasil
Diversidade e caracterização fitossociológica do componente
herbáceo em áreas de Caatinga no Nordeste do Brasil
Caracterização florística e fitossociológica do componente
herbáceo ocorrente em áreas de Caatinga do cristalino e
sedimentar em Petrolândia, PE
Compartimentação geoambiental no complexo de Campo Maior,
PI: uma área de tensão ecológica
78
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Universidade de São Paulo
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Universidade Federal da Bahia
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal do Piauí
45
Chaves, E.M.F.
2005
46
Lucena, R.F.P.
2005
47
Oliveira, R.L.C.
2005
48
Santana, J.A.S.
2005
49
Funch, R.R.
2006
50
Lemos, J.R.
2006
51
Lima, A.L.A.
2006
52
Lima, J.R.
2006
53
Pitrez, S.R.
2006
54
Queiroz, R.T.
2006
55
Vasconcelos, S.F.
2006
56
Araújo, L.V.C
2007
57
Aurino, A.N.B.
2007
58
Fabricante, J.R.
2007
Florística e potencialidades econômicas da vegetaçao de carrasco
no município de Cocal, Piauí, Brasil
A hipótese da aparência ecológica poderia explicar a importância
local de recursos vegetais em uma área de Caatinga?
Prioridade de conservação e sustentabilidade do extrativismo de
plantas medicinais da Caatinga
Estrutura fitossociológica, produção de serapilheira e ciclagem
de nutrientes em uma área de Caatinga no Seridó do Rio Grande
do Norte
Avaliação dos limites do Parque Nacional da Chapada
Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil, através de análise da vegetação
Florística, estrutura e mapeamento da vegetação da Estação
Ecológica de Aiuaba, Ceará
Padrões fenológicos de espécies lenhosas e cactáceas em uma
área do semi-árido do nordeste do Brasil
Florística e estrutura da floresta estacional decídua montana da
Reserva Natural Serra das Almas, município de Crateús, Ceará
Florística, fitossociologia e citogenética de angiospermas
ocorrentes em inselbergues
Diversidade florística do componente herbáceo da Estação
Ecológica do Seridó, Serra Negra do Norte - RN, Brasil
Fenologia e síndromes de dispersão de espécies arbustivas e
arbóreas ocorrentes em uma área de Carrasco no planalto da
Ibiapaba, Ceará
Composiçao florística, fitossociologia e influência dos solos na
estrutura da vegetaçao em uma área de Caatinga no semi-árido
paraibano
Avaliação dos impactos da extração de lenha sobre a diversidade
vegetal no município de Tenório, Seridó Oriental Paraibano: uma
perspectiva biológica e social
Relações sinecológicas da faveleira - Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus
(Mul. Arg.) Pax L. Hoffm. no semiárido nordestino
79
Universidade Federal do Piauí
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Universidade Estadual de Feira de
Santana
Universidade de São Paulo
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
do Norte
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Universidade Federal da Paraíba
59
Freire, Á.M.
2007
60
Freitas, A.C.
2007
61
Pessoa, L.M.
2007
62
Silva, M.D.R.O.
2007
63
Cavalcanti, A.D.C
2008
64
Nascimento, C.E.S.
2008
65
Araujo, G.M.
2009
66
Menezes, M.O.T.
2009
67
Menino, G.C.O.
2009
68
Santos, C.S.
2009
69
Santos, P.R.G.
2009
70
Santos, R.M.D.
2009
71
Silva, S.O.
2009
72
Alves Junior, F.T.
2010
73
Azevedo, I.F.P
2010
Composição florística e fitossociológica do componente lenhoso
de um trecho da mata ciliar do riacho de Bodocongó no cariri
paraibano
Caracterização florística e fitossociológica da mata ciliar arbórea
do Riacho Boa Vista, Lagarto, SE
Variação espacial e sazonal do banco de sementes do solo em
uma área de Caatinga, Serra Talhada, PE
Hidráulica do escoamento superficial e erosão numa área de
Caatinga no semi-árido do Brasil
Variação temporal do componente lenhoso de uma área de
Caatinga em Betânia/PE
Comportamento invasor da algarobeira Prosopis juliflora (Sw)
DC. nas planícies aluviais da caatinga
Matas ciliares da Caatinga: florística, processo de germinação e
sua importância na restauração de áreas degradadas
Viabilidade da compartimentação pedo-climática para o
planejamento da conservação biológica - estudo de caso na
microbacia do riacho Capitão-Mor (Ceará)
Florística e estrutura da regeneração natural da vegetação ciliar
do Rio Pandeiros, Norte de Minas Gerais
Diagnóstico da flora apícola para sustentabilidade da apicultura
no estado de Sergipe
A vegetação em afloramentos rochosos no semi-árido:
diversidade e respostas ao ambiente
Identidade e relações florísticas da caatinga arbórea do norte de
Minas Gerais e sudeste da Bahia
estudo de duas áreas de vegetação da Caatinga com diferentes
históricos de uso no agreste pernambucano
Estrutura, biomassa e volumetria de uma área de Caatinga,
Floresta-PE
Fenologia de espécies arbóreas de vegetação ciliar em região de
transição Cerrado - Caatinga
80
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal do Ceará
Universidade Estadual de Montes
Claros
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de Lavras
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Estadual de Montes
Claros
74
Carvalho, E.C.D.
2010
75
Menezes, B.S.
2010
76
Nascimento, K.R.P.
2010
77
Santos, J.M.F.F.
2010
78
Tabosa, A.B.
2010
79
Almeida, V.S.
2011
80
Damascena, L.S.
2011
81
Ferraz, J.S.F.
2011
82
Ferreira, E.V.R.
2011
83
Machado, W.J.
2011
84
Marangon, G.P.
2011
85
Mariano, K.R.S.
2011
86
Marroquim, P.M.G.
87
Mateus, F.A.P.S.
Diversidade, estrutura e sucessão ecológica em vegetação de
Caatinga no trópico semi-árido
Dinâmica espaço-temporal em um fragmento de savana decídua
espinhosa, semi-árido do Brasil
Composição florística e variações morfo-pedológicas em uma
área de Caatinga em Pernambuco
Diversidade e abundância interanual no componente herbáceo
da Caatinga: paralelos entre uma área preservada e uma área
antropizada em regeneração natural
A comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas em uma lagoa temporária
do semiárido brasileiro: variações estruturais e coexistência de
espécies
Uso, manejo e estrutura da vegetação da Caatinga por duas
comunidades quilombolas do município de Jeremoabo, Bahia,
Brasil
Caracterização da savana estépica parque no baixo médio São
Francisco, Bahia, Brasil
Análise da vegetação de Caatinga arbustivo-arbórea em Floresta,
PE, como subsídio ao manejo florestal
Composição florística, estrutura da comunidade e síndrome de
dispersão de um remanescente de Caatinga em Poço Verde Sergipe
Composição florística e estrutura da vegetação em área de
Caatinga e Brejo de Altitude na Serra da Guia, Poço Redondo,
Sergipe, Brasil
Estrutura e padrão espacial em vegetação de Caatinga
Composição, estrutura e funcionamento da vegetação em um
gradiente de mata ciliar no submédio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil
Florística e fitossociologia do estrato arbustivo-arbóreo de um
2011
fragmento de mata ciliar na região do baixo São Francisco
2011 Arbóreas forrageiras: pastagem o ano todo na Caatinga
81
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba
Universidade Federal do Ceará
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal do Ceará
Universidade Estadual de Feira de
Santana
Universidade Estadual de Feira de
Santana
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco
Universidade Estadual de Feira de
Santana
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Universidade Federal de Santa
88
Nogueira Junior, F.C.
2011
89
Normando, L.R.O.
2011
90
Silva, A.C.C.
2011
91
Silva, S.S.L.
2011
92
Veloso, M.D.M.
2011
sergipana
Catarina
Estrutura e composição de uma vegetação ripária, relações
dendrocronológicas e climáticas na Serra dos Macacos em Tobias Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Barreto, Sergipe-Brasil
Fatores espaço-temporais e riqueza de macrófitas aquáticas de
Universidade Federal do Ceará
lagoas temporárias do semiárido do Brasil
Monumento Natural Grota do Angico: florística, estrutura da
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
comunidade, aspectos autoecológicos e conservação
Caracterização ecológica e estrutural de macrófitas em
Universidade Federal Rural de
reservatórios no estado de Pernambuco
Pernambuco
Estrutura, diversidade florística e variações espaciais do
componente arbóreo-arbustivo da vegetação ciliar do Rio
Universidade Federal de Lavras
Pandeiros, norte de Minas Gerais
82
CAPÍTULO 2- A catalogue of the flora of the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain: a synthesis of the data available on
floristic and phytosociological surveys
MARCELO FREIRE MORO1, EIMEAR NIC LUGHADHA2, DENIS L. FILER3,
FRANCISCA SOARES DE ARAÚJO4, FERNANDO ROBERTO MARTINS1
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Departamento de Botânica, Bloco M, CEP 13.083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; email: [email protected]; [email protected]
2
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom; e-mail:
[email protected]
3
Oxford University, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road,
Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom. e-mail: [email protected]
4
Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus do Pici, Bloco 906, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
A catalogue is presented of plant names in use in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
(CPD), the largest semiarid ecorregion of South America. We compiled all pubished papers
we could locate with floristic and/or phytosociological data relating to the CPD and created
a database of all site-based surveys, all names reported in these surveys and the basic
ecological data associated with each species. We then mapped the names used in survey
reports to those currently accepted in Brazil, consulting specialists to resolve taxonomic
and nomenclatural issues before synthesizing the data in order to present here a list of all
names in use. Thus this compilation represents the taxonomic data in use by generalist
botanists on a sub continental scale. Synthesizing the previously dispersed ecological data
available for the species, we explored general ecological patterns in the CPD. We also
classified each survey as documenting the flora of a specific type of environment within the
CPD and compared the general floristic resemblance between different environments
within CPD on a biogeographical scale. Rarefaction curves and species richness estimator
indices were employed in order to address the question as to whether or not the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain, one of the largest seasonally dry tropical areas in the world,
can be described as well-sampled. To date over 1700 species were reported in site-based
floristic and phytosociological studies in the CPD. Most surveys focused only on woody
plants, ignoring the non woody component, but we show here that a large proportion of the
83
plant biodiversity in the Caatinga is comprised of non woody plants. We estimate that 40%
of the existing species were not sampled by site-based surveys. Moreover, most of the
species in our database were recorded from a single site, while a few species were
considered widespread. When comparing the number of widespread species in our dataset
to results published for the cerrado savannas, we show that species in Caatinga seems to
have a much more restricted distribution than plants in the Cerrado. We present here a
catalogue of all plant names recorded and discuss sampling and geographical issues related
to the floristic study of Caatinga.
Key-words: Brazil, Compilation, Semiarid, Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests
Introduction
Seasonally dry tropical areas are among the most threatened of the world’s
ecoregions (Miles et al. 2006). They represent dry scrublands, woodlands and forests under
semiarid climate, which have relatively rich soils and are under pressure from logging,
clearing for agriculture, fragmentation, desertification and overgrazing (Sampaio 1995,
Miles et al. 2006, Pennington et al. 2006). South America has many different ecoregions
(Olson et al. 2001) and among them many scattered and disjunct sites under seasonally dry
tropical climates, exposed annually to a dry season over five months long (Sarmiento 1975,
Pennington et al. 2000). Although diverse in physiognomy and geographical location, these
seasonally dry tropical formations have some ecological features in common, the most
notable being a long dry season and a number of shared disjunct taxa (e.g. Prado & Gibbs
1993, Oliveira et al. 2013). Of the seasonally dry tropical areas of South America, the
largest one and subject of the present study is located in the Northeastern part of Brazil
[Fig. 1] and is known as Caatinga (Prado & Gibbs 1993, Sampaio 1995, Pennington et al.
2000, Linares-Palomino et al. 2011).
The Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain (CPD) is one of the six major Brazilian
Phytogeographical Domains [Fig. 1] (IBGE 2004) and is one of the largest semiarid areas
in South America, comprising more than 800,000Km2 (Ab’Sáber 1974; Ab’Sáber 2003;
IBGE 2004). Located in Northeastern Brazil and surrounded by the Atlantic Rain Forest
and the Cerrado domains [Fig. 1] the CPD experiences a semiarid climate due to a stable
low pressure atmospheric zone (Nimer 1972). This semiarid climate is characterised by low
rainfall, strong seasonality and unpredictable and erratic precipitation (Nimer 1972). To a
first approximation, the extent of the CPD is defined by areas with less than 1,000mm
annual rainfall (Reddy 1983, Prado 2003), and usually the annual evapotranspiration is
twice the precipitation or more. This results in a severe shortage of edaphic water for plants
during the dry season, which can last well over six months (Nimer 1972). Areas with
increasingly higher rainfall regimes mark the transition from caatinga vegetation to the
atlantic forest in the east. The ecotone between atlantic forest and caatinga is called Agreste
84
and supports a mix of caatinga vegetation in some stretches and wet forests in others (Porto
et al. 2004). At its western extremity, the CPD shows a transition to the cerrado savannas,
characterized by a climate which, though seasonal, is more predictable and stable, and by
the differences in soil and fire regime that govern the occurrence of savannas (Eiten 1972).
FIGURE 1. Geographical location for the Caatinga Phytogeographycal Domain (after IBGE 2004),
bounded by the Atlantic rainforest to the east and the cerrado savannas to the west.
During most of the 20th century it was said that the CPD had a flora poor in species
and endemism (Sampaio et al. 2002). This region was also deemed to lack distinctive,
characteristic taxa, the flora being comprised predominantly by species and genera from the
surrounding phytogeographical domains surviving under drier conditions (e.g. Rizzini
1963). In the absence of recognition of its conservation value, there has been limited
support for studies and for the establishment of natural reserves in Caatinga. As a result the
CPD is one of the least protected natural regions of Brazil (Castelletti et al. 2003).
However, the assumption that the CPD was a species poor region was in great part due to
the minimal scientific attention paid to the area, which remained one of the least studied
during the 20th century (Santos et al. 2011). It is now recognized that the CPD was
scientifically neglected by biologists as compared to the Atlantic rainforest or the Cerrado
85
savannas (Tabarelli & Vicente 2002, Santos et al. 2011) and that the CPD is relatively rich
in species (Sampaio et al. 2002, Giulietti et al. 2006, Forzza et al. 2010). Towards the end
of the 20th century the number of publications on the flora of the CPD increased, redressing
in part the previous lack of data for many regions in the domain.
Within the CPD many different kinds of vegetation occur. The main type is the
caatinga sensu stricto vegetation, located in the widespread “Depressão Sertaneja”
crystalline lowlands (Sampaio 1995, Velloso et al. 2002). In addition to the crystalline
terrains that dominate the landscape, large sedimentary basins also play an important role in
the biodiversity composition of the semiarid region of Brazil, because these areas have a
very different soil type and harbor a flora that is different to that found in crystalline areas
(Gomes et al. 2006, Queiroz 2006, Cardoso & Queiroz 2007, Santos et al. 2012). The
Crystalline Caatinga and the Sedimentary Caatinga, are the two main and most widespread
habitats in the CPD, but there are also other environment types such as inselbergs, aquatic
communities and riverine forests, and these formations are usually overlooked within the
CPD. Moreover, the CPD has two very large ecotones with the surrounding
phytogeographical domains: the Agreste, where caatinga has a transition to the Atlantic
Forest in the east, and the ecotone with the Cerrado, to the west [Fig. 1]. Over the last two
decades, an increasing number of floristic and phytosociological papers have been
published about plant communities of the CPD, presenting the opportunity for a synthesis
of the literature produced and a search for general patterns.
Floristic and phytosociological papers represent one of the most widespread uses
and compilations of plant names by generalist botanists and data from these papers can be
integrated in studies with a biogeographical approach (e.g. Oliveira-Filho & Fontes 2000,
Ratter et al. 2003). Moreover, floristic and phytosociological studies are a good source of
ecological and biogeographical data not available from strictly taxonomic catalogues.
Floristic studies often record information on plant habits, vegetation types and the
geographical location of plant communities which can be integrated into biogeographical
and macroecological studies. Once synthesized, these data can provide interesting insights
about species, communities, and patterns, which could not be discerned from the individual
studies. Thus, our project aimed to produce a catalogue of plants of the CPD, with a view to
achieving the following objectives:
1) Document the scientific names used by botanists publishing floristic and
phytosociology studies in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain.
2) Characterize the plant diversity sampled in Caatinga by floristic and
phytosociological studies, reporting the number of species sampled to date in each
family and genus and documenting the richest taxa and the most widespread species
in the CPD;
86
3) Analyse the floristic differences between environment types within the CPD;
4) Compare the plant habit spectra in different environments within the CPD and
understand the proportions of species referable to woody and non woody plant
guilds;
5) Assess through rarefaction curves and species estimator indices how well sampled
is the diversity in the CPD, and how many species can be expected to occur there;
6) Determine which are the most problematic genera and families for identification in
floristic and phytosociological studies.
Materials and Methods
This catalogue was built upon an extensive bibliographical survey. We consulted all
published volumes of the main biological and botanical Brazilian journals, as well as
international bibliographical electronic databases (Web of Science, Scielo and Scholar
Google) in search of floristic and phytosociological papers published about the CPD. We
also checked the bibliography of most of these papers looking for cited articles not
previously compiled. In a further attempt to locate any overlooked publications we
consulted botanical researchers in Northeastern Brazilian universities. We considered all
papers published in periodicals up to the end of 2011. We then built a bibliographical
database of papers dealing with the floristics and phytosociology of plant communities in
the CPD [Appendix 1]. Studies restricted to seedling diversity were excluded, as were
phytosociological papers presenting only truncated tables, where rare species were omitted.
The remaining studies [Appendix 1] were registered in a database using Brahms software
(http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/), developed by Oxford University. All species sampled
in these papers were included in the database together with their habit (when available),
geographic location and basic ecological information.
The plant communities within the Brazilian semiarid are not homogeneous. There
are many subtypes of plant community typical of the CPD as well as some enclaves of
vegetation belonging to the surrounding Cerrado domain (to the west) and to the Atlantic
forest domain (to the east). Furthermore, in the middle of the CPD there is a range of
highlands called the Chapada Diamantina. These highlands have a mix of caatinga
vegetation, rocky grasslands, cerrado savannas and wet forests in a complex mosaic. We
considered in our catalogue all plant communities within the CPF [as mapped by Velloso et
al. 2002 - see Fig. 2] and its transitional areas, but we excluded enclaves of rocky
grasslands of Chapada Diamantina (campos rupestres), cerrados and rainforests, because
these three formations are related floristically to other Brazilian phytogeographical
domains. All other plant communities (including aquatic communities and ecotonal areas)
were included in our synthesis. We thus classified each published study in one of the
following plant community types that occur within the CPD:
87
1) Crystalline Caatinga: is the most widespread formation in the CPD, dominating the
landscape in the depressão sertaneja lowlands over crystalline bedrocks. The
crystalline caatinga (or caatinga sensu stricto) comprises most of the landscape in
the CPD;
2) Sedimentary Caatinga: is the main formation in the sedimentary basins of the CPD.
These sedimentary basins provide very different pedological conditions to plant
communities when compared to the depressão sertaneja areas and harbor a
floristically and physiognomically different form of caatinga, which we called
Sedimentary Caatinga (elsewhere termed carrascos and caatingas de areia);
3) Transition crystalline/sedimentary: occurs in the areas of transition between
crystalline and sedimentary caatingas;
4) Inselbergs: in sites where soils are very shallow or absent, there are inselberg
communities, usually where granitic hills are emergent above the lower and flatter
surrounding landscape. Although inselbergs can be found in both crystalline and
sedimentary landscapes, all surveys published to date for this environment type
were within crystalline terrains;
5) Riverine forests: alongside rivers that cross the CPD there are gallery forests. These
grow in soils that are usually deeper and with higher edaphic moisture than in areas
of typical crystalline caatinga. Although riverine forests can be found in both
crystalline and sedimentary landscapes, all surveys published to date for this
environment type were within crystalline terrains;
6) Agreste communities: Sites with crystalline caatinga vegetation located in the
ecotone between the CPD and the Atlantic Forest Domain. We considered here only
the dry formations of the Agreste, excluding patches of rainforests (known as
“brejos de altitude”), as these have a flora related to the Atlantic Forest;
7) Caatinga of the Chapada Diamantina: in the Chapada Diamantina Highlands there
is a mix of floras from different Brazilian phytogeographical domains, including
caatinga, wet forest, cerrado and rocky grasslands. We included here only studies
dealing with caatinga sites in the Chapada Diamantina.
8) Arboreal Caatinga: a taller and less seasonal subtype of Caatinga (which according
to Santos et al. 2012 is a distinctive plant community within Caatinga) that occurs
in the south of Bahia and north of Minas Gerais states;
9) Caatinga in Campo Maior: this is an area of complex transition between the
Cerrado and Caatinga in Piauí state. We considered here only studies in Campo
Maior that sampled the Caatinga vegetation, but not studies in the cerrado;
10) Aquatic communities: aquatic plant communities in rivers, lakes or artificial
reservoirs;
11) Unclassified Caatinga: Not all of our sites could be assigned unambiguously to one
of the above categories. Although the larger sedimentary basins of Northeastern
Brazil are well charted, there are smaller ones spread over the CPD. Also, the
relatively large Apodi sedimentary basin, on the boundary between the states of
88
Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte was not charted by Velloso et al. (2002) and studies
located in these places are difficult to classify with confidence as crystalline or
sedimentary caatingas. We also found some studies in degraded crystalline caatinga
sites, where marked modifications in plant communities occur for anthropogenic
reasons (especially agriculture). If a study was located in an area where we were
unsure about the geology or if the study concerned a degraded site we placed the
study site in the “Unclassified Caatinga” category.
Objective 1: Documenting the scientific names applied in floristic and phytosociological
studies of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
In order to attain the first objective of this catalogue, all species reported in each
paper we compiled were added to a database in Brahms software. With this we built a
complete list of names reported in all papers. We then checked each name against the
database of the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (Forzza et al. 2011) and treated the
names as accepted or synonym following this list. When a name encountered in one of the
studies was not present in the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil, we tried to contact
specialists in order to check if the name was an unusual but published synonym, a valid but
misapplied name or a nomen nudum. All taxonomic information obtained through the Lista
de Espécies da Flora do Brasil, including updates to Forzza et al. (2011) found as a result
of queries, and through personal communication with specialists was entered in the Brahms
database, giving each compiled name the status of accepted, synonym, misapplied or
nomen nudum. In cases where a specialist informed us of a nomenclatural novelty or
taxonomic change which has not yet appeared in the Lista do Brasil, we included these in
taxonomic notes under the relevant accepted name. We also recorded exotic species
reported in the floristic papers and a list of exotic species is presented in a separate
Appendix from the native specie list, in order to not lose data on non native plants and keep
the exotics clearly labeled, following the recommendations of Moro et al. (2012). Once all
the data were registered, we generated reports using Brahms, in order to produce a
catalogue of all plant names in use in the CPD, with associated ecological and geographical
data.
Objective 2: Determining the richest families and genera and the more frequent species
throughout the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain
To reach our second objective, we took the complete list of names, mapped all
synonyms to their accepted names and eliminated exotic plants and records not identified to
89
species level. Based on this list of accepted names, we calculated which were the families
and genera represented by most species in the dataset – which we considered the ‘richest’
families and genera. We also evaluated which are the most widespread species, based on
the frequency of the species in the dataset. We built a presence/absence matrix for all
species at all sites and drew from there the number of occurrences we had for each species,
in order to determine the most common ones and the number of rare species. Some papers
present data for woody and non woody plants, while others deal only with woody or only
with non woody plants. We calculated the number of studies with information for woody
plants (studies addressing total flora plus woody only studies) and the number of papers
with information for the non-woody plants (total flora plus non-woody only studies) and
produced two lists of “frequent species”, being those reported in at least one quarter (25%)
of the sites, for woody and non-woody species respectively.
Objective 3: Quantifying and comparing the floristic differences between environment types
within the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
To determine the floristic similarities and differences between environment types within
CPD, we built matrices of the presence/absence (incidence table) and also the number of
records (frequency table) of each species in each environment type. We then compared the
floristic resemblance of the environment types within the CPD using group and ordination
analysis (Legendre & Legendre 1998, McCune & Grace 2002). We grouped the
environment types using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean
(UPGMA) algorithm with Sorensen index, in order to determine which environments were
more similar in floristic composition. We also applied the Nonmetric Multidimensional
Scaling (NMS) using Sorensen (Bray-Curtis) distance and stability criterion of 0.00001 to
obtain the best two dimensional solution for the same dataset (McCune & Grace 2002).
NMS is considered an efficient technique to ordinate ecological samples based on the
occurrence of species (McCune & Grace 2002, McCune & Mefford 2011). UPGMA and
NMS were applied using both the incidence and frequency matrices in order to show the
general floristic resemblance of the different environment types with respect to one another
using PCOrd 6.0 software (McCune & Mefford 2011).
Objective 4: Accounting the habit spectra of communities in the CPD
To address our fourth point we selected from the compiled papers only those
dealing with general flora (i.e. both woody and non woody) that reported the habit for each
individual species. The most commonly reported habits were trees and treelets,
climber/lianas/vines, shrubs, subshrubs and herbs, but occasionally other categories such as
“succulent”, “cactus” and “rupicolous” were employed, as well as hemiparasites and
90
epiphytes. To calculate the habit spectra we considered all tree, treelets and shrubs as
“Woody Plants”, and all herbs and subshrubs as “Non Woody Plants”. Climbers, lianas and
vines were considered in the category of “Climber Woody Plants” or “Climber Non Woody
Plants”, depending on the level of lignification of the adult plant, based on our field
experience. Plants whose habits were reported as cactus, succulent or rupicolous were
reclassified as “Woody” or “Non Woody” plants, following our field experience.
Hemiparasites and epiphytes were kept as a separate category. Having all species
reclassified as “Woody Plants”, “Climber Woody Plants”, “Non Woody Plants”, “Climber
Non Woody Plants”, “Hemiparasites” and “Epiphytes”, we built a matrix with the habit
spectrum for each area. We then calculated the “mean spectrum” for the whole CPD, taking
the mean number of occurrences for each habit in all areas summed.
Objective 5: Is the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain well collected and how many
species are out there?
In order to have an idea whether a study site (from local to continental scales) is
well collected and what might be the real richness of a site one can use both rarefaction
curves and species richness estimator indices (Gotelli & Colwell 2011). These are
techniques that use resampling procedures to generate smoothed collection curves, with the
observed number of species for each sampling effort. Based on the number and distribution
of rare species in the sample (those occurring in only one or two sampling units) one can
estimate the expected “actual” number of species in an area (Gotelli & Colwell 2011). We
used these procedures to show the observed number of species and the estimated richness in
each environment type of the CPD and also in the CPD as a whole, using the ICE, Chao 2,
Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 indices, which are based on incidence data (Colwell et al.
2004, Chao et al. 2005, Gotelli & Colwell 2011).
We built presence/absences matrices for each environment in the CPD and for the
Caatinga Domain as a whole. We then calculated the rarefaction curves and richness
estimator indices for the total dataset and for each environment type separately using
EstimateS software (Colwell 2009) with 1,000 randomizations. We didn’t calculate these
indices for the caatingas of Campo Maior and Chapada Diamantina because these
environments had only two and three published studies, respectively (not enough to
calculate Chao 2 and ICE indices), nor for the Unclassified Caatinga category because this
category grouped studies in degraded areas or in undetermined types of vegetation, which
makes it difficult to interpret the results. Nevertheless, these sites were included in the
computation of the richness of the CPD as a whole, because in the context of the CPD,
these sites represent extra sampling observations. We then addressed the questions: 1) are
the currently available floristic and phytosociological samples sufficient to stabilize the
collector curves, or are the curves still steep, indicating that new species can be expected
91
with more sampling effort?; and 2) what is the expected total richness for each environment
type and for the CPD as a whole?
Objective 6: Determining which are the most problematic genera and families for
identification in floristic and phytosociological studies.
We extracted from our database the number of times when a record was assigned to
a genus, but not to a species, or when a record was assigned to a family, but not to a genus.
These were considered “partial identifications”. We also calculated the number of records
not assigned to any family. We considered as most problematic those genera for which at
least ten records in the database which had not been assigned to species. Similarly, the most
problematic families were those with at least ten records not assigned to species or not
assigned to a genus.
Results
1- Documenting the scientific names applied in floristic and phytosociological studies of
the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
We found in the published literature 131 floristic and/or phytosociological lists of
species for inclusion in our study [Appendix 1]. The geographic coverage of published
papers is more concentrated in Pernambuco and Paraíba states, while in Bahia, the largest
state of Northeastern Brazil, there are relatively few studies. Rio Grande do Norte state had
a relatively high number of studies, but these were generally smaller surveys, many in
degraded caatinga or in not clearly defined ecosystems types. We found no papers on the
CPD in Sergipe, Alagoas and Maranhão states up to 2011. Of the 131 lists, 78 focus
exclusively on woody plants, nine exclusively on non woody plants, and 44 on the general
flora (woody + non woody plants) [Table 1]. Together these papers represented collections
made in 10 different subtypes of plant communities within Caatinga [Fig. 2] and provided
8076 plant records representing 1928 plant names (1568 accepted names, 355 synonyms
and five names with uncertain status) for 1714 native species distributed in 629 genera and
131 families [Appendix 2], plus 32 exotic species [Appendix 3]. Besides validly published
names, we also found 39 nomina nuda and/or names used in error (including some names
bearing no close resemblance to any formally published binomial, which are most likely
misspellings) [Appendix 4].
92
TABLE 1. Number of studies that sampled the general flora (woody and non woody plants), woody
only flora, and non woody only flora in each environment type within the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain.
Environment type
General
flora
Woody
only
11
0
1
0
9
16
Non
woody
only
0
0
4
2
3
1
6
0
0
4
11
1
11
3
44
2
3
27
0
9
7
2
78
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
9
2
3
34
11
10
18
6
131
Aquatic communities
Arboreal Caatinga
Caatinga (unclassified subtype)
Caatinga in Agreste (Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest)
Caatinga in Campo Maior (Ecotone to the
Cerrado)
Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina
Crystalline Caatinga
Inselberg
Riverine forest
Sedimentary Caatinga
Transition crystalline/sedimentary
Total
93
Total
11
9
21
FIGURE 2. Surveys in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain used to build the catalogue,
differentiated by environment types within the Domain. Dark gray areas are ecorregions in the
Caatinga Domain (sensu Velloso et al. 2002) mainly in crystalline terrains. Light gray areas are
ecorregions in the Caatinga Domain mainly in sedimentary terrains. The hatched area is the
Chapada Diamantina ecorregion, where caatinga, cerrado, wet forests and rocky grasslands
(campos rupestres) intermix.
94
2- Determining the richest families and genera and the more frequent species throughout
the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain
The richest family in the CPD was Fabaceae, with 292 accepted species, followed
by Euphorbiaceae (103), Malvaceae (82) and Asteraceae (67) [Table 2, Appendix 2]. The
richest genera were Croton Linnaeus (1753: 1004-1005) (37 species), Ipomoea Linnaeus
(1753: 159-162) (28 species), Mimosa Linnaeus (1753: 516-523) (28), Senna Miller (1754)
(21), Chamaecrista Moench (1794: 272) (24) and Erythroxylum Browne (1756: 278) (24)
[Table 3, Appendix 2]. Only 40 families (30.5% of the total 131) and 24 genera (4% of the
total 629) were represented in our database by 10 species or more. At the other extreme, 36
species were the sole representative of their family and 16 families were represented by just
two species each. A similar pattern was seen at genus level: 120 genera had only two and
330 only one reported species.
TABLE 2. Families with at least 10 species recorded in the database of the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain. See Appendix 2 for a complete list of all accepted genera and species
in all families.
Family
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Malvaceae
Asteraceae
Convolvulaceae
Poaceae
Bignoniaceae
Cyperaceae
Rubiaceae
Apocynaceae
Myrtaceae
Malpighiaceae
Orchidaceae
Boraginaceae
Number
of
Family
species
292
103
82
67
66
62
52
52
51
43
42
38
34
32
Number
of
Family
species
Sapindaceae
Bromeliaceae
Cactaceae
Lamiaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Verbenaceae
Solanaceae
Polygalaceae
Capparaceae
Turneraceae
Araceae
Acanthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Plantaginaceae
95
31
31
28
26
24
23
23
18
17
16
16
14
13
13
Combretaceae
Salicaceae
Rutaceae
Commelinaceae
Annonaceae
Rhamnaceae
Portulacaceae
Polygonaceae
Oxalidaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Celastraceae
Number
of
species
13
12
12
12
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
TABLE 3. Genera with at least 10 species recorded in the database of the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain. See Appendix 2 for a complete list of all accepted species in all genera.
Number of
species
Croton
37
Mimosa
28
Ipomoea
28
Chamaecrista
24
Erythroxylum
24
Senna
21
Cyperus
20
Eugenia
19
Sida
17
Evolvulus
16
Solanum
14
Cordia
14
Genus
Number
of species
Fridericia
13
Jacquemontia
13
Polygala
12
Machaerium
12
Lippia
11
Turnera
11
Hyptis
11
Manihot
11
Casearia
10
Oxalis
10
Dioscorea
10
Aspidosperma
10
Genus
The most constant species throughout the CPD in the woody component was
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Martius (1824: vol I, 60), reported in 78 (64%) of the 122 surveys
presenting data for woody plants, followed by Commiphora leptophloeos (Martius) J.B.
Gillett (1980: 582) (72 areas), Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baillon (1864: 268) (70), then
Cereus jamacaru Candolle (1828: vol. 3, 467) and Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão e
Cysneiro (1862: 3) (69 areas each) [Table 4]. A total of 21 woody species were found in
25% or more of all the surveys which included woody plants. In the non woody component,
the most constant species were Melochia tomentosa Linnaeus (1759: 1140) and Tacinga
palmadora (Britton & Rose) Taylor & Stuppy (2002: 112), reported in 24 (44%) of the 54
surveys presenting data for non woody plants, followed by Tacinga inamoena (Karl
Schumann) Taylor & Stuppy (2002: 119) (20 sites) and Neoglaziovia variegata (Arruda)
Mez in Martius (1894: 427), Mollugo verticillata Linnaeus (1753: 89) and Waltheria
americana Linnaeus (1753: 673), with 16 records each [Table 5]. Just 11 species of nonwoody plants were found in 25% or more of the compiled surveys. Thus for both the
woody and the non-woody components just a few species are frequent throughout the CPD,
while most of the species reported were rare. Of the species recorded (native and exotic),
744 were reported from a single site, 293 from two and 174 from three, thus 70% of the
species were reported from three sites or fewer, and 81% of species reported from five or
fewer of the 131 areas [Fig. 3].
96
FIGURE 3.. Histogram of the constancy of species throughout the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain. Most species were recorded at only one site.
97
TABLE 4. Most constant woody species (occurring in at least 25% of the 122 compiled surveys with data on woody plants) throughout the
Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. For a complete list of species, consult appendix 2.
Species
Aspidosperma
pyrifolium
Commiphora
leptophloeos
Jatropha
mollissima
Cereus
jamacaru
Myracrodruon
urundeuva
Anadenanthera
colubrina
Bauhinia
cheilantha
Mimosa
tenuiflora
Poincianella
pyramidalis
Cynophalla
flexuosa
Spondias
tuberosa
Piptadenia
stipulacea
Schinopsis
Total
number of
Total
Transition
Campo
Crystalline Sedimentary
Arboreal
Chapada Riverine
Aquatic
occurrences number of
Crystalline / Inselberg Agreste
Maior
Unclassified
Caatinga
Caatinga
Caatinga
Diamantina forest
Communities
in
occurrences
Sedimentary (n= 11)
(n=6)
Ecotone
(n= 21)
(n= 34)
(n= 18)
(n= 9)
(n= 3)
(n= 10)
(n= 11)
terrestrial in the CPD
(n= 6)
(n= 2)
ecosystems (n= 131)
(n= 120)
27
4
4
3
4
8
2
0
10
16
0
78
78
27
9
2
2
4
7
0
2
5
14
0
72
72
30
4
3
5
4
0
0
1
8
15
0
70
70
21
10
0
7
5
5
2
3
8
8
0
69
69
24
3
4
4
4
9
1
2
7
11
0
69
69
25
2
4
2
2
8
1
1
7
11
0
63
63
26
2
5
1
3
0
0
0
5
13
0
55
55
18
3
2
2
2
6
0
1
7
12
0
53
53
23
2
1
4
4
0
0
1
8
10
0
53
53
20
4
2
3
5
0
0
0
9
7
0
50
50
15
3
3
4
3
6
0
3
6
5
0
48
48
14
7
2
2
3
0
0
0
5
12
0
45
45
12
2
3
0
4
8
0
3
8
5
0
45
45
98
brasiliensis
Libidibia ferrea
Combretum
leprosum
Ziziphus
joazeiro
Pilosocereus
gounellei
Croton
sonderianus
Lantana
camara
Croton
heliotropiifolius
Amburana
cearensis
12
4
3
1
3
0
2
0
9
10
0
44
44
12
5
0
1
0
6
2
0
5
12
0
43
43
10
3
2
4
4
1
0
1
10
8
0
43
43
15
3
1
4
2
0
1
0
8
7
0
41
41
15
4
1
0
3
0
0
0
5
12
0
40
40
8
8
4
7
3
0
0
2
4
3
0
39
39
9
6
2
4
2
0
0
0
4
3
2
30
32
12
2
2
0
1
0
2
2
3
6
0
30
30
TABLE 5. Most constant non woody species (occurring in at least 25% of the 53 compiled surveys with data on non woody plants) throughout the
Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. For a complete list of species, consult appendix 2.
Species
Melochia
tomentosa
Tacinga
palmadora
Tacinga
inamoena
Mollugo
verticillata
Total
number of
Total
Transition
Campo
Crystalline Sedimentary
Arboreal
Chapada Riverine
Aquatic
occurrences number of
Crystalline / Inselberg Agreste
Maior
Unclassified
Caatinga
Caatinga
Caatinga
Diamantina forest
Communities
in
occurrences
Sedimentary (n= 11)
(n=6)
Ecotone
(n= 21)
(n= 34)
(n= 18)
(n= 9)
(n= 3)
(n= 10)
(n= 11)
terrestrial in the CPD
(n= 6)
(n= 2)
ecosystems
(n= 131)
(n= 120)
9
3
1
4
1
0
0
1
3
2
0
24
24
13
2
1
2
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
24
24
4
6
2
4
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
20
20
4
3
2
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
15
16
99
Neoglaziovia
variegata
Waltheria
americana
Alternanthera
brasiliana
Delilia
biflora
Sida
galheirensis
Euphorbia
hyssopifolia
Tillandsia
recurvata
4
6
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
16
16
1
5
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
14
16
2
3
2
6
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
15
15
4
0
1
4
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
13
15
2
6
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
15
6
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
12
14
2
4
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
14
100
3- Quantifying and comparing the floristic differences between environment types within
the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
The most widespread environment types within the CPD are the crystalline and
sedimentary caatingas. We consider these environments to be the “core” caatinga flora.
Added to these “core” environments, there are more restricted habits (e.g. riverine forests)
or transitional areas (Agreste, Caatinga in Campo Maior and Arboreal Caatinga) that add
more species to the flora of the CPD. Crystalline Caatinga, Sedimentary Caatinga, the
Transition Crystalline/Sedimentary, the Agreste ecotone, inselbergs and riverine forest
grouped together in both group and ordination analyzes. More peripheral sites like the
Caatinga in Campo Maior and the Arboreal Caatinga formed, together with the Caatinga in
the Chapada Diamantina, areas reasonably different from the core sites [Fig. 4; Fig. 5]. The
most distinctive environments within the CPD were 1) the Aquatic communities, 2) the
Caatinga in Campo Maior, and 3) the group formed by the caatingas of Chapada
Diamantina and Arboreal Caatinga of Minas Gerais.
101
FIGURE 4. UPGMA dendrogram
drogram showing the floristic relationsips among the environment types
in the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain using (A) the frequency of the species in each
environment type, and (B) incidence data. Crystalline: Crystalline caatinga; Transition: Transitional
Transition
areas between crystalline and sedimentary caatingas; Sedimentary: sedimentary caatinga;
Inselbergs: Inselberg rocky outcrop communities; Riverine: Riverine forests within the Caatinga
Domain; Agreste: Dry forests in the Agreste ecotone between Caatinga Domain and Atlantic Forest
Domains (wet forests in Agreste were not considered in the analysis); Arboreal Caa: Arboreal
caatinga of northern Minas Gerais; Campo Maior: sites in Campo maior region, ecotone between
Caatinga and Cerrado domains; Aquatic: Aqua
Aquatic
tic communities within the Caatinga domain.
102
FIGURE 5.. NMS ordination showing the floristic relationsips among the environment types in the
Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain based in (A) the frequency of each species in each environment
type, and (B) incidence data. Final stress for two dimensional solution= 4.53722.
4- Accounting the habit spectra of communities in the CPD
We found 18 papers that sampled both woody and non
non-woody
woody plants (general
floristic sampling) and reported, in the floristic table
tables,
s, the habit of each species collected.
These papers resulted in 2421 records of habits, of which 1247 records were for woody
plants, 234 for woody climbers, 790 for non
non-woody
woody plants, 118 for climbing non-woody
non
103
plants and 32 for hemiparasites and epiphytes [Table 6]. The woody habit was predominant
in sedimentary areas and in the only Agreste site included in this analysis, while the nonwoody habit was predominant in crystalline areas and in the single inselberg and riverine
forest sites for which we have data suitable for this analysis. When we evaluate the mean
habit spectrum for all 18 sites we see that the summed sites had a predominance of woody
plants (51.5% of the records plus 9.7% of woody climbers), followed by non woody species
(32.6% plus 4.9% of non woody climbers).
Both epiphytes and hemiparasites comprise a small number of species in the
Caatinga domain [Table 6; Fig. 6]. Epiphytes corresponded to 0.6% of the records and
hemiparasites 0.7%, being always a minor component in the Caatinga Domain [Table 6;
Fig. 6]. We recorded only 11 species of epiphytes in the Caatinga Domain, with only three
families represented (Bromeliaceae – eight species; Orchidaceae – two species; Araceae –
one species), Tillandsia Linnaeus (1753: 286) being the richest epiphytic genus (with six
species) [Appendix 2]. Hemiparasites were similarly poorly represented, with only seven
species recorded (but some records were assigned only to genus level, including records of
Phthirusa Martius (1830: 110), Oryctanthus (Grisebach) Eichler in Martius (1868: 22),
Struthanthus Martius (1830: 102-104) and Phoradendron Nuttall (1848: 185-186) in two
families (Loranthaceae and Santalaceae). These totals take into account three species of
Loranthaceae and Santalaceae, incorrectly reported by papers as epiphytes, but actually
hemiparasites, and thus reclassified here [Appendix 2].
104
TABLE 6. Habit spectra of plant communities in the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain.
Woody
(%)
Climber
Woody (%)
Non woody
(%)
Climber Non
Woody (%)
Epiphytes
(%)
Hemiparasites
(%)
% Total
Number
of
species
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
61.7
2.1
27.7
8.5
0.0
0.0
100
47
Inselberg
24.7
11.3
46.4
16.5
1.0
0.0
100
97
Riverine forest
33.3
1.3
60.3
3.8
0.0
1.3
100
78
Caatinga in Agreste
61.5
11.5
20.8
6.3
0.0
0.0
100
96
58.7
6.7
18.7
16.0
0.0
0.0
100
150
71.0
5.7
21.4
1.4
0.0
0.5
100
210
59.4
15.6
17.5
5.6
1.3
0.6
100
160
Sedimentary Caatinga 9
49.6
11.2
34.0
4.8
0.0
0.4
100
250
Sedimentary Caatinga 8
50.0
9.6
39.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
100
136
Sedimentary Caatinga 7
54.7
7.9
24.5
8.6
2.2
2.2
100
139
Sedimentary Caatinga 6
57.6
4.7
28.2
5.9
0.0
3.5
100
85
Sedimentary Caatinga 5
59.3
16.0
23.5
1.2
0.0
0.0
100
81
Sedimentary Caatinga 4
51.0
8.9
32.8
2.6
3.1
1.6
100
192
Sedimentary Caatinga 3
53.3
15.8
23.3
2.5
1.7
3.3
100
120
Sedimentary Caatinga 2
63.0
13.6
21.2
2.2
0.0
0.0
100
184
References
Environment type
Santos & Melo
(2010)
Tölke et al.
(2011)
Souza & Rodal
(2010)
Alcoforado-Filho
et al. (2003)
Pinheiro et al.
(2010)
Lemos (2004)
Lemos &
Meguro (2010)
Araújo et al.
(2011)
Araújo et al.
(2011)
Rodal et al.
(1999)
Rocha et al.
(2004)
Oliveira et al.
(1997)
Gomes et al.
(2006)
Figueiredo et al.
(2000)
Araújo et al.
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
3
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
2
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
1
105
(1998)
Andrade et al.
(2004)
Araújo et al.
(2011)
Costa et al.
(2009)
Total % of all
records
Total number of
records
Sedimentary Caatinga 1
42.4
13.3
42.4
1.3
0.6
0.0
100
158
Crystalline Caatinga 2
26.3
6.6
63.5
3.6
0.0
0.0
100
137
Crystalline Caatinga 1
30.7
3.0
64.4
2.0
0.0
0.0
100
101
Mean spectrum of all
18 sites
51.5
9.7
32.6
4.9
0.6
0.7
100.0
-
1247
234
790
118
15
17
2421
records
-
106
In general, both woody and non woody plants are major components in Caatinga,
with a predominance of woody species in sedimentary sites and non
non-woody
woody in crystalline
sites. Roughly speaking woody plants comprised 60% of the records in these 18 sites
against 40% of non woody plants, a ratio of 1:0.66 woody:non woody records.
FIGURE 6.. Habit spectra reported in the 18 floristic papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain where general flora (woody + non woody plants) was sampled and habit data reported for
each species.
107
5- Is the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain well collected and how many species are out
there?
The environment type with the largest number of observed species in the CPD was
the sedimentary caatinga, with 753 species reported in 1704 records, followed by the
inselbergs (665 species in 1162 records), the transitional areas between crystalline and
sedimentary caatingas (436 species in 635 records) and the crystalline caatinga (396 species
in 1122 records) [Table 7; Fig. 7; 8]. The number of records for each species in each
environment type is presented in Appendix 5. The sedimentary Caatinga had also the
largest estimated richness, ranging from 1126 (Jackkinfe 1 index) to 1368 species (ICE
index), followed by the inselbergs (992-1196 estimated species). The environment with the
smallest estimated number of species was the arboreal caatinga, with richness estimates
ranging from 161-181 species, followed by the aquatic communities (estimated richness
233 to 278 species). But it must be noted that all nine papers on arboreal caatinga sampled
only woody plants [Table 1], ignoring the non-woody component [that usually comprises a
considerable proportion of the biodiversity in Caatinga – Fig. 6] and thus the estimated
species richness for arboreal caatinga is lower than if non-woody plants had been available
for inclusion.
108
TABLE 7. Number of species lists available for each environment type within the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain, with the observed number
of species in each environment, the confidence interval for the observed number of species (calculated through 1,000 randomizations) and the
expected number of species estimated by ICE, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 richness estimators indices calculated with EstimateS software
(Colwell 2009). We also present the gap between the largest richness estimate by indices and the actual reported number of species. The estimators
were not calculated for Chapada Diamantina and Campo Maior caatingas due the small number of studies available for these environments.
Environment type
Crystalline Caatinga
Sedimentary Caatinga
Transition
Crystalline/Sedimentary
Arboreal Caatinga
Agreste
Inselberg
Riverine forest
Aquatic communities
Chapada Diamantina
Campo Maior
Unclassified Caatinga
subtype
Total
Number
of sites
Observed
number of
species
Observed
number of
species
(95% CI
Lower
Bound)
34
18
396
753
373.2
719.0
418.8
786.9
679.3
1368.0
606.8
1280.1
588.2
1126.1
689.7
1353.4
Difference
between the
largest
estimated
richness and
observed
richness
293.7
615.0
6
436
408.4
463.6
984.1
872.6
681.0
824.2
548.1
44.3
9
6
11
10
11
3
2
118
240
655
196
160
108
85
97.4
211.4
624.4
169.9
136.3
-
138.6
268.6
685.6
222.1
183.7
-
173.7
732.0
1196.5
425.1
265.5
-
164.1
658.6
1082.5
569.8
274.3
-
160.7
386.7
992.3
300.4
232.7
-
181.0
484.3
1177.3
380.4
277.6
-
55.7
492.0
541.5
373.8
117.6
-
67.9
32.8
54.7
34.4
57.7
-
21
181
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
131
1737
1688.6
1785.4
2639.1
2681.6
2475.3
2921.7
1184.7
59.5
Observed
number of Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated
species
richness - richness - richness - richness ICE
Chao 2 Jackknife Jackknife
(95% CI
Upper
Index
Index
1 Index
2 Index
Bound)
109
estimated
% of the
sampled
biodiversity
57.4
55.0
FIGURE 7.Rarefaction
.Rarefaction curves showing the number of observed species in the different
environmental types within the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain, with the 95% confidence
interval for the observations (calculated with 1,000 randomizations), and the number of species
estimated by ICE, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 indices. Available data for Campo Maior
and Chapada Diamantina (two and three areas, respectively), were insufficient for calculation of
ICE and Chao 2 indices.
110
FIGURE 8.. Rarefaction curve showing the total observed number of species (with the 95%
confidence interval obtained with 1,000 randomizations) for the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain as a whole (summing all 131 surveys) and the expected total nnumber
umber of species in CPD
estimated by ICE, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 indices.
In general it can be seen from both rarefaction curves and richness estimator indices
that the number of recorded species in all environments is still growing as new studies
st
are
added [Fig. 7; 8]. The gap between the estimated richness and the sampled richness ranged
from 33 to 68% of the estimated total number of species [Table 7]. When we computed the
observed and estimated number of species in the whole CPD we see tha
thatt there was an
estimated 1185 uncollected species. This suggests that at least 40% of the species of the
CPD have not yet been included in site
site-based
based floristic or phytosociological studies [Table
7].
6- Determining which are the most problematic genera an
and
d families for
identification in floristic and phytosociologica studies
Of the 8076 records collated from the 131 surveys in our database, 1138 (14.1%)
were records not assigned to species level. These included 1082 partial identifications (i.e.
those identified only to genus or to family level) and a further 56 records not assigned
as
even
to a family. The most problematic genera for generalist botanists to identify in floristic and
phytosociological studies were Croton Linnaeus (1753: 1004-1005)
1005) (49 records not
assigned to species level), Eugenia Linnaeus (1753: 470-471) and Mimosa Linnaeus (1753:
516-523)
523) (30 records each), and Solanum Linnaeus (1753: 184–188)
188) (20 records) [Table 8;
111
Appendix 6] and the families presenting most problems were Fabaceae (134 records not
assigned to species level), Euphorbiaceae (118), Myrtaceae (70) and Bignoniaceae and
Malvaceae (52 records each) [Table 9; Appendix 7].
TABLE 8.Genera with at least 10 records not determined to species level in our database of the
Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. For the complete list of genera with partial identifications see
Appendix 6.
Number of
unidentified
Genus
records
Croton
49
Eugenia
30
Mimosa
30
Solanum
20
Ipomoea
17
Cordia
15
Manihot
14
Total number of records not identified
to species level
Genus
Sida
Erythroxylum
Sapium
Cyperus
Arrabidaea
Banisteriopsis
Number of
unidentified
records
14
12
12
11
10
10
1138
TABLE 9.Families with at least 10 partial identifications (records assigned only to genus or only to
family level) in our database of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. For the complete list of
families with numbers partial identifications see Appendix 7.
Family
Number of
Family
unidentified records
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Myrtaceae
Bignoniaceae
Malvaceae
Rubiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Malpighiaceae
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Solanaceae
Cyperaceae
Boraginaceae
134
118
70
52
52
38
36
34
30
28
27
22
21
Apocynaceae
20
Amaranthaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Lamiaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Lythraceae
Turneraceae
Commelinaceae
Sapindaceae
Acanthaceae
Cactaceae
Portulacaceae
Celastraceae
Records not assigned to any
family
112
Number of
unidentified
records
16
16
15
13
13
13
13
12
12
11
11
11
10
56
Verbenaceae
18
Total number of records not identified to
species level
1138
Discussion
1 and 2- Documenting the scientific names applied in floristic and phytosociological
studies of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain and determining the richest families
and genera and the more frequent species throughout the Caatinga Phytogeographic
Domain
Most of the names reported in our dataset (1568) are accepted names for species
recognized in the Lista do Brasil (Forzza et al. 2010; 2011). It is important to note that
whether the taxonomic identification of individual collections was accurate or not is a
question beyond the scope of this study. However, the literature also included 355
synonyms i.e. names not currently considered the correct name for an accepted species.
Resolution of such synonymy is an important first step in comparing lists from different
sites. Without such a reconciliation step, the diversity of the Caatinga as a whole would be
over-estimated in our study and the degree of floristic resemblance between sites would, in
general, be underestimated. Globally, about 60% of plant names at species level are
considered to be synonyms (Paton et al. 2008). A comparable figure for all the species
names in papers included in our study is just 18%. So, viewed in the global context the
proportion of synonyms encountered in our study may appear relatively low. We attribute
this to the relative recency of the literature being surveyed, the vast majority being
published after 2000. The number of synonyms in use might be expected to decrease
further in the very latest floristic papers because of the electronic taxonomic databases
which are now widely available. While access by non-specialists to taxonomic information
was until very recently rather restricted and primarily via print format (which is quickly
outdated), a complete checklist of plant species from Brazil is now available on the internet
and is continuously updated (Forzza et al. 2011; Thomas et al. 2012). We hope that having
access to this up to date, specialist maintained, freely accessible data source, generalist
botanists will improve the quality of their data, reported through floristic and
phytosociological work. The use of misapplied names can also be expected to decline, as
now botanists can check the Brazilian official list of species to see if the name they intend
to use is or not consistent with the taxonomic data available.
One of the worst problems for those gathering data from floristic papers is presented
by very oddly misspelled names (orthographic variants) or names which have never been
validated (principally nomina nuda for which descriptions have not been published),
because these names lack taxonomic information unambiguously associated with them.
113
Fortunately electronic databases as IPNI (http://www.ipni.org/) and The Plant List
(http://www.theplantlist.org/) are powerful tools to allow one to check the names. Name
strings at species level which cannot be matched in these large, international databases are
very likely to be nomina nuda or misspelled names. The coverage of these resources is less
complete at infraspecific level. The digital era now enables the evaluation even of very
large species lists quickly and automatically using on line tools as the Taxonomic Name
Resolution Service (http://tnrs.iplantcollaborative.org/) or Plant Miner (Carvalho et al.
2010), which checks a whole list of names at once.
During the updating of our species lists, we relied mainly on the on line database of
the “Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil” (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br), complemented
by the “The Plant List” and IPNI databases to check our dataset. Names reported as
accepted in The Plant List, but not recorded in the Flora of Brazil database were the most
obvious candidates to be misapplied names and we consulted specialists to get more
information on them (and a few proved to be genuine omissions from the Flora of Brazil).
We present here the complete list of names gathered, in order to provide a comprehensive
catalogue, including also the nomina nuda and misapplied names, what was enormously
facilitated by the recent availability of on-line taxonomic databases.
We consider the catalogue presented here to be one of the most comprehensive
available listing of the plant species of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. However,
the coverage of the catalogue is, of necessity, limited by the distribution and quality of the
surveys from which the catalogue records are synthesized. Thus the catalogue can be
expected to provide a fuller and more informative picture of the caatinga flora of
Pernambuco and Paraíba states than, for example of the relatively poorly sampled caatinga
of Bahia or indeed the states of Sergipe, Alagoas and Maranhão for which no lists suitable
for inclusion in our study have been found up to 2011. Furthermore, since more than half of
the studies to date focused exclusively on woody plants [Table 1], the non-woody
component is clearly under-represented in our list. Moreover, while some environment
types, such as sedimentary caatinga and inselbergs, were represented mostly by studies
sampling general flora (both woody and non woody plants), crystalline caatinga, arboreal
caatinga and riverine forests had sampling strongly skewed towards woody plants, with
most studies ignoring the non woody component. Arboreal caatinga, for example, was
among the least rich in our analysis [Table 7; Fig. 7], and this seems to be related to the fact
that non woody plants were omitted from the sampling of these environments, reducing the
number of species reported in each paper, which, in turn, were used to estimate the total
number of species. These inherent biases are unavoidable in any study of this kind and
should be taken into account in any analysis of the content of the catalogue as a whole.
Another bias in the data is that some plant groups were clearly underreported. Only
one species of non vascular plant (Ricciocarpos natans (Linnaeus) Corda in Opiz (1829:
651), with two occurrences) was reported, while the number of bryophyte species reported
114
to Caatinga by Forzza et al. (2010) was 93 species. Although there are some studies
focused on non vascular plants in the CPD (e.g. Pôrto et al. 1994; Pôrto & Bezerra 1996), it
is clear that generalist botanists collecting in the CPD are paying little attention to these
plants. As non vascular plants are small, and not easily identified by general botanists, they
often ignore them when collecting. Nevertheless we found a better picture related to Ferns.
While Xavier et al. (2012) lists 36 species for the Caatinga, 14 species were reported by the
compiled studies.
The same situation occurs with invasive species. Moro et al. (2012) called attention
to the fact that in Brazil there is great variation in approaches dealing with exotic plants in
botanical studies. Some researchers exclude from their species lists all non native species,
resulting in a situation where invasive plants are underreported. While Fabricante and
Siqueira Filho (2012), for example, recorded over 60 exotic species in one more localized
region of the CPD, we found, in the whole dataset only 32 exotic species reported. It would
be of great utility for botanists to collect and report invasive species, allowing ecologists to
map the distribution of these plants. We recommend that invasive plants in the study site of
floristic surveys should be reported and clearly tagged as exotic plants in the species lists as
suggested elsewhere (Moro et al. 2012).
In summary, a range of taxonomic, geographic and life-form biases can be detected
in the dataset as a whole. However, for the analyses designed to address aims 3-6, described
above and discussed below, every care has been taken to select subsets of the data in which
any such biases are eliminate or at least minimized. Acknowledging the known biases in
the Catalogue as a whole, it is nonetheless of interest, to a naturalist at least, to compare the
salient features of this caatinga synthesis with those of other syntheses. The families
represented by most species in our catalogue coincide closely with the top ten families
listed by Forzza et al. (2010) for the Caatinga phytogeographic domain sensu lato.
Fabaceae tops the list in each case and no fewer than eight families are common to the top
ten of both lists. Family differences between the lists can be explained primarily by (i) the
bias of the present list in favour of woody species and (ii) the broader definition of Caatinga
employed by Forzza et al. (2010). Thus, Orchidaceae and Melastomataceae, the ninth and
tenth most speciose families for Caatinga in the Lista do Brasil, are certainly underrepresented in our list not only because data for non-woody species are available from
fewer than half of our sites, but also because Forzza’s broader definition of the Caatinga
would include the campos rupestres which are particularly rich in Melastomes and Orchids.
The two families which feature among the top ten most diverse in our list, but not in
Forzza’s list for Caatinga are Convolvulaceae and Bignoniaceae, again attributable to the
woody bias in our list. Similarly, the herbaceous families Poaceae and Cyperaceae occupy
lower ranks on our list (6th and 9th respectively) than they do on the Lista do Brasil
Caatinga table (2nd and 7th respectively).
115
In terms of the most species-rich genera, the Lista do Brasil for Caatinga shows that
the genera represented by most species in our list [Table 3] are typically reported as having
almost twice as many species for the Caatinga as a whole by Forzza et al. (2010).
Comparison of these lists might suggest that genera such as Chamaecrista Moench (1794:
272) and Turnera Linnaeus (1753: 271) are particularly under-represented in our database
but, again, this is attributable to the inclusion of the campos rupestres in the
circumscription of caatinga used in the Lista do Brasil. The genera for which species
numbers for our list most closely match species numbers reported for Caatinga s.l. in
Forzza et al. (2010) are woody taxa such as Machaerium Persoon (1807: 276), Hyptis
Jacquin (1786: 101) and Erythroxylum Browne (1756: 278).
Concerning species distributions, our analysis suggests that plants in Caatinga have
distributions which are more restricted than those of the Cerrado savannas, with relatively
few species which can be considered widespread. Among the woody plants of our dataset
only six out of 849 species were reported at 50% or more of the sites [Table 4]. In contrast,
in their larger Cerrado metanalysis Ratter et al. (2003) found that 38 out of 951 woody
species occurred in at least 50% of the sites surveyed. Pennington et al. (2009) argued that
the woody species of the dry forests of South America are dispersal limited, and that this
influences the ecological and evolutionary patterns of this whole ecosystem. Our findings,
showing a lower proportion of widespread woody species in caatinga than in cerrado, agree
with Pennington’s argument. Furthermore, although far less complete, and subject to the
biases discussed above, the data for non woody species show a similar pattern. None of the
recorded non woody species was reported from 50% or more of sites [Table 5], suggesting
that herbaceous species in the caatinga are even more dispersal-limited.
3- Quantifying and comparing the floristic differences between environment types within
the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
The CPD is the largest area of seasonal dry formations in South America and is
exposed to a range of environmental factors, as different soil types, geologies, and gradients
in temperature and rainfall. But among all these factors, two major types of environment
are highlighted: crystalline and sedimentary terrains. Several authors have demonstrated
that crystalline and sedimentary sites have distinct floras (Gomes et al. 2006, Queiroz 2006,
Cardoso & Queiroz 2007, Araújo et al. 2011). We extended this analysis to the whole set of
CPD environments for which floristic information was available and show that the picture
is more complex. Taken as a whole, the data available to date support the differences
between crystalline and sedimentary formations, but on a sub continental scale, these two
environments seem to form, jointly with the inselbergs, the “floristic core” of Caatinga.
116
Aquatic communities were the most distinctive community within the CPD, as
would be expected, since the aquatic environment is a completely different type of habitat,
requiring specific adaptations and thus home to a specific flora which is adapted to it. It is
worth noting that studies in Aquatic communities in Caatinga are very recent. The first
paper on the topic which we could locate (França et al. 2003) was published less than ten
years ago and only now, with more studies on aquatic plants available (Lima et al. 2011,
Moura Júnior et al. 2011), an initial synthesis became possible.
Considering, the ordination and the group analysis we see that close to the core flora
of Caatinga are both the Agreste ecotone to the atlantic forest and the riverine forests. Each
of these had a relatively high number of species in common with the core Caatinga, but
while the seasonality and water shortage is very harsh in the core Caatinga ecosystems, in
Agreste region the climate is milder and the rainfall is usually more abundant (Porto et al.
2004). In general, the closer to the ocean or the greater the altitude the greater the rainfall,
and this allows the presence of species of the Atlantic Domain in these ecotonal areas
(Porto et al. 2004, Rodal et al. 2008).
Because of the less marked seasonality, one could expect to encounter some floristic
elements from Mata Atlantica in the Agreste environment (Porto et al. 2004; Rodal et al.
2008), but the close resemblance between Agreste and Riverine forest is notable here.
Apparently these latter two environments have many species in common with the core
CPD, but also share species not present in the core environments. In their classic paper on
gallery forests in the Cerrado, Oliveira-Filho & Ratter (1995) showed that these riverine
forests acted as an ecological corridor for moisture adapted Atlantic and Amazonian species
to cross the seasonal cerrado savanna areas. Our results suggest that something similar
could be happening in the CPD, with the transitional Agreste having some distinctive
species not found in the Core Caatinga (probably coming from the Atlantic Forest) and the
Riverine forest acting as an ecological corridor for these species. While plants adapted to
wet environments could have problems to survive in the core Caatinga environments, the
more humid riverine forests could offer a pathway for some of these plants to cross the
semiarid region. We cannot test this hypothesis here but it could explain the pattern we
observed in our data.
The inselberg surveys we compiled range from those in the Agreste region, in the
transition to the Atlantic forest, to those located within the Crystalline Caatinga. While
inselbergs in drier areas include species very typical of the crystalline caatinga, those in
more humid sites show species adapted to more humid condictions, as Begonia Linnaeus
(1753: 1056), Orchidaceae and other taxa (see also Chapters 3 and 4).
More distinctive floristic conjuncts were observed in the caatingas of Chapada
Diamantina, Campo Maior and Arboreal Caatinga of northern Minas Gerais [Fig. 4; Fig. 5].
These were the most distinctive terrestrial ecosystems in our data and are known to be in
117
three ecotonal areas. The Campo Maior is the area where the CPD has a complex transition
to the Cerrado Domain and represents the northewestern most transitional site of the CPD
(Velloso et al. 2002, Farias & Castro 2004). The Arboreal Caatinga of Minas Gerais
represented the southwestern most transition to the Cerrado and also had a distinct flora
within the CPD [Fig. 4; Fig. 5]. This result supports those of Santos et al. (2012) who tested
the influence of environment in structuring plant communities in the CPD and concluded
that the Arboreal Caatinga is a particular subtype within the domain.
The Caatinga of the Chapada Diamantina formed a group together with the Arboreal
Caatinga [Fig. 4] and was positioned between Arboreal Caatinga and the Caatinga in
Campo Maior in the NMS ordination, a result consistent with the geographic position of the
Chapada Diamantina highlands between these two ecotones. But the biogeographical
picture may be much more complex, because the Chapada Diamantina is a region where
caatinga, cerrado, wet forests and rocky grasslands meet in complex transitions (Juncá et al.
2005). How the transitions occur within the Chapada Diamantina and how the many
subtypes of communities relate floristically to each other are points for future studies, but
our data suggest that the caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina is floristically very different
from the core CPD areas and approaches the floras of the Arboreal Caatingas, a result
which may be more readily explained when more floristic studies (preferably not confined
to woody plants) become available. The matrix with the frequency of all species on each
environment type is available on appendix 5.
4- Accounting the habit spectra of communities in the CPD
A clear characteristic of the Caatinga Domain is that non-woody plants represent a
considerable proportion of the plant diversity [Table 6; Fig. 6]. The contribution of nonwoody plants (including non-woody climbers and self sustaining non woody plants) ranged
from lowest values of 23% in a sedimentary caatinga and a transitional area to over 60% of
species in the crystalline caatinga sites. When we compare these data with spectra in studies
of life-forms (Costa et al. 2007, Araújo et al. 2011), it is clear that although non-woody
plants constitute a considerable proportion of the species in both crystalline and
sedimentary communities, crystalline caatinga sites generally have much larger proportions
of non-woody plants, while in sedimentary sites woody plants tend to be the most
prominent component (Araújo et al. 2011) [Table 6; Fig. 6]. Thus in crystalline areas,
which comprise the most extensive environment type in the Caatinga Domain (Velloso et
al. 2002), and where the majority of studies focused only on woody plants (27 of 34 studies
– 79%), half or more of the local plant diversity has been ignored by most studies.
Moreover, only a small number of floristic surveys in crystalline caatinga report the
habit of individual species, reducing the availability of habit data for the communities
118
within the CPD. We recommend that further floristic studies should sample both woody
and non-woody plants and report the habits (and when possible life-forms) of all species
observed, in order to achieve a better characterization of their studied plant communities.
Even when one is doing phytosociological work focused primarily on the woody
component it is possible to devote some effort to random floristic collections, a suggestion
already made in our manual of phytosociological methods for Brazil (Moro & Martins
2011).
Both epiphytes and hemiparasites were secondary elements in communities within
the Caatinga Domain. But while hemiparasites are not especially diverse in other Brazilian
phytogeographical domains (Moro, personal observation), epiphytes are a very species rich
component of the neighbouring Atlantic Forest Domain, but not in Caatinga. The dearth of
epiphytes is no doubt because Caatinga is a semiarid, highly seasonal domain, a harsh
environment for tender epiphytes, more used to surviving in humid forests with closed
canopy.
The dearth of habit data for the Crystalline Caatinga in the literature almost
certainly reduced the proportion of non-woody plants in the mean spectrum we calculated,
but these proportions are likely to change if more crystalline sites (likely to be more rich in
herbs) are added. Nevertheless, our result is of value as a conservative, first approximation
of the important role that non-woody plants play in the biodiversity of the CPD and is the
first attempt of which we are aware to calculate a mean habit spectrum for the Caatinga.
Based on our data we expect that in general non-woody plants will be a more prominent
component in Crystalline Caatinga than in Sedimentary Caatinga and show that despite the
many studies focused only on woody plants, a considerable proportion of the known plant
diversity of the CPD is represented in the non-woody stratum.
5- Is the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain well collected and how many species are out
there?
The Catalogue of Plants and Fungi of Brazil (Forzza et al. 2010) reported 4,320
species of Angiosperms, 93 Bryophytes and 25 ferns and two Gymnosperms in the
Caatinga sensu latissimo, including species reported from enclaves of other biomes (e.g.
wet forest) occurring within the Caatinga. We have compiled for the CPD (excluding
cerrado, Atlantic forest and campos rupestres enclaves inside Caatinga) over 1,700 species
and estimated the number of species in the CPD to be 2,921 species. Forzza’s and ours can
be seen as estimates at either extreme of the true number of species present in the CPD.
Forzza’s number seems high because it uses a very broad definition of Caatinga, including
in their account also enclaves of cerrado, Atlantic forest and campos rupestres (renowned
for their species richness and endemism) within the Caatinga Domain. Thus Forzza et al.
119
(2010) give a good general list of species for this region of Brazil, but this probably
exceeds the actual number of species in the CPD. Our data, on the other hand, support a
very conservative figure. The steep slope of most collection curves and richness estimators,
for example, suggests that we can expect the observed number of species to grow when the
sampling effort is increased.
The CPD is recognized to have a high environmental heterogeneity, both climatic
and pedologic, that is thought to be reflected in its biodiversity (Araújo et al. 2005). From
the map showing locations of published floristic and phytosociological lists [Fig. 2], it is
clear that large areas of caatinga remain unsampled by floristic and phytosociological
studies, and are thus as yet unavailable for inclusion in metanalyses. The 131 papers used to
build this catalogue collectively contain records of more than 1700 native species, but this
number is likely to increase, as all richness estimator indices show that the expected
number of species is much higher than the observed number. We estimate that at least 40%
of the plant diversity of the CPD has not been reported by site-based floristic and
phytosociological surveys. In general, richness estimator indices tend to underestimate the
actual richness. Because of this our figures can be seen as a conservative estimate of the
true richness (Brose et al. 2003, Chao et al. 2006, Gotelli & Colwell 2011). Moreover,
when we look at our rarefaction and richness estimation graphs [Fig. 7; 8] it is clear that the
richness estimated by most indices is growing as the sampling effort increases. Thus it can
be argued that our estimates are doubly conservative and thus a good lower bound to the
CPD diversity.
The sedimentary caatinga was sampled by only 18 surveys, but these papers are
generally based on relatively large collection efforts, some involving sampling an area for
more than one year. On the other hand, we had 34 surveys in crystalline caatinga, but some
of them were very short term surveys, many of them ignoring the herbs and collecting only
woody plants. In fact, 22 of the crystalline caatinga surveys reported fewer than 30 species,
probably influencing the low estimated number of species for crystalline caatinga as a
whole. In total we collated 1122 plant records (for 396 species) from these 34 crystalline
caatinga papers as compared to 1704 records (for 753 plant species) from the 18 surveys
dealing with sedimentary areas. Thus although crystalline caatinga appears less rich than
sedimentary caatinga, the relatively low numbers of observed and estimated species [see
table 7] for crystalline sites are at least partly attributable to the lower sampling effort
invested there as compared to sedimentary sites which in general had a larger sampling
effort, with more time devoted to collect species. Moreover, 79% of the studies in
crystalline areas sampled only woody plants [Table 1], while the majority of its biodiversity
seems to be in the non woody component [Table 6; Fig. 6].
Site-based floristic work is an important precursor to biogeographic work,
modelling studies, and to mapping the potential distribution of species (e.g. Oliveira-Filho
& Fontes 2000, Ratter et al. 2003, Queiroz, 2006; Oliveira et al. 2013). Such studies are
120
therefore not only desirable in their own right but as a foundation for futher study and they
often have the added advantage of augmenting the coverage of herbaria collections. Here
we estimate the scale of the plant diversity of Caatinga and suggest (taking into
consideration the negative bias of indices) that almost half of plant diversity in Caatinga is
still not documenteded by site-based floristic and phytosociological studies. It is clear
where we should direct the sampling effort in future studies: there are vast areas in Bahia
state (especially in the south), and also in central Ceará, western Pernambuco and eastern
Piauí for which no site-based floristic or phytosociological studies have been published.
These are obvious places where botanists should focus in order to improve coverage of
Caatinga [Fig. 2].
6- Determining which are the most problematic genera and families for identification in
floristic and phytosociological studies
The partial identifications, to genus or just to family, under which many records were
published can provide valuable insights into the specific challenges facing botanists
documenting the flora of the Caatinga. In general the genera providing most problems for
generalist botanists to identify are also the richest genera. Croton Linnaeus (1753: 10041005), Eugenia Linnaeus (1753: 470-471), Mimosa Linnaeus (1753: 516-523), Ipomoea
Linnaeus (1753: 159-162), Cyperus Linnaeus (1753: 44–47), Erythroxylum Browne (1756:
278) and Solanum Linnaeus (1753: 184–188), for example, are all represented in our study
by at least 10 different species and by at least 10 further records which could not be
identified to species level [Table 3; Table 8]. Some of these genera, such as Eugenia and
Erythroxylum are also recognized as problematic for botanists engaged in studies in the
Atlantic Forest (Caiafa & Martins 2007), but other problematic genera common in Atlantic
Forest (e.g. Ocotea Aublet (1775: 780-781), Myrcia Candolle (1827: 406), Miconia Ruiz &
Pavón (1794: 60) - Caiafa and Martins 2007) are not often found in the Caatinga, so pose
relatively few problems for botanists there [Appendix 6]. On the other hand, species-rich
genera of more open formations such as Croton, Mimosa and Ipomoea posed greater
difficulties for generalist botanists in the CPD [Table 8; Appendix 6]. Similarly, at family
level, the families presenting most problems for identifcation were usually represented in
the list of richest families [Table 2; Table 9; Appendix 7], with Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Myrtaceae, Bignoniaceae and Malvaceae having the ones with the largest number of
unidentified records.
That comparison of the lists of most speciose families/genera [Table 2; Table 3] with those
of the most problematic families/genera [Table 8; Table 9] should show a high degree of
congruence is scarcely surprising, since the taxa with most species will be more frequently
collected by botanists (e.g. Croton and Mimosa are in 1st and 3rd place respectively in each
list). The anomalies between the lists are arguably even more informative with respect to
121
which taxa are most challenging to identify. For example, Senna and Chamaecrista legume
genera are very rich in species, but are identified to species level in most of the collections,
perhaps reflecting the very substantial taxonomic work on Leguminosae of Northeastern
Brazil in recent decades (e.g. Queiroz 2009). In contrast, Eugenia is 8th in terms of species
diversity but second in terms of partial identifications, Solanum is 12th in terms of species
diversity but 4th for partial identifications and Cordia Linnaeus (1753: 190–191), joint 18th
in terms of species diversity takes 6th place for partial identifications. These latter genera
present identification problems out of proportion to their documented diversity in the
Caatinga, suggesting (i) a need for more taxonomic work on these groups in the CPD and
(ii) the possibility that these many partial identifications mask as yet undocumented species
diversity for these groups in the CPD (see Oliveira et al. 2013 for an example of a Caatinga
species that remained decades unidentified in herbaria and floristic papers).
We consider that a joint effect of lack of accessible taxonomic data sources is a major
problem for generalist botanists in Northeastern Brazil. While a specialist generally feels
comfortable in determining material from his/her group of speciality and in using very
specific taxonomic keys, generalists tend to rely much more on comparisons with material
deposited in herbaria and with photographs in plant guides to match their material to a
species. But in Northeastern Brazil there are relatively few large herbaria, and
identifications on specimens in those smaller herbaria tend to be much less reliable than
those in larger, much visited (and corrected/updated) herbaria. Nevertheless the access to
taxonomic data for future studies is increasing rapidly. Now the Flora of Brazil website
(Forzza et al. 2011, Thomas et al. 2012) offers together with an extensive list of accepted
names (and the most common synonyms) high resolution images of many herbarium sheets
confirmed by specialists. Moreover, free, high quality electronic keys are already available
to family level in the neotropics (Milliken et al. 2010), allowing botanists to assign a
collection to the correct family and then check in the Flora of Brazil website the accepted
names in that family. When eventually a complete Flora of Brazil is available, with
electronic keys for all genera/species, associated with images, descriptions and ecological
data, the rate of identification to species level is expected to improve. Nevertheless, having
a
key
to
family
level
(e.g.
the
Neotropikey
http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey.htm) accompanied by an updated
checklist of names and reliable identified images in the Flora of Brazil
(http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br) is a reality only very recently achieved by Brazilian
botanists. We expect these new resources to have a strong influence in the quality of
floristic and phytosociological data produced in the future.
Conclusions
Contrary to what had been assumed during the majority of the 20th century, the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain is a rich semiarid region. Its flora is being gradually better
122
studied and the number of floristic and phytosociological studies published annually is
increasing. Nevertheless there are large areas of Caatinga uncollected and some
environment types within the CPD (e.g. the Caatinga in Chapada Diamantina and Campo
Maior) have remarkably little data. Floristic and phytosociological works can be integrated
in synthesis studies and provide useful ecological and biogeographical insights about the
biodiversity of Caatinga. We see that although a large amount of information is already
available, there are many gaps in the geographical coverage of the published information
and we estimate that over 40% of the species existing in the domain were not sampled in
site-based floristic studies. This is also in part result of the bias towards woody plants, as
most of the papers published up to date deal only with trees and shrubs, ignoring the nonwoody component. We have shown that for most sites in the CPD non woody plants
comprise a considerable amount of the plant biodiversity (more than half of it in some
sites). Thus, new studies should ideally focus on areas with little data available [Fig. 2] and
should undertake sampling of both woody and non woody plants. We present here a
synthesis of both the nomenclatural information available to the Caatinga Domain and the
ecological information associated with this nomenclatural data. We hope this work can be a
reference about the general patterns existing in the CPD and especially we hope to have
offered a general picture about the existing knowledge on plant biodiversity within
Caatinga, what can allow botanists to note where there is special need for more data, as a
guide to where to focus future studies.
Acknowledgments
This work was only made possible through the kind support and cooperation of many
people and institutions. The authors want to thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do
Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp processes 2009/14266-7 and 2011/22498-5) and the
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) for the PhD. grants
awarded to the first author. We are specially grateful to Fapesp for the international grant
provided to to first author that allowed an one year interchange at the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew. We are grateful to libraries’ staff that helped us to locate all the botanical
literature necessary for this work, but specially the librarians of the State University of
Campinas and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A large number of researchers helped us to
find rare papers and we are also grateful to them, with special reference to Professor Maria
Jesus Nogueira Rodal. Most of the taxonomic positions adopted here follow the “Lista de
Espécies da Flora do Brasil” database (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/), but some two
hundred names presented here (mostly synonyms or misapplied names) were not available
in the Lista do Brasil and we had to consult taxonomists in order to determine the status of
each name. We are grateful to the taxonomists who shared their knowledge in order to
make this catalogue possible: Alessandro Rapini (Apocynaceae), Alexa Araujo de Oliveira
Paes Coelho (Portulacaceae), Ana Luiza Andrade Côrtes (Acanthaceae), Ana Maria
Azevedo Tozzi (Fabaceae), Anderson Ferreira P. Machado (Cannabaceae), André M.
Amorim (Malpighiaceae), Cyl Farney Catarino-De-Sá (Nyctaginaceae), Daniela Santos
123
Carneiro-Torres (Euphorbiaceae), Daniela Zappi (Rubiaceae), Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves
(Araceae), Efigênia de Melo (Polygonaceae), Elnatan Bezerra de Souza (Rubiaceae),
Fátima Regina G. Salimena (Verbenaceae), Gerleni Lopes Esteves (Malvaceae), Gordon C.
Tucker (Cyperaceae), Gustavo Hiroaki Shimizu (Vochysiaceae), Gwilym P. Lewis
(Fabaceae), Jair Eustáquio Quintino de Faria Júnior (Myrtaceae), Jefferson Prado
(Pteridophytes), João B. Baitello (Lauraceae), João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga
(Menispermaceae), José Floriano Pastore (Polygalaceae), José Rubens Pirani
(Anacardiaceae), Julie Dutilh (Liliaceae), Julio A. Lombardi (Vitaceae), Leonardo Biral
(Celastraceae), Lúcia G. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae), Luciana dos Santos Dias de Oliveira
(Euphorbiaceae), Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz (Fabaceae), Ludovic Jean Charles
Kollmann (Begoniaceae), Luisa Senna (Amaranthaceae), M. Fátima Araújo
(Euphorbiaceae), Marcelo Monge Egea (Asteraceae), Marccus Alves (Cyperaceae), Márcio
Lacerda Lopes Martins (Euphorbiaceae), Marco O. Pellegrini (Commelinaceae, Araceae),
Marcos Sobral (Myrtaceae), Margareth Ferreira de Sales (Euphorbiaceae), Maria Carolina
Abreu (Oxalidaceae), Maria de Fátima Agra (Solanaceae), Maria Iracema Bezerra Loiola
(Erythroxylaceae), Maria Mercedes Arbo (Turneraceae), Maria Salete Marchioretto
(Amaranthaceae), Maria Stapf (Boraginaceae), Marlon Machado (Cactaceae), Massimo
Bovini (Malvaceae), Nicholas Hind (Asteraceae), Pedro Fiaschi (Araliaceae), Raquel
Fernandes Monteiro (Bromeliaceae), Raymond Harley (Lamiaceae), Regina Célia de
Oliveira (Poaceae), Renato Goldenberg (Melastomataceae), Ricardo S. Couto
(Dioscoreaceae), Rodrigo A. Camargo (Fabaceae), Rodrigo Sampaio Rodrigues (Poaceae),
Ronaldo Marquete (Salicaceae), Rosangela Simão Bianchini (Convolvulaceae), Sérgio
Romaniuc Neto (Cannabaceae), Shirley Graham (Lythraceae), Silvana Vieira
(Marantaceae), Tânia R.S. Silva (Verbenaceae), Terry Pennington (Meliaceae, Sapotaceae),
Victor Martins Gonçalez (Malvaceae), Vinicius Castro Souza (Plantaginaceae), Xavier
Cornejo (Capparaceae). We would like to thank also Christine Barker from IPNI, who
helped to determine the correct spelling of some species and to determine whether some
names were nomina nuda or misspelled names. We did our best to update the names to
reflect the best taxonomic information available to us, but given the broad scope of the
catalogue some changes may have been overlooked. Any mistakes that remain are
authors’.
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Appendix 1- Floristic and phytosociological lists used to build the catalogue of plants from
Caatinga and their references.
Nº
State
Environment category
1
BA
Aquatic communities
2
BA
Aquatic communities
3
BA
Aquatic communities
4
BA
Aquatic communities
5
BA
Aquatic communities
6
BA
Aquatic communities
7
BA
Aquatic communities
8
BA
9
Year
Journal
2003
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
17(4) 549-559
2003
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
17(4) 549-559
2003
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
17(4) 549-559
2003
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
17(4) 549-559
2003
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
17(4) 549-559
2003
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
17(4) 549-559
Moura Júnior, E.G.; Abreu, M.C.;
Severi, W.; Lira, G.A.S.T.
2011
Rodriguésia
62(4) 731-742
Aquatic communities
Moura Júnior, E.G.; Abreu, M.C.;
Severi, W.; Lira, G.A.S.T.
2011
Rodriguésia
62(4) 731-742
BA
Aquatic communities
Moura Júnior, E.G.; Abreu, M.C.;
Severi, W.; Lira, G.A.S.T.
2011
Rodriguésia
62(4) 731-742
10
PE
Aquatic communities
Lima, L.F.; Silva, S.S.L.; MouraJúnior, E.G.; Zickel, C.S.
2011
Rodriguésia
62(4) 771-783
11
PE
Aquatic communities
Lima, L.F.; Silva, S.S.L.; MouraJúnior, E.G.; Zickel, C.S.
2011
Rodriguésia
62(4) 771-783
12
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
Ratter, J.A.; Askew, G.P.;
Montgomery, R.F.; Gifford, D.R.
1978
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
2011
Cerne
17(2) 247-258
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1) 135-144
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1) 135-144
13
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
14
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
15
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
Authors
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.;
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes,
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.;
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes,
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.;
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes,
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.;
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes,
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.;
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes,
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.;
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes,
D.
Santos, R.M.; Barbosa, A.C.M.C.;
Almeida, H.S.; Vieira, F.A.;
Santos, P.F.; Carvalho, D.A.;
Oliveira-Filho, A.T.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
132
Vol.
1
Pages
47-58
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.; Santos,
P.F.; Morais, V.M.; Medeiros,
M.A.
Campanha, M.M.; Araújo, F.S.;
Menezes, M.O.T.; Silva, V.M.A.;
Medeiros, H.R.
Souza, J.T.; Mendes, P.G.A.;
Sousa, J.R.; Silva, M.A.M.; Lima,
A.S.; Souza, M.M.A.
16
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
17
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
18
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
19
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
20
MG
Arboreal Caatinga
21
CE
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
22
CE
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
23
PB
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.;
Oliveira, F.X.
2010
24
PB
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Paes-Silva, A.P.; Chaves, I.B.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
2003
Agropecuária
Técnica
24(1)
47-59
25
PB
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Queiroz, J.A.; Trovão, D.M.B.M.;
Oliveira, A.B.; Oliveira, E.C.S.
2006
Revista de Biologia
e Ciências da Terra
6(1)
251-259
26
PB
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Santos, A.C.J.; Melo, J.I.M.
2010
Revista Caatinga
23(2)
32-40
27
PE
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Albuquerque, S.G.; Soares,
J.G.G.; Guimarães Filho, C.
Oliveira, M.C. (includes
Albuquerque et al 1999)
2004
Sitientibus Série 4(1/2
Ciências Biológicas
)
52-58
28
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.;
Oliveira, F.X.
2009
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
23(4) 935-943
29
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.;
Oliveira, F.X.
2009
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
23(4) 935-943
30
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Benevides, D.S.; Maracajá,
P.B.;Sizenando Filho, F.A.;
2007
Guerra, A.M.N.M.; Pereira, T.F.C.
Revista Verde
2(1)
33-44
31
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Cavalcanti, A.D.C.; Rodal, M.J.N.
Revista Caatinga
23(2)
41-50
32
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Cezar, A.F.; Sizenando Filho, F.A.;
2006
Mesquita, L.X.; Costa, Y.C.S.
Revista Verde
1(2)
100-112
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
Costa, T.C.C.; Oliveira, M.A.J.;
Accioly, L.J.O.; Silva, F.H.B.B.
Revista Brasileira
de Engenharia
Agrícola e
Ambiental
13
961-974
33
133
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1) 135-144
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1) 135-144
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1) 135-144
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1) 135-144
2008
Revista Caatinga
21(4) 154-162
2011
Revista Caatinga
24(3)
94-101
2007
Cadernos de
Cultura e Ciência
2(2)
1-10
2010
2009
Acta Scientiarum.
32(3) 249-255
Biological Sciences
34
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
35
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
36
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
37
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
38
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
39
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
40
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
41
RN
Caatinga (unclassified
subtype)
42
PB
43
PB
44
PB
45
PE
46
PE
47
PE
48
PI
49
PI
50
BA
51
BA
Freitas, R.A.C.; Sizenando Filho,
F.A.; Maracajá, P.B.; Diniz Filho,
E.T.; Lira, J.F.B.
Lira, R.B.; Maracajá, P.B.;
Miranda, M.A.S.; Sousa, D.D.;
Melo, S.B.; Amorim, L.B.
Maracajá, P.B.; Batista, C.H.F.;
Sousa, A.H.; Vasconcelos, W.E.
Miranda, M.A.S.; Maracajá, P.B.;
Sousa, D.D.; Lira, R.B.; Melo, S.B.
Amorim, L.B.
Moreira, A.R.P.; Maracaja, P.B.;
Guerra, A.M.N.M.; Sizenando
Filho, F.A.; Pereira, T.F.C.
Pessoa, M.F.; Guerra, A.M.N.M.;
Maracajá, P.B.; Lira, J.F.B.; Diniz
Filho, E.T.
Silva, J.S.; Linhares, P.C.F.;
Sizenando Filho, F.A.; Mesquita,
L.X.; Maracajá, P.B.
Sizenando Filho, F.A.; Maracajá,
P.B.; Diniz Filho, E.T.; Freitas,
R.A.C.
Caatinga in Agreste
Andrade, L.A.; Oliveira, F.X.;
(Ecotone to the Atlantic
Neves, C.M.L.; Felix, L.P.
Forest)
Caatinga in Agreste
(Ecotone to the Atlantic Lourenço, C.E.L.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
Forest)
Pereira, I.M.; Andrade, L.A.;
Caatinga in Agreste
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
(Ecotone to the Atlantic
Barbosa,M.R.V. (includes Pereira
Forest)
et al 2001; 2002)
Caatinga in Agreste
Alcoforado-Filho, F.G.; Sampaio,
(Ecotone to the Atlantic
E.V.S.B.; Rodal, M.J.N.
Forest)
Caatinga in Agreste
Andrade, W.M.; Lima, E.A.;
(Ecotone to the Atlantic Rodal, M.J.N.; Encarnação,
Forest)
C.R.F.; Pimentel, R.M.M.
Caatinga in Agreste
Reis, A.M.S.; Araújo, E.L.; Ferraz,
(Ecotone to the Atlantic E.M.N.; Moura, A.N. (includes
Forest)
Araújo et al 2005)
Caatinga in Campo
Maior (Ecotone to the
Barros, J.S.; Castro, A.A.J.F.
Cerrado)
Caatinga in Campo
Maior (Ecotone to the
Farias; R.R.S.; Castro, A.A.J.F.
Cerrado)
Caatinga in the Chapada
Lima, P.C.F.; Lima, J.L.S.
Diamantina
Ramalho, C.I.; Andrade, A.P.;
Caatinga in the Chapada
Félix, L.P.; Lacerda, A.V.;
Diamantina
Maracajá, P.B.
134
2007
Revista Verde
Agropecuária
2007 Científica no SemiÁrido
2003
Revista de Biologia
e Ciências da Terra
Agropecuária
2007 Científica no SemiÁrido
2(1)
135-147
3
23-30
3(2)
?
3
31-43
2007
Revista Verde
2(1)
113-126
2008
Revista Caatinga
21(3)
40-48
2008
Revista Verde
3(4)
47-57
2007
Revista de Biologia
e Ciências da Terra
7(2)
?
2007
Revista Brasileira
de Ciências
Agrárias
2(2)
135-142
2003
Revista Nordestina 17(1/
de Biologia
2)
23-58
2003
Biotropica
35(2) 154-165
2003
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
17(2) 287-303
2009
Revista de
Geografia
26(2) 161-184
2006
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
29(3) 497-508
2006
Interações
8(13) 119-130
2004
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
18(4) 949-963
1998
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
12(3) 441-450
2009
Revista Caatinga
22(3) 182-190
Ramalho, C.I.; Andrade, A.P.;
Caatinga in the Chapada
Félix, L.P.; Lacerda, A.V.;
Diamantina
Maracajá, P.B.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
Crystalline Caatinga
L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno,
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
Costa, R.C.; Araújo, F.S.; LimaCrystalline Caatinga
Verde, L.W.
Santos, L.C.; Veloso, M.D.M.;
Crystalline Caatinga
Sizenando Filho, F.A.; Linhares,
P.C.F.
Almeida Neto, J.X.; Andrade,
Crystalline Caatinga
A.P.; Lacerda, A.V.; Félix, L.P.;
Bruno, R.L.A.
52
BA
2009
Revista Caatinga
22(3) 182-190
53
CE
2011
Rodriguésia
62(2) 341-366
54
CE
2007
Journal of Arid
Environments
68
237-247
55
CE
2008
Revista Verde
3(2)
116-135
56
PB
2009
Revista Caatinga
22(4) 187-194
57
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
Andrade, L.A.; Pereira, I.M.;
Leite, U.T.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
2005
Cerne
11(3) 253-262
58
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
Andrade, M.V.M.; Andrade, A.P.;
Silva, D.S.; Bruno, R.L.A.;
2009
Guedes, D.S.
Revista Caatinga
22(1) 229-237
59
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
Araujo, K.D.; Parente, H.N.; ÉderSilva, E.; Ramalho, C.I.; Dantas,
2010
R.T.; Andrade, A.P.; Silva, D.S.
Revista Caatinga
23(1)
60
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
61
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
62
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
63
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
Fabricante, J.R.; Andrade, L.A.
2007
64
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
Gomes, M.A.F.
1980
65
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
Luna, R.G.; Coutinho, H.D.M.
2007
66
PB
Crystalline Caatinga
Santos, A.M.M.; Santos, B.A.
2008
67
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
68
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
69
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
70
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
71
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
72
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
Barbosa, M.R.V.; Lima, I.B.; Lima,
J.R.; Cunha, J.P.; Agra, M.F.;
2007
Thomas, W.W.
Barbosa, M.R.V.; Lima, I.B.; Lima,
J.R.; Cunha, J.P.; Agra, M.F.;
2007
Thomas, W.W.
Dantas, J.G.; Holanda, A.C.;
Souto, L.S.; Japiassu, A.;
2010
Holanda, E.M.
Araújo, E.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.
Araújo, E.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.
Calixto Jr., J.T.; Drumond, M.A.
Cantalice, J.R.B.; Silva, M.D.R.O.;
Rodrigues, J.J.V.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Pessoa, L.M.
Costa, K.C.; Lima, A.L.A.;
Fernandes, C.H.M.; Silva,
M.C.N.A.; Lins e Silva, A.C.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.
Drumond, M.A.; Kiill, L.H.P.;
Nascimento, C.E.S.
135
63-70
Oecologia
Brasiliensis
11(3) 313-322
Oecologia
Brasiliensis
11(3) 313-322
Revista Verde
Oecologia
Brasiliensis
Vegetalia
5(1)
134-142
11(3) 341-349
14
1-27
20(2)
8-15
10771084
2011
Revista Caatinga
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Revista Caatinga
2008
Revista Caatinga
21(4) 201-211
2009
Revista Brasileira
de Ciências
Agrárias
4(1)
48-54
2002
Brasil Florestal
74
37-43
1995
1995
22(4)
55(4) 595-607
55(4) 595-607
24(2)
67-74
73
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
74
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
75
PE
76
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
2003
Phytocoenologia
33(1)
71-92
2003
Phytocoenologia
33(1)
71-92
Crystalline Caatinga
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
1998
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Pereira, R.C.A.
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
21(1)
7-15
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
1998
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Pereira, R.C.A.
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
21(1)
7-15
77
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
Pessoa, L.M.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Silva, A.C.B.L.; Costa, K.C.C.
Revista Nordestina
18(1)
de Biologia
27-53
78
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
79
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
80
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
81
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
82
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
83
PE
Crystalline Caatinga
84
RN
Crystalline Caatinga
85
RN
Crystalline Caatinga
86
RN
Crystalline Caatinga
87
BA
Inselberg
88
BA
Inselberg
89
BA
Inselberg
90
CE
Inselberg
91
PB
Inselberg
92
PB
Inselberg
93
PB
Inselberg
Tölke, E.E.A.; Silva, J.B.; Pereira,
A.R.L.; Melo, J.I.M.
94
PE
Inselberg
Gomes, P.; Alves, M.
95
PE
Inselberg
Gomes, P.; Alves, M.
96
PE
Inselberg
Gomes, P.; Alves, M.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Costa, K.C.C.; Lins
e Silva, A.C.B.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Santos, M.F.A.V.; Guerra, T.N.F.;
Sotero, M.C.; Santos, J.I.N.
Amorim, I.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Araújo, E.L.
Santana, J.A.S.; Pimenta, A.S.;
Souto, J.S.; Almeida, F.V.;
Pacheco, M.V.
Santos, L.C.; Moura, V.C.;
Sizenando Filho, F.A.; Mesquita,
L.X.; Costa, Y.C.S.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos,
A.K.A.; Melo, J.A.N.; Marques,
M.; Silva-Filho, M.F.B.; Moraes,
L.; Machado, C.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos, C.C.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos, C.C.
Araújo, F.S.; Oliveira, R.F.; LimaVerde, L.W.
Fevereiro, P.C.A.; Fevereiro,
V.P.B.
Porto, P.A.F.; Almeida, A.;
Pessoa, W.J.; Trovão, D.; Félix,
L.P.
136
2004
2008
Hoehnea
35(2) 209-217
2008
Revista Caatinga
21(3) 192-205
2008
Revista Caatinga
21(3) 192-205
2008
Revista Caatinga
21(3) 192-205
2008
Revista Caatinga
21(3) 192-205
2009
Rodriguésia
60(2) 389-402
2005
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
19(3) 615-623
2009
Revista Verde
4(4)
83-89
2006
Revista Verde
1(2)
86-99
2005
Hoehnea
32(1)
93-101
1997
Sitientibus
17
163-176
1997
Sitientibus
17
163-184
2008
Rodriguésia
1980
Agropecuária
Técnica
2008
Revista Caatinga
2011
Biotemas
Edinburgh Journal
of Botany
Revista Brasileira
2010
de Botânica
Revista Brasileira
2010
de Botânica
2009
59(4) 659-671
1(1)
126-131
21(2) 214-222
24(4)
39-48
66(2) 329-346
33(4) 661-676
33(4) 661-676
Gomes, P.; Costa, K.C.C.; Rodal,
M.J.N.; Alves, M.
Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.;
Alves, A.S.
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
Barbosa, M.R.V.
97
PE
Inselberg
2011
98
PB
Riverine forest
99
PB
Riverine forest
100
PB
Riverine forest
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
2010
Biota Neotropica
10(4) 275-284
101
PB
Riverine forest
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
2010
Biota Neotropica
10(4) 275-284
102
PB
Riverine forest
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
2010
Biota Neotropica
10(4) 275-284
103
PB
Riverine forest
Pegado, C.M.A.; Andrade, L.A.;
Félix, L.P.; Pereira, I.M.
2006
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
20(4) 887-898
104
PB
Riverine forest
2010
Revista Caatinga
105
PE
Riverine forest
106
PE
Riverine forest
107
PE
108
2008
2007
Check List
Natureza &
Conservação
Oecologia
Brasiliensis
7(2)
173-181
6(2)
61-67
11(3) 331-340
Riverine forest
Trovão, D.M.B.M.; Freire, A.M.;
Melo, J.I.M.
Ferraz, J.S.F.; Albuquerque, U.P.;
Meunier, I.M.J.
Nascimento, C.E.S.; Rodal,
M.J.N.; Cavalcanti, A.C.
Souza, J.A.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.
2010
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
Revista Caatinga
BA
Sedimentary Caatinga
Guedes, R.R.
1985
Rodriguésia
109
BA
Sedimentary Caatinga
2004
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
27(4) 739-755
110
CE
Sedimentary Caatinga
2011
Rodriguésia
62(2) 341-366
111
CE
Sedimentary Caatinga
2011
Rodriguésia
62(2) 341-366
112
CE
Sedimentary Caatinga
1999
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
59(4) 663-678
113
CE
Sedimentary Caatinga
1998
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica
21(2) 105-116
114
CE
Sedimentary Caatinga
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
1998
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
58(1)
85-95
115
CE
Sedimentary Caatinga
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
1998
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
58(1)
85-95
116
CE
Sedimentary Caatinga
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
1998
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
58(1)
85-95
117
CE
Sedimentary Caatinga
Vasconcelos, S.F.; Araújo, F.S.;
Lopes, A.V.
2010
Biodiversity &
Conservation
19
22632289
118
PE
Sedimentary Caatinga
Andrade, K.V.S.A.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Lucena, M.F.A.; Gomes, A.P.S.
2004
Hoehnea
Rocha, P.L.B.; Queiroz, L.P.;
Pirani, J.R.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno,
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno,
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
(includes Lima et al 2009)
Araújo, F.S.; Martins, F.R.;
Shepherd, G.J.
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Figueiredo, M.A.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Fernandes, A.G.
137
2006
2003
23(2)
78-86
20(1) 125-134
26(3) 271-287
23(4)
37(62
)
54-62
5-8
31(3) 337-348
119
PE
Sedimentary Caatinga
120
PE
Sedimentary Caatinga
121
PE
Sedimentary Caatinga
122
PE
Sedimentary Caatinga
123
PI
Sedimentary Caatinga
124
PI
Sedimentary Caatinga
125
PI
Sedimentary Caatinga
126
CE
127
Figueiredo, L.S.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Melo, A.L.
Gomes, A.P.S.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Melo, A.L.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Andrade, K.V.A.;
Sales, M.F.; Gomes, A.P.S.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Nascimento, L.M.;
Melo, A.L.
Emperaire, L.
2000
Naturalia
25
205-224
20(1)
37-48
1987
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
Bull. Ecol.
Mendes, M.R.A.; Castro, A.A.J.F.
Oliveira, M.E.A.; Sampaio,
E.V.S.B.; Castro, A.A.J.F.; Rodal
M.J.N.
2010
Check List
6(1)
39-44
1997
Naturalia
22
131-150
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
Lemos, J.R.; Meguro, M.
2010
Revista Brasileira
de Biociências
8(1)
34-43
PE
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
Araújo, E.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.
1995
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia
55(4) 595-607
128
PE
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
Pinheiro, K.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Alves,
2010
M.
Revista Caatinga
23(2)
129
PE
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
Silva, K.A.; Araújo, E.L.; Ferraz,
E.M.N.
2009
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
130
PI
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
Lemos, J.R.
2004
Rodriguésia
55(85
)
55-66
131
PI
Transition
crystalline/sedimentary
Lemos, J.R.; Rodal, M.J.N.
2002
Acta Botanica
Brasilica
16(1)
23-42
138
2006
1998
1999
58(3) 517-526
13(1)
15-28
18(4) 431-438
68-77
23(1) 100-110
Selaginella sulcata (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Appendix 2- Catalogue with all names
reported
in
the
131
floristic
and
phytosociological papers compiled by this study.
Numbers in brackets represent the number of
records of each species with a given habit,
Raunkiaer life-form or within a Brazilian state.
Environment types: Arb- Arboreal Caatinga in
Northern Minas Gerais; Aqua- aquatic
ecosystems; Agre- Agreste ecotone between the
Caatinga and Atlantic forest; CMaior- Caatinga in
the Campo Maior Ecotone to the Cerrado; CrystCrystalline Caatinga; Diam- Caatinga in the
Chapada Diamantina highlands; Ins- Inselbergs;
Riv- Riverine forests; Sed- Sedimentary Caatinga;
Trans- Transtional sites between Crystalline and
Sedimentary Caatinga; Unc- Unclassified areas.
Pteridophytes
ANEMIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Anemia (1 species)
Anemia flexuosa Sw. Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
POLYPODIACEAE (3 genera; 4 species)
Reported Brazilian states: BA- Bahia; CE- Ceará;
MG- Minas Gerais; PB- Paraíba; PE- Pernambuco;
PI-Piauí; RN- Rio Grande do Norte.
The ecological data (e.g. habit, life-forms)
associated with each species depend on the
availability of such data in the original
floristic/phytosociological papers.
Microgramma (2 species)
Microgramma geminata (Schrad.) R.M.Tryon &
A.F.Tryon Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel.
Life forms: epiphyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Lycophytes
Pleopeltis (1 species)
Pleopeltis polypodioides var. burchellii (Baker) A.R.Sm.
[Synonyms: Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt] Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
SELAGINELLACEAE (1 genus; 4 species)
Serpocaulon (1 species)
Selaginella (4 species)
Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A.R.Sm.
[Synonyms: Polypodium triseriale Sw.] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1);
PE(5); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Unc.
Selaginella potaroensis Jenman Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Selaginella sellowii Hieron. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
PTERIDACEAE (3 genera; 4 species)
139
Ceratopteris (1 species)
Angiosperms
Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Doryopteris (2 species)
ACANTHACEAE (7 genera; 14 species)
Doryopteris ornithopus (Hook. & Baker) J. Sm. Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Doryopteris pedata (L.) Fée Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Anisacanthus (1 species)
Anisacanthus trilobus Lindau Habits: shrub(1);
subshrub(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(2).
States: CE(3); PI(3). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Hemionitis (1 species)
Hemionitis tomentosa (Lam.) Raddi States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Dicliptera (1 species)
SALVINIACEAE (2 genera; 5 species)
Dicliptera ciliaris Juss. Habits: herb(2); subshrub(2).
Life forms: chamaephyte(3). States: CE(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Azolla (2 species)
Dyschoriste (1 species)
Azolla caroliniana Willd. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Azolla filiculoides Lam. States: BA(5).
Habitats: Aqua.
Dyschoriste maranhonis (Nees) Kuntze Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Elytraria (1 species)
Elytraria imbricata (Vahl) Pers. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Salvinia (3 species)
Salvinia auriculata Aubl. States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
Salvinia minima Baker States: BA(4). Habitats: Aqua.
Salvinia oblongifolia Mart. States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
Harpochilus (2 species)
Harpochilus neesianus Mart. ex Nees Habits: shrub(3).
States: BA(2); PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Harpochilus phaeocarpus Nees States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
THELYPTERIDACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Justicia (3 species)
Justicia aequilabris (Nees) Lindau [Synonyms: Justicia
strobilacea (Nees) Lindau] Habits: herb(1); shrub(5).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(6); PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Justicia fragilis Mart., This name has been misapplied in
Ceará state. The Brazilian species known as Justicia
fragilis is not that described by Wall. but to date it has not
been possible to determine the correct name for this
Thelypteris (1 species)
Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats. States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
140
species. A new name may be required. (A.L Cortes pers.
comm.). Habits: herb(1); subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(4). Habitats: Sed.
Justicia schomburgkiana (Nees) V.A.W.Graham Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Echinodorus (4 species)
Echinodorus glandulosus Rataj Habits: herb(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltr.) Micheli
States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Echinodorus subalatus (Mart.) Griseb. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst.
Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Ruellia (5 species)
Ruellia asperula (Mart. ex Ness) Lindau Life
forms: chamaephyte. States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(6);
PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Ruellia bahiensis (Nees) Morong Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Ins,
Sed, Trans.
Ruellia geminiflora Kunth Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst.
Ruellia paniculata L. Habits: shrub(4); subshrub(2).
Life forms: chamaephyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(2);
PE(4). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Ruellia villosa (Nees) Lindau Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
ALSTROEMERIACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)
Alstroemeria (3 species)
Alstroemeria isabellana Herb. [Synonyms: Alstroemeria
campaniflora Hand.-Mazz.] Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Alstroemeria longistaminea Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Alstroemeria piauhyensis Gardner Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
ACHARIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Lindackeria (1 species)
Bomarea (1 species)
Lindackeria ovata (Benth.) Gilg Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4).
Habitats: Sed.
Bomarea edulis (Tussac) Herb. [Synonyms: Bomarea
salsilloides (Mart.) M.Roem.] Habits: herb(3). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(3). States: CE(1); PB(1);
PE(5). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
AIZOACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
AMARANTHACEAE (6 genera; 13 species)
Trianthema (1 species)
Alternanthera (5 species)
Trianthema portulacastrum L. States: RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel) G.Nicholson
[Synonyms: Alternanthera amabilis Lem.]
Habits: herb(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze Habits: herb(7).
Life forms: therophyte(6). States: BA(2); CE(8); PB(1);
PE(7). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc,
Cryst, Sed.
ALISMATACEAE (1 genus; 4 species)
141
Alternanthera pungens Kunth States: PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Alternanthera ramosissima (Mart.) Chodat
Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Alternanthera tenella Colla [Synonyms: Alternanthera
ficoidea (L.) P.Beauv.; Alternanthera polygonoides (L.)
R.Br.] Habits: herb(4); shrub(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(2); therophyte(3).
States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(6); RN(1). Habitats: Aqua,
Cryst, Trans.
Habranthus (2 species)
Habranthus itaobinus Ravenna Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Habranthus ruber Ravenna States: BA(1).
Observations: This species is registered only from the
south of Brazil by Flora do Brasil and this record
probably represents a misidentification. Habitats: Ins.
Amaranthus (1 species)
Amaranthus viridis L. Habits: herb(2); subshrub(1).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Trans.
Hippeastrum (2 species)
Hippeastrum solandriflorum (Lindl.) Herb. Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Hippeastrum stylosum Herb. Life forms: cryptophytegeo(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Chamissoa (1 species)
Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) Kunth States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Zephyranthes (2 species)
Froelichia (1 species)
Froelichia humboldtiana (Roem. & Schult.) Seub.
[Synonyms: Froelichia lanata Moench] Habits: herb(3).
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(2).
States: CE(3); PE(2); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed,
Unc.
Zephyranthes cearensis (Herb.) Baker Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Zephyranthes sylvatica (Mart.) Baker Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Gomphrena (3 species)
ANACARDIACEAE (7 genera; 7 species)
Gomphrena demissa Mart. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1);
RN(1). Habitats: Aqua, Sed, Unc.
Gomphrena desertorum Mart. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Gomphrena vaga Mart. [Synonyms: Gomphrena
holosericea (Mart.) Moq.] Habits: herb(5); shrub(1).
Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1); hemicryptophyte(2).
States: BA(3); PB(1); PE(7). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins,
Sed, Trans.
Anacardium (1 species)
Anacardium occidentale L. Habits: tree(3). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(5); PI(3).
Habitats: CMaior, Ins, Sed.
Apterokarpos (1 species)
Pfaffia (2 species)
Apterokarpos gardneri (Engl.) Rizzini Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Pfaffia denudata (Moq.) Kuntze States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Astronium (1 species)
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott Habits: tree(2).
States: MG(1); PI(3). Habitats: Arb, CMaior, Trans.
AMARYLLIDACEAE (3 genera; 6 species)
142
Cyrtocarpa (1 species)
Duguetia (1 species)
Cyrtocarpa caatingae J.D.Mitch. & Daly
States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
Duguetia riedeliana R.E.Fr. Habits: shrub(1); tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Myracrodruon (1 species)
Ephedranthus (1 species)
Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão
[Synonyms: Astronium urundeuva (Allemão) Engl.]
Habits: tree(15). Life forms: phanerophyte(5).
States: BA(4); CE(8); MG(11); PB(21); PE(26); PI(3);
RN(8). Habitats: Agre, Arb, CMaior, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Ephedranthus pisocarpus R.E.Fr. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(5). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(7);
PI(6). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Oxandra (2 species)
Schinopsis (1 species)
Oxandra reticulata Maas Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Oxandra sessiliflora R.E.Fr. States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. Habits: tree(13). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); CE(1); MG(10);
PB(17); PE(16); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst,
Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc, Riv.
Schinopsis brasiliensis var. glabra Engl.
[Synonyms: Schinopsis glabra Burkl. ex Mey.]
Habits: tree(1). States: PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Cryst,
Trans, Unc.
Xylopia (3 species)
Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Xylopia laevigata (Mart.) R.E.Fr. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Xylopia sericea A.St.-Hil. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Spondias (1 species)
Spondias tuberosa Arruda Habits: tree(14). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(6); CE(2); MG(7);
PB(14); PE(18); PI(2); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
APIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
ANNONACEAE (5 genera; 11 species)
Spananthe (1 species)
Spananthe paniculata Jacq. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Annona (4 species)
Annona glabra L. States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Annona leptopetala (R.E.Fr.) H.Rainer
[Synonyms: Rollinia leptopetala R.E.Fr.; Rolliniopsis
leptopetala (R.E.Fr.) Saff.] Habits: shrub(7); tree(10);
treelet(1). Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1);
phanerophyte(3). States: BA(2); CE(10); PB(3); PE(10);
PI(6). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Annona spinescens Mart. Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Annona sylvatica A.St.-Hil. [Synonyms: Rollinia
sylvatica (A.St.-Hil.) Mart.] States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
APOCYNACEAE (17 genera; 43 species)
Allamanda (2 species)
Allamanda blanchetii A.DC. Habits: climb.(1);
liana(3); shrub(7). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(5).
States: BA(1); CE(5); PB(3); PE(7); PI(4); RN(1).
Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
143
Allamanda puberula A.DC. Habits: shrub(2).
States: BA(1); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Cynanchum roulinioides (E.Fourn.) Rapini
Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Asclepias (1 species)
Ditassa (4 species)
Asclepias curassavica L. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1).
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Ditassa capillaris E.Fourn. Habits: climber(2).
States: BA(1); PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Ditassa glaziovii E.Fourn., According to specialist
A.Rapini this name was originally published with the
spelling Ditassa glaziovi, but in the "Lista de species da
Flora do Brasil (2010)" Rapini preferred the spelling
Ditassa glazioui, while T. Konno used the spelling D.
glaziovii. Here we follow the orthography used in IPNI
(www.ipni.org), accessed June 2012.
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: ?(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Ditassa hastata Decne. Life forms: liana(1).
States: BA(3); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ditassa oxyphylla Turcz. Habits: climber(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins,
Sed.
Aspidosperma (10 species)
Aspidosperma cuspa (Kunth) S.F.Blake ex Pittier
Habits: tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PI(4). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst.
Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Müll.Arg.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Aspidosperma discolor A.DC. Habits: shrub(1); tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(5); PB(1).
Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Aspidosperma multiflorum A.DC. Habits: shrub(4);
tree(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(6);
PI(9). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg. States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Aspidosperma pyricollum Müll.Arg. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart.
[Synonyms: Aspidosperma refractum Mart.]
Habits: shrub(2); tree(19). Life
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(6); MG(10);
PB(27); PE(27); PI(5); RN(30). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Aspidosperma ramiflorum Müll.Arg. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Aspidosperma riedelii Müll.Arg. States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. Habits: tree(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(6); PI(4).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Mandevilla (4 species)
Mandevilla dardanoi M.F.Sales, Kin.-Gouv. &
A.O.Simões Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Mandevilla funiformis (Vell.) K.Schum. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Mandevilla scabra (Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult.)
K.Schum. Habits: climber(1); liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); cryptophyte-geo(2).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Agre.
Mandevilla tenuifolia (J.C.Mikan) Woodson
Habits: climber(1); herb(2); liana(1). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(4); therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(3); PB(2); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Marsdenia (4 species)
Blepharodon (2 species)
Marsdenia altissima (Jacq.) Dugand
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Marsdenia dorothyae Fontella & Morillo
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: ?(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Marsdenia loniceroides (Hook.) E.Fourn. Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins.
Marsdenia megalantha Goyder & Morillo Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Blepharodon manicatum (Decne.) Fontella
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Blepharodon pictum (Vahl) W.D.Stevens
[Synonyms: Blepharodon nitidum (Vell.) J.F. Macbr.]
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Cynanchum (2 species)
Cynanchum montevidense Spreng.
[Synonyms: Roulinia montevidensis (Spreng.) Malme]
States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Matelea (4 species)
144
Tassadia burchellii E.Fourn. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Matelea ganglinosa (Vell.) Rapini
[Synonyms: Gonolobus cearensis Malme; Matelea
maritima subsp. ganglinosa (Vell.) Fontella]
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Matelea harleyi Fontella & Morillo Habits: liana(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Matelea maritima (Vell.) Fontella Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(2); PE(4).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Matelea nigra (Decne.) Morillo & Fontella
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Temnadenia (1 species)
Temnadenia violacea (Vell.) Miers Habits: climber(2).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
AQUIFOLIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Petalostelma (1 species)
Ilex (1 species)
Petalostelma martianum E.Fourn. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ilex brevicuspis Reissek States: MG(3). Habitats: Arb.
Prestonia (2 species)
ARACEAE (10 genera; 16 species)
Prestonia bahiensis Müll.Arg. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Prestonia coalita (Vell.) Woodson States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Anthurium (3 species)
Schubertia (1 species)
Anthurium affine Schott Habits: epiphyte(1); herb(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(2); hemicryptophyte(1).
States: BA(3); PE(6). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Anthurium gracile (Rudge) Lindl. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Anthurium petrophilum K.Krause Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Schubertia multiflora Mart. Life forms: liana(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Secondatia (1 species)
Secondatia floribunda A.DC. [Synonyms: Secondatia
foliosa A.DC.] Habits: liana(1); shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Lemna (2 species)
Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. States: BA(4).
Habitats: Aqua.
Lemna valdiviana Phil. States: BA(6). Habitats: Aqua.
Skytanthus (1 species)
Skytanthus hancorniifolius (A.DC.) Miers
Habits: climber(1). States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Philodendron (4 species)
Philodendron acutatum Schott Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Philodendron imbe Schott ex Endl. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Observations: According to specialist M.O. Pellegrini,
the name Philodendron imbe has been misapplied to
Tabernaemontana (2 species)
Tabernaemontana catharinensis A.DC.
Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Tabernaemontana hystrix Steud. Habits: treelet(1).
States: PI(3). Habitats: CMaior.
Tassadia (1 species)
145
various species in Brazil, and Caatinga records of P.
imbe are almost certainly a misuse of the name. A
review by “Mayo & Sakuragui (2011) Typification
and interpretation of Philodendron imbe Schott ex
Kunth (Araceae). Taxon 60(6): 1764-1767”, calls
attention to the fact that Philodendron imbe is rare or
may even be extinct, and that the name has been
misapplied to other species.
Philodendron leal-costae Mayo & G.M.Barroso Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
ARALIACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Aralia (2 species)
Aralia excelsa (Griseb.) J.Wen
[Synonyms: Sciadodendron excelsum Griseb.]
States: MG(5). Habitats: Arb.
Aralia warmingiana (Marchal) J.Wen
[Synonyms: Coudenbergia warmingiana (Marchal)
Marchal] Habits: tree(2). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Cryst.
Pistia (1 species)
Pistia stratiotes L. Habits: herb(1). States: BA(7);
PI(1). Observations: Planta aquática listada no
trabalho. Habitats: Aqua, Trans.
ARECACEAE (3 genera; 5 species)
Scaphispatha (1 species)
Scaphispatha gracilis Brongn. ex Schott
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Astrocaryum (1 species)
Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. States: PI(1).
Habitats: CMaior.
Spathicarpa (1 species)
Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Copernicia (1 species)
Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E.Moore
[Synonyms: Copernicia cerifera (Arruda) Mart.]
Habits: tree(1). States: PB(1); PE(1); PI(1); RN(1).
Habitats: CMaior, Riv, Unc.
Taccarum (1 species)
Taccarum peregrinum (Schott) Engl. Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: cryptophyte(1); cryptophyte-geo(2).
States: CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Syagrus (3 species)
Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. States: BA(5); PE(2);
RN(1). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Trans, Unc.
Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. Habits: tree(1).
States: MG(8); PE(2). Habitats: Arb, Cryst.
Syagrus vagans (Bondar) A.D.Hawkes States: BA(3).
Habitats: Ins.
Wolffia (1 species)
Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd. States: BA(5).
Habitats: Aqua.
Wolffiella (1 species)
Wolffiella welwitschii (Hegelm.) Monod States: BA(5).
Habitats: Aqua.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Zomicarpa (1 species)
Zomicarpa riedelianum Schott Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Aristolochia (1 species)
146
Aristolochia birostris Duch. Habits: climber(3). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2); liana(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PB(2); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Trans.
Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers. [Synonyms: Baccharis
trinervis (Lam.) Pers. var. rhexioides (Kunth) Baker]
Habits: herb(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
ASTERACEAE (48 genera; 66 species)
Blainvillea (3 species)
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson
[Synonyms: Blainvillea latifolia (L.f.) DC.; Blainvillea
rhomboidea Cass.; Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray]
Habits: herb(4); subshrub(2). Life
forms: therophyte(4). States: CE(2); PE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Blainvillea dichotoma (Murray) Stewart States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Blainvillea lanceolata Baker, Accepted name according
"The Plant List" database, but not recorded in "Lista do
Brasil". This is a name with complex taxonomic history,
and is probably a missaplied name to Brazilian material
Habits: herb(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
therophyte(2). States: CE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Acanthospermum (1 species)
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Trans.
Achyrocline (1 species)
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Acmella (1 species)
Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Riv.
Centratherum (1 species)
Acritopappus (1 species)
Centratherum punctatum Cass. Habits: herb(6);
subshrub(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(2);
therophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(1); PB(1); PE(7);
RN(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Trans, Unc.
Acritopappus buiquensis Bautista & D.J.N.Hind
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Chresta (1 species)
Chresta martii (DC.) H.Rob. [Synonyms: Eremanthus
martii (DC.) Baker] Habits: herb(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Ageratum (1 species)
Ageratum conyzoides L. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins.
Conocliniopsis (1 species)
Conocliniopsis prasiifolia (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Eupatorium prasiifolium (DC.) Griseb.]
Habits: herb(4); shrub(2); subshrub(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(2); phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(7). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans.
Aspilia (2 species)
Aspilia attenuata (Gardner) Baker Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Sed.
Aspilia bonplandiana (Gardner) S.F.Blake
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Conyza (1 species)
Baccharis (2 species)
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(2). Habitats: Ins.
Baccharis oxyodonta DC. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Cyrtocymura (2 species)
147
Enydra radicans (Willd.) Lack States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
Enydra sessilifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Cabrera, Cited in some
papers as Enydra rivularis Standley, the accepted name is
Enydra sessilifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Cabrera. But this
species is not recorded in the "Lista do Brasil",
suggesting it is misaplied to caatinga plants.
[Synonyms: Enydra rivularis Gardner] Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Cyrtocymura harleyi (H.Rob.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia harleyi H.Rob.] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cyrtocymura scorpioides (Lam.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers.]
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dasyphyllum (1 species)
Dasyphyllum sprengelianum (Gardner) Cabrera
[Synonyms: Dasyphyllum sprengelianum var. inerme
(Gardner) Cabrera] Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Erechtites hieracifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Delilia (1 species)
Eremanthus (1 species)
Delilia biflora (L.) Kuntze [Synonyms: Elvira biflora
(L.) DC.] Habits: herb(5). Life forms: therophyte(6).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1); PE(8); RN(3).
Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans, Unc.
Eremanthus capitatus (Spreng.) MacLeish
Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1).
States: PE(5). Habitats: Sed.
Erechtites (1 species)
Flaveria (1 species)
Dissothrix (1 species)
Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Dissothrix imbricata (Gardner) B.L.Rob.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Galinsoga (1 species)
Eclipta (1 species)
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Habits: herb(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. [Synonyms: Eclipta alba (L.)
Hassk.] Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(2); PE(4). Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Riv.
Gamochaeta (1 species)
Egletes (1 species)
Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Egletes viscosa (L.) Less. Habits: herb(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Gochnatia (2 species)
Gochnatia blanchetiana (DC.) Cabrera
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Gochnatia oligocephala (Gardner) Cabrera
[Synonyms: Gochnatia lucida (Baker) Cabrera]
Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1);
phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(5). Habitats: Ins,
Sed.
Emilia (2 species)
Emilia fosbergii Nicolson Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins,
Riv, Sed.
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(4). States: PB(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Helichrysum (1 species)
Enydra (2 species)
Helichrysum indicum (L.) Grierson Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
148
Lourteigia ballotifolia (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Eupatorium ballotifolium Kunth, Some
Caatinga floristic works cite the species Eupatorium
ballotifolium Kunth for which the correct name is now
Lourteigia ballotifolia (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob.
However, this species does not occur in Brazil and the
name has probably been misapplied to specimens of
Conocliniopsis prasiifolia (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
(D.J.N.Hind pers. comm.)] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Isocarpha (1 species)
Isocarpha megacephala Mattf. Habits: herb(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Jaegeria (1 species)
Jaegeria hirta (Lag.) Less. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Mattfeldanthus (1 species)
Lagascea (1 species)
Mattfeldanthus andrade-limae (G.M.Barroso) Dematt.
[Synonyms: Vernonia andrade-limae G.M.Barroso]
Habits: herb(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Lagascea mollis Cav. Habits: herb(3); shrub(1). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Melanthera (1 species)
Lepidaploa (6 species)
Melanthera latifolia (Gardner) Cabrera
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(2).
States: CE(2); PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Sed.
Lepidaploa arenaria (Mart. ex DC.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia arenaria Mart. ex DC.]
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Lepidaploa chalybaea (Mart. ex DC.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia chalybaea Mart. ex DC.]
Habits: herb(3); shrub(2); subshrub(1). States: CE(1);
PB(1); PE(6). Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Lepidaploa cotoneaster (Willd. ex Spreng.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia cotoneaster (Willd. ex Spreng.)
Less.] States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Lepidaploa grisea (Baker) H.Rob. [Synonyms: Vernonia
grisea Backer] Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Lepidaploa lilacina (Mart. ex DC.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia lilacina Mart. ex DC.]
Habits: subshrub(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Lepidaploa remotiflora (Rich.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia remotiflora Rich.]
Habits: herb(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Pectis (3 species)
Pectis congesta (Gardner) Sch.Bip. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Pectis linifolia L. Habits: herb(1). States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Pectis oligocephala (Gardner) Sch.Bip. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Pithecoseris (1 species)
Pithecoseris pacourinoides Mart. ex DC.
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(3). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Platypodanthera (1 species)
Lessingianthus (2 species)
Platypodanthera melissifolia (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(2).
States: PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Lessingianthus obscurus (Less.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia obscura Less.] Habits: shrub(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Lessingianthus rugulosus (Sch.Bip.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia rugulosa Sch.Bip.] States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Porophyllum (1 species)
Lourteigia (1 species)
Sonchus (1 species)
Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
149
Sonchus oleraceus L. States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Wedelia villosa Gardner Habits: shrub(3); subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(6).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Tilesia (1 species)
Tilesia baccata (L.f.) Pruski [Synonyms: Wulffia
baccata (L.) Kuntze; Wulffia stenoglossa (DC.) Huber]
Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(1). States: CE(1); PB(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
BALANOPHORACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Trichogonia (1 species)
Langsdorffia (1 species)
Trichogonia menthifolia Gardner Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Langsdorffia hypogaea Mart. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Trichogoniopsis (1 species)
BEGONIACEAE (1 genus; 5 species)
Trichogoniopsis podocarpa (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Trichogonia podocarpa Sch.Bip. ex Baker]
Habits: herb(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Begonia (5 species)
Tridax (1 species)
Begonia fischeri Schrank States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Begonia larorum L.B.Sm. & Wassh. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Begonia lealii Brade Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Begonia reniformis Dryand. [Synonyms: Begonia
vitifolia Schott] Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Agre.
Begonia saxicola A.DC. [Synonyms: Begonia egleri
Brade] Habits: herb(1); rupicolous(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PB(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Tridax procumbens L. Habits: herb(8). Life
forms: therophyte(6). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(6).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Trixis (1 species)
Trixis vauthieri DC. States: BA(3). Habitats: Ins.
Unxia (1 species)
Unxia camphorata L.f. [Synonyms: Melampodium
camphoratum (L.f.) Baker] Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
BIGNONIACEAE (17 genera; 52 species)
Verbesina (1 species)
Verbesina macrophylla (Cass.) S.F.Blake
Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Adenocalymma (4 species)
Wedelia (3 species)
Adenocalymma axillare (K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Memora axillaris K.Schum.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Adenocalymma comosum (Cham.) DC. Life
forms: liana(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Adenocalymma involucratum (Bureau & K.Schum.)
L.G.Lohmann [Synonyms: Memora involucrata Bureau
& K.Schum.] Habits: liana(1); shrub(1). States: PI(2).
Habitats: Trans.
Wedelia alagoensis Baker Habits: shrub(1);
subshrub(1). States: BA(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua,
Sed.
Wedelia hookeriana Gardner Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
150
shrub(1). States: CE(2); PE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Trans.
Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H.Gentry]
Habits: shrub(1). States: PB(1); RN(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Unc.
Adenocalymma scabriusculum Mart. ex DC.
Habits: liana(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Amphilophium (1 species)
Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Pithecoctenium crucigerum (L.) A.H.
Gentry; Pithecoctenium echinatum (Jacq.) Baill.]
Habits: climber(2); liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Fridericia (13 species)
Fridericia bahiensis (Schauer ex DC.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea bahiensis (Schauer ex DC.)
Sandwith & Moldenke] Habits: liana(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Fridericia caudigera (S.Moore) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea caudigera (S.Moore)
A.H.Gentry] Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea chica (Bonpl.) Verl.]
Habits: climber(2); liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(5). Habitats: Sed.
Fridericia conjugata (Vell.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea conjugata (Vell.) Mart.]
States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
Fridericia crassa (Bureau & K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea crassa (Bureau & K.Schum.)
Sprague] Habits: liana(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Fridericia dichotoma (Jacq.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea corallina (Jacq.) Sandwith]
Habits: climber(4); liana(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(5);
PI(3). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Fridericia dispar (Bureau ex K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea dispar Bureau ex K.Schum.]
Habits: climber(2); liana(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(7); PI(8).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Fridericia limae (A.H.Gentry) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea limae A.H.Gentry]
Habits: climber(2); liana(1). States: PE(2); PI(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Fridericia parviflora (Mart. ex DC.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea parviflora (Mart. ex DC.)
Bureau & K.Schum.] Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC.) Bureau]
Habits: liana(2). States: PI(6). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Fridericia pulchella (Cham.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Mansoa schwackei Bureau & K.Schum.]
Habits: climber(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Fridericia subverticillata (Bureau & K.Schum.)
L.G.Lohman [Synonyms: Arrabidaea subverticillata
Anemopaegma (4 species)
Anemopaegma acutifolium DC. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Observations: Citted as Anemopaegma ataidei
A.H.Gentry, which is a nomen nudum.. Habitats: Sed.
Anemopaegma goyazense K.Schum. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Anemopaegma laeve DC. Habits: climber(4). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(4). Habitats: Sed,
Trans.
Anemopaegma velutinum Mart. ex DC.
Habits: liana(1). States: PI(2). Habitats: Sed.
Bignonia (3 species)
Bignonia binata Thunb. [Synonyms: Clytostoma
binatum (Thunb.) Sandwith; Clytostoma binatum
(Thunb.) Sandwith] Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Bignonia convolvuloides (Bureau & K.Schum.)
L.G.Lohmann [Synonyms: Clytostoma convolvuloides
Bureau & K.Schum.] Habits: liana(1). States: BA(1);
CE(1). Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Bignonia ramentacea (Mart. ex DC.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Clytostoma ramentaceum (Mart. ex DC.)
Bureau & K.Schum.] Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Cuspidaria (1 species)
Cuspidaria argentea (Wawra) Sandwith
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dolichandra (2 species)
Dolichandra quadrivalvis (Jacq.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Melloa populifolia (DC.) Britton; Melloa
quadrivalvis (Jacq.) A.H.Gentry] Habits: liana(2);
151
Bureau & K. Schum.] Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Fridericia tuberculata (DC.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea tuberculata DC.] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Jacaranda rugosa A.H.Gentry Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(4).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Godmania (1 species)
Mansoa angustidens (DC.) Bureau & K.Schum.
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Mansoa difficilis (Cham.) Bureau & K.Schum.
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: liana(1). States: PE(1);
PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Mansoa hirsuta DC. Habits: liana(3). Life
forms: liana(1). States: CE(1); PI(4). Habitats: Sed,
Trans.
Mansoa (3 species)
Godmania dardanoi (J.C.Gomes) A.H.Gentry
Habits: tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PI(3). Habitats: Sed.
Handroanthus (6 species)
Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos
[Synonyms: Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.)
Standl.] Habits: tree(1). States: MG(6); PE(1).
Habitats: Arb, Sed.
Handroanthus heptaphyllus Mattos
[Synonyms: Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo]
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos
[Synonyms: Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.)
Standl.] Habits: tree(10). Life forms: phanerophyte(4).
States: BA(4); CE(3); MG(4); PB(4); PE(9); PI(5);
RN(6). Habitats: Agre, Arb, CMaior, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
[Synonyms: Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl.]
Habits: tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2); MG(3). Habitats: Arb, Sed.
Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S.Grose
[Synonyms: Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G.Nicholson]
Habits: tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2); PB(3); PI(6). Habitats: Agre, CMaior,
Sed, Trans.
Handroanthus spongiosus (Rizzini) S.Grose
[Synonyms: Tabebuia spongiosa Rizzini]
Habits: tree(2). States: BA(1); MG(1); PE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Diam, Riv, Trans.
Neojobertia (1 species)
Neojobertia candolleana (Mart. ex DC.) Bureau &
K.Schum. [Synonyms: Memora candolleana (Mart. ex
DC.) Miers] Habits: climber(2); liana(1). States: CE(3);
PI(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans, Sed.
Pyrostegia (1 species)
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers
Habits: climber(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Stizophyllum (1 species)
Stizophyllum perforatum (Cham.) Miers
Habits: liana(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Tabebuia (3 species)
Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook.f. ex
S.Moore [Synonyms: Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau]
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1); PB(6); PE(3); PI(1);
RN(3). Habitats: Unc, Ins, Riv, Unc, CMaior, Cryst,
Diam, Riv, Unc.
Tabebuia reticulata A.H.Gentry States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith States: MG(10).
Habitats: Arb.
Jacaranda (5 species)
Jacaranda brasiliana (Lam.) Pers. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). States: PI(3). Habitats: CMaior, Trans.
Jacaranda grandifoliolata A.H.Gentry States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Jacaranda jasminoides (Thunb.) Sandwith
Habits: climber(1); shrub(5); tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: BA(1); CE(7); PE(2);
PI(4). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Jacaranda praetermissa Sandwith Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Tanaecium (2 species)
Tanaecium cyrtanthum (Mart. ex DC.) Bureau &
K.Schum. Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Tanaecium pyramidatum (Rich.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Paragonia pyramidata (Rich.) Bureau;
152
Cordia ochnacea DC. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cordia oncocalyx Allemão [Synonyms: Auxemma
oncocalyx (Allemão) Baill.] Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Cordia panicularis Rudge Habits: shrub(2).
States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Cordia rufescens A.DC. [Synonyms: Cordia piauhiensis
Fresen.] Habits: shrub(8). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: CE(9); PE(1); PI(8). Habitats: CMaior, Sed,
Trans.
Cordia superba Cham. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arráb. ex Steud.
Habits: shrub(1); tree(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(4); PB(4); PE(2); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Paragonia pyramidata (Rich.) Bureau var. pyramidata]
States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Zeyheria (1 species)
Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl.
States: MG(4). Habitats: Arb.
BIXACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Cochlospermum (2 species)
Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg.
[Synonyms: Cochlospermum insigne A.St.-Hil.]
Habits: tree(2). States: PB(3); PE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Unc.
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.
Habits: tree(3); treelet(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(5).
States: CE(6); PB(1); PI(4); RN(1). Habitats: CMaior,
Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Euploca (2 species)
Euploca procumbens (Mill.) Diane & Hilger
[Synonyms: Heliotropium procumbens Mill.]
Habits: herb(4). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(3); PE(5). Habitats: Aqua, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Euploca ternata (Vahl) J.I.M.Melo & Semir
[Synonyms: Heliotropium ternatum Vahl]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
BORAGINACEAE (5 genera; 32 species)
Heliotropium (4 species)
Cordia (14 species)
Heliotropium angiospermum Murray Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(6).
Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Ins, Riv, Trans.
Heliotropium indicum L. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst,
Sed.
Heliotropium phylicoides Cham. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Heliotropium transalpinum Vell.
[Synonyms: Heliotropium tiaridioides Cham.]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1).
States: PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. States: PB(3).
Habitats: Agre, Unc.
Cordia collococca L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Cordia discolor Cham. [Synonyms: Cordia salzmanni
DC.] States: PB(1); RN(2). Habitats: Unc.
Cordia glazioviana (Taub.) Gottschling & J.S.Mill.
[Synonyms: Auxemma glazioviana Taub.] Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3); RN(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Cordia incognita Gottschling & J.S.Mill.
[Synonyms: Patagonula bahiensis Moric.] Habits: ?(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Cordia insignis Cham. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Cordia latiloba I.M.Johnst. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Cryst.
Cordia magnoliifolia Cham. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Tournefortia (5 species)
Tournefortia bicolor Sw. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Tournefortia paniculata Cham. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Tournefortia rubicunda Salzm. ex A.DC.
Habits: climber(1); shrub(2); tree(1). Life
153
forms: liana(1). States: PB(2); PE(5); PI(1).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed.
Tournefortia salzmannii DC. Habits: climber(1);
shrub(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Tournefortia villosa Salzm. ex DC. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Aechmea (3 species)
Aechmea aquilega (Salisb.) Griseb. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Aechmea leptantha (Harms) Leme & J.A. Siqueira
[Synonyms: Portea leptantha Harms] Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(2). States: PE(4).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Aechmea lingulata (L.) Baker States: BA(3).
Habitats: Ins.
Varronia (7 species)
Varronia curassavica Jacq. [Synonyms: Cordia
curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.; Cordia verbenacea
DC.] Habits: shrub(2). States: CE(1); PE(5).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed.
Varronia dardani (Taroda) J.S.Mill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Varronia globosa Jacq. [Synonyms: Cordia globosa
(Jacq.) Kunth] Habits: shrub(5); tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(8);
PE(15); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed,
Trans, Unc.
Varronia leucocephala (Moric.) J.S.Mill.
[Synonyms: Cordia leucocephala Moric.]
Habits: shrub(8); subshrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(3);
PE(17); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Varronia leucomalloides (Taroda) J.S.Mill.
[Synonyms: Cordia leucomalloides Taroda]
Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(4). Habitats: Sed.
Varronia multispicata (Cham.) Borhidi
[Synonyms: Cordia bahiensis DC.; Cordia multispicata
Cham.] Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Varronia nivea (Fresen.) Borhidi Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Billbergia (1 species)
Billbergia porteana Brong. ex Beer
Habits: epiphyte(1). States: BA(3); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Bromelia (4 species)
Bromelia antiacantha Bertol. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Bromelia auriculata L.B.Sm. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Bromelia karatas L. [Synonyms: Bromelia plumieri
(E.Morren) L.B. Sm.] Habits: herb(5). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3); hemicryptophyte(3).
States: CE(5); PB(1); PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Agre,
Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Bromelia laciniosa Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
Habits: herb(5). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(1); PB(5); PE(2); PI(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Cryptanthus (1 species)
BRASSICACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Cryptanthus bahianus L.B.Sm. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Dyckia (2 species)
Lepidium (1 species)
Dyckia densiflora Schult. & Schult.f. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Dyckia limae L.B.Sm. Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Lepidium bonariense L. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
BROMELIACEAE (10 genera; 31 species)
Encholirium (3 species)
Encholirium erectiflorum L.B.Sm. Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
154
Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. Habits: epiphyte(5);
herb(1). Life forms: ?(1); chamaephyte(1); epiphyte(1);
phanerophyte(1). States: BA(4); PB(3); PE(8).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Tillandsia streptocarpa Baker Habits: epiphyte(3);
herb(1). Life forms: ?(1); epiphyte(1). States: BA(4);
CE(1); PE(4); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Tillandsia stricta Sol. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Tillandsia tenuifolia L. Habits: epiphyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. Habits: epiphyte(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
Habits: herb(4); rupicolous(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(4); hemicryptophyte(2).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(3); PE(6); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Trans.
Encholirium subsecundum (Baker) Mez States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Hohenbergia (4 species)
Hohenbergia catingae Ule Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); hemicryptophyte(2).
States: BA(2); PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Hohenbergia leopoldo-horstii E.Gross States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Hohenbergia ridleyi (Baker) Mez Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Hohenbergia utriculosa Ule States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
BURSERACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Commiphora (1 species)
Neoglaziovia (1 species)
Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B.Gillett
[Synonyms: Bursera leptophloeos Mart.]
Habits: tree(21). Life forms: phanerophyte(6).
States: BA(4); CE(10); MG(8); PB(24); PE(24); PI(3);
RN(16). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Neoglaziovia variegata (Arruda) Mez
Habits: epiphyte(1); herb(7); shrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: BA(3); PB(3); PE(10);
PI(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Orthophytum (3 species)
CABOMBACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Orthophytum disjunctum L.B.Sm. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(2). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Ins.
Orthophytum glabrum (Mez) Mez States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Orthophytum saxicola Ule States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cabomba (1 species)
Cabomba aquatica Aubl. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Tillandsia (9 species)
CACTACEAE (10 genera; 28 species)
Tillandsia didisticha (E.Morren) Baker States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Tillandsia gardneri Lindl. Habits: epiphyte(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Tillandsia loliacea Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
Habits: epiphyte(2); herb(1). Life forms: ?(1);
epiphyte(1). States: BA(2); CE(1); PE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Tillandsia polystachia (L.) L. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Arrojadoa (2 species)
Arrojadoa penicillata (Gürke) Britton & Rose
Habits: succulent(1). States: BA(3). Habitats: Ins,
Sed.
Arrojadoa rhodantha (Gürke) Britton & Rose
Habits: climber(1); shrub(1); succulent(1). Life
155
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PB(2); PE(4); PI(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb.
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: PE(1); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Brasiliopuntia (1 species)
Pereskia (2 species)
Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) A.Berger
[Synonyms: Opuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Haw.]
Habits: tree(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre.
Pereskia bahiensis Gürke States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Pereskia grandifolia Haw. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Cereus (3 species)
Cereus albicaulis (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb.
[Synonyms: Acanthocereus albicaulis Britton & Rose]
Habits: climber(1); shrub(3); succulent(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(2);
PI(6). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Cereus jamacaru DC. Habits: shrub(4); succulent(2);
tree(15). Life forms: ?(1); phanerophyte(7);
succulent(1). States: BA(6); CE(12); MG(5); PB(21);
PE(27); PI(6); RN(5). Habitats: Agre, Arb, CMaior,
Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
Cereus saddianus (Rizzini & Mattos) P.J.Braun
States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Pilosocereus (8 species)
Pilosocereus catingicola (Gürke) Byles & Rowley
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Diam, Unc.
Pilosocereus chrysostele (Vaupel) Byles & G.D.Rowley
[Synonyms: Cereus chrysostele Vaupel] Habits: tree(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Unc.
Pilosocereus glaucescens (Labour.) Byles &
G.D.Rowley, This is a doubtful name. Pilosocereus
glaucescens (Linke) Byles & G. D. Rowley is a name of
uncertain application which should not be used (Taylor
and Zappi, 2004) States: PB(5); PE(2). Habitats: Agre,
Riv, Unc, Cryst.
Pilosocereus gounellei (F.A.C.Weber) Byles & Rowley
Habits: cactus(1); rupicolous(1); shrub(5); subshrub(1);
succulent(1); tree(1). Life forms: ?(1); phanerophyte(2).
States: BA(4); CE(1); PB(23); PE(14); PI(4); RN(13).
Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans,
Unc, Riv, Sed.
Pilosocereus pachycladus F.Ritter Habits: tree(1).
States: PB(9); PE(16); PI(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins,
Sed, Unc, Agre, Ins, Riv, Agre, Sed.
Pilosocereus pentaedrophorus (Cels) Byles & Rowley
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(3). Habitats: Diam, Ins.
Pilosocereus piauhyensis (Gürke) Byles & G.D.Rowley
Habits: cactus(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: CE(2); PB(3); PI(1); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Ins, Sed, Unc.
Pilosocereus tuberculatus (Werderm.) Byles &
G.D.Rowley Habits: shrub(1); succulent(2); tree(1).
States: BA(2); PE(4); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Epiphyllum (1 species)
Epiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haw. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Harrisia (1 species)
Harrisia adscendens (Gürke) Britton & Rose
Habits: shrub(1); succulent(2). Life forms: ?(1).
States: PE(6). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed.
Melocactus (6 species)
Melocactus bahiensis (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb.
Habits: herb(1); succulent(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(3); PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Melocactus deinacanthus Buining & Brederoo
Habits: shrub(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Unc.
Melocactus ernestii Vaupel Habits: rupicolous(1). Life
forms: succulent(1). States: BA(2); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Melocactus oreas Miq. Habits: succulent(1). Life
forms: ?(1). States: PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Melocactus salvadorensis Werderm. States: BA(3).
Habitats: Ins.
Rhipsalis (2 species)
Rhipsalis baccifera (J.M.Muell.) Stearn States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Rhipsalis lindbergiana K.Schum. Life
forms: epiphyte(1); phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Tacinga (2 species)
156
Cleome dendroides Schult. & Schult.f. Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Cleome latifolia Vahl ex DC. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Cleome microcarpa Ule Habits: herb(2); shrub(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Cleome rosea Vahl ex DC. Habits: herb(3). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Trans.
Cleome siliculifera Eichler Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Tacinga inamoena (K.Schum.) N.P.Taylor & Stuppy
[Synonyms: Opuntia inamoena K. Schum.]
Habits: herb(7); shrub(1); succulent(3). Life
forms: ?(1); chamaephyte(5). States: BA(2); CE(2);
PB(6); PE(10); PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Tacinga palmadora (Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor &
Stuppy [Synonyms: Opuntia palmadora Britton & Rose]
Habits: cactus(1); shrub(4); succulent(2). Life
forms: ?(1). States: BA(3); PB(11); PE(16).
Habitats: Ins, Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
CAMPANULACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Colicodendron (1 species)
Colicodendron yco Mart. [Synonyms: Capparis yco
(Mart.) Eichler] Habits: shrub(2); tree(1).
States: BA(5); PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Lobelia (1 species)
Lobelia xalapensis Kunth States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Crateva (1 species)
CANNABACEAE (2 genera; 3 species)
Crateva tapia L. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(1); PE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed.
Celtis (2 species)
Cynophalla (2 species)
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. [Synonyms: Celtis
glycycarpa Mart. ex Miq.; Celtis membranacea (Wedd.)
Miq.] Habits: tree(2). States: BA(2); MG(6); PE(5).
Habitats: Arb, Ins, Riv.
Celtis pubescens (Kunth) Spreng. [Synonyms: Celtis
brasiliensis (Gardner) Planch.] Habits: tree(1).
States: MG(1); PE(1). Habitats: Arb, Sed.
Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J.Presl [Synonyms: Capparis
flexuosa (L.) L.] Habits: shrub(6); tree(10). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: BA(2); CE(4); PB(20);
PE(19); PI(1); RN(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Cynophalla hastata (Jacq.) J.Presl [Synonyms: Capparis
cynophallophora L.; Capparis hastata Jacq.]
Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(4); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Trema (1 species)
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Habits: shrub(2); tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(2);
PE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Dactylaena (2 species)
Dactylaena micrantha Schrad. ex Schult.f.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Dactylaena microphylla Eichler States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
CAPPARACEAE (9 genera; 17 species)
Hemiscola (2 species)
Cleome (5 species)
Hemiscola aculeata (L.) Raf. [Synonyms: Cleome
aculeata L.; Cleome affinis DC.] Life
157
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Hemiscola diffusa (Banks ex DC.) Iltis
[Synonyms: Cleome diffusa Banks ex DC.]
Habits: herb(5). Life forms: therophyte(3).
States: CE(1); PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
CELASTRACEAE (4 genera; 10 species)
Fraunhofera (1 species)
Neocalyptrocalyx (1 species)
Fraunhofera multiflora Mart. States: BA(1); MG(3);
PE(1). Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Diam.
Neocalyptrocalyx longifolium (Mart.) Cornejo & Iltis
[Synonyms: Capparis jacobinae Moric. ex Eichler]
Habits: shrub(3); tree(7). States: BA(3); PB(7); PE(12).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Hippocratea (1 species)
Hippocratea volubilis L. [Synonyms: Hippocratea ovata
Lam.] Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Physostemon (2 species)
Physostemon guianense (Aubl.) Malme
[Synonyms: Cleome guianensis Aubl.] Habits: herb(4).
Life forms: therophyte(4). States: BA(1); PE(6); PI(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Physostemon lanceolatum Mart. & Zucc.
[Synonyms: Cleome lanceolata (Mart. & Zucc.) Iltis]
Life forms: therophyte therophyte. States: PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Maytenus (7 species)
Maytenus acanthophylla Reissek States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Maytenus boaria Molina [Synonyms: Celastrus
maytenus Willd.] States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Maytenus catingarum Reissek States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Maytenus horrida Reissek States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Maytenus imbricata Reissek Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Sed.
Maytenus obtusifolia Mart. [Synonyms: Maytenus
impressa Reissek] Habits: tree(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Maytenus rigida Mart. Habits: shrub(2); tree(7). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(6); PB(12); PE(6).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
Tarenaya (1 species)
Tarenaya spinosa (Jacq.) Raf. [Synonyms: Cleome
spinosa Jacq.] Habits: shrub(2). States: BA(3); PB(2);
PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Aqua, Riv, Trans, Unc.
CARICACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Jacaratia (1 species)
Pristimera (1 species)
Jacaratia corumbensis Kuntze Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Pristimera sclerophylla Lombardi Habits: liana(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)
Spergularia (1 species)
Hirtella (2 species)
Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
158
Hirtella ciliata Mart. & Zucc. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Hirtella racemosa Lam. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Combretum glaucocarpum Mart. [Synonyms: Thiloa
glaucocarpa (Mart.) Eichler] Habits: shrub(1); tree(5).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(7);
PB(2); PE(3); PI(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Sed,
Trans.
Combretum hilarianum D.Dietr. Habits: climber(4).
States: PB(3); PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Combretum lanceolatum Pohl ex Eichler
Habits: liana(1); shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PI(3).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Combretum laxum Jacq. Habits: shrub(2).
States: PB(2). Habitats: Riv.
Combretum leprosum Mart. Habits: shrub(11). Life
forms: phanerophyte(5). States: CE(11); MG(6);
PB(15); PE(1); PI(7); RN(24). Habitats: Arb, CMaior,
Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
Combretum mellifluum Eichler Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(1); PI(5).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Combretum monetaria Mart. States: PE(2).
Habitats: Cryst.
Combretum pisonioides Taub. Habits: tree(5).
States: BA(1); PB(9); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Diam,
Riv, Trans.
Licania (2 species)
Licania rigida Benth. Habits: tree(2). States: CE(1);
PE(1); RN(2). Habitats: Riv, Trans, Unc.
Licania sclerophylla (Hook.f.) Fritsch Habits: tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
CLUSIACEAE (1 genus; 4 species)
Clusia (4 species)
Clusia hilariana Schltdl. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Clusia melchiorii Gleason [Synonyms: Clusia
intermedia G.Mariz] States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Clusia nemorosa G.Mey. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Clusia paralicola G.Mariz Habits: tree(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre.
Terminalia (2 species)
Terminalia actinophylla Mart. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(4).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Terminalia fagifolia Mart. [Synonyms: Terminalia
fagifolia var. parvifolia Eichler] States: BA(1); MG(2);
PI(1). Habitats: Arb, CMaior, Diam.
COMBRETACEAE (3 genera; 13 species)
COMMELINACEAE (6 genera; 12 species)
Buchenavia (2 species)
Buchenavia callistachya Ducke Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Buchenavia tetraphylla (Aubl.) R.A.Howard
[Synonyms: Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichler]
Habits: tree(4). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1).
States: CE(3); PE(4); PI(4). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Aneilema (1 species)
Aneilema brasiliense C.B.Clarke Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Callisia (2 species)
Combretum (9 species)
Callisia filiformis (M.Martens & Galeotti) D.R.Hunt
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(5).
States: BA(3); CE(3); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua,
Cryst, Ins, Cryst.
Combretum duarteanum Cambess. Life
forms: phanerophyte. States: MG(5); PE(1); PI(4).
Habitats: Arb, CMaior.
159
Callisia repens L. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(4). States: PB(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Rourea (1 species)
Rourea martiana Baker States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
Commelina (5 species)
CONVOLVULACEAE (7 genera; 66 species)
Commelina benghalensis L. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Commelina erecta L. Habits: herb(1). States: BA(5);
PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Commelina obliqua Vahl Habits: herb(7). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(5).
States: PB(1); PE(13). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins,
Trans.
Commelina virginica L., Commelina virginica is
endemic to North America and does not occur in Brazil.
The name has been misapplied to Caatinga specimens
which probably represent Commelina erecta L., a
common species in Brazil, although there are also other
species with which it might be confused (M. Pelligrini,
pers. comm.) Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Aniseia (1 species)
Aniseia martinicensis var. ambigua Hallier f.
[Synonyms: Aniseia nitens Choisy ex Meisn.]
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Evolvulus (16 species)
Evolvulus anagalloides Meisn. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Evolvulus barbatus Meisn. Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Evolvulus cressoides Mart. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Evolvulus elaeagnifolius Dammer Habits: liana(2).
Life forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Evolvulus elegans Moric. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Evolvulus ericaefolius Mart. ex Schrank
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Evolvulus filipes Mart. [Synonyms: Evolvulus exilis
Meisn.] Habits: climber(1); herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: BA(1); CE(3); PB(1);
PE(3); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Evolvulus frankenioides Moric. Habits: herb(2);
subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(2).
States: PE(4). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Evolvulus glomeratus Nees & Mart. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Evolvulus gypsophiloides Moric. [Synonyms: Evolvulus
gypsophiloides var. brevifolius Meisn.] States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Evolvulus latifolius Ker Gawl. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Evolvulus macroblepharis Mart. Habits: subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Dichorisandra (2 species)
Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Kuntze ex Hand.Mazz. Habits: herb(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Dichorisandra penduliflora Kunth States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Murdannia (1 species)
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan
[Synonyms: Commelina nudiflora L.] Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Tradescantia (1 species)
Tradescantia ambigua Mart. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(2).
Habitats: Ins.
CONNARACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
160
Evolvulus ovatus Fernald Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(3); RN(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Unc.
Evolvulus phyllanthoides Moric. Habits: herb(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Evolvulus pterocaulon Moric. Habits: subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Evolvulus sericeus Sw. Habits: climber(1).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Observations: According to specialist R.S.Bianchini,
this name is based only on a drawing and is of doubtful
validity.
Ipomoea procurrens Meisn. Habits: climber(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Ipomoea rosea Choisy Habits: climber(3); liana(2).
Life forms: chamaephyte(5). States: CE(4); PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Ipomoea sericophylla Meisn. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Ipomoea setifera Poir. Habits: vine(1). States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Ipomoea setosa Ker Gawl. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Ipomoea subincana (Choisy) Meisn.
Habits: climber(2); liana(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); cryptophyte-geo(1).
States: CE(2); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Ipomoea subrevoluta Choisy States: BA(2).
Habitats: Aqua.
Ipomoea trifida (Kunth) G.Don Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Observations: According to specialist R.S.Bianchini this
species is not recorded for Brazil (though it may have
been introduced as an ornamental). This record is most
likely the result of a misidentification.
Ipomoea triloba L. Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Ipomoea verbasciformis (Meisn.) O'Donell
Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Ipomoea verbascoidea Choisy Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Observations: According to specialist R.S.Bianchini this
species is an African species not recorded for Brazil. This
record is most likely the result of a misidentification.
Ipomoea wrightii A.Gray States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Ipomoea (28 species)
Ipomoea alba L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ipomoea aristolochiifolia G.Don Habits: climber(1).
Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Trans.
Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult.
Habits: climber(1); herb(2); subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(3); CE(1); PB(1);
PE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Riv, Sed.
Ipomoea bahiensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
Habits: liana(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(2).
States: CE(3); PE(1); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed,
Trans, Unc.
Ipomoea batatoides Choisy States: BA(2).
Habitats: Aqua.
Ipomoea brasiliana (Choisy) Meisn. Habits: climber(7);
liana(3). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(2); liana(1);
phanerophyte(1). States: CE(5); PB(1); PE(6); PI(3).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(3);
PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Riv.
Ipomoea hederifolia L. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. [Synonyms: Ipomoea
acuminata (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.] States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Ipomoea marcellia Meisn. Habits: climber(2).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Ipomoea megapotamica Choisy Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Habits: climber(3); liana(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1);
PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. Habits: climber(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ipomoea phyllomega (Vell.) House Habits: climber(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ipomoea polyrhizos (Silva Manso) Choisy
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Jacquemontia (13 species)
Jacquemontia bahiensis O'Donell Habits: climber(1).
States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Jacquemontia cearensis Huber Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Jacquemontia densiflora (Meisn.) Hallier f.
Habits: liana(1). States: PB(1); PE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Jacquemontia evolvuloides (Moric.) Meisn.
Habits: climber(2). States: PB(1); PE(2); RN(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Unc.
161
Jacquemontia ferruginea Choisy States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Jacquemontia glaucescens Choisy Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Jacquemontia gracillima (Choisy) Hallier f.
[Synonyms: Aniseia gracillima Choisy] Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Jacquemontia heterantha (Nees & Mart.) Hallier f.
[Synonyms: Aniseia heterantha Choisy] Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Jacquemontia multiflora (Choisy) Hallier f.
Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Jacquemontia nodiflora (Desv.) G.Don
[Synonyms: Jacquemontia confusa Meisn.]
Habits: climber(3); liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G.Don
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Jacquemontia sphaerostigma (Cav.) Rusby
[Synonyms: Jacquemontia hirsuta Choisy]
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Jacquemontia velutina Choisy Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Turbina cordata (Choisy) D.F.Austin & Staples
[Synonyms: Ipomoea martii Meisn.] Habits: climber(1).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
COSTACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Costus (1 species)
Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
CUCURBITACEAE (4 genera; 4 species)
Apodanthera (1 species)
Apodanthera glaziovii Cogn. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Cayaponia (1 species)
Merremia (5 species)
Cayaponia racemosa (Mill.) Cogn. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Ins.
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. Habits: climber(4);
liana(1). Life forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(1);
PB(1); PE(5); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Trans,
Unc.
Merremia cissoides (Lam.) Hallier f. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Merremia macrocalyx (Ruiz & Pav.) O'Donell
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(2).
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Unc.
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Ceratosanthes (1 species)
Ceratosanthes trifoliata Cogn. Habits: climber(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Cyclanthera (1 species)
Cyclanthera elegans Cogn. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
CYPERACEAE (12 genera; 52 species)
Operculina (2 species)
Operculina alata (Ham.) Urb. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Operculina macrocarpa (L.) Urb. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Bulbostylis (3 species)
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C.B.Clarke Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Turbina (1 species)
162
Bulbostylis hirtella (Schrad.) Urb. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Bulbostylis scabra (J.Presl & C.Presl) C.B.Clarke Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(4). Habitats: Ins.
Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urb. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Eleocharis minima Kunth States: BA(2).
Habitats: Aqua.
Eleocharis montana (Kunth) Roem. & Schult.
[Synonyms: Eleocharis nodulosa (Roth) Schult.]
States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus (20 species)
Cyperus aggregatus (Willd.) Endl. [Synonyms: Cyperus
cayennensis Willd. ex Link; Cyperus retrorsus Chapm.]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Sed.
Cyperus alternifolius L. [Synonyms: Cyperus
alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük.] States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus berroi (C.B.Clarke) Barros States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus compressus L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(2); therophyte(2).
States: PE(6). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Cyperus distans L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus eragrostis Lam. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus esculentus L. States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus haspan L. States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) Standl. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus iria L. States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus laxus Lam. [Synonyms: Cyperus diffusus Vahl]
Habits: herb(3). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Cyperus luzulae (L.) Retz. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus odoratus L. [Synonyms: Cyperus ferax Rich.]
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(8); PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Cyperus reflexus Vahl Habits: herb(1). States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Cyperus rotundus L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus schomburgkianus Nees Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus surinamensis Rottb. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(5); CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins.
Cyperus uncinulatus Schrad. ex Nees Habits: herb(4).
Life forms: therophyte(6). States: BA(1); CE(3); PB(1);
PE(9). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Trans, Unc.
Cyperus virens Michx. States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua.
Fimbristylis (2 species)
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl
[Synonyms: Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl]
States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Fuirena (1 species)
Fuirena umbellata Rottb. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Kyllinga (3 species)
Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Kyllinga odorata Vahl States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Kyllinga squamulata Thonn. ex Vahl States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Lipocarpha (2 species)
Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G.C.Tucker Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Lipocarpha salzmanniana Steud. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Oxycaryum (1 species)
Oxycaryum cubense (Poepp. & Kunth) Lye
States: BA(8). Habitats: Aqua.
Pycreus (7 species)
Pycreus capillifolius (A.Rich.) C.B.Clarke
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Pycreus flavescens (L.) Rchb. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Pycreus lanceolatus (Poir.) C.B.Clarke
[Synonyms: Cyperus lanceolatus Poir.; Pycreus
propinquus Nees] States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Eleocharis (4 species)
163
Pycreus macrostachyos (Lam.) J.Raynal States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Pycreus pelophilus (Ridl.) C.B.Clarke Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Pycreus piceus Liebm. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv.
[Synonyms: Cyperus polystachyos Rottb.] States: BA(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Davilla cearensis Huber Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
DIOSCOREACEAE (1 genus; 10 species)
Dioscorea (10 species)
Rhynchospora (5 species)
Dioscorea adenantha Uline Life
forms: cryptophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Dioscorea coronata Hauman Life forms: cryptophytegeo(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Dioscorea dodecaneura Vell. Life forms: cryptophytegeo(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Dioscorea glandulosa (Griseb.) Kunth Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dioscorea hassleriana Chodat States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Dioscorea leptostachya Gardner Habits: herb(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dioscorea ovata Vell. [Synonyms: Dioscorea
adenocarpa Mart. ex Griseb.] Habits: climber(3);
liana(1). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1); therophyte(2).
States: CE(1); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Dioscorea piperifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Dioscorea polygonoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Habits: climber(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Dioscorea sincorensis R.Knuth States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Rhynchospora barbata (Vahl) Kunth Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Rhynchospora cephalotes (L.) Vahl States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Rhynchospora contracta (Nees) J.Raynal Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(3); PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Rhynchospora holoschoenoides (Rich.) Herter
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Rhynchospora riparia (Nees) Boeckeler States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Scleria (3 species)
Scleria interrupta Rich. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Scleria reticularis Michx. ex Willd. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Scleria secans (L.) Urb. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Trilepis (1 species)
DROSERACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Trilepis lhotzkiana Nees ex Arn. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
DILLENIACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)
Drosera (1 species)
Drosera montana A.St.-Hil. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Curatella (1 species)
ERIOCAULACEAE (1 genus; 4 species)
Curatella americana L. Habits: treelet(1).
States: PI(4). Habitats: CMaior.
Davilla (1 species)
Paepalanthus (4 species)
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Paepalanthus bifidus (Schrad.) Kunth States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Paepalanthus lamarckii Kunth Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Paepalanthus myocephalus (Mart.) Körn. Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Paepalanthus parvus Ruhland States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Erythroxylum pauferrense Plowman States: PB(2).
Habitats: Agre, Unc.
Erythroxylum pulchrum A.St.-Hil. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Erythroxylum pungens O.E.Schulz Habits: shrub(2);
tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(7);
PI(1); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Erythroxylum revolutum Mart. Habits: shrub(3);
subshrub(1); tree(3). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1);
phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); PB(4); PE(8).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed.
Erythroxylum simonis Plowman States: PB(3).
Habitats: Agre, Riv.
Erythroxylum stipulosum Plowman Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins,
Sed.
Erythroxylum subracemosum Turcz. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Erythroxylum subrotundum A.St.-Hil.
Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre.
Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart. Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(1);
PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE (1 genus; 24 species)
Erythroxylum (24 species)
Erythroxylum amplifolium (Mart.) O.E.Schulz
Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum barbatum O.E.Schulz Habits: shrub(3).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(7).
Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum betulaceum Mart. Habits: shrub(3).
States: CE(1); MG(2); PI(3). Habitats: Arb, Sed, Trans.
Erythroxylum bezerrae Plowman Habits: shrub(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman Habits: shrub(5).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
CE(1); PE(4); PI(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Erythroxylum citrifolium A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum deciduum A.St.-Hil. States: MG(3).
Habitats: Arb.
Erythroxylum flaccidum Salzm. ex Peyr. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Erythroxylum laetevirens O.E.Schulz Habits: shrub(3).
Life forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(7); PI(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum ligustrinum DC. Habits: tree(2).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Diam.
Erythroxylum loefgrenii Diogo Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum maracasense Plowman Habits: shrub(2).
States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Erythroxylum nummularia Peyr. Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum ochranthum Mart. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
EUPHORBIACEAE (19 genera; 103 species)
Acalypha (4 species)
Acalypha brasiliensis Müll.Arg. Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(3); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Acalypha multicaulis Müll.Arg. Habits: herb(1);
shrub(3); subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Ins, Riv, Sed.
Acalypha poiretii Spreng. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Trans.
Acalypha villosa Jacq. [Synonyms: Acalypha subvillosa
Müll.Arg.] Habits: herb(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Astraea (2 species)
Astraea comosa (Müll.Arg.) B.W.van Ee
[Synonyms: Croton comosus Müll.Arg.]
165
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(8); PE(3);
PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch [Synonyms: Croton lobatus
L.] Habits: herb(5); shrub(1); subshrub(1). Life
forms: therophyte(5). States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(12).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Croton (37 species)
Croton adamantinus Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(2).
States: PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Croton adenocalyx Baill. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv.
Croton adenodontus (Müll.Arg) Müll.Arg
Habits: shrub(3). States: PE(1); PI(2). Habitats: Sed,
Trans.
Croton alagoensis Müll. Arg., According specialist D.S.
Carneiro-Torres this is almost certainly the same species
as Croton blanchetianus Baill. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Croton argyrophylloides Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(5);
tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1);
CE(6); PB(1); PE(1); PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst,
Diam, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Croton argyrophyllus Kunth [Synonyms: Croton micans
Müll. Arg.] Habits: shrub(4). States: PE(7).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Croton betaceus Baill. Habits: shrub(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Croton blanchetianus Baill. Habits: shrub(11). Life
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: CE(7); PB(5); PE(7);
RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Croton campestris A.St.-Hil., Croton campestris is a
species known to occur in the Brazilian semi-arid though
the name has often been misapplied to herbarium
specimens of Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth (D.S.
Carneiro-Torres, pers. comm.) Habits: shrub(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(4); PE(2);
PI(5); RN(5). Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Trans, Unc.
Croton celtidifolius Baill. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Croton compressus Lam. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Croton cordiifolius Baill. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Croton echioides Baill. Habits: shrub(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); CE(1); PB(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed.
Croton gardnerianus Baill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Croton glandulosus L. Habits: herb(3); shrub(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(5). States: CE(2);
PB(1); PE(6); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans,
Unc.
Bernardia (1 species)
Bernardia sidoides (Klotzsch) Müll.Arg.
Habits: herb(5). Life forms: therophyte(5).
States: CE(1); PE(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins,
Trans, Unc.
Bia (1 species)
Bia lessertiana Baill. [Synonyms: Tragia lessertiana
(Baill.) Müll.Arg] Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Caperonia (1 species)
Caperonia palustris (L.) A.St.-Hil. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Cnidoscolus (7 species)
Cnidoscolus bahianus (Ule) Pax & K.Hoffm.
Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(3); PE(9). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Cnidoscolus loefgrenii (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Pax &
K.Hoffm. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Cryst, Riv.
Cnidoscolus oligandrus (Müll.Arg.) Pax States: MG(4);
PE(1). Habitats: Sed, Arb.
Cnidoscolus pubescens Pohl [Synonyms: Cnidoscolus
obtusifolius Pohl ex Baill.] Habits: shrub(1);
subshrub(1); tree(1). States: MG(5); PE(4).
Habitats: Agre, Arb, Sed.
Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl [Synonyms: Cnidoscolus
phyllacanthus (Müll. Arg.) Fern.Casas] Habits: tree(10).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(7);
PE(15); PI(1); RN(14). Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans,
Unc.
Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur Habits: shrub(7);
subshrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(4).
States: BA(4); CE(2); PB(4); PE(12); PI(2); RN(2).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Cnidoscolus vitifolius (Mill.) Pohl [Synonyms: Jatropha
vitifolia Mill.] Habits: shrub(9). Life
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Croton glutinosus Müll.Arg. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Croton grewioides Baill. Habits: herb(1); shrub(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(3); PE(3);
PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth [Synonyms: Croton
conduplicatus Kunth; Croton moritibensis Baill.; Croton
rhamnifolioides Pax & K. Hoffm.; Croton rhamnifolius
Willd.; Croton rhamnifolius Willd. var. moritibensis]
Habits: shrub(14); subshrub(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(5). States: BA(3); CE(7); PB(6);
PE(22); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Croton hemiargyreus Müll.Arg. States: RN(15).
Habitats: Unc.
Croton hirtus L'Hér. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Croton jacobinensis Baill. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Croton lundianus (Didr.) Müll.Arg. Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1); therophyte(1).
States: CE(2); PB(1); PI(1). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst,
Ins.
Croton mucronifolius Müll.Arg. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Croton muscicarpa Müll.Arg. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Croton nepetifolius Baill. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3); PB(2).
Habitats: Agre, Sed, Unc.
Croton odontadenius Müll.Arg Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Observations: Misapplied name. This species is known
to occur in Southeastern Brazil and according to
specialist D.S. Carneiro-Torres it is unlikely that this
species occurs in the semiarid region of Brazil.
Habitats: Sed.
Croton pedicellatus Kunth Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Croton piauhiensis Müll.Arg. States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Croton pulegiodorus Baill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1); CE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Croton pulegioides Müll.Arg. States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Croton rottlerifolius Baill. Habits: tree(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Croton rudolphianus Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Croton sincorensis Mart. States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Croton sonderianus Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(10).
States: BA(2); CE(4); PB(21); PE(11); PI(2); RN(14).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Croton tricolor Klotzsch ex Baill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Croton urticifolius Lam. Habits: herb(1); shrub(3);
subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2);
therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(3); PE(3); PI(2);
RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Croton zehntneri Pax & K.Hoffm. Habits: shrub(5).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(5);
PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Sed, Trans.
Dalechampia (6 species)
Dalechampia affinis Müll.Arg. Life forms: liana(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dalechampia brasiliensis Lam. Habits: climber(1).
Life forms: liana(1). States: BA(3); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Dalechampia fernandesii G.L.Webster
Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Dalechampia pernambucensis Baill. Habits: liana(2).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(2).
States: CE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Dalechampia scandens L. Habits: climber(2); vine(1).
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Dalechampia schenckiana Pax & K.Hoffm.
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ditaxis (3 species)
Ditaxis desertorum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ditaxis gardneri (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
[Synonyms: Argythamnia gardneri Müll.Arg.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Ditaxis malpighiacea (Ule) Pax & K.Hoffm.
Habits: shrub(4). States: PB(3); PE(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Trans.
Euphorbia (9 species)
Euphorbia bahiensis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.
Habits: herb(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Euphorbia comosa Vell. Habits: subshrub(6). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3); phanerophyte(2).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1); PE(6); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Euphorbia heterophylla L. [Synonyms: Poinsettia
heterophylla (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke] Habits: herb(1).
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Habits: shrub(2); tree(3). States: BA(1); CE(4); PB(9);
PE(4); RN(5). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Riv, Trans,
Unc.
Manihot catingae Ule Habits: tree(3). States: PB(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv.
Manihot dichotoma Ule Habits: shrub(1); tree(3);
treelet(1). States: PE(7). Habitats: Agre, Sed, Trans.
Manihot epruinosa Pax & K.Hoffm. States: PE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Manihot gabrielensis Allem Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Manihot heptaphylla Ule Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Manihot palmata Müll.Arg, Manihot palmata is
restricted to Southeastern Brazil so its use for the semiarid of Brazil is probably a misapplication
(M.L.L.Martins, pers. comm.) Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); PE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K.Hoffm.
Habits: tree(2). States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Diam.
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Cryst.
Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. [Synonyms: Chamaesyce
hyssopifolia (L.) Small; Euphorbia brasiliensis Lam.]
Habits: herb(6). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(5). States: BA(3); CE(1); PB(2); PE(9);
RN(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Euphorbia insulana Vell. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2); therophyte(1). States: CE(1);
PE(5). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Euphorbia phosphorea Mart. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(2); PB(2). Habitats: Ins, Riv.
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton [Synonyms: Chamaesyce
prostrata (Aiton) Small] States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Euphorbia serpens Kunth States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Euphorbia thymifolia L. [Synonyms: Chamaesyce
thymifolia (L.) Millsp.] Habits: herb(2). States: PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Jatropha (5 species)
Jatropha curcas L. Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Jatropha martiusii (Pohl) Baill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. Habits: shrub(11);
subshrub(1); tree(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: BA(3); CE(6); PB(20); PE(29); PI(1); RN(30).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. var.
mollissima [Synonyms: Jatropha pohliana Müll. Arg.]
Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: BA(1); CE(1); PB(13); PE(1). Habitats: Agre,
Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
Jatropha mutabilis (Pohl) Baill. Habits: shrub(7);
subshrub(1). States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(7); PI(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Jatropha ribifolia (Pohl) Baill. Habits: shrub(5);
subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(2); PB(3); PE(11). Habitats: Cryst, Diam,
Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Maprounea (1 species)
Maprounea guianensis Aubl. Habits: shrub(1); tree(3).
States: CE(1); PB(2); PE(8). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv,
Trans, Unc.
Microstachys (2 species)
Microstachys corniculata (Vahl) Griseb.
[Synonyms: Sebastiania corniculata (Vahl) Müll. Arg.]
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(2).
States: CE(1); PE(2); RN(1). Habitats: Unc, Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Microstachys hispida (Mart.) Govaerts
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Romanoa (1 species)
Romanoa tamnoides (A.Juss.) Radcl.-Sm. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Manihot (11 species)
Manihot anomala Pohl Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Manihot brachyandra Pax & K.Hoffm. Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Manihot caerulescens Pohl Habits: shrub(2); tree(2).
States: BA(1); CE(1); PI(3). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Manihot carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii (Müll.Arg.)
Allem [Synonyms: Manihot glaziovii Müll.Arg]
Sapium (4 species)
Sapium argutum (Müll.Arg.) Huber [Synonyms: Sapium
sceleratum Ridl.] Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5); PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed.
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong [Synonyms: Sapium
biglandulosum (L.) Müll.Arg.; Sapium glandulatum
168
(Vell.) Pax; Sapium lanceolatum (Müll. Arg.) Huber;
Sapium montevidense Klotzsch ex Baill.]
Habits: tree(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: BA(2); CE(4); MG(4); PB(7); PE(8); RN(1).
Habitats: Sed, Agre, Arb, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed,
Unc.
Sapium obovatum Klotzsch ex Müll.Arg. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Sapium sellowianum (Müll.Arg.) Klotzsch ex Baill.
States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Aeschynomene evenia C.Wright & Sauvalle
States: BA(5). Habitats: Aqua.
Aeschynomene histrix Poir. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Aeschynomene marginata Benth. Habits: subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Aeschynomene martii Benth. Habits: shrub(2).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Aeschynomene mollicula Kunth Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Aeschynomene scabra G.Don Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Aeschynomene sensitiva Sw. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(3); RN(1).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Unc.
Aeschynomene viscidula Michx. Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Sebastiania (4 species)
Sebastiania brasiliensis Spreng. Habits: shrub(2);
tree(1). States: CE(3); PE(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Sebastiania brevifolia (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B.Sm. & Downs
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Sebastiania macrocarpa Müll.Arg. Habits: tree(4).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PB(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv.
Albizia (3 species)
Stillingia trapezoidea Ule Habits: shrub(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(2);
PI(3). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Stillingia uleana Pax ex K.Hoffm. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Albizia inundata (Mart.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes
Habits: tree(2). States: BA(1); CE(1); PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Diam, Riv, Trans.
Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart var.
niopoides [Synonyms: Albizia hassleri (Chodat) Burkart]
States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
Albizia polycephala (Benth.) Killip ex Record Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Tragia (2 species)
Amburana (1 species)
Tragia friesii Pax & K.Hoffm. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Tragia volubilis L. Habits: climber(2). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: BA(2); CE(1);
PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C.Sm.
[Synonyms: Torresea cearensis Allemão]
Habits: tree(10). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: BA(2); CE(7); PB(9); PE(6); PI(4); RN(8).
Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans,
Unc.
Stillingia (2 species)
FABACEAE (87 genera; 292 species)
Anadenanthera (2 species)
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan
Habits: tree(7). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(4); MG(10); PB(14); PE(21); PI(2);
RN(7). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Trans, Unc,
CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.)
Altschul [Synonyms: Anadenanthera macrocarpa
(Benth.) Brenan; Piptadenia macrocarpa Benth.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(2); CE(1); PB(5); PE(1);
Acosmium (1 species)
Acosmium diffusissimum (Mohlenbr.) Yakovlev
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Aeschynomene (8 species)
169
PI(1); RN(4). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans,
Unc.
Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul
[Synonyms: Piptadenia falcata Benth.] States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Bauhinia subclavata Benth. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); PI(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Bauhinia ungulata L. Habits: shrub(2); tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PI(4).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Andira (2 species)
Blanchetiodendron (1 species)
Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Amshoff
Habits: tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Andira vermifuga (Mart.) Benth. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Blanchetiodendron blanchetii (Benth.) Barneby &
J.W.Grimes States: MG(4). Habitats: Arb.
Bowdichia (1 species)
Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Apuleia (2 species)
Apuleia grazielana Afr.Fern. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr. Habits: tree(1).
States: MG(6); PE(1). Habitats: Arb, Sed.
Calliandra (8 species)
Calliandra aeschynomenoides Benth. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Calliandra depauperata Benth. Habits: shrub(2).
States: PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Calliandra dysantha Benth. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Calliandra leptopoda Benth. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Calliandra macrocalyx Harms Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Calliandra parvifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Speg.
[Synonyms: Calliandra myriophylla Benth.]
States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
Calliandra sessilis Benth. States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Calliandra umbellifera Benth. Habits: shrub(2);
treelet(1). States: CE(2); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Arachis (1 species)
Arachis dardani Krapov. & W.C.Greg. Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Cryst.
Bauhinia (9 species)
Bauhinia acuruana Moric. Habits: shrub(11). Life
forms: nanophanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(7); PE(8); PI(5). Habitats: Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Bauhinia catingae Harms States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud. Habits: shrub(14);
tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(4). States: CE(9);
PB(18); PE(22); PI(3); RN(14). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Bauhinia dubia G.Don Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PI(3).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Bauhinia forficata Link Habits: liana(1); shrub(1).
States: CE(1); MG(9); PI(1). Habitats: Trans, Arb.
Bauhinia pentandra (Bong.) Vogel ex Steud.
[Synonyms: Bauhinia heterandra Benth.]
Habits: shrub(5); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(5); PI(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Trans.
Bauhinia pulchella Benth. Habits: shrub(3); tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4); PI(5).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Canavalia (1 species)
Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. ex Benth.
Habits: climber(1); liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins,
Trans.
Cassia (1 species)
Cassia ferruginea (Schrad.) Schrad. ex DC.
Habits: shrub(1). States: PB(1); PI(1). Habitats: Agre,
Trans.
170
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(2); CE(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Chamaecrista brevicalyx (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: tree(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Chamaecrista calycioides (DC. ex Collad.) Greene
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Chamaecrista cytisoides (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip
[Synonyms: Cassia desvauxii Collad.] Habits: shrub(2);
tree(1). States: BA(1); PE(1); PI(2). Habitats: Sed,
Trans.
Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip var.
desvauxii [Synonyms: Cassia tetraphylla Desv.; Cassia
tetraphylla Desv. var. tetraphylla] States: BA(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Chamaecrista diphylla (L.) Greene Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista duckeana (P.Bezerra & Afr.Fern.)
H.S.Irwin & Bar Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3). States: CE(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Chamaecrista eitenorum (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
H.S.Irwin & Barn Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(4). Habitats: Sed,
Trans, Sed.
Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene
[Synonyms: Cassia chamaecrista L.] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista flexuosa (L.) Greene
Habits: subshrub(3). States: BA(2); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Chamaecrista glandulosa (L.) Greene
[Synonyms: Cassia glandulosa L.] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench
Habits: subshrub(6). Life forms: chamaephyte(3);
therophyte(2). States: CE(3); PB(2); PE(5).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Chamaecrista pilosa (L.) Greene Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista ramosa (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
microphanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista repens (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene
Habits: herb(3). Life forms: ?(1); phanerophyte(1).
Cenostigma (1 species)
Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul.
[Synonyms: Cenostigma gardnerianum Tul.]
Habits: tree(1). States: CE(4); PI(5). Habitats: Sed,
Trans, Sed.
Centrolobium (1 species)
Centrolobium sclerophyllum H.C.Lima States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Centrosema (5 species)
Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth. Habits: liana(2);
vine(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
hemicryptophyte(2). States: BA(5); CE(2); PB(2).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Centrosema pascuorum Mart. ex Benth.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Centrosema sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)
Brandegee Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Centrosema venosum Mart. ex Benth. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth.
Habits: climber(2); herb(1); liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(2). States: PE(5);
PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Chaetocalyx (2 species)
Chaetocalyx longiflora Benth. ex A.Gray
[Synonyms: Chaetocalyx hebecarpa Benth.]
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre.
Chaetocalyx scandens (L.) Urb. Habits: climber(1).
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Chamaecrista (24 species)
Chamaecrista amiciella (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
H.S.Irwin & Barn States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Chamaecrista barbata (Nees & Mart.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista belemii (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin
& Barneb Habits: shrub(2); subshrub(1). Life
171
States: CE(2); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Chamaecrista serpens (L.) Greene Habits: herb(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Chamaecrista supplex (Mart. ex Benth.) Britton & Rose
ex Brit Habits: herb(1). Life forms: ?(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Chamaecrista swainsonii (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista tenuisepala (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista trichopoda (Benth.) Britton & Rose ex
Britton Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Chamaecrista zygophylloides (Taub.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Cratylia (2 species)
Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze [Synonyms: Cratylia
floribunda Benth.] Habits: climber(1); liana(1).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Cratylia mollis Mart. ex Benth. Habits: liana(2);
shrub(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3);
CE(2); PE(3); PI(5). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Crotalaria (5 species)
Crotalaria bahiensis Windler & S.G.Skinner
Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(2). States: PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Crotalaria holosericea Nees & Mart. Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(3).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(1); PE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Crotalaria incana L. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Crotalaria vitellina Ker Gawl. [Synonyms: Crotalaria
vitellina Ker Gawl. var. laeta] Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1); therophyte(1). States: CE(2);
PB(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Chloroleucon (5 species)
Chloroleucon acacioides (Ducke) Barneby &
J.W.Grimes Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Chloroleucon dumosum (Benth.) G.P.Lewis
[Synonyms: Pithecellobium dumosum Benth.]
Habits: shrub(1); tree(2). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Riv, Sed, Trans.
Chloroleucon foliolosum (Benth.) G.P.Lewis
[Synonyms: Pithecellobium foliolosum Benth.]
Habits: shrub(3); tree(6). States: CE(1); MG(4); PB(7);
PE(8); RN(1). Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Chloroleucon mangense (Jacq.) Britton & Rose
[Synonyms: Pithecellobium parvifolium (Sw.) Benth.]
States: BA(1); PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Trans.
Chloroleucon tortum (Mart.) Pittier States: MG(6).
Habitats: Arb.
Dalbergia (4 species)
Dalbergia catingicola Harms Habits: tree(2).
States: PE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Dalbergia cearensis Ducke Habits: shrub(1); tree(8).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(8);
MG(4); PE(2); PI(4). Habitats: Arb, Diam, Sed, Trans,
Unc.
Dalbergia frutescens (Vell.) Britton
[Synonyms: Dalbergia variabilis Vogel]
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Sed,
Trans.
Dalbergia glaucescens (Mart. ex Benth.) Benth.
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Copaifera (3 species)
Copaifera coriacea Mart. Habits: tree(3).
States: BA(2); PI(3). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Habits: tree(1).
States: MG(2); PI(1). Habitats: Arb, Trans.
Copaifera martii Hayne Habits: tree(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(7). Habitats: Sed.
Desmanthus (1 species)
Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. Habits: shrub(2).
States: PB(4); PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Trans,
Unc.
Cranocarpus (1 species)
Desmodium (5 species)
Cranocarpus gracilis Afr.Fern. & P.Bezerra
Habits: subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.
172
Desmodium distortum (Aubl.) J.F.Macbr.
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Desmodium glabrum (Mill.) DC. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Desmodium incanum DC. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Desmodium procumbens (Mill.) Hitchc.
[Synonyms: Desmodium spirale (Sw.) DC.]
Habits: herb(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre,
Cryst.
Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Discolobium (1 species)
Discolobium hirtum Benth. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Enterolobium (2 species)
Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong
Habits: tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: MG(2); PB(2); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Ins,
Trans.
Enterolobium timbouva Mart. States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Dimorphandra (1 species)
Eriosema (1 species)
Dimorphandra gardneriana Tul. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Eriosema glaziovii Harms Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Unc.
Dioclea (5 species)
Erythrina (2 species)
Dioclea grandiflora Mart. ex Benth. Habits: climber(4);
liana(5). Life forms: liana(1); phanerophyte(2).
States: BA(2); CE(3); PB(3); PE(3); PI(4).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Dioclea marginata Benth. Habits: liana(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dioclea megacarpa Rolfe Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Dioclea sclerocarpa Ducke Habits: climber(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dioclea violacea Mart. ex Benth. Habits: climber(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(5); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Erythrina velutina Willd. Habits: ?(1); tree(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(3); MG(1);
PB(12); PE(5); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst,
Diam, Ins, Riv, Trans, Unc.
Erythrina verna Vell. [Synonyms: Erythrina mulungu
Mart.] States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
Erythrostemon (1 species)
Erythrostemon calycina (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia calycina Benth.]
Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Diplotropis (1 species)
Galactia (4 species)
Diplotropis ferruginea Benth. States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Galactia jussiaeana Kunth Habits: liana(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Galactia remansoana Harms Habits: vine(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb. Habits: climber(2). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Galactia texana (Scheele) A.Gray Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PI(1).
Observations: According the Lista de Espécies da Flora
do Brasil 2012, Galactia texana (Scheele) A.Gray do not
occurs in Brazil. This is probably a misidentified
species.. Habitats: Sed.
Dipteryx (1 species)
Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. States: RN(1).
Habitats: Unc.
Diptychandra (1 species)
Diptychandra aurantiaca subsp. epunctata (Tul.)
H.C.Lima et a [Synonyms: Diptychandra epunctata Tul.]
Habits: tree(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
173
Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. Habits: tree(3). States: PB(1);
PE(5). Habitats: Riv.
Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Inga striata Benth. States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Inga vera Willd. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Riv.
Goniorrhachis (1 species)
Leptolobium (1 species)
Goniorrhachis marginata Taub. States: BA(2); MG(8).
Habitats: Arb, Diam.
Leptolobium dasycarpum Vogel [Synonyms: Acosmium
dasycarpum (Vogel) Yakovlev; Sweetia dasycarpa
(Vogel) Benth.] States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Geoffroea (1 species)
Harpalyce (1 species)
Leucochloron (1 species)
Harpalyce brasiliana Benth. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Leucochloron limae Barneby & J.W.Grimes
States: MG(4). Habitats: Arb.
Hymenaea (7 species)
Libidibia (1 species)
Hymenaea aurea Y.T.Lee & Langenh. Habits: tree(2).
States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Hymenaea courbaril L. Habits: tree(8). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PB(2); PE(7);
PI(6). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Hymenaea eriogyne Benth. Habits: shrub(3); tree(3).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(8);
PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Hymenaea maranhensis Y.T.Lee & Langenh.
States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Hymenaea martiana Hayne Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: MG(2); PI(2).
Habitats: Arb, Sed, Trans.
Hymenaea velutina Ducke Habits: tree(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(7). Habitats: Sed.
Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul.]
Habits: shrub(1); tree(14); treelet(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(5); PB(15); PE(15);
PI(4); RN(10). Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Sed,
Trans, Unc, Ins.
Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya (Benth.)
L.P.Queiroz [Synonyms: Caesalpinia leiostachya
(Benth.) Ducke] Habits: tree(1). States: PB(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Riv.
Lonchocarpus (6 species)
Lonchocarpus araripensis Benth. Habits: tree(3);
treelet(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4);
PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Lonchocarpus campestris Mart. ex Benth.
States: PB(2). Habitats: Riv.
Lonchocarpus costatus Benth. [Synonyms: Deguelia
costata (Benth.) A.M.G.Azevedo] States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Lonchocarpus obtusus Benth. Habits: tree(3).
States: PB(4). Habitats: Cryst, Riv.
Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth ex DC.
Habits: tree(5). States: PB(4); PE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Trans.
Lonchocarpus virgilioides (Vogel) Benth.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Indigofera (3 species)
Indigofera blanchetiana Benth. States: RN(1).
Habitats: Unc.
Indigofera microcarpa Desv. Habits: ?(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Riv.
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Habits: shrub(2);
subshrub(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(2).
States: BA(2); CE(4); PB(1); PE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Luetzelburgia (1 species)
Inga (4 species)
Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke
Habits: tree(7). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
Inga capitata Desv. States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
174
States: CE(2); PB(5); PE(2); PI(6). Habitats: CMaior,
Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Martiodendron (1 species)
Martiodendron mediterraneum (Mart. ex Benth.)
R.C.Koeppen Habits: tree(1). States: PI(3).
Habitats: CMaior.
Machaerium (12 species)
Machaerium aculeatum Raddi States: MG(3); PB(1).
Habitats: Arb, Agre.
Machaerium acutifolium Vogel Habits: tree(6). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(7); MG(4);
PI(5). Habitats: Arb, CMaior, Diam, Sed, Trans.
Machaerium amplum Benth. Habits: tree(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Machaerium brasiliense Vogel States: MG(6).
Habitats: Arb.
Machaerium floridum (Mart. ex Benth.) Ducke
States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld
[Synonyms: Machaerium angustifolium Vogel]
States: MG(3). Habitats: Arb.
Machaerium opacum Vogel States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Machaerium ovalifolium Glaz. ex Rudd
Habits: liana(1); shrub(1). States: CE(1); PI(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. States: MG(5).
Habitats: Arb.
Machaerium stipitatum (DC.) Vogel Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Machaerium vestitum Vogel States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Machaerium villosum Vogel States: MG(4).
Habitats: Arb.
Mimosa (28 species)
Mimosa acutistipula (Mart.) Benth. Habits: tree(4).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PB(1);
PE(4); PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Mimosa adenophylla Taub. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Mimosa arenosa (Willd.) Poir. [Synonyms: Mimosa
malacocentra (Mart.) Benth] Habits: shrub(3); tree(3).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(3); PB(5);
PE(11); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze Habits: tree(1).
States: PE(3). Habitats: Riv.
Mimosa borboremae Harms States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(8);
PI(3); RN(4). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Unc.
Mimosa camporum Benth. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Mimosa gemmulata Barneby Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Mimosa guaranitica Chodat & Hassl. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Mimosa honesta Mart. States: PB(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Riv.
Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla Habits: shrub(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(3); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Mimosa lepidophora Rizzini Habits: tree(2).
States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Mimosa lewisii Barneby Habits: climber(1); shrub(2).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(1);
PE(6). Habitats: Sed.
Mimosa misera Benth. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Mimosa modesta Mart. Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Mimosa niederleinii Burkart States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Mimosa nothopteris Barneby Habits: treelet(1).
States: PI(2). Habitats: CMaior.
Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth.
Habits: tree(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Macroptilium (5 species)
Macroptilium bracteatum (Nees & Mart.) Maréchal &
Baudet Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Macroptilium gracile (Poepp. ex Benth.) Urb.
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Aqua,
Trans.
Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. States: BA(2);
RN(1). Habitats: Aqua, Unc.
Macroptilium martii (Benth.) Maréchal & Baudet
Habits: climber(1); herb(3). Life forms: liana(1);
therophyte(4). States: CE(2); PE(4); PI(2); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Macroptilium panduratum (Mart. ex Benth.) Maréchal
& Baudet Habits: herb(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
175
States: PB(9); PE(6); PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Agre,
CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Trans, Unc.
Mimosa paraibana Barneby Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv.
Mimosa pigra L. Habits: shrub(2). States: PE(4).
Habitats: Riv.
Mimosa pudica L. States: BA(2); RN(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Unc.
Mimosa quadrivalvis L. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Mimosa quadrivalvis var. leptocarpa (DC.)
Barneby [Synonyms: Schrankia leptocarpa DC.]
Habits: climber(1); subshrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(2); PE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Unc.
Mimosa sensitiva L. Habits: climber(2); liana(1);
shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(1). States: CE(2);
PB(3); PE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans,
Unc.
Mimosa somnians Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. [Synonyms: Mimosa
hostilis (Mart.) Benth.; Mimosa nigra Huber]
Habits: shrub(2); tree(13). Life
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(6); MG(8);
PB(24); PE(13); PI(2); RN(26). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Mimosa ursina Mart. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Mimosa verrucosa Benth. Habits: tree(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3); PI(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Mimosa xiquexiquensis Barneby Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Parapiptadenia zehntneri (Harms) M.P.Lima &
H.C.Lima [Synonyms: Piptadenia zehntneri Harms]
Habits: shrub(1); tree(4). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(9).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Parkia (1 species)
Parkia platycephala Benth. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Parkinsonia (1 species)
Parkinsonia aculeata L. Habits: tree(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Riv.
Peltogyne (2 species)
Peltogyne confertiflora (Mart. ex Hayne) Benth.
Habits: tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(3); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Peltogyne pauciflora Benth. [Synonyms: Cynometra
glaziovii Taub.] Habits: tree(5). States: BA(4); PB(2);
PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed.
Peltophorum (1 species)
Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. States: BA(1);
MG(3); RN(1). Habitats: Arb, Diam, Unc.
Periandra (2 species)
Periandra coccinea (Schrad.) Benth. Habits: liana(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Periandra mediterranea (Vell.) Taub. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Myroxylon (1 species)
Myroxylon peruiferum L.f. Habits: tree(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Piptadenia (4 species)
Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F.Macbr.
States: MG(2). Habitats: Arb.
Piptadenia macradenia Benth. States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke Habits: shrub(5);
tree(11); treelet(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(5).
States: CE(8); PB(18); PE(16); PI(3); RN(17).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Piptadenia viridiflora (Kunth) Benth.
[Synonyms: Piptadenia biuncifera Benth.]
Habits: tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Ormosia (1 species)
Ormosia fastigiata Tul. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Parapiptadenia (2 species)
Parapiptadenia blanchetii (Benth.) Vaz & M.P.Lima
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1); PI(1). Habitats: Ins,
Trans.
176
States: BA(1); CE(2); MG(6); PB(4); PE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Diam, Sed, Unc.
Poecilanthe falcata (Vell.) Heringer States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Poecilanthe grandiflora Benth. Habits: tree(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Poecilanthe subcordata Benth. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Poecilanthe ulei (Harms) Arroyo & Rudd
Habits: tree(3). States: BA(2); PB(2). Habitats: Diam,
Ins, Riv.
Pithecellobium (2 species)
Pithecellobium diversifolium Benth. Life
forms: phanerophyte phanerophyte. States: PB(4);
PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv.
Pithecellobium roseum (Vahl) Barneby & J.W.Grimes
var. roseum [Synonyms: Pithecellobium parviflorum
Pittier] Habits: tree(2). States: PE(3).
Observations: Cited occasionally as P. parviflorum
Benth., but the correct author is Pittier. Possibly a
misidentification, as this is an Amazonian species.
Habitats: Agre, Riv.
Poeppigia (1 species)
Poeppigia procera C.Presl Habits: tree(7). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(4); CE(1); PE(5);
PI(6). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Sed.
Pityrocarpa (2 species)
Poincianella (5 species)
Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) Luckow &
R.W.Jobson [Synonyms: Piptadenia moniliformis
Benth.] Habits: tree(10). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: BA(2); CE(9); PE(1); PI(4); RN(5).
Habitats: Diam, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Pityrocarpa obliqua (Pers.) Brenan
[Synonyms: Piptadenia obliqua (Pers.) J.F.Macbr.]
Habits: tree(4); treelet(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(8);
PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia bracteosa Tul.]
Habits: shrub(2); tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: CE(7); PE(2); PI(5); RN(6). Habitats: CMaior,
Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Poincianella gardneriana (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia gardneriana Benth.]
Habits: tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(2); PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Poincianella microphylla (Mart. ex G.Don) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia microphylla Mart. ex G.Don]
Life forms: phanerophyte microphanerophyte.
States: BA(2); MG(6); PE(14); PI(1). Habitats: Arb,
Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Poincianella pluviosa (DC.) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia pluviosa DC.] States: MG(4).
Habitats: Arb.
Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.]
Habits: shrub(3); tree(11). States: BA(3); CE(1);
PB(30); PE(19); RN(22). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam,
Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Plathymenia (1 species)
Plathymenia reticulata Benth. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Platymiscium (1 species)
Platymiscium floribundum Vogel Habits: tree(1).
States: CE(1); MG(5). Habitats: Arb, Trans.
Platymiscium floribundum Vogel var.
floribundum [Synonyms: Platymiscium blanchetii
Benth.] States: MG(3). Habitats: Arb.
Pterocarpus (4 species)
Pterocarpus monophyllus Klitg., L.P.Queiroz &
G.P.Lewis Habits: tree(1). States: BA(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl [Synonyms: Pterocarpus
violaceus var. angustifolia Benth.; Pterocarpus violaceus
Vogel] States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Pterocarpus villosus (Mart. ex Benth.) Benth.
Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PI(3). Habitats: Sed.
Platypodium (1 species)
Platypodium elegans Vogel Habits: shrub(3); tree(3).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); PI(3).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Poecilanthe (4 species)
177
Pterodon abruptus (Moric.) Benth. Habits: tree(3).
States: BA(1); PI(5). Habitats: Diam, Sed, Trans.
Habits: shrub(1); tree(3). States: BA(1); CE(1); PB(1);
PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Senegalia tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose
[Synonyms: Acacia claussenii Benth.; Acacia paniculata
Willd.; Acacia tenuifolia (L.) Willd.] Habits: shrub(3);
tree(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
CE(4); MG(1); PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Pterogyne (1 species)
Senna (21 species)
Pterogyne nitens Tul. States: BA(1); MG(4).
Habitats: Arb, Diam.
Senna acuruensis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
[Synonyms: Cassia acuruensis Benth.; Senna acuruensis
(Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. acuruensis]
Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(2); PE(1); PI(5). Habitats: CMaior, Diam,
Sed.
Senna angulata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
[Synonyms: Cassia angulata Vogel] States: BA(1);
PB(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Senna aversiflora (Herb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Senna cana (Nees & Mart.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: shrub(1); tree(2). States: BA(1); PE(5).
Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Senna catingae (Harms) L.P.Queiroz States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Senna cearensis Afr.Fern. [Synonyms: Senna
barnebyana Afr.Fern.] Habits: shrub(6). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(8); PI(3).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Senna gardneri (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: shrub(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: BA(2); CE(3); PB(1); PI(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Senna georgica H.S.Irwin & Barneby States: RN(1).
Habitats: Unc.
Senna lechriosperma H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby Habits: shrub(2); tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(6); MG(2);
PB(4); PE(11); PI(3); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans, Riv, Sed, Trans, Arb, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans,
Unc, Sed, Riv.
Senna martiana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
[Synonyms: Cassia martiana Benth.] Habits: shrub(3).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PB(7); PE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv.
Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
States: CE(1). Habitats: Unc.
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Pterocarpus zehntneri Harms States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Pterodon (1 species)
Rhynchosia (2 species)
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Rhynchosia phaseoloides (Sw.) DC. Habits: climber(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(2); PB(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Senegalia (9 species)
Senegalia bahiensis (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger
[Synonyms: Acacia bahiensis Benth.] Habits: treelet(1).
States: BA(2); MG(4); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Ins,
Sed.
Senegalia langsdorffii (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger
[Synonyms: Acacia langsdorffii Benth.]
Habits: shrub(7); tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: BA(2); CE(9); MG(1); PI(3). Habitats: Arb,
Diam, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Senegalia martii (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger
[Synonyms: Acacia martii Benth.] States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Senegalia martiusiana (Steud.) Seigler & Ebinger
[Synonyms: Acacia adhaerens Benth.] States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Senegalia monacantha (Willd.) Seigler & Ebinger
[Synonyms: Acacia monacantha Willd.] States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Senegalia piauhiensis (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger
[Synonyms: Acacia piauhiensis Benth.] Habits: shrub(2);
tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
PE(5); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Sed, Trans.
Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose
[Synonyms: Acacia glomerosa Benth.; Acacia polyphylla
DC.] Habits: shrub(1); tree(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(4); MG(2);
PB(4); PE(4); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Diam, Ins,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Senegalia riparia (Kunth) Britton & Rose ex Britton &
Killip [Synonyms: Acacia riparia Kunth]
178
States: CE(1); PE(1); RN(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst,
Unc.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Habits: shrub(2).
States: PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Senna rizzinii H.S.Irwin & Barneby Habits: shrub(4);
tree(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1);
PB(1); PE(10); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed,
Trans, Unc.
Senna rugosa (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: shrub(4); tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(3); CE(1); MG(5); PB(9); PE(11); PI(2);
RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed,
Trans, Unc, Cryst, Riv, Trans.
Senna splendida (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: shrub(3); tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(3); PE(4). Habitats: Agre,
Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Sed.
Senna trachypus (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: shrub(7); subshrub(2); tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: CE(10); PE(2); PI(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: herb(2); shrub(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(2). States: BA(3); PE(4);
RN(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Senna velutina (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
[Synonyms: Cassia velutina Vogel] Habits: shrub(1).
States: PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Riv.
Stylosanthes humilis Kunth Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(3). Habitats: Cryst,
Ins.
Stylosanthes scabra Vogel Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins.
Stylosanthes viscosa (L.) Sw. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(3); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Swartzia (1 species)
Swartzia flaemingii Raddi Habits: tree(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(8); PI(4).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Tachigali (2 species)
Tachigali aurea Tul. [Synonyms: Sclerolobium aureum
(Tul.) Benth.] States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Tachigali densiflora (Benth.) L.G.Silva & H.C.Lima
[Synonyms: Sclerolobium densiflorum Benth.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Tephrosia (2 species)
Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers. States: PE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Unc.
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Sesbania (2 species)
Trischidium (2 species)
Sesbania exasperata Kunth Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. [Synonyms: Sesbania
marginata Benth.] Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Stryphnodendron (1 species)
Trischidium decipiens (R.S.Cowan) H.E.Ireland
[Synonyms: Bocoa decipiens R.S.Cowan]
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Trischidium molle (Benth.) H.E.Ireland
[Synonyms: Bocoa mollis (Benth.) Cowan]
Habits: shrub(10). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1).
States: BA(3); CE(2); PE(8); PI(4). Habitats: Sed,
Trans.
Stryphnodendron coriaceum Benth. States: PI(1).
Habitats: CMaior.
Vachellia (1 species)
Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.
[Synonyms: Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.]
Habits: tree(1). States: PB(3); PE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Unc.
Stylosanthes (6 species)
Stylosanthes angustifolia Vogel States: RN(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Stylosanthes capitata Vogel Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Vatairea (1 species)
179
Vatairea macrocarpa (Benth.) Ducke Habits: tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Paliavana (1 species)
Vigna (2 species)
Paliavana tenuiflora Mansf. Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Vigna halophila (Piper) Maréchal et al. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Vigna peduncularis (Kunth) Fawc. & Rendle
[Synonyms: Phaseolus peduncularis Kunth]
Habits: climber(3). Life forms: liana(1); therophyte(2).
States: PE(6); PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Sinningia (2 species)
Sinningia incarnata (Aubl.) D.L.Denham Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Sinningia nordestina Chautems Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Zornia (9 species)
HYDROCHARITACEAE (3 genera; 3 species)
Zornia brasiliensis Vogel Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2); RN(1).
Habitats: Trans, Unc.
Zornia curvata Mohlenbr. Habits: herb(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Zornia gardneriana Moric. Habits: herb(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Zornia gemella Vogel Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Zornia glabra Desv. States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Zornia myriadena Benth. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Zornia reticulata Sm. States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Zornia sericea Moric. Habits: herb(5). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Egeria (1 species)
Egeria densa Planch. States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Limnobium (1 species)
Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)
Heine States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Najas (1 species)
Najas conferta (A.Braun) A.Braun States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
GENTIANACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
HYDROLEACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Schultesia (1 species)
Hydrolea (1 species)
Schultesia guianensis (Aubl.) Malme Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Hydrolea spinosa L. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(7); CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins,
Trans.
GESNERIACEAE (2 genera; 3 species)
HYPERICACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
180
Vismia (2 species)
Aegiphila (2 species)
Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Aegiphila pernambucensis Moldenke Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Aegiphila smithii Moldenke States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
HYPOXIDACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Amasonia (1 species)
Hypoxis (1 species)
Amasonia campestris (Aubl.) Moldenke
[Synonyms: Amasonia coccinea Liebm. & Moldenke]
Habits: herb(1); subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3). States: CE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Hypoxis decumbens L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eriope (1 species)
IRIDACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)
Eriope hypenioides Mart. ex Benth. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Hypenia (1 species)
Hypenia salzmannii (Benth.) Harley [Synonyms: Hyptis
salzmannii Benth.] Habits: herb(2); subshrub(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(2);
PI(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Cipura (1 species)
Cipura paludosa Aubl. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Hyptidendron (1 species)
Neomarica (1 species)
Hyptidendron amethystoides (Benth.) Harley
Habits: subshrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Hyptis (11 species)
KRAMERIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Hyptis atrorubens Poit. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Cryst,
Trans.
Hyptis calida Mart. ex Benth. Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Leptohyptis calida (Mart. ex Benth.) R.M.Harley &
J.F.B.Pastore.
Hyptis dilatata Benth. States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Hyptis fruticosa Salzm. ex Benth. Habits: shrub(2);
subshrub(1). States: BA(2); PE(5). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Eplingiella fruticosa (Salzm. ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.
Pastore.
Krameria (1 species)
Krameria tomentosa A.St.-Hil. Habits: ?(1);
subshrub(1). States: BA(1); PE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
LAMIACEAE (11 genus; 26 species)
181
Hyptis martiusii Benth. Habits: shrub(3); subshrub(1).
Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
PE(6). Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Medusantha martiusii (Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore.
Hyptis multiflora Pohl Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Medusantha multiflora (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.
Pastore.
Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and treated as Mesosphaerum pectinatum
(L.) Kuntze.
Hyptis platanifolia Mart. ex Benth. Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct from
Hyptis and given the new combination Gymneia
platanifolia (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore.
Hyptis sidifolia (L'Hér.) Briq. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Mesosphaerum sidifolium (L’Hér.) Harley & J.F.B.
Pastore.
Hyptis simulans Epling Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Medusantha simulans (Epling) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore.
Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Habits: herb(4). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: BA(1); CE(3); PE(3);
RN(3). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and treated as Mesosphaerum suaveolens
(L.) Kuntze.
Ocimum (1 species)
Ocimum campechianum Mill. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Rhaphiodon (1 species)
Rhaphiodon echinus Schauer Habits: herb(2).
States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Vitex (5 species)
Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Spreng. Habits: tree(2).
States: CE(2); MG(2); PI(3). Habitats: Arb, CMaior,
Sed.
Vitex gardneriana Schauer Habits: shrub(4).
States: PB(5); PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Vitex polygama Cham. [Synonyms: Vitex laciniosa
Turcz.] States: MG(2). Habitats: Arb.
Vitex rufescens A.Juss. [Synonyms: Vitex regnelliana
Moldenke] Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Ins.
Vitex schaueriana Moldenke Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3); PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
LAURACEAE (3 genera; 6 species)
Cassytha (1 species)
Cassytha filiformis L. [Synonyms: Cassytha americana
Nees] Habits: herb(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins,
Sed.
Nectandra (2 species)
Leonotis (1 species)
Nectandra membranacea (Sw.) Griseb. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Nectandra nitidula Nees States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. Habits: subshrub(2).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Riv, Sed.
Marsypianthes (1 species)
Ocotea (3 species)
Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(5).
States: BA(1); CE(4); PB(1); PE(3); RN(3).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Unc.
Ocotea brachybotrya (Meisn.) Mez States: PI(1).
Habitats: CMaior.
182
Ocotea duckei Vattimo-Gil Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ocotea xanthocalyx (Nees) Mez Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Aosa rupestris (Gardner) Weigend [Synonyms: Loasa
rupestris Gardner] Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
phanerophyte(1); therophyte(1). States: BA(4); PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Mentzelia (1 species)
LENTIBULARIACEAE (1 genus; 5 species)
Mentzelia aspera L. [Synonyms: Mentzelia fragilis
Huber] Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(2); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Trans.
Utricularia (5 species)
LOGANIACEAE (2 genera; 3 species)
Utricularia breviscapa C.Wright ex Griseb.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Utricularia foliosa L. States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Utricularia gibba L. States: BA(5). Habitats: Aqua.
Utricularia nigrescens Sylvén Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Utricularia pusilla Vahl States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Spigelia (1 species)
Spigelia anthelmia L. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
LIMNOCHARITACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Strychnos (2 species)
Strychnos parvifolia A.DC. States: BA(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Strychnos rubiginosa A.DC. Habits: climber(4);
shrub(4); subshrub(1). States: CE(4); PE(5); PI(3).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Hydrocleis (1 species)
Hydrocleis nymphoides (Willd.) Buchenau
States: BA(4). Habitats: Aqua.
LORANTHACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)
LINDERNIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Psittacanthus (1 species)
Micranthemum umbrosum (Walter ex J.F.Gmel.)
S.F.Blake States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Psittacanthus cordatus (Hoffmanns.) G.Don
[Synonyms: Psittacanthus bicalyculatus (Mart.) Mart.]
Habits: hemiparasite(2). States: BA(4); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
LOASACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)
Struthanthus (3 species)
Aosa (1 species)
Struthanthus flexicaulis Mart. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Struthanthus polyrhizus (Mart.) Mart.
Habits: epiphyte(1); hemiparasite(1); herb(1).
States: PE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Micranthemum (1 species)
183
Struthanthus syringifolius (Mart.) Mart.
Habits: hemiparasite(3); herb(1). States: BA(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis angustifolia (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis laevifolia (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis muricata (Cav.) Cuatrec.
Habits: climber(1). States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis oxyclada (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis schizoptera (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Habits: climber(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis stellaris (Griseb.) B.Gates
[Synonyms: Banisteriopsis stellaris (Griseb.) B.Gates
var. latifolia] Habits: climber(2); liana(3). Life
forms: liana(1); phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3); PE(2);
PI(3). Habitats: Sed.
LYTHRACEAE (4 genera; 9 species)
Ammannia (1 species)
Ammannia latifolia L. States: BA(4); PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Cuphea (6 species)
Cuphea calophylla Cham. & Schltdl. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Cuphea campestris Koehne Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2); PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Cuphea circaeoides Sm. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(2).
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Cuphea ericoides Cham. & Schltdl. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Cuphea impatientifolia A.St.-Hil. [Synonyms: Cuphea
prunellifolia A.St.-Hil.] States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Cuphea racemosa (L.f.) Spreng. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Barnebya (1 species)
Barnebya harleyi W.R.Anderson & B.Gates Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Bunchosia (1 species)
Bunchosia pernambucana W.R.Anderson
Habits: subshrub(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Byrsonima (7 species)
Lafoensia (1 species)
Byrsonima correifolia A.Juss. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(2).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth States: PI(1); RN(1).
Habitats: CMaior, Unc.
Byrsonima cydoniifolia A.Juss. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Byrsonima gardneriana A.Juss. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(3); CE(9); PE(4);
PI(3). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Byrsonima nitidifolia A.Juss. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Byrsonima sericea DC. Habits: treelet(1).
States: PI(3). Habitats: CMaior.
Byrsonima vacciniifolia A.Juss. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne Habits: subshrub(1).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PB(1);
PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Pleurophora (1 species)
Pleurophora anomala (A. St.-Hil.) Koehne Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(5); CE(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst.
MALPIGHIACEAE (14 genera; 38 species)
Banisteriopsis (6 species)
Callaeum (1 species)
184
Mascagnia sepium (A.Juss.) Griseb. Habits: climber(1);
shrub(1). States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Trans.
Callaeum psilophyllum (A.Juss.) D.M.Johnson
[Synonyms: Mascagnia psilophylla (A.Juss.) Griseb.]
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Peixotoa (1 species)
Diplopterys (2 species)
Peixotoa jussieuana A.Juss. Habits: climber(1);
liana(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5);
PI(5). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Diplopterys lutea (Griseb.) W.R.Anderson & C.C.Davis
[Synonyms: Banisteriopsis lutea (Griseb.) Cuatrec.]
States: BA(1); PB(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Diplopterys pubipetala (A.Juss.) W.R.Anderson &
C.C.Davi [Synonyms: Banisteriopsis pubipetala
(A.Juss.) Cuatrec.] Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Ptilochaeta (1 species)
Ptilochaeta bahiensis Turcz. Habits: shrub(2); tree(1);
treelet(1). States: CE(1); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Sed,
Trans.
Galphimia (1 species)
Stigmaphyllon (5 species)
Galphimia brasiliensis (L.) A.Juss. States: BA(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Stigmaphyllon auriculatum (Cav.) A.Juss.
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Stigmaphyllon blanchetii C.E.Anderson
Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Stigmaphyllon cavernulosum C.E.Anderson
Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Stigmaphyllon paralias A.Juss. Habits: climber(1);
shrub(1); subshrub(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(4); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Stigmaphyllon rotundifolium A.Juss. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Heteropterys (6 species)
Heteropterys campestris A.Juss.
[Synonyms: Heteropterys discolor A.Juss.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Heteropterys chrysophylla (Lam.) DC. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Heteropterys dichromocalyx W.R.Anderson
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Heteropterys grandiflora A.Juss. Habits: liana(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Heteropterys pteropetala A.Juss. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Heteropterys trichanthera A.Juss. Habits: climber(1);
shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1);
CE(2); PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed.
Thryallis (1 species)
Thryallis longifolia Mart. States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
MALVACEAE (23 genera; 82 species)
Janusia (3 species)
Janusia anisandra (A.Juss.) Griseb.
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Janusia janusioides (A.Juss.) W.R.Anderson
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Janusia schwannioides W.R.Anderson States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Ayenia (1 species)
Ayenia erecta Mart. ex K.Schum. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Trans.
Mascagnia (2 species)
Bakeridesia (1 species)
Mascagnia riparia C.E.Anderson Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Bakeridesia andradelimae Monteiro States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
185
Gaya gracilipes K.Schum. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Gaya monosperma (K.Schum.) Krapov.
[Synonyms: Gaya elingulata Krapov., Tressens &
A.Fernández] Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Briquetia (1 species)
Briquetia spicata (Kunth) Fryxell
[Synonyms: Pseudabutilon spicatum (Kunth) R.E.Fr.]
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(2).
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Sed.
Guazuma (1 species)
Byttneria (1 species)
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); MG(2).
Habitats: Arb, Cryst.
Byttneria filipes Mart. ex K.Schum. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Helicteres (9 species)
Cavanillesia (2 species)
Helicteres baruensis Jacq. [Synonyms: Helicteres mollis
C.Presl] Habits: shrub(8). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(2); PE(3); PI(3); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Helicteres brevispira A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Helicteres eichleri K.Schum. Habits: shrub(2).
States: BA(4); PB(3). Habitats: Agre, Diam, Ins, Riv.
Helicteres guazumifolia Kunth States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Helicteres heptandra L.B.Sm. Habits: shrub(4);
subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(4); PI(5). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Helicteres macropetala A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(3). Habitats: Agre.
Helicteres muscosa Mart. Habits: ?(1); shrub(5);
subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: CE(7); PI(6). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Helicteres sacarolha A.St.-Hil. et al. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Helicteres velutina K.Schum. Habits: shrub(4). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Sed.
Cavanillesia hylogeiton Ulbr. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Cavanillesia umbellata Ruiz & Pav.
[Synonyms: Cavanillesia arborea (Willd.) K.Schum.]
States: MG(6). Habitats: Arb.
Ceiba (4 species)
Ceiba erianthos (Cav.) K.Schum. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Ceiba glaziovii (Kuntze) K.Schum. [Synonyms: Chorisia
glaziovii (Kuntze) E.Santos] Habits: tree(5).
States: CE(1); PB(6); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv,
Trans, Unc.
Ceiba pubiflora (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum. States: MG(3).
Habitats: Arb.
Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil.) Ravenna States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Corchorus (3 species)
Corchorus argutus Kunth Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Unc.
Corchorus hirtus L. Habits: herb(4); subshrub(1). Life
forms: therophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(1); PE(8).
Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Trans.
Corchorus orinocensis Kunth Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Herissantia (3 species)
Herissantia crispa (L.) Brizicky Habits: herb(2);
shrub(2); subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(3).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(8). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Herissantia nemoralis (A.St.-Hil.) Brizicky
States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Herissantia tiubae (K.Schum.) Brizicky
[Synonyms: Abutilon tiubae K.Schum.] Habits: herb(1);
shrub(3); subshrub(4). Life forms: chamaephyte(3).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(11); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst,
Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Gaya (4 species)
Gaya aurea A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(1);
RN(1). Habitats: Riv, Unc.
Gaya gaudichaudiana A.St.-Hil. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
186
Pavonia blanchetiana Miq. Habits: shrub(2).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav. [Synonyms: Pavonia
cancellata var. deltoidea (Mart.) A.St.-Hil. & Naudin]
Habits: herb(1); subshrub(3). Life
forms: chamaephyte(4); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(3); PB(1); PE(4); PI(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Pavonia glazioviana Gürke [Synonyms: Pavonia
andrade-limae Monteiro] Habits: shrub(5).
States: BA(1); CE(4); PE(1); PI(4). Habitats: Sed,
Trans.
Pavonia humifusa A.St.-Hil. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Pavonia varians Moric. Habits: subshrub(3).
States: BA(1); PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Luehea (4 species)
Luehea candicans Mart. & Zucc. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). States: CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Luehea candicans var. candicans
[Synonyms: Luehea uniflora A.St.-Hil.]
Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc. States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Luehea grandiflora Mart. & Zucc. [Synonyms: Luehea
speciosa Willd.] Habits: shrub(1); tree(1).
States: BA(1); PI(2). Habitats: CMaior, Diam.
Luehea paniculata Mart. & Zucc. States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Pseudobombax (3 species)
Malvastrum (2 species)
Pseudobombax grandiflorum (Cav.) A.Robyns
States: PE(1); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Pseudobombax marginatum (A.St.-Hil.) A. Robyns
Habits: tree(8). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(4); MG(4); PB(13); PE(4); PI(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Pseudobombax simplicifolium A.Robyns
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1); MG(6); PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Diam.
Malvastrum coromandelianum Garcke States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Malvastrum tomentosum (L.) S.R.Hill States: PE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Malvastrum tomentosum (L.) S.R.Hill subsp.
tomentosum [Synonyms: Malvastrum scabrum Garcke]
Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Trans.
Melochia (4 species)
Sida (17 species)
Melochia arenosa Benth. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Melochia lanata A.St.-Hil. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Melochia pyramidata L. Habits: shrub(3).
States: BA(1); PB(5). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Riv.
Melochia tomentosa L. Habits: herb(2); shrub(2);
subshrub(4). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: BA(5); PB(5); PE(14); PI(1).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Sida acuta Burm.f. States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Sida angustissima A.St.-Hil. States: RN(1).
Habitats: Unc.
Sida anomala A.St.-Hil. States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Sida blepharoprion Ulbr. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Sida castanocarpa Krapov. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Sida ciliaris L., Sida ciliaris does not occur in Brazil thus
its use for a plant of the semi-arid is a misidentification
(M. Bovini, pers. comm.) Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2); PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Sida cordifolia L. Habits: herb(1); shrub(3);
subshrub(3). Life forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1);
PE(7); PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Sida galheirensis Ulbr. Habits: herb(3); shrub(3);
subshrub(4). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(4); CE(3); PB(2); PE(10). Habitats: Cryst,
Ins, Sed, Trans.
Pachira (1 species)
Pachira retusa (Mart. & Zucc.) Fern.Alonso
[Synonyms: Bombacopsis retusa A.Robyns]
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(2). Habitats: Sed.
Pavonia (6 species)
Pavonia aschersoniana Gürke Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
187
Sida glomerata Cav. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Agre, Sed, Trans.
Sida jussiaeana DC. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Sida linifolia Cav. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Sida regnellii R.E.Fr. Habits: shrub(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Trans.
Sida rhombifolia L. States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Sida rubifolia A.St.-Hil. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Sida salviifolia C.Presl Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Sida spinosa L. Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(1); PE(3);
RN(1). Habitats: Aqua, Trans, Unc.
Sida ulei Ulbr. [Synonyms: Sida salzmannii Mont.] Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Waltheria brachypetala Turcz. Habits: shrub(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Waltheria bracteosa A.St.-Hil. & Naudin
States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Waltheria ferruginea A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(3);
subshrub(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(4); PE(4); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Waltheria maritima A.St.-Hil. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Waltheria martiana Benth. ex J.G.Saunders
[Synonyms: Waltheria macropoda Turcz.]
Habits: herb(3); subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(4); therophyte(1). States: CE(2);
PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Waltheria rotundifolia Schrank Habits: herb(2);
shrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(1).
States: PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Wissadula (2 species)
Sidastrum (3 species)
Wissadula amplissima (L.) R.E.Fr. Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Wissadula contracta (Link) R.E.Fr. Habits: herb(2);
shrub(1); subshrub(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(2). States: CE(3); PE(3). Habitats: Agre,
Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Sidastrum micranthum (A.St.-Hil.) Fryxell
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Sidastrum multiflorum (Jacq.) Fryxell [Synonyms: Sida
acuminata DC.] Habits: subshrub(1). States: BA(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Sidastrum paniculatum (L.) Fryxell [Synonyms: Sida
paniculata L.] Habits: subshrub(3). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(3); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
MARANTACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)
Sterculia (1 species)
Sterculia striata A.St.-Hil. & Naudin States: MG(7).
Habitats: Arb.
Calathea (1 species)
Triumfetta (1 species)
Calathea villosa (Lodd.) Lindl. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(2). States: CE(2); PB(1).
Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Maranta (1 species)
Waltheria (8 species)
Maranta divaricata Roscoe Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Waltheria albicans Turcz. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Waltheria americana L. [Synonyms: Waltheria indica
L.] Habits: herb(2); shrub(2); subshrub(3). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2); phanerophyte(1); therophyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(3); PB(1); PE(9); RN(3).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
MARCGRAVIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
188
Schwartzia (1 species)
Cabralea (1 species)
Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas
[Synonyms: Norantea brasiliensis Choisy]
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Cedrela (2 species)
MELASTOMATACEAE (5 genera; 8 species)
Cedrela fissilis Vell. States: MG(5). Habitats: Arb.
Cedrela odorata L. Habits: tree(1). States: CE(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Unc.
Clidemia (1 species)
Trichilia (2 species)
Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don Habits: ?(1); shrub(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Trichilia elegans A.Juss. Habits: shrub(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4). Habitats: Sed.
Trichilia hirta L. [Synonyms: Trichilia cathartica Mart.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(1); MG(6); PI(1).
Habitats: Arb, Ins, Trans.
Miconia (1 species)
Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
MENISPERMACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Mouriri (1 species)
Mouriri pusa Gardner Habits: tree(1). States: BA(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Cissampelos (2 species)
Cissampelos andromorpha DC. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cissampelos parriera Vell., An illegitimate name. This
name should not be used anymore. Habits: ?(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Pterolepis (2 species)
Pterolepis polygonoides (DC.) Triana Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Pterolepis trichotoma (Rottb.) Cogn. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
MENYANTHACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Tibouchina (3 species)
Tibouchina heteromalla (D.Don) Cogn.
[Synonyms: Tibouchina grandifolia Cogn.; Tibouchina
multiflora (Gardner) Cogn.] Habits: shrub(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Tibouchina lithophila Wurdack Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Nymphoides (1 species)
Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
MOLLUGINACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)
MELIACEAE (3 genera; 5 species)
Glischrothamnus (1 species)
189
Glischrothamnus ulei Pilg. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Cybianthus (1 species)
Mollugo (1 species)
Cybianthus penduliflorus Mart. Habits: ?(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Mollugo verticillata L. Habits: herb(10). Life
forms: therophyte(6). States: BA(2); CE(1); PB(3);
PE(12); PI(1). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed,
Trans.
Myrsine (1 species)
Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
MORACEAE (4 genera; 7 species)
MYRTACEAE (6 genera; 42 species)
Brosimum (1 species)
Campomanesia (6 species)
Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul Habits: shrub(1);
tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4);
PI(5). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Campomanesia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb.
Habits: shrub(6); treelet(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(5); PE(7). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Campomanesia dichotoma (O.Berg) Mattos
States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Campomanesia eugenioides (Cambess.) D.Legrand
States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O.Berg
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Campomanesia velutina (Cambess.) O.Berg
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Campomanesia viatoris Landrum Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Dorstenia (1 species)
Dorstenia asaroides Gardner ex Hook. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Ficus (4 species)
Ficus arpazusa Casar. States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Ficus christianii Carauta [Synonyms: Ficus gameleira
Standl.] States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
Ficus cyclophylla (Miq.) Miq. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Ficus elliotiana S.Moore States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eugenia (19 species)
Eugenia aurata O.Berg Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(5). Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia azuruensis O.Berg Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia biflora (L.) DC. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia candolleana DC. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia crenata Vell. States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Eugenia dichroma O.Berg Habits: ?(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Eugenia dysenterica DC. Habits: shrub(1); tree(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(5).
Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Maclura (1 species)
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D.Don ex Steud.
[Synonyms: Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaudich.]
States: BA(2); MG(5); PB(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Ins.
MYRSINACEAE (3 genera; 3 species)
Anagallis (1 species)
Anagallis minima E.H.L.Krause Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
190
Eugenia flavescens DC. Habits: shrub(2); tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(4); PE(1); PI(3).
Habitats: Trans, Sed.
Eugenia florida DC. States: MG(9). Habitats: Arb.
Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia luschnathiana (O.Berg) Klotzsch ex
B.D.Jacks. Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia mansoi O.Berg States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. [Synonyms: Eugenia
ciarensis O.Berg.; Eugenia diantha O.Berg; Eugenia
flava O.Berg] Habits: shrub(6); tree(4). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(7); PE(5); PI(5). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. [Synonyms: Eugenia
uvalha Cambess.; Eugenia vauthiereana O.Berg]
Habits: shrub(2); tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2); PB(4); PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Riv, Sed.
Eugenia rosea DC. States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
Eugenia stictopetala DC. [Synonyms: Eugenia
piauhiensis O.Berg; Eugenia tapacumensis O.Berg]
Habits: ?(1); shrub(3); tree(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(8); PE(2); PI(4).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Eugenia uniflora L. States: MG(2). Habitats: Arb.
Eugenia vattimoana Mattos States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Myrciaria ferruginea O.Berg Habits: tree(2).
States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Plinia (1 species)
Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel [Synonyms: Myrciaria
cauliflora (Mart.) O.Berg] States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Psidium (9 species)
Psidium acutangulum DC. [Synonyms: Psidium
persoonii McVaugh] Habits: shrub(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Psidium appendiculatum Kiaersk. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(2); CE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Psidium guineense Sw. [Synonyms: Psidium albidum
Miq.; Psidium araca Raddi] States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Psidium myrsinites DC. Habits: treelet(1).
States: PI(3). Habitats: CMaior.
Psidium myrtoides O.Berg [Synonyms: Psidium
myrsinoides O.Berg; Psidium myrsinoides O.Berg]
Habits: shrub(3). States: PE(4). Habitats: Sed.
Psidium oligospermum DC. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Psidium riparium Mart. ex DC. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Psidium salutare (Kunth) O.Berg [Synonyms: Psidium
luridum (Spreng.) Burret] Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Psidium sartorianum (O.Berg) Nied. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Myrcia (6 species)
Myrcia aegiphiloides Mattos Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. [Synonyms: Myrcia
obtecta (O.Berg) Kiaersk.] Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Myrcia oblongata DC. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. [Synonyms: Myrcia
acutata O.Berg; Myrcia acutiloba O.Berg; Myrcia
alagoensis O.Berg] Habits: ?(1). States: PB(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Agre, Trans.
Myrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
NYCTAGINACEAE (5 genera; 10 species)
Boerhavia (2 species)
Boerhavia coccinea Mill., A widespread ruderal species
whose native status is uncertain, Boerhavia coccinea may
in fact be an exotic species of unknown origin (C.F.C Sá,
pers. comm.). Habits: herb(3). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(2).
States: CE(1); PE(3); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Trans.
Boerhavia diffusa L., A widespread ruderal species
whose native status is uncertain, Boerhavia diffusa may
in fact be an exotic species of unknown origin (C.F.C Sá,
pers. comm.) Habits: herb(2). Life
Myrciaria (1 species)
191
Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. States: BA(6).
Habitats: Aqua.
forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(1). States: CE(1);
PB(3); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv.
Bougainvillea (1 species)
Bougainvillea praecox Griseb. States: MG(3).
Habitats: Arb.
OCHNACEAE (1 genus; 5 species)
Guapira (5 species)
Guapira campestris (Netto) Lundell [Synonyms: Pisonia
campestris Netto] Habits: tree(1). States: PI(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Guapira graciliflora (Mart. ex Schmidt) Lundell
Habits: shrub(5); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: BA(1); CE(10). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Sed.
Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell Habits: tree(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(6); RN(1).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Unc.
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz [Synonyms: Guapira
laxiflora (Choisy) Lundell; Pisonia minor Choisy]
States: MG(3); PB(3); PE(1); RN(1). Habitats: Agre,
Arb, Ins, Riv, Unc.
Guapira tomentosa (Casar.) Lundell
[Synonyms: Pisonia tomentosa Casar.] States: BA(3);
PE(2); RN(5). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Unc.
Ouratea (5 species)
Ouratea blanchetiana (Planch.) Engl. Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Ouratea cearensis (Tiegh.) Sastre Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). States: CE(1); PI(1). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Ouratea discophora Ducke Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ouratea glaucescens (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Sed.
Ouratea parvifolia (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. Habits: tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
OLACACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Neea (1 species)
Neea obovata Spruce ex Heimerl Habits: tree(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ximenia (2 species)
Pisonia (1 species)
Ximenia americana L. Habits: shrub(6); tree(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(3); CE(4); PB(6);
PE(1); PI(8); RN(3). Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst,
Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Ximenia coriacea Engl. States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Pisonia laxa Netto [Synonyms: Guapira laxa (Netto)
Furlan, The name Guapira laxa (Netto) Furlan have been
in use in many floristic surveys in Northeastern Brazil,
but up to date it is a nomen nudum. A. Furlan died before
publishing this name and left it invalid. Botanist A.M.
Giulietti says she intends to validate this name, but up to
date if one needs to cite this species one should use
Pisonia laxa Netto until this name is validly put under
Guapira laxa.] Habits: shrub(2); tree(11).
States: CE(2); PB(4); PE(8); PI(2). Habitats: Agre,
Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
ONAGRACEAE (1 genus; 7 species)
Ludwigia (7 species)
NYMPHAEACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Ludwigia affinis (DC.) H.Hara Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Ludwigia erecta (L.) H.Hara Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1);
CE(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Riv.
Nymphaea (2 species)
192
Catasetum uncatum Rolfe States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Ludwigia filiformis (Micheli) Ramamoorthy
States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua.
Ludwigia helminthorrhiza (Mart.) H.Hara
States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell Habits: herb(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Ludwigia inclinata (L.f.) M.Gómez States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
Ludwigia leptocarpa (Nutt.) H.Hara Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Cattleya (1 species)
Cattleya aclandiae Lindl. Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyrtopodium (7 species)
Cyrtopodium aliciae Lindl. & Rchb.f Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Cyrtopodium andersonii (Lamb. ex Andrews) R.Br.
States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Observations: According to specialist C. Van den Berg
this record represents a misidentification and the species
in question is probably Cyrtopodium flavum Link & Otto
ex Rchb.f.
Cyrtopodium flavum Link & Otto ex Rchb.f.
[Synonyms: Cyrtopodium polyphyllum (Vell.) Pabst ex
F.Barros] Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(2).
States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Cyrtopodium gigas (Vell.) Hoehne States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Observations: According to specialist C. Van den Berg
this record represents a misidentification and the species
in question is probably Cyrtopodium saintlegerianum
Rchb.f.
Cyrtopodium holstii L.C.Menezes
Habits: rupicolous(1). States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Cyrtopodium intermedium Brade Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Cyrtopodium poecilum Rchb.f. & Warm. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
OPILIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Agonandra (1 species)
Agonandra brasiliensis Miers ex Benth. & Hook.f.
Habits: shrub(1); tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: CE(6); PI(5). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
ORCHIDACEAE (17 genera; 34 species)
Acianthera (1 species)
Acianthera ochreata (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase
[Synonyms: Pleurothallis ochreata Lindl.] Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); phanerophyte(2).
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Brassavola (1 species)
Encyclia (2 species)
Brassavola tuberculata Hook. Habits: rupicolous(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Encyclia dichroma (Lindl.) Schltr. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
Observations: According to specialist C. Van den Berg
this record represents a misidentification and the species
in question is probably Encyclia ghillanyi Pabst.
Encyclia oncidioides (Lindl.) Schltr. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Campylocentrum (1 species)
Campylocentrum crassirhizum Hoehne Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Epidendrum (4 species)
Catasetum (2 species)
Epidendrum cinnabarinum Salzm. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Catasetum barbatum (Lindl.) Lindl.
Habits: epiphyte(1). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
193
Epidendrum difforme Jacq. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Epidendrum secundum Jacq. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Scaphyglottis (1 species)
Scaphyglottis fusiformis (Griseb.) Schultes
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Sobralia (1 species)
Habenaria (6 species)
Sobralia liliastrum Salzm. ex Lindl. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Habenaria hexaptera Lindl. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habenaria obtusa Lindl. Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habenaria petalodes Lindl. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habenaria pratensis (Salzm. ex Lindl.) Rchb.f. Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Habenaria repens Nutt. States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
Habenaria trifida Kunth Life forms: cryptophytegeo(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Vanilla (2 species)
Vanilla chamissonis Klotzsch Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Vanilla palmarum (Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl.
Habits: epiphyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
OROBANCHACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Oncidium (1 species)
Oncidium baueri Lindl. Life forms: cryptophytegeo(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Melasma (1 species)
Melasma melampyroides (Rich.) Pennell
[Synonyms: Alectra aspera (Cham. & Schltdl.)
L.O.Williams] Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Polystachya (1 species)
Polystachya estrellensis Rchb.f. Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
OXALIDACEAE (1 genus; 10 species)
Prescottia (1 species)
Prescottia phleoides Lindl. Life forms: cryptophytegeo(2); hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Oxalis (10 species)
Oxalis cratensis Oliv. ex Hook. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins,
Trans.
Oxalis divaricata Mart. ex Zucc. [Synonyms: Oxalis
euphorbioides A.St.-Hil.; Oxalis noronhae Oliv.]
Habits: herb(3); subshrub(3). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3); phanerophyte(1); therophyte(2).
States: CE(3); PB(2); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins,
Sed.
Oxalis eriocarpa DC. Habits: herb(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Rodriguezia (1 species)
Rodriguezia bahiensis Rchb.f. Life forms: cryptophytegeo(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Sarcoglottis (1 species)
Sarcoglottis acaulis (Sm.) Schltr. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre.
194
Oxalis frutescens L. Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Sed, Ins, Sed.
Oxalis glaucescens Norlind Life forms: therophyte.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Trans.
Oxalis hedysarifolia Raddi Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Oxalis psoraleoides Kunth States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Diam, Trans.
Oxalis refracta A.St.-Hil. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Oxalis sepium A.St.-Hil. Habits: herb(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Oxalis triangularis A.St.-Hil. Habits: herb(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walter Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Phyllanthus chacoensis Morong Habits: tree(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Phyllanthus heteradenius Müll.Arg. Habits: herb(4).
Life forms: therophyte(4). States: PE(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Phyllanthus niruri L. [Synonyms: Phyllanthus
lathyroides Kunth] Habits: herb(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1); therophyte(7). States: CE(1);
PB(1); PE(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans,
Unc.
Phyllanthus orbiculatus Rich. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(3). Habitats: Cryst,
Sed.
Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
PASSIFLORACEAE (1 genus; 6 species)
PHYTOLACCACEAE (2 genera; 6 species)
Passiflora (6 species)
Passiflora alata Curtis States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Passiflora cincinnata Mast. Habits: climber(2);
liana(1). Life forms: liana(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(1); PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Passiflora edmundoi Sacco Life forms: liana(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Passiflora foetida L. Habits: climber(4); liana(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3); therophyte(2). States: BA(1);
CE(3); PE(6); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Passiflora galbana Mast. Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Passiflora luetzelburgii Harms Habits: climber(5).
States: PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Microtea (5 species)
PHYLLANTHACEAE (2 genera; 7 species)
Rivina humilis L. [Synonyms: Rivina brasiliensis
Nocca] Habits: herb(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PB(2); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Riv.
Microtea glochidiata Moq. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Microtea longebracteata H.Walter States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Microtea maypurensis (Kunth) G.Don Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Microtea paniculata Moq. Habits: herb(7). Life
forms: therophyte(4). States: CE(1); PE(9).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Microtea scabrida Urb. States: PE(1). Habitats: Unc.
Rivina (1 species)
PICRAMNIACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Flueggea (1 species)
Flueggea flexuosa Müll.Arg Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Picramnia (2 species)
Phyllanthus (6 species)
Picramnia andrade-limae Pirani States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
195
Picramnia bahiensis Turcz. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Dizygostemon floribundum (Benth.) Radlk. ex Wettst.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
PIPERACEAE (2 genera; 3 species)
Scoparia (1 species)
Scoparia dulcis L. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2); therophyte(1). States: BA(1);
CE(2); PB(1); PI(1). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Peperomia (2 species)
Stemodia (2 species)
Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Peperomia circinnata Link Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Stemodia maritima L. Habits: ?(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Aqua, Riv.
Stemodia pratensis (Aubl.) C.C. Cowan, Stemodia
pratensis does not occur in Brazil but the name has been
misapplied to the caatinga species Stemodia foliosa
Benth. (V.C. Souza, pers. comm.) Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Piper (1 species)
Piper nigrum L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
PLANTAGINACEAE (6 genera; 13 species)
Tetraulacium (1 species)
Tetraulacium veroniciforme Turcz. Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2); RN(1).
Habitats: Trans, Unc.
Angelonia (6 species)
PLUMBAGINACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Angelonia biflora Benth. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Angelonia blanchetii Benth. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Angelonia campestris Nees & Mart. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Riv.
Angelonia cornigera Hook.f. Habits: herb(5). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(2); PE(4).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Angelonia pubescens Benth. Life forms: therophyte(2).
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Angelonia salicariifolia Bonpl. [Synonyms: Angelonia
gardneri Hook.] Habits: herb(1). States: BA(1); PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Riv.
Plumbago (1 species)
Plumbago scandens L. Habits: climber(1); herb(2);
subshrub(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(2); PE(5); PI(1).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
POACEAE (33 genera; 61 species)
Bacopa (2 species)
Andropogon (1 species)
Bacopa aquatica Aubl. States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Bacopa stricta (Schrad.) Wettst. ex Edwall
States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Andropogon selloanus (Hack.) Hack. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Dizygostemon (1 species)
Anthephora (1 species)
196
Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Unc.
Dactyloctenium (1 species)
Aristida (2 species)
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); PE(5);
RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans, Unc.
Aristida elliptica (Nees) Kunth States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Aristida setifolia Kunth Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(1); RN(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Unc.
Digitaria (3 species)
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2); RN(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Axonopus (4 species)
Axonopus aureus P.Beauv. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Axonopus capillaris (Lam.) Chase Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Trans.
Axonopus polydactylus (Steud.) Dedecca
Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Axonopus purpusii (Mez) Chase States: RN(1).
Habitats: Unc.
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link States: BA(6).
Habitats: Aqua.
Cenchrus (1 species)
Echinolaena (1 species)
Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Chaetium (1 species)
Enteropogon (1 species)
Chaetium festucoides Nees Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Enteropogon mollis (Nees) Clayton [Synonyms: Chloris
rupestris (Ridl.) Hitchc.; Gymnopogon rupestris Ridl.]
Habits: herb(4). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1);
therophyte(3). States: BA(1); PE(7). Habitats: Agre,
Cryst, Ins, Trans, Unc.
Echinochloa (1 species)
Chloris (3 species)
Chloris barbata Sw. States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Chloris exilis Renvoize States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Chloris orthonoton Döll Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eragrostis (5 species)
Eragrostis acutiflora (Kunth) Nees Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. Habits: herb(4). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Eragrostis rufescens Schrad. ex Schult. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(2).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Trans.
Cymbopogon (1 species)
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Habits: herb(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Unc.
Cynodon (1 species)
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Habits: herb(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
197
Hymenachne (1 species)
Pappophorum (1 species)
Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees
States: BA(4). Habitats: Aqua.
Pappophorum pappiferum (Lam.) Kuntze
States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
Ichnanthus (2 species)
Paspalidium (1 species)
Ichnanthus bambusiflorus (Trin.) Döll Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ichnanthus dasycoleus Tutin Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf States: BA(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Paspalum (8 species)
Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (Lam.) N.Snow
[Synonyms: Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A.Gray]
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Leptochloa panicea subsp. brachiata (Steud.) N.Snow
[Synonyms: Leptochloa filiformis (Pers.) P. Beauv.,
Apparently an exotic grass species, or perhaps a
misidentification of a native grass species.]
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Paspalum fimbriatum Kunth Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(4). Habitats: Cryst.
Paspalum melanospermum Desv. ex Poir.
[Synonyms: Paspalum foveolatum Steud.]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Paspalum oligostachyum Salzm. ex Steud.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Paspalum parviflorum Rhode ex Flüggé States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Paspalum plicatulum Michx. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Paspalum repens P.J.Bergius States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
Paspalum scutatum Nees ex Trin. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(2); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Luziola (1 species)
Sacciolepis (1 species)
Luziola brasiliana Moric. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Sacciolepis vilvoides (Trin.) Chase States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Panicum (4 species)
Schizachyrium (1 species)
Panicum polygonatum Schrad. [Synonyms: Panicum
boliviense Schrad.] States: BA(4). Habitats: Aqua.
Panicum sellowii Nees Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Panicum trichoides Sw. Habits: herb(7). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(9).
States: CE(5); PE(10); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Panicum venezuelae Hack. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Buse Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Lasiacis (2 species)
Lasiacis anomala Hitchc. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Lasiacis ligulata Hitchc. & Chase Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Leptochloa (2 species)
Setaria (4 species)
Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen [Synonyms: Setaria
geniculata (Lam.) P.Beauv.] Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(3);
RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Unc, Sed.
Setaria pauciflora Linden ex Herrm., The use of Setaria
pauciflora for plants of the semiarid of Brazil is almost
198
certainly a misapplication of the name but the true
identity of the material thus determined has not yet been
established (R.S. Rodrigues, pers. comm.)
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Setaria setosa (Sw.) P.Beauv. [Synonyms: Setaria
rariflora J.C.Mikan ex Trin.] Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(2).
Habitats: Sed, Ins.
Setaria tenax (Rich.) Desv. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Bredemeyera brevifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch ex A.W.Benn.
Habits: climber(1). States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Bredemeyera floribunda Willd. Habits: climber(1);
liana(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4);
PI(1). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Bredemeyera kunthiana (A.St.-Hil.) Klotzsch ex
A.W.Benn. Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Sporobolus (1 species)
Monnina (1 species)
Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Monnina insignis A.W.Benn. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Bredemeyera (3 species)
Polygala (12 species)
Steirachne (1 species)
Polygala bracteata A.W.Benn. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Observations: According to specialist J.F.Pastore, P.
bracteata is endemic to Goiás state. This record
probably represents a misidentification.
Polygala galioides Poir. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Polygala glochidiata Kunth Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Polygala gracilis Kunth Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Observations: According to specialist J.F.Pastore, this
record probably represents a misidentification of
Polygala boliviensis A.W.Benn.
Polygala lancifolia A.St.-Hil. & Moq. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Observations: According to specialist J.F.Pastore, P.
lancifolia is a species characteristic of the Atlantic
rainforest and does not occur in the Caatinga.
Polygala longicaulis Kunth Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Polygala mollis Kunth Habits: herb(1). States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Observations: This taxon was subsequently recognised
as distinct from Polygala and given the new combination
Asemeia mollis (Kunth) J.F.B.Pastore & J.R.Abbott.
However, according to specialist J.F.Pastore the
record of P. mollis probably represents a
misidentification of Asemeia ovata (Poir.) J.F.B.
Pastore & Abbott (=Polygala ovata Poir.).
Polygala paniculata L. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(2); PB(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Steirachne diandra Ekman Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Streptostachys (1 species)
Streptostachys asperifolia Desv. [Synonyms: Panicum
asperifolium (Desv.) Hitchc.] Habits: herb(4). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(4); PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Trachypogon (1 species)
Trachypogon spicatus (L.f.) Kuntze States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Tragus (1 species)
Tragus berteronianus Schult. Habits: herb(5). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(3).
States: PE(9). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Tripogon (1 species)
Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
POLYGALACEAE (4 genera; 18 species)
199
Polygala pseudohebeclada Chodat States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Observations: This taxon was subsequently recognised
as distinct from Polygala and given the new combination
Asemeia pseudohebeclada (Chodat) J.F.B.Pastore &
J.R.Abbott.
Polygala roubienna A.St.-Hil. & Moq. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Observations: According to specialist J.F.Pastore, P.
roubienna is a species endemic to the Serra dos
Órgãos mountains in SE Brazil and its use in Caatinga
almost certainly represents a misidentification.
Polygala spectabilis DC. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct from
Polygala and given the new combination Caamembeca
spectabilis (DC.) J.F.B.Pastore.
Polygonum hispidum Kunth Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Riv.
Ruprechtia (2 species)
Ruprechtia laxiflora Meisn. Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(2); PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Ruprechtia ramiflora (Jacq.) C.A.Mey. Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Sed.
Triplaris (3 species)
Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. [Synonyms: Triplaris
pachau Mart.; Triplaris tomentosa Wedd.] Habits: ?(1);
tree(6). States: BA(1); CE(1); MG(1); PB(5); PE(2);
PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Diam, Riv, Trans,
Unc.
Triplaris physocalyx Brandbyge States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Triplaris weigeltiana (Rchb.) Kuntze
[Synonyms: Triplaris surinamensis Cham.]
States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Polygala violacea Aubl. [Synonyms: Polygala brizoides
A. St.-Hil. & Moq.] Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(4);
PI(1). Habitats: Trans, Cryst, Ins, Unc.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct from
Polygala and given the new combination Asemeia
violacea (Aubl.) J.F.B.Pastore & J.R.Abbott.
PONTEDERIACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)
Securidaca (2 species)
Securidaca diversifolia (L.) S.F.Blake Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Securidaca volubilis L. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Eichhornia (3 species)
Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms States: BA(6);
PE(2). Habitats: Aqua.
Eichhornia paniculata (Spreng.) Solms Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(3); PB(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
POLYGONACEAE (4 genera; 10 species)
Coccoloba (3 species)
Heteranthera (1 species)
Coccoloba conduplicata Maguire Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Coccoloba mollis Casar. States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Coccoloba schwackeana Lindau Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); MG(4).
Habitats: Arb, Ins.
Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
PORTULACACEAE (2 genera; 10 species)
Polygonum (2 species)
Polygonum ferrugineum Wedd. States: BA(6).
Habitats: Aqua.
Portulaca (8 species)
200
Portulaca elatior Mart. ex Rohrb. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(2); PE(13); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Portulaca halimoides L. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(2); phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(4); CE(2); PB(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Portulaca hirsutissima Cambess. States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Portulaca mucronata Link [Synonyms: Portulaca
marginata Kunth] Habits: herb(3). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(2); PE(3).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Trans.
Portulaca oleracea L. Habits: herb(4). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(3).
States: PE(8). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Portulaca pilosa L. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Portulaca umbraticola Kunth Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Colubrina (2 species)
Colubrina cordifolia Reissek Habits: shrub(6). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(8); PI(3).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Colubrina glandulosa Perkins Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Crumenaria (1 species)
Crumenaria decumbens Mart. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(4). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(1);
RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Gouania (2 species)
Gouania colurnifolia Reissek States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Talinum (2 species)
Rhamnidium (2 species)
Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(4). States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. Habits: herb(4).
Life forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Rhamnidium molle Reissek Habits: tree(3).
States: PB(5); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv.
Ziziphus (2 species)
RANUNCULACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Ziziphus cotinifolia Reissek Habits: tree(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(4); PE(1);
PI(2). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. Habits: tree(13). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: BA(4); CE(4); MG(1);
PB(19); PE(16); PI(1); RN(5). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Clematis (1 species)
Clematis dioica L. Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
RUBIACEAE (24 genera; 51 species)
RHAMNACEAE (6 genera; 10 species)
Alibertia (2 species)
Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A.Rich. Habits: treelet(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(4).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Alibertia macrantha Standl. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Alvimiantha (1 species)
Alvimiantha tricamerata Grey-Wilson States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
201
Cordiera rigida (K.Schum.) Kuntze
[Synonyms: Alibertia rigida K.Schum.]
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Cordiera sessilis (Vell.) Kuntze [Synonyms: Alibertia
sessilis (Vell.) K.Schum.] Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(2); CE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Alseis (1 species)
Alseis floribunda Schott Habits: tree(3). States: BA(2);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Diam.
Borreria (6 species)
Coutarea (1 species)
Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. [Synonyms: Spermacoce
alata Aubl.] Life forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Borreria brownii (Rusby) Standl.
[Synonyms: Spermacoce vegeta (Standl. & Steyerm.)
C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Borreria capitata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
[Synonyms: Spermacoce capitata Ruiz & Pav.]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Borreria ocymoides (Burm.f.) DC. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Unc.
Borreria scabiosoides Cham. & Schltdl.
[Synonyms: Spermacoce scabiosoides (Cham. & Schltdl.)
Kuntze] Life forms: therophyte. States: CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Borreria verticillata (L.) G.Mey.
[Synonyms: Spermacoce verticillata L.]
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(3); PB(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Ins, Sed.
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K.Schum. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(3). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1);
phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); MG(3); PB(4); PE(7);
PI(3). Habitats: Agre, Arb, CMaior, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Unc.
Declieuxia (1 species)
Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.)
Kuntze Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Diodella (4 species)
Diodella apiculata (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Delprete
[Synonyms: Diodia apiculata (Willd. ex Roem. &
Schult.) K. Schum.; Diodia rigida Cham. & Schltdl.]
Habits: herb(4); subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(2). States: CE(2); PE(7). Habitats: Ins,
Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Diodella gardneri (K.Schum.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral
[Synonyms: Diodia barbeyana Huber] Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Diodella radula (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Delprete
[Synonyms: Diodia radula (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.)
Cham. & Schltdl.] States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Diodella teres (Walter) Small [Synonyms: Diodia
prostrata Sw.; Diodia teres Walter] Habits: herb(3).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Chiococca (1 species)
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Chomelia (2 species)
Chomelia martiana Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Chomelia obtusa Cham. & Schltdl. Habits: shrub(3).
States: CE(2); PI(4). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Emmeorhiza (1 species)
Emmeorhiza umbellata (Spreng.) K.Schum. Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Cordiera (4 species)
Cordiera concolor (Cham.) Kuntze
[Synonyms: Alibertia concolor (Cham.) K.Schum.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins,
Sed.
Cordiera elliptica (Cham.) Kuntze [Synonyms: Alibertia
elliptica (Cham.) K.Schum.] States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Faramea (1 species)
Faramea montevidensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) DC.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
202
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. [Synonyms: Mitracarpus
villosus (Sw.) DC.] Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Mitracarpus parvulus K.Schum. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Mitracarpus salzmannianus DC.
[Synonyms: Mitracarpus scabrellus Benth.]
Habits: herb(3). Life forms: therophyte(3).
States: PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Mitracarpus scaberulus Urb. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Genipa (1 species)
Genipa americana L. States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Guettarda (4 species)
Guettarda angelica Mart. ex Müll.Arg.
Habits: shrub(5); tree(1). States: BA(2); MG(2); PB(4);
PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Guettarda platypoda DC. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1); PB(3); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Diam, Ins,
Riv.
Guettarda sericea Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(4). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Guettarda viburnoides Cham. & Schltdl.
Habits: shrub(2); treelet(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PI(4).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Palicourea (1 species)
Palicourea marcgravii A.St.-Hil. States: RN(1).
Habitats: Unc.
Randia (2 species)
Randia armata (Sw.) DC. [Synonyms: Basanacantha
spinosa var. pubescens (Kunth) K.Schum.; Basanacantha
spinosa (Jacq.) K.Schum.; Randia nitida (Kunth) DC.]
Habits: shrub(2); subshrub(1); tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); CE(2); MG(9);
PB(2); PE(3); PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
CMaior, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Randia ferox (Cham. & Schltdl.) DC. Habits: tree(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Leptoscela (1 species)
Leptoscela ruellioides Hook.f. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Machaonia (1 species)
Machaonia spinosa Cham. & Schltdl. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Richardia (3 species)
Richardia brasiliensis Gomes Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Richardia grandiflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Steud.
Habits: herb(6); subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2); therophyte(2). States: CE(2);
PB(2); PE(6); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Richardia scabra L. Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Manettia (1 species)
Manettia cordifolia Mart. Habits: climber(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Margaritopsis (2 species)
Margaritopsis carrascoana (Delprete & E.B.Souza)
C.M.Taylor Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Margaritopsis chaenotricha (DC.) C.M.Taylor
[Synonyms: Psychotria chaenotricha DC.]
States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Spermacoce (1 species)
Spermacoce spiralis (K.Schum.) Bacigalupo &
E.L.Cabral Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Mitracarpus (5 species)
Staelia (2 species)
Mitracarpus frigidus (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.)
K.Schum. Life forms: chamaephyte(2). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Unc.
203
Staelia aurea K.Schum. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Staelia virgata (Link ex Roem. & Schult.) K.Schum.
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum.
[Synonyms: Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.)
K.Schum. subsp. formosa] Habits: shrub(5); tree(5).
Life forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(4);
PB(10); PE(6); PI(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans, Sed.
Tocoyena hispidula Standl. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PI(2). Habitats: CMaior.
Tocoyena sellowiana (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum.
Habits: tree(3). States: PB(3); PI(1).
Habitats: CMaior, Riv.
Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.
[Synonyms: Zanthoxylum hyemale A.St.-Hil.]
States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum Pirani Habits: shrub(1);
tree(3). States: CE(2); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Zanthoxylum huberi P.G.Waterman States: PB(1).
Habitats: Riv.
Zanthoxylum petiolare A.St.-Hil. & Tul. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. [Synonyms: Fagara
rhoifolia (Lam.) Engl.] Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Agre,
Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl. States: MG(4).
Habitats: Arb.
Zanthoxylum stelligerum Turcz. Habits: shrub(5);
tree(2). Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1);
phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3); PE(5); PI(4).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
RUTACEAE (5 genera; 12 species)
SALICACEAE (3 genera; 12 species)
Balfourodendron (1 species)
Casearia (10 species)
Balfourodendron molle (Miq.) Pirani
[Synonyms: Esenbeckia mollis Miq.] Habits: shrub(2);
tree(2). States: BA(2); MG(2); PE(4). Habitats: Arb,
Diam, Sed.
Casearia aculeata Jacq. [Synonyms: Casearia ramiflora
Vahl] States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Casearia commersoniana Cambess. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Casearia decandra Jacq. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Casearia eichleriana Sleumer States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Casearia grandiflora Cambess. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urb. States: PB(3).
Habitats: Riv.
Casearia luetzelburgii Sleumer States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Casearia resinifera Spruce ex Eichler States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Casearia sylvestris Sw. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Casearia ulmifolia Vahl ex Vent. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PI(4). Habitats: CMaior.
Tocoyena (3 species)
Esenbeckia (1 species)
Esenbeckia febrifuga (A.St.-Hil.) A. Juss. ex Mart. Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Galipea (1 species)
Galipea trifoliata Aubl. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Pilocarpus (2 species)
Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes Habits: tree(2).
States: PI(3). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Pilocarpus spicatus A.St.-Hil. Habits: tree(1);
treelet(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Prockia (1 species)
Zanthoxylum (7 species)
204
Prockia crucis P.Browne ex L. Life
forms: phanerophyte. States: PB(2); PE(3).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Sed.
Allophylus sericeus (Cambess.) Radlk.
Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(5). Habitats: Sed.
Xylosma (1 species)
Averrhoidium (1 species)
Xylosma ciliatifolia (Clos) Eichler Habits: shrub(1);
tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5).
Habitats: Sed.
Averrhoidium gardnerianum Baill. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Cardiospermum (4 species)
SANTALACEAE (1 genus; 6 species)
Cardiospermum anomalum Cambess.
Habits: climber(1); subshrub(1). States: PE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Cardiospermum corindum L. Habits: climber(5);
herb(1); liana(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(3); liana(1).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(1); PE(6); PI(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Habits: climber(2);
liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(4);
PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Cardiospermum oliveirae Ferrucci States: BA(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Phoradendron (6 species)
Phoradendron linearifolium Eichler
Habits: hemiparasite(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Phoradendron mucronatum (DC.) Krug & Urb.
Habits: hemiparasite(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel.
Habits: epiphyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Phoradendron quadrangulare (Kunth) Griseb.
[Synonyms: Phoradendron piauhyanum Trel.]
Habits: hemiparasite(1). States: PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Phoradendron rubrum (L.) Griseb. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Phoradendron tunaeforme (DC.) Eichler
Habits: hemiparasite(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Cupania (3 species)
Cupania impressinervia Acev.-Rodr.
[Synonyms: Cupania revoluta Radlk.] Habits: tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Cupania racemosa (Vell.) Radlk. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cupania vernalis Cambess. States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
SAPINDACEAE (13 genera; 31 species)
Dilodendron (1 species)
Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk. States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Allophylus (5 species)
Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil. et al.) Hieron. ex Niederl.
Habits: tree(1). States: MG(3); PI(1). Habitats: Trans,
Arb.
Allophylus laevigatus (Turcz.) Radlk. States: PB(2).
Habitats: Agre.
Allophylus quercifolius (Mart.) Radlk. Habits: tree(9).
States: PB(5); PE(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Sed,
Trans.
Allophylus racemosus Sw. States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Dodonaea (1 species)
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Magonia (1 species)
Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil. [Synonyms: Magonia
glabrata A.St.-Hil.] Habits: tree(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1);
PI(6). Habitats: CMaior, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans.
205
Urvillea laevis Radlk. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Urvillea ulmacea Kunth States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Matayba (1 species)
Matayba guianensis Aubl. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
SAPOTACEAE (4 genera; 8 species)
Paullinia (3 species)
Paullinia cearensis Somner & Ferrucci
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Paullinia elegans Cambess. Habits: climber(1);
liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4);
PB(1). Habitats: Riv, Sed.
Paullinia pinnata L. Habits: climber(1); liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Trans.
Chrysophyllum (3 species)
Chrysophyllum arenarium Allemão Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Chrysophyllum marginatum (Hook. & Arn.) Radlk.
[Synonyms: Chrysophyllum ebenaceum Mart.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Chrysophyllum rufum Mart. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Sapindus (1 species)
Sapindus saponaria L. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Riv, Sed.
Manilkara (3 species)
Manilkara rufula (Miq.) H.J.Lam Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Manilkara salzmannii (A.DC.) H.J.Lam States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Manilkara triflora (Allemão) Monach.
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Serjania (7 species)
Serjania caracasana (Jacq.) Willd. Life
forms: liana(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Serjania comata Radlk. Habits: liana(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Serjania glabrata Kunth Habits: climber(6); liana(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PB(2);
PE(6). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Serjania hebecarpa Benth. Habits: climber(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. Habits: climber(3); liana(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Serjania marginata Casar. Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Serjania pernambucensis Radlk. Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Pouteria (1 species)
Pouteria gardneriana (A.DC.) Radlk. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Sideroxylon (1 species)
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn.
[Synonyms: Bumelia sartorum Mart.] Habits: shrub(1);
tree(10). States: BA(3); PB(13); PE(8); RN(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
SCHOEPFIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Talisia (1 species)
Talisia esculenta (Cambess.) Radlk. Habits: tree(3).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); MG(2);
PB(1); PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Sed, Trans.
Schoepfia (1 species)
Urvillea (2 species)
206
Schoepfia brasiliensis A.DC. [Synonyms: Schoepfia
obliquifolia Turcz.] Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(3);
PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
SOLANACEAE (8 genera; 23 species)
SCROPHULARIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Brunfelsia (2 species)
Brunfelsia cuneifolia J.A.Schmidt Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D.Don Habits: shrub(2).
States: CE(1); PB(1). Habitats: Riv, Trans.
Ameroglossum (1 species)
Ameroglossum pernambucense Eb. Fisch. et al. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Capsicum (1 species)
Capsicum parvifolium Sendtn. Habits: shrub(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); PB(5); PE(1);
PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed.
SIMAROUBACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)
Cestrum (1 species)
Simaba (2 species)
Cestrum axillare Vell. [Synonyms: Cestrum laevigatum
Schltdl.] States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Simaba ferruginea A.St.-Hil. Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Sed.
Simaba floribunda A.St.-Hil. [Synonyms: Simaba
cuneata A.St.-Hil. & Tul.] Habits: tree(2); treelet(1).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(6).
Habitats: Sed.
Lycium martii Sendtn. Habits: tree(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Riv.
Simarouba (2 species)
Nicotiana (1 species)
Simarouba amara Aubl. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Simarouba versicolor A.St.-Hil. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(2). Habitats: CMaior.
Nicotiana glauca Graham Habits: shrub(3);
subshrub(1). States: BA(2); PB(5); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed.
Lycium (1 species)
Physalis (2 species)
Physalis angulata L. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1); PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Aqua,
Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Physalis pubescens L. [Synonyms: Physalis neesiana
Sendtn.] Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst,
Ins, Trans.
SMILACACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Smilax (2 species)
Smilax brasiliensis Spreng. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Smilax campestris Griseb. Life forms: liana(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Schwenckia (1 species)
Schwenckia americana Rooyen ex L. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Unc, Trans.
207
Solanum (14 species)
TURNERACEAE (2 genera; 16 species)
Solanum agrarium Sendtn. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Solanum americanum Mill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Solanum asperum Rich. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Solanum bahianum S.Knapp Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Solanum capsicoides Allemão Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Solanum crinitum Lam. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Solanum flaccidum Vell. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Solanum jabrense Agra & M.Nee States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Solanum megalonyx Sendtn. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Solanum paludosum Moric. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Solanum paniculatum L. Habits: shrub(7).
States: BA(3); CE(3); PB(5); PE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Solanum rhytidoandrum Sendtn. [Synonyms: Solanum
baturitense Huber] Habits: shrub(8). States: CE(3);
PB(3); PE(3); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed,
Trans.
Solanum stipulaceum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
Habits: herb(1); shrub(3). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Solanum thomasiifolium Sendtn. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Piriqueta (5 species)
Piriqueta cistoides subsp. caroliniana (Walt.) Arbo
[Synonyms: Piriqueta caroliniana var. jacobinae Urb.]
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Piriqueta duarteana (Cambess.) Urb. Habits: herb(2);
shrub(1). States: BA(2); PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Ins,
Sed, Trans, Sed.
Piriqueta guianensis N.E.Br. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Piriqueta racemosa (Jacq.) Sweet Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(1). States: BA(1);
PE(3). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst.
Piriqueta sidifolia (Cambess.) Urb. Habits: shrub(1);
subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Turnera (11 species)
Turnera blanchetiana Urb. Habits: herb(1); shrub(4).
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5); PE(1);
PI(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Turnera calyptrocarpa Urb. Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). States: BA(3); CE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Ins,
Trans.
Turnera cearensis Urb. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess. States: BA(3).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Turnera coerulea DC. Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. [Synonyms: Turnera
microphylla Desv. ex Ham.] Habits: herb(1); shrub(1);
subshrub(2). Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(6). Habitats: Sed.
Turnera macrophylla Urb. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Turnera opifera Mart. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Turnera pumilea L. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2); PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Turnera subulata Sm. Habits: climber(1); subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
TRIGONIACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Trigonia (2 species)
Trigonia bahiensis E.F.Guim. & Miguel
Habits: climber(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Trigonia nivea Cambess. Habits: liana(1); shrub(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); CE(2);
PE(1). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Sed.
208
Pilea hyalina Fenzl Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: PE(5). Habitats: Agre,
Ins, Trans.
Turnera ulmifolia L., According specialist M.M. Arbo,
all varieties of Turnera ulmifolia that occurred in Brazil
were elevated to species and this name should no longer
be used to any Brazilian material. Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(2). States: PB(1);
PE(3); PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Trans, Ins, Riv, Trans,
Unc.
VELLOZIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
TYPHACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Vellozia (1 species)
Typha (1 species)
Vellozia plicata Mart. [Synonyms: Nanuza plicata
(Mart.) L.B.Sm. & Ayensu] Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(3); PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Typha domingensis Pers. States: BA(4).
Habitats: Aqua.
VERBENACEAE (5 genera; 23 species)
ULMACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Duranta (1 species)
Duranta erecta L. [Synonyms: Duranta repens L.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre,
Trans.
Phyllostylon (1 species)
Phyllostylon brasiliense Capan. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Lantana (5 species)
URTICACEAE (3 genera; 4 species)
Lantana caatingensis Moldenke Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Lantana camara L. [Synonyms: Lantana mista L.]
Habits: shrub(15); subshrub(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(8). States: BA(3); CE(8); PB(10);
PE(17); PI(3); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Lantana canescens Kunth Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Lantana fucata Lindl. Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.
[Synonyms: Lantana sellowiana Link & Otto] Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1).
Observations: According to specialist T.R.S. Silva this
species occurs in the Pampas and in the Atlantic Forest in
the South of Brazil. It is unlikely that this species also
occurs in the semiarid of Northeastern Brazil and it is
almost certainly a missidentification.. Habitats: Ins.
Cecropia (2 species)
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cecropia peltata L. Habits: tree(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Laportea (1 species)
Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Pilea (1 species)
Lippia (11 species)
209
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Riv.
Lippia gracilis Schauer Habits: shrub(7). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(5); PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed.
Lippia lasiocalycina Cham. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Lippia magentea T.Silva Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Lippia microphylla Cham. States: PE(2).
Habitats: Cryst.
Lippia origanoides Kunth [Synonyms: Lippia rigida
Schauer] Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Lippia pohliana Schauer States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
Lippia riedeliana Schauer States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Lippia schomburgkiana Schauer Habits: shrub(2).
States: PE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Lippia sidoides Cham. Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Lippia thymoides Mart. & Schauer Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Diam, Sed.
VIOLACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)
Hybanthus (1 species)
Hybanthus calceolaria (L.) Oken
[Synonyms: Hybanthus ipecacuanha (L.) Baill.]
Habits: herb(3). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(2).
States: CE(3); PE(3); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed,
Unc.
Noisettia (1 species)
Noisettia orchidiflora (Rudge) Ging.
[Synonyms: Noisettia longifolia Kunth] States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
VITACEAE (1 genus; 9 species)
Cissus (9 species)
Priva (1 species)
Cissus albida Cambess. Habits: climber(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Cissus decidua Lombardi Habits: climber(3).
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Cissus erosa Rich. Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cissus gongylodes (Baker) Planch. Habits: liana(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Cissus simsiana Schult. & Schult.f. Habits: climber(1).
Life forms: ?(1); chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(2).
States: BA(2); CE(1); PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Cissus subrhomboidea (Baker) Planch. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cissus ternata (Baker) Planch. A doubtful name which
should not be used in floristic studies anymore. The type
of Cissus ternata was destroyed and the species in
question may be Cissus decidua Lombardi or another
Brazilian species but this cannot now be ascertained (J.A.
Lombardi, pers. comm.). States: BA(1).
Observations: Typus destroyed. Status uncertain. Maybe
a synonym.. Habitats: Sed.
Cissus tinctoria Mart. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Priva bahiensis A.DC. States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua,
Ins.
Stachytarpheta (5 species)
Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl
[Synonyms: Stachytarpheta elatior Schrad. ex Schult.]
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(4); PB(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl
[Synonyms: Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.)
Vahl] Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Stachytarpheta coccinea Schauer Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Stachytarpheta microphylla Walp.
[Synonyms: Stachytarpheta sanguinea Mart.]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Stachytarpheta sessilis Moldenke Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
210
Salvertia convallariodora A.St.-Hil. States: PI(1).
Habitats: CMaior.
Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E.Jarvis
[Synonyms: Cissus sicyoides L.] Habits: liana(2).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Trans.
XYRIDACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
VOCHYSIACEAE (3 genera; 6 species)
Xyris (1 species)
Callisthene (3 species)
Xyris jupicai Rich. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Callisthene fasciculata Mart. Habits: treelet(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1); MG(1); PI(4).
Habitats: Arb, CMaior, Ins.
Callisthene major Mart. & Zucc.
[Synonyms: Callisthene blanchetii Warm.]
States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Callisthene microphylla Warm. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1); PI(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Kallstroemia (2 species)
Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn.
Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Kallstroemia tribuloides (Mart.) Steud. Life
forms: therophyte. States: PE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Qualea (2 species)
Qualea grandiflora Mart. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(4). Habitats: CMaior.
Qualea parviflora Mart. Habits: tree(2). States: PI(5).
Habitats: CMaior, Trans.
Salvertia (1 species)
211
Appendix 3- List of exotic species reported
EUPHORBIACEAE
in the 131 papers compiled for this catalogue.
AGAVACEAE
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Jatropha gossypiifolia L.
Agave sisalana Perrine
FABACEAE
APIACEAE
Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth.
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Crotalaria retusa L.
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.
APOCYNACEAE
MARANTACEAE
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton
Maranta arundinacea L.
ARACEAE
MELIACEAE
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don
Melia azedarach L.
ASPARAGACEAE
ORCHIDACEAE
Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce
(Synonyms: Sansevieria guineensis (L.) Willd.)
Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl.
ASTERACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE
Argemone mexicana L.
Bidens bipinnata L.
Bidens pilosa L.
POACEAE
Calyptocarpus biaristatus (DC.) H.Rob.
Aristida adscensionis L.
Cenchrus ciliaris L.
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.
Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon &
S.W.L.Jacobs (Synonyms: Panicum maximum
Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
CUCURBITACEAE
Momordica charantia L.
212
Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv.
Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
(Synonyms: Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.)
C.E.Hubb.)
Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.
Urochloa fusca (Sw.) B.F.Hansen & Wunderlin
Urochloa mollis (Sw.) Morrone & Zuloaga
(Synonyms: Brachiaria mollis (Sw.) Parodi)
SOLANACEAE
Brugmansia arborea (L.) Steud.
Datura stramonium L.
Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen
Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R.D.Webster
(Synonyms: Brachiaria plantaginea (Link)
Hitchc.)
213
Appendix 4- List of nomina nuda and names used in error to refer to plants in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain.
Family
Nomina nuda and names used in error
Amaranthaceae
Gomphrena aff. leucocarpa Mart.
Anacardiaceae
Hermogenodendron concinnum (Schott)
Santin
Apocynaceae
Marsdenia carunceroides (Hook.) Faurn.
Araceae
Scaphispatha hastifolia Hook.
Asteraceae
Blainvillea ligulata (L.f.) DC.
Bignoniaceae
Anemopaegma ataidei A.H.Gentry
Bignoniaceae
Cuspidaria cratensis A.H. Gentry
Bignoniaceae
Cuspidaria laterifolia (Mart.) A. DC.
Bignoniaceae
Cuspidaria morii A.H. Gentry
Bignoniaceae
Mansoa asperulum (Bur. & K.Sch.)
Gentry
Bignoniaceae
Capparaceae
Capparaceae
Capparaceae
Notes
Name used in error. Maybe the authors wanted to write Gomphrena
leucocephala Mart.
This is a nomen nudum and this genus is not validly published. According
J.R.Pirani the valid name Astronium concinnum Schott should have been used
instead.
Name used in error. probably referrable to Marsdenia loniceroides (Hook.)
E.Fourn.
Name used in error. According specialist E.G.Gonçalves, probably an amalgam
of Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook., which is a species of Southern Brazil, and
Scaphispatha gracilis Brongn. ex Schott, which occurs in the transition of
Caatinga to Cerrado.
Name used in error. Maybe a misspelling of Blainvillea latifolia (Lf.) DC., which
is a synonym of B. acmella (L.) Philipson.
Nomen nudum. The name Anemopaegma ataidei A.H.Gentry has been cited
for Caatinga, but Gentry died before publishing the species.
Nomen nudum. The name Cuspidaria cratensis A.H. Gentry has been cited for
Caatinga, but Gentry died before publishing the species.
Probably a misspelling of the name Cuspidaria lateriflora (Mart.) DC.
Nomen nudum. The name Cuspidaria morii A.H. Gentry has been cited for
Caatinga, but Gentry died before publishing the species.
Nomen nudum. The name Mansoa asperulum (Bur. & K.Sch.) Gentry has been
cited for Caatinga, but Gentry died before publishing the species.
Nomen nudum. According specialist L.G. Lohmann, this is a distinctive species
that Gentry left as nude name when he died. Even the genus he intended to
Proterantha glandulosa A.H. Gentry
create was left nude and thus should not be used in floristic studies.
Cleome auriculata L.
Name used in error. Maybe a misspelling of Cleome aculeata L.
Cleome ternicifolia (Mart. & Zucc.) H.H. Name used in error. Probably this is a misspelling of Cleome tenuifolia ( Mart. &
Iltis
Zucc. ) Iltis, which is synonym of Physostemon tenuifolium Mart. & Zucc.
Name published in error. We didn't find any reference for this name in any
Colicodendron jacobinae (Moric.) Hutch.
major botanical databases nor with specialists consulted.
214
Cleomaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Lythraceae
Malpighiaceae
Cleome pernambucensis Iltis & Costa,
Silva
Nomen nudum still waiting to be published.
Name used in error. Probably a misspelling of Dioscorea adenocarpa Mart. ex
Griseb., now Dioscorea ovata Vell.
Name used in error. We didn't find any reference for this name in any major
Argythamnia volubilis L.
botanical databases.
Name used in error. Probably a misspelling of Chamaesyce alsiniflora (Baill.)
Chamaesyce alsinifolia Boiss.
D.C.Hassall.
Name used in error. Maybe the authors wanted to write Manihot brachyloba
Manihot brachypoda Müll.Arg.
Müll. Arg.
Acacia polyphylla DC. (= Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose) Is a valid
name, but the variety Acacia polyphylla var. parviflora (Benth.) L. Rico has not
Acacia polyphylla var. parviflora (Benth.)
been published. Rico says she intends to publish this variety, but the
L. Rico
publication will probably be done under Senegalia and this name will remain
nudum.
Bauhinia platysepala Burch.
Name used in error. Almost certainly Bauhinia platypetala Burch. ex Benth.
Name used in error. We didn't find any reference for this name in any major
Caesalpinia roton Mart. ex Tul
botanical databases.
Name used in error. Probably a misspelling of Chamaecrista nictitans (L.)
Chamaecrista metitans Moench.
Moench.
Chamaecrista repens (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby is a valid name of a plant that
Chamaecrista repens var. multiflora
occurs in Caatinga, but this variety is probably a misspelling of Chamaecrista
(Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby
repens var. multijuga (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby.
Up to 2011 (the year we finished our synthesis) the name Deguelia nitidula was
not yet published. We contacted A. Azevedo Tozzi and R. Camargo and they say
Deguelia nitidula (Benth.) Az.-Tozzi
the name will be published soon. If necessary, the name Lonchocarpus nitidulus
Benth. is available, but will be put under synonym of Deguelia nitidula (Benth.)
A.M.G.Azevedo & R.A.Camargo when Tozzi and Camargo’s paper is released.
Name used in error. The name Mimosa stipulacea Roxb. (not M. stipulacea
Mimosa stipulacea Ducke
Ducke) do exists, but this species is from Asia and is not the case here.
Name used in error. According specialist Shirley Graham, there is no reference
Cuphea silvestris Vahl
to this name in any major monography of the genus, nor in the eletronic
databanks.
Name used in error. Maybe the authors wanted to refer to Banisteriopsis lutea
Byrsonima lutea (Griseb.) Cuatrec.
(Griseb.) Cuatrec.
Dioscorea adenoptera Mart. ex Griseb.
215
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvestarum scaberum Jaccke.
Physaloides stoloniferum (Salzm.) H. C.
Monteiro
Pseudomalachra guianensis (K. Schum.)
H. Monteiro
Name used in error. Maybe the authors wanted to refer to Malvastrum
scabrum (Cav.) A. Gray, which is synonym of Malvastrum tomentosum (L.)
S.R.Hill subsp. tomentosum.
Name used in error. This is not a valid name. Probably the authors wanted to
refer to Physalastrum stoloniferum (Salzm. ex Turcz.) Monteiro.
Name used in error. We didn't find any reference for this name in any major
botanical databases nor with specialists consulted.
Melastomataceae
Mouriri surinamensis Aubl.
Name used in error. We didn't find any reference for this name or any similar in
any major botanical databases nor with specialists consulted.
Myrtaceae
Eugenia personii McVaugh
Name used in error. Maybe the authors intended to write Psidium persoonii
McVaugh, but P. personii is recorded mainly in the Amazon region.
Myrtaceae
Myrcia bellata O.Berg
Name used in error. Probably a misspelling of Myrcia bullata O.Berg, but
Myrcia bullata is recorded mainly from Southeastern Brazil.
Myrtaceae
Myrcia myrsinoides Berg
Nyctaginaceae
Guapira laxa (Netto) Furlan
Polygonaceae
Coccoloba termiflora Lind.
Solanaceae
Solanum chytidoaudrum Lam.
Turneraceae
Turnera ulmifolia var. guianensis Aubl.
Name used in error. Probably the authors wanted to refer to Psidium
myrsinoides O.Berg., which is now under Psidium myrtoides O.Berg.
A quite common nomen nudum based on Pisonia laxa Netto, cited in 16
botanical surveys. A.M. Guiulietti, who was supervisor of A.Furlan, intends to
validate this name (personal communication), but before using it one should
verify whether it was already published. Otherwise the name Pisonia laxa
Netto should be used instead.
Name used in error. Probably the authors intended refer to Coccoloba
tenuiflora Lindau, but this species is not registered to Caatinga by the "Flora do
Brasil" checklist.
Name used in error. Maybe a misspelling of Solanum rhytidoandrum Sendtn.
Name used in error. Although Turnera ulmifolia L. is a valid name, this variety
has not been published and is thus a nomen nudum. It should also be noted
that all varieties of Turnera ulmifolia that occurred in Brazil were elevated to
species and Turnera ulmifolia should no longer be used to any Brazilian
material.
216
Appendix 5 – number of records of each species in each environment type in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain including native and
exotic plants. (*): exotic species reported in our database.
Species
Crystalline
Caatinga
(n= 34)
Transition
Campo
Sedimentary
Arboreal
Chapada
Crystalline / Inselberg Agreste
Maior
Caatinga (n=
Caatinga
Diamantina
Sedimentary (n= 11)
(n=6)
Ecotone
18)
(n= 9)
(n= 3)
(n= 6)
(n= 2)
Acalypha brasiliensis
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
Acalypha multicaulis
3
3
0
1
3
0
0
0
Total
number of
Total
Riverine
Aquatic
occurrences number of
Unclassified
forest (n=
Communities
in
occurrences
(n= 21)
in the CPD
10)
(n= 11)
terrestrial
ecosystems
(n= 131)
(n= 120)
0
0
0
5
5
1
0
0
11
11
Acalypha poiretii
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Acalypha villosa
Acanthospermum
hispidum
Achyrocline
satureioides
Acianthera ochreata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Acmella uliginosa
Acosmium
diffusissimum
Acritopappus
buiquensis
Adenocalymma
axillare
Adenocalymma
comosum
Adenocalymma
involucratum
Adenocalymma
scabriusculum
Aechmea aquilega
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Aechmea leptantha
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Aechmea lingulata
Aegiphila
pernambucensis
Aegiphila smithii
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
217
Aeschynomene
evenia
Aeschynomene
histrix
Aeschynomene
marginata
Aeschynomene
martii
Aeschynomene
mollicula
Aeschynomene
scabra
Aeschynomene
sensitiva
Aeschynomene
viscidula
Agave sisalana*
Ageratum
conyzoides
Agonandra
brasiliensis
Albizia inundata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
4
4
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
6
0
6
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
4
4
Albizia niopoides
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Albizia polycephala
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Alibertia edulis
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
Alibertia macrantha
Allamanda
blanchetii
Allamanda puberula
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
6
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
18
18
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Allophylus edulis
Allophylus
laevigatus
Allophylus
quercifolius
Allophylus
racemosus
Allophylus sericeus
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
5
2
1
0
2
0
0
0
4
0
0
14
14
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Alocasia
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
218
macrorrhizos*
Alseis floribunda
Alstroemeria
caiaponica
Alstroemeria
longistaminea
Alstroemeria
piauhyensis
Alternanthera
bettzichiana
Alternanthera
brasiliana
Alternanthera
pungens
Alternanthera
ramosissima
Alternanthera
tenella
Alvimiantha
tricamerata
Amaranthus viridis
Amasonia
campestris
Amburana cearensis
Ameroglossum
pernambucense
Ammannia latifolia
Amphilophium
crucigerum
Anacardium
occidentale
Anadenanthera
colubrina
Anadenanthera
peregrina
Anagallis minima
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
2
6
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
15
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
3
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
12
2
2
0
1
0
2
2
3
6
0
30
30
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
0
3
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
3
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
6
6
25
2
4
2
2
8
1
1
7
11
0
63
63
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Andira surinamensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Andira vermifuga
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
219
Andropogon
selloanus
Aneilema brasiliense
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Angelonia blanchetii
Angelonia
campestris
Angelonia cornigera
Angelonia
pubescens
Angelonia
salicariifolia
Anisacanthus
trilobus
Aniseia
martinicensis
Annona glabra
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
4
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Annona leptopetala
3
14
4
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
26
26
Annona spinescens
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Annona sylvatica
Anthephora
hermaphrodita
Anthurium affine
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
Anemia flexuosa
Anemopaegma
acutifolium
Anemopaegma
goyazense
Anemopaegma
laeve
Anemopaegma
velutinum
Angelonia biflora
0
1
0
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
Anthurium gracile
Anthurium
petrophilum
Aosa rupestris
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Apodanthera
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
220
glaziovii
Apterokarpos
gardneri
Apuleia grazielana
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Apuleia leiocarpa
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
Arachis dardani
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Aralia excelsa
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Aralia warmingiana
Argemone
mexicana*
Aristida
adscensionis*
Aristida elliptica
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Aristida setifolia
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
4
4
Aristolochia birostris
0
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Arrojadoa penicillata
Arrojadoa
rhodantha
Asclepias
curassavica
Aspidosperma cuspa
Aspidosperma
cylindrocarpon
Aspidosperma
discolor
Aspidosperma
multiflorum
Aspidosperma
polyneuron
Aspidosperma
pyricollum
Aspidosperma
pyrifolium
Aspidosperma
ramiflorum
Aspidosperma
riedelii
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
5
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
6
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
11
11
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
27
4
4
3
4
8
2
0
10
16
0
78
78
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
221
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Aspidosperma
subincanum
Aspilia attenuata
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
7
7
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Aspilia bonplandiana
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Astraea comosa
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Astraea lobata
2
1
1
5
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
11
11
Astrocaryum vulgare
Astronium
fraxinifolium
Averrhoidium
gardnerianum
Axonopus aureus
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Azolla caroliniana
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Azolla filiculoides
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
Baccharis oxyodonta
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Baccharis trinervis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Bacopa aquatica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Bacopa stricta
Bakeridesia
andradelimae
Balfourodendron
molle
Banisteriopsis
angustifolia
Banisteriopsis
laevifolia
Banisteriopsis
muricata
Banisteriopsis
oxyclada
Banisteriopsis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
6
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Axonopus capillaris
Axonopus
polydactylus
Axonopus purpusii
Ayenia erecta
222
schizoptera
Banisteriopsis
stellaris
Barnebya harleyi
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Bauhinia acuruana
0
14
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
19
Bauhinia catingae
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Bauhinia cheilantha
26
2
5
1
3
0
0
0
5
13
0
55
55
Bauhinia dubia
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
Bauhinia forficata
0
0
2
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
Bauhinia pentandra
1
5
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
9
Bauhinia pulchella
0
3
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
6
6
Bauhinia subclavata
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Bauhinia ungulata
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
4
Begonia fischeri
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Begonia larorum
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Begonia lealii
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Begonia reniformis
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Begonia saxicola
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Bernardia sidoides
4
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
8
8
Bia lessertiana
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Bidens bipinnata
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
3
Bidens pilosa
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Bignonia binata
Bignonia
convolvuloides
Bignonia
ramentacea
Billbergia porteana
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Blainvillea acmella
Blainvillea
dichotoma
Blainvillea
lanceolata
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
223
Blanchetiodendron
blanchetii
Blepharodon
manicatum
Blepharodon pictum
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Boerhavia coccinea
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Boerhavia diffusa
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
5
Bomarea edulis
0
1
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
Borreria alata
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Borreria brownii
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Borreria capitata
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Borreria ocymoides
Borreria
scabiosoides
Borreria verticillata
Bougainvillea
praecox
Bowdichia
virgilioides
Brasiliopuntia
brasiliensis
Brassavola
tuberculata
Bredemeyera
brevifolia
Bredemeyera
floribunda
Bredemeyera
kunthiana
Briquetia spicata
Bromelia
antiacantha
Bromelia auriculata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Bromelia karatas
1
4
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
Bromelia laciniosa
Brosimum
gaudichaudii
3
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
11
11
0
3
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
6
6
224
Brugmansia
arborea*
Brunfelsia cuneifolia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Brunfelsia uniflora
Buchenavia
callistachya
Buchenavia
tetraphylla
Bulbostylis capillaris
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
7
7
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Bulbostylis hirtella
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Bulbostylis scabra
Bunchosia
pernambucana
Byrsonima
correifolia
Byrsonima
crassifolia
Byrsonima
cydoniifolia
Byrsonima
gardneriana
Byrsonima nitidifolia
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
2
0
14
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
16
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
Byrsonima sericea
Byrsonima
vacciniifolia
Byttneria filipes
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Cabomba aquatica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Cabralea canjerana
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cajanus cajan*
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Calathea villosa
Callaeum
psilophyllum
Calliandra
aeschynomenoides
Calliandra
depauperata
Calliandra dysantha
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
225
Calliandra leptopoda
Calliandra
macrocalyx
Calliandra parvifolia
Calliandra sessilis
Calliandra
umbellifera
Callisia filiformis
Callisia repens
Callisthene
fasciculata
Callisthene major
Callisthene
microphylla
Calotropis procera*
Calyptocarpus
biaristatus*
Campomanesia
aromatica
Campomanesia
dichotoma
Campomanesia
eugenioides
Campomanesia
pubescens
Campomanesia
velutina
Campomanesia
viatoris
Campylocentrum
crassirhizum
Canavalia
brasiliensis
Caperonia palustris
Capsicum
parvifolium
Cardiospermum
anomalum
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
4
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
6
9
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
4
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
8
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
8
8
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
226
Cardiospermum
corindum
Cardiospermum
halicacabum
Cardiospermum
oliveirae
Casearia aculeata
Casearia
commersoniana
Casearia decandra
Casearia eichleriana
3
4
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
12
12
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Casearia grandiflora
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Casearia guianensis
Casearia
luetzelburgii
Casearia resinifera
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Casearia sylvestris
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Casearia ulmifolia
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cassia ferruginea
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cassytha filiformis
Catasetum
barbatum
Catasetum uncatum
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cattleya aclandiae
Cavanillesia
hylogeiton
Cavanillesia
umbellata
Cayaponia racemosa
Cecropia
pachystachya
Cecropia peltata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cedrela fissilis
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Cedrela odorata
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
Ceiba erianthos
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
227
Ceiba glaziovii
3
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
1
2
0
10
10
Ceiba pubiflora
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Ceiba speciosa
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Celtis iguanaea
0
0
0
2
0
6
0
0
3
0
0
11
11
Celtis pubescens
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cenchrus brownii
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cenchrus ciliaris*
Cenostigma
macrophyllum
Centratherum
punctatum
Centrolobium
sclerophyllum
Centrosema
brasilianum
Centrosema
pascuorum
Centrosema
sagittatum
Centrosema
venosum
Centrosema
virginianum
Ceratopteris
pteridoides
Ceratosanthes
trifoliata
Cereus albicaulis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
4
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
10
13
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
5
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
Cereus jamacaru
21
10
0
7
5
5
2
3
8
8
0
69
69
Cereus saddianus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Cestrum axillare
Chaetium
festucoides
Chaetocalyx
longiflora
Chaetocalyx
scandens
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
3
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
228
Chamaecrista
amiciella
Chamaecrista
barbata
Chamaecrista
belemii
Chamaecrista
brevicalyx
Chamaecrista
calycioides
Chamaecrista
cytisoides
Chamaecrista
desvauxii
Chamaecrista
diphylla
Chamaecrista
duckeana
Chamaecrista
eitenorum
Chamaecrista
fasciculata
Chamaecrista
flexuosa
Chamaecrista
glandulosa
Chamaecrista
nictitans
Chamaecrista pilosa
Chamaecrista
ramosa
Chamaecrista
repens
Chamaecrista
rotundifolia
Chamaecrista
serpens
Chamaecrista
supplex
Chamaecrista
swainsonii
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
4
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
229
Chamaecrista
tenuisepala
Chamaecrista
trichopoda
Chamaecrista
zygophylloides
Chamissoa altissima
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Chiococca alba
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Chloris barbata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Chloris exilis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Chloris orthonoton
Chloroleucon
acacioides
Chloroleucon
dumosum
Chloroleucon
foliolosum
Chloroleucon
mangense
Chloroleucon
tortum
Chomelia martiana
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
4
3
1
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
15
15
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Chomelia obtusa
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
4
Chresta martii
Chrysophyllum
arenarium
Chrysophyllum
marginatum
Chrysophyllum
rufum
Cipura paludosa
Cissampelos
andromorpha
Cissampelos parriera
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Cissus albida
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cissus decidua
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Cissus erosa
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
230
Cissus gongylodes
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cissus simsiana
Cissus
subrhomboidea
Cissus ternata
1
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cissus tinctoria
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cissus verticillata
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Clematis dioica
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cleome dendroides
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cleome latifolia
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cleome microcarpa
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Cleome rosea
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cleome siliculifera
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Clidemia hirta
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Clusia hilariana
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Clusia melchiorii
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Clusia nemorosa
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Clusia paralicola
Cnidoscolus
bahianus
Cnidoscolus
loefgrenii
Cnidoscolus
oligandrus
Cnidoscolus
pubescens
Cnidoscolus
quercifolius
Cnidoscolus urens
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
6
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
11
11
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
3
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
12
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
5
4
0
26
26
3
5
3
8
2
0
0
1
1
2
0
25
25
0
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Cnidoscolus vitifolius
Coccoloba
conduplicata
Coccoloba mollis
Coccoloba
schwackeana
231
Cochlospermum
regium
Cochlospermum
vitifolium
Colicodendron yco
Colubrina cordifolia
Colubrina
glandulosa
Combretum
duarteanum
Combretum
glaucocarpum
Combretum
hilarianum
Combretum
lanceolatum
Combretum laxum
Combretum
leprosum
Combretum
mellifluum
Combretum
monetaria
Combretum
pisonioides
Commelina
benghalensis
Commelina diffusa
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
5
5
3
2
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
10
10
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
8
8
0
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
5
5
2
7
2
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
14
14
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
12
5
0
1
0
6
2
0
5
12
0
43
43
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Commelina erecta
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
5
8
Commelina obliqua
2
0
2
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
Commelina virginica
Commiphora
leptophloeos
Conocliniopsis
prasiifolia
Conyza bonariensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
27
9
2
2
4
7
0
2
5
14
0
72
72
2
3
1
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Copaifera coriacea
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
4
Copaifera
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
232
langsdorffii
Copaifera martii
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Copernicia prunifera
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
4
4
Corchorus argutus
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
Corchorus hirtus
Corchorus
orinocensis
Cordia alliodora
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
5
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
Cordia collococca
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cordia discolor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
2
Cordia glazioviana
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
6
6
Cordia incognita
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cordia insignis
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cordia latiloba
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Cordia magnoliifolia
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cordia ochnacea
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cordia oncocalyx
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
3
Cordia panicularis
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cordia rufescens
0
12
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
15
15
Cordia superba
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Cordia trichotoma
2
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
12
12
Cordiera concolor
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Cordiera elliptica
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cordiera rigida
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cordiera sessilis
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Costus spiralis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Coutarea hexandra
2
4
0
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
0
18
18
Cranocarpus gracilis
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Crateva tapia
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
4
Cratylia argentea
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cratylia mollis
0
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
233
Crotalaria bahiensis
Crotalaria
holosericea
Crotalaria incana
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
2
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Crotalaria lanceolata
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Crotalaria retusa*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Crotalaria vitellina
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Croton adamantinus
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Croton adenocalyx
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
3
Croton adenodontus
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Croton alagoensis
Croton
argyrophylloides
Croton
argyrophyllus
Croton betaceus
Croton
blanchetianus
Croton campestris
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
5
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
10
10
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
6
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
3
3
0
16
16
3
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
10
10
Croton celtidifolius
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton compressus
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton cordiifolius
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Croton echioides
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
6
6
Croton gardnerianus
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Croton glandulosus
6
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
11
11
Croton glutinosus
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton grewioides
Croton
heliotropiifolius
Croton
hemiargyreus
Croton hirtus
0
6
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
9
6
2
4
2
0
0
0
4
3
2
30
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Croton jacobinensis
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Croton lundianus
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
4
234
Croton
mucronifolius
Croton muscicarpa
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton nepetifolius
Croton
odontadenius
Croton pedicellatus
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton piauhiensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton pulegiodorus
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Croton pulegioides
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Croton rottlerifolius
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton rudolphianus
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Croton sincorensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton sonderianus
15
4
1
0
3
0
0
0
5
12
0
40
40
Croton tricolor
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croton urticifolius
0
1
2
3
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
10
10
Croton zehntneri
Crumenaria
decumbens
Cryptanthus
bahianus
Cupania
impressinervia
Cupania racemosa
1
5
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
8
8
3
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cupania vernalis
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cuphea calophylla
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cuphea campestris
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Cuphea circaeoides
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Cuphea ericoides
Cuphea
impatientifolia
Cuphea racemosa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Curatella americana
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
Cuspidaria argentea
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
235
Cybianthus
penduliflorus
Cyclanthera elegans
Cymbopogon
citratus
Cynanchum
montevidense
Cynanchum
roulinioides
Cynodon dactylon
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cynophalla flexuosa
20
4
2
3
5
0
0
0
9
7
0
50
50
Cynophalla hastata
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
6
6
Cyperus aggregatus
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
Cyperus alternifolius
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cyperus berroi
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cyperus compressus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Cyperus cuspidatus
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Cyperus distans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Cyperus eragrostis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cyperus esculentus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Cyperus haspan
Cyperus
hermaphroditus
Cyperus iria
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Cyperus laxus
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Cyperus luzulae
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cyperus odoratus
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
2
10
Cyperus reflexus
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus
schomburgkianus
Cyperus
surinamensis
Cyperus uncinulatus
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
2
7
4
0
2
5
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
13
13
236
Cyperus virens
Cyrtocarpa
caatingae
Cyrtocymura harleyi
Cyrtocymura
scorpioides
Cyrtopodium aliciae
Cyrtopodium
andersonii
Cyrtopodium flavum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Cyrtopodium gigas
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Cyrtopodium holstii
Cyrtopodium
intermedium
Cyrtopodium
poecilum
Dactylaena
micrantha
Dactylaena
microphylla
Dactyloctenium
aegyptium
Dalbergia catingicola
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
5
7
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Dalbergia cearensis
0
8
3
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
15
15
Dalbergia frutescens
Dalbergia
glaucescens
Dalechampia affinis
Dalechampia
brasiliensis
Dalechampia
fernandesii
Dalechampia
pernambucensis
Dalechampia
scandens
Dalechampia
schenckiana
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
237
Dasyphyllum
sprengelianum
Datura stramonium*
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Davilla cearensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Declieuxia fruticosa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Delilia biflora
Desmanthus
virgatus
Desmodium
distortum
Desmodium
glabrum
Desmodium
incanum
Desmodium
procumbens
Desmodium
tortuosum
Dichorisandra
hexandra
Dichorisandra
penduliflora
Dicliptera ciliaris
4
0
1
4
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
13
15
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
6
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Digitaria ciliaris
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Digitaria insularis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Digitaria sanguinalis
Dilodendron
bipinnatum
Dimorphandra
gardneriana
Dioclea grandiflora
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
4
2
3
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
14
14
Dioclea marginata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Dioclea megacarpa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Dioclea sclerocarpa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Dioclea violacea
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Diodella apiculata
3
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
238
Diodella gardneri
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Diodella radula
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Diodella teres
Dioscorea
adenantha
Dioscorea coronata
Dioscorea
dodecaneura
Dioscorea
glandulosa
Dioscorea
hassleriana
Dioscorea
leptostachya
Dioscorea ovata
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Dioscorea piperifolia
Dioscorea
polygonoides
Dioscorea
sincorensis
Diplopterys lutea
Diplopterys
pubipetala
Diplotropis
ferruginea
Dipteryx odorata
Diptychandra
aurantiaca
Discolobium hirtum
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Dissothrix imbricata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ditassa capillaris
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Ditassa glaziovii
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Ditassa hastata
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Ditassa oxyphylla
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Ditaxis desertorum
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ditaxis gardneri
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
239
Ditaxis malpighiacea
Dizygostemon
floribundum
Dodonaea viscosa
Dolichandra
quadrivalvis
Dolichandra unguiscati
Dorstenia asaroides
Doryopteris
ornithopus
Doryopteris pedata
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
6
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
4
4
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Drosera montana
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Duguetia riedeliana
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Duranta erecta
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Dyckia densiflora
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Dyckia limae
Dyschoriste
maranhonis
Echinochloa colona
Echinodorus
glandulosus
Echinodorus
grandiflorus
Echinodorus
subalatus
Echinodorus tenellus
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Echinolaena inflexa
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eclipta prostrata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
2
6
Egeria densa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Egletes viscosa
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eichhornia azurea
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Eichhornia crassipes
Eichhornia
paniculata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
4
240
Eleocharis
flavescens
Eleocharis
interstincta
Eleocharis minima
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Eleocharis montana
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Elytraria imbricata
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Emilia fosbergii
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
3
Emilia sonchifolia
Emmeorhiza
umbellata
Encholirium
erectiflorum
Encholirium
spectabile
Encholirium
subsecundum
Encyclia dichroma
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
3
9
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
13
13
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Encyclia oncidioides
Enterolobium
contortisiliquum
Enterolobium
timbouva
Enteropogon mollis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
7
7
Enydra radicans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Enydra sessilifolia
Ephedranthus
pisocarpus
Epidendrum
cinnabarinum
Epidendrum
difforme
Epidendrum rigidum
Epidendrum
secundum
Epiphyllum
phyllanthus
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
6
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
241
Eragrostis acutiflora
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eragrostis ciliaris
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
4
Eragrostis pilosa*
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
Eragrostis rufescens
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eragrostis tenella
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eragrostis unioloides
Erechtites
hieracifolius
Eremanthus
capitatus
Eriope hypenioides
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eriosema glaziovii
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Erythrina velutina
2
0
1
2
2
1
0
1
6
4
0
19
19
Erythrina verna
Erythrostemon
calycina
Erythroxylum
amplifolium
Erythroxylum
barbatum
Erythroxylum
betulaceum
Erythroxylum
bezerrae
Erythroxylum
caatingae
Erythroxylum
citrifolium
Erythroxylum
deciduum
Erythroxylum
flaccidum
Erythroxylum
laetevirens
Erythroxylum
ligustrinum
Erythroxylum
loefgrenii
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
1
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
242
Erythroxylum
maracasense
Erythroxylum
nummularia
Erythroxylum
ochranthum
Erythroxylum
pauferrense
Erythroxylum
pulchrum
Erythroxylum
pungens
Erythroxylum
revolutum
Erythroxylum
simonis
Erythroxylum
stipulosum
Erythroxylum
suberosum
Erythroxylum
subracemosum
Erythroxylum
subrotundum
Erythroxylum
vacciniifolium
Esenbeckia febrifuga
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
7
7
1
5
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
12
12
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Eugenia aurata
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Eugenia azuruensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eugenia biflora
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eugenia candolleana
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eugenia crenata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Eugenia dichroma
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eugenia dysenterica
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
5
Eugenia flavescens
0
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
Eugenia florida
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
Eugenia ligustrina
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
243
Eugenia
luschnathiana
Eugenia mansoi
Eugenia
pseudopsidium
Eugenia punicifolia
Eugenia pyriformis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
11
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
13
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
6
6
Eugenia rosea
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Eugenia stictopetala
0
11
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
12
Eugenia uniflora
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Eugenia vattimoana
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Euphorbia bahiensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Euphorbia comosa
Euphorbia
heterophylla
Euphorbia
hyssopifolia
Euphorbia insulana
Euphorbia
phosphorea
Euphorbia prostrata
0
7
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
6
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
12
14
1
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
4
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Euphorbia serpens
Euphorbia
thymifolia
Euphorbia tirucalli*
Euphorbia
tithymaloides*
Euploca
procumbens
Euploca ternata
Evolvulus
anagalloides
Evolvulus barbatus
Evolvulus cressoides
Evolvulus
elaeagnifolius
244
Evolvulus elegans
Evolvulus
ericaefolius
Evolvulus filipes
Evolvulus
frankenioides
Evolvulus
glomeratus
Evolvulus
gypsophiloides
Evolvulus latifolius
Evolvulus
macroblepharis
Evolvulus ovatus
Evolvulus
phyllanthoides
Evolvulus
pterocaulon
Evolvulus sericeus
Faramea
montevidensis
Ficus arpazusa
Ficus christianii
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
8
9
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ficus cyclophylla
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ficus elliotiana
Fimbristylis
dichotoma
Fimbristylis dipsacea
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Flaveria bidentis
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Flueggea flexuosa
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Foeniculum vulgare*
Fraunhofera
multiflora
Fridericia bahiensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Fridericia caudigera
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Fridericia chica
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
245
Fridericia conjugata
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Fridericia crassa
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Fridericia dichotoma
1
3
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
8
8
Fridericia dispar
0
7
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
11
11
Fridericia limae
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Fridericia parviflora
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Fridericia platyphylla
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
Fridericia pulchella
Fridericia
subverticillata
Fridericia
tuberculata
Froelichia
humboldtiana
Fuirena umbellata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
6
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Galactia jussiaeana
Galactia
remansoana
Galactia striata
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Galactia texana*
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Galinsoga parviflora
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Galipea trifoliata
Galphimia
brasiliensis
Gamochaeta
americana
Gaya aurea
Gaya
gaudichaudiana
Gaya gracilipes
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Gaya monosperma
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Genipa americana
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Geoffroea spinosa
Glischrothamnus
ulei
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
246
Gochnatia
blanchetiana
Gochnatia
oligocephala
Godmania dardanoi
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
Gomphrena demissa
Gomphrena
desertorum
Gomphrena vaga
Goniorrhachis
marginata
Gouania colurnifolia
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
7
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Gouania lupuloides
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Guapira campestris
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Guapira graciliflora
1
8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
10
10
Guapira laxa
1
5
4
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
15
15
Guapira noxia
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
6
Guapira opposita
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
2
0
7
7
Guapira tomentosa
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
6
6
Guazuma ulmifolia
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Guettarda angelica
2
1
1
3
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
11
11
Guettarda platypoda
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
4
4
Guettarda sericea
Guettarda
viburnoides
Habenaria
hexaptera
Habenaria obtusa
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Habenaria petalodes
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Habenaria pratensis
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Habenaria repens
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Habenaria trifida
Habranthus
itaobinus
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
247
Habranthus ruber
Handroanthus
chrysotrichus
Handroanthus
heptaphyllus
Handroanthus
impetiginosus
Handroanthus
ochraceus
Handroanthus
serratifolius
Handroanthus
spongiosus
Harpalyce brasiliana
Harpochilus
neesianus
Harpochilus
phaeocarpus
Harrisia adscendens
Helichrysum
indicum
Helicteres baruensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
4
3
4
2
2
2
1
1
3
0
27
27
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
3
1
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
9
9
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
6
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
12
12
Helicteres brevispira
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Helicteres eichleri
Helicteres
guazumifolia
Helicteres
heptandra
Helicteres
macropetala
Helicteres muscosa
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
6
6
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
8
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
Helicteres sacarolha
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Helicteres velutina
Heliotropium
angiospermum
Heliotropium
indicum
Heliotropium
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
5
6
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
248
phylicoides
Heliotropium
transalpinum
Hemionitis
tomentosa
Hemiscola aculeata
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Hemiscola diffusa
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Herissantia crispa
Herissantia
nemoralis
Herissantia tiubae
3
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
2
5
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
12
12
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Heteranthera limosa
Heteropterys
campestris
Heteropterys
chrysophylla
Heteropterys
dichromocalyx
Heteropterys
grandiflora
Heteropterys
pteropetala
Heteropterys
trichanthera
Hippeastrum
solandriflorum
Hippeastrum
stylosum
Hippocratea
volubilis
Hirtella ciliata
Hirtella racemosa
Hohenbergia
catingae
Hohenbergia
leopoldo-horstii
Hohenbergia ridleyi
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Hohenbergia
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
249
utriculosa
Hybanthus
calceolaria
Hydrocleis
nymphoides
Hydrolea spinosa
Hymenachne
amplexicaulis
Hymenaea aurea
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
2
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Hymenaea courbaril
1
5
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
12
12
Hymenaea eriogyne
Hymenaea
maranhensis
Hymenaea martiana
Hymenaea
stigonocarpa
Hymenaea velutina
0
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Hypenia salzmannii
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Hypoxis decumbens
Hyptidendron
amethystoides
Hyptis atrorubens
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Hyptis calida
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Hyptis dilatata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Hyptis fruticosa
0
3
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
Hyptis martiusii
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
7
7
Hyptis multiflora
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Hyptis pectinata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Hyptis platanifolia
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Hyptis sidifolia
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Hyptis simulans
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Hyptis suaveolens
Ichnanthus
bambusiflorus
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
8
9
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
250
Ichnanthus
dasycoleus
Ilex brevicuspis
Indigofera
blanchetiana
Indigofera
microcarpa
Indigofera
suffruticosa
Inga capitata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
3
2
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Inga ingoides
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Inga striata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Inga vera
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
Ipomoea alba
Ipomoea
aristolochiifolia
Ipomoea asarifolia
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
3
5
8
Ipomoea bahiensis
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
6
6
Ipomoea batatoides
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Ipomoea brasiliana
0
6
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
Ipomoea carnea
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
4
Ipomoea hederifolia
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ipomoea indica
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ipomoea marcellia
Ipomoea
megapotamica
Ipomoea nil
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Ipomoea
phyllomega
Ipomoea polyrhizos
Ipomoea procurrens
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ipomoea purpurea
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ipomoea rosea
1
1
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
251
Ipomoea
sericophylla
Ipomoea setifera
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ipomoea setosa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Ipomoea subincana
Ipomoea
subrevoluta
Ipomoea trifida
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ipomoea triloba
Ipomoea
verbasciformis
Ipomoea
verbascoidea
Ipomoea wrightii
Isocarpha
megacephala
Jacaranda brasiliana
Jacaranda
grandifoliolata
Jacaranda
jasminoides
Jacaranda
praetermissa
Jacaranda rugosa
Jacaratia
corumbensis
Jacquemontia
bahiensis
Jacquemontia
cearensis
Jacquemontia
densiflora
Jacquemontia
evolvuloides
Jacquemontia
ferruginea
Jacquemontia
glaucescens
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
7
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
12
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
6
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
252
Jacquemontia
gracillima
Jacquemontia
heterantha
Jacquemontia
multiflora
Jacquemontia
nodiflora
Jacquemontia
pentantha
Jacquemontia
sphaerostigma
Jacquemontia
velutina
Jaegeria hirta
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Janusia anisandra
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Janusia janusioides
Janusia
schwannioides
Jatropha curcas
Jatropha
gossypiifolia
Jatropha martiusii
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Jatropha mollissima
30
4
3
5
4
0
0
1
8
15
0
70
70
Jatropha mutabilis
2
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
9
Jatropha ribifolia
6
2
1
2
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
14
14
Justicia aequilabris
1
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Justicia fragilis
Justicia
schomburgkiana
Kallstroemia maxima
Kallstroemia
tribuloides
Krameria tomentosa
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Kyllinga brevifolia
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Kyllinga odorata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
253
Kyllinga squamulata
Lafoensia
glyptocarpa
Lagascea mollis
Langsdorffia
hypogaea
Lantana caatingensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Lantana camara
8
8
4
7
3
0
0
2
4
3
0
39
39
Lantana canescens
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Lantana fucata
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Lantana salzmannii
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Laportea aestuans
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Lasiacis anomala
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Lasiacis ligulata
Lemna
aequinoctialis
Lemna valdiviana
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
Leonotis nepetifolia
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
Lepidaploa arenaria
Lepidaploa
chalybaea
Lepidaploa
cotoneaster
Lepidaploa grisea
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
2
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Lepidaploa lilacina
Lepidaploa
remotiflora
Lepidium
bonariense
Leptochloa fusca
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Leptochloa panicea
Leptolobium
dasycarpum
Leptoscela
ruellioides
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
254
Lessingianthus
obscurus
Lessingianthus
rugulosus
Leucochloron limae
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Libidibia ferrea
12
4
3
1
3
0
2
0
9
10
0
44
44
Licania rigida
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
4
4
Licania sclerophylla
Limnobium
laevigatum
Lindackeria ovata
Lipocarpha
micrantha
Lipocarpha
salzmanniana
Lippia alba
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
3
Lippia gracilis
3
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
10
10
Lippia lasiocalycina
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Lippia magentea
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Lippia microphylla
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Lippia origanoides
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Lippia pohliana
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Lippia riedeliana
Lippia
schomburgkiana
Lippia sidoides
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Lippia thymoides
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
2
Lobelia xalapensis
Lonchocarpus
araripensis
Lonchocarpus
campestris
Lonchocarpus
costatus
Lonchocarpus
obtusus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
4
4
255
Lonchocarpus
sericeus
Lonchocarpus
virgilioides
Lourteigia
ballotifolia
Ludwigia affinis
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
7
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Ludwigia erecta
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
4
Ludwigia filiformis
Ludwigia
helminthorrhiza
Ludwigia
hyssopifolia
Ludwigia inclinata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Ludwigia leptocarpa
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
Luehea candicans
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Luehea divaricata
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Luehea grandiflora
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
2
Luehea paniculata
Luetzelburgia
auriculata
Luziola brasiliana
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
2
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
0
12
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
6
1
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
12
12
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Lycium martii
Machaerium
aculeatum
Machaerium
acutifolium
Machaerium
amplum
Machaerium
brasiliense
Machaerium
floridum
Machaerium hirtum
Machaerium
opacum
Machaerium
256
ovalifolium
Machaerium
scleroxylon
Machaerium
stipitatum
Machaerium
vestitum
Machaerium
villosum
Machaonia spinosa
Maclura tinctoria
Macroptilium
bracteatum
Macroptilium gracile
Macroptilium
lathyroides
Macroptilium martii
Macroptilium
panduratum
Magonia pubescens
Malvastrum
coromandelianum
Malvastrum
tomentosum
Mandevilla dardanoi
Mandevilla
funiformis
Mandevilla scabra
Mandevilla
tenuifolia
Manettia cordifolia
Manihot anomala
Manihot
brachyandra
Manihot
caerulescens
Manihot
carthaginensis
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
3
3
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
9
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
8
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
2
1
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
4
0
2
0
2
0
0
1
1
8
0
18
18
257
Manihot catingae
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
4
4
Manihot dichotoma
0
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Manihot epruinosa
Manihot
gabrielensis
Manihot heptaphylla
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Manihot palmata
Manihot
pseudoglaziovii
Manilkara rufula
Manilkara
salzmannii
Manilkara triflora
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
7
7
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mansoa angustidens
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mansoa difficilis
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Mansoa hirsuta
Maprounea
guianensis
Maranta
arundinacea*
Maranta divaricata
Margaritopsis
carrascoana
Margaritopsis
chaenotricha
Marsdenia altissima
Marsdenia
dorothyae
Marsdenia
loniceroides
Marsdenia
megalantha
Marsypianthes
chamaedrys
Martiodendron
mediterraneum
Mascagnia riparia
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
9
9
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
11
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
258
Mascagnia sepium
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Matayba guianensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Matelea ganglinosa
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Matelea harleyi
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Matelea maritima
0
1
1
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
Matelea nigra
Mattfeldanthus
andrade-limae
Maytenus
acanthophylla
Maytenus boaria
Maytenus
catingarum
Maytenus horrida
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
2
0
4
3
0
0
1
5
2
0
21
21
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
5
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Maytenus imbricata
Maytenus
obtusifolia
Maytenus rigida
Megathyrsus
maximus*
Melanthera latifolia
Melasma
melampyroides
Melia azedarach*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Melinis minutiflora*
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Melinis repens*
Melocactus
bahiensis
Melocactus
deinacanthus
Melocactus ernestii
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
1
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Melocactus oreas
Melocactus
salvadorensis
Melocactus
zehntneri
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
259
Melochia arenosa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Melochia lanata
Melochia
pyramidata
Melochia tomentosa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
5
6
9
3
1
4
1
0
0
1
3
2
0
24
24
Mentzelia aspera
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Merremia aegyptia
2
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
8
8
Merremia cissoides
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Merremia dissecta
Merremia
macrocalyx
Merremia umbellata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Miconia albicans
Micranthemum
umbrosum
Microgramma
geminata
Microgramma
vacciniifolia
Microstachys
corniculata
Microstachys
hispida
Microtea glochidiata
Microtea
longebracteata
Microtea
maypurensis
Microtea paniculata
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
Microtea scabrida
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Mimosa acutistipula
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
8
8
Mimosa adenophylla
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Mimosa arenosa
Mimosa
bimucronata
Mimosa
1
1
1
4
3
0
0
1
1
1
1
13
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
260
borboremae
Mimosa
caesalpiniifolia
Mimosa camporum
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
10
10
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mimosa gemmulata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mimosa guaranitica
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mimosa honesta
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
Mimosa invisa
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Mimosa lepidophora
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Mimosa lewisii
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Mimosa misera
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mimosa modesta
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mimosa niederleinii
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mimosa nothopteris
Mimosa
ophthalmocentra
Mimosa paraibana
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
5
1
0
15
15
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
Mimosa pigra
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
Mimosa pudica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
3
Mimosa quadrivalvis
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
5
5
Mimosa sensitiva
0
4
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
8
8
Mimosa somnians
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mimosa tenuiflora
18
3
2
2
2
6
0
1
7
12
0
53
53
Mimosa ursina
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Mimosa verrucosa
Mimosa
xiquexiquensis
Mitracarpus frigidus
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Mitracarpus hirtus
Mitracarpus
parvulus
Mitracarpus
salzmannianus
261
Mitracarpus
scaberulus
Mollugo verticillata
Momordica
charantia*
Monnina insignis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
3
2
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
15
16
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Mouriri pusa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Murdannia nudiflora
Myracrodruon
urundeuva
Myrcia aegiphiloides
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
24
3
4
4
4
9
1
2
7
11
0
69
69
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Myrcia guianensis
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Myrcia multiflora
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Myrcia oblongata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Myrcia splendens
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Myrcia tomentosa
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Myrciaria ferruginea
Myroxylon
peruiferum
Myrsine guianensis
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
2
1
1
4
0
0
2
2
1
0
18
18
4
6
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
16
16
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Najas conferta
Nectandra
membranacea
Nectandra nitidula
Neea obovata
Neocalyptrocalyx
longifolium
Neoglaziovia
variegata
Neojobertia
candolleana
Neomarica gracilis
Nicotiana glauca
Noisettia
orchidiflora
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
8
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
262
Nymphaea
amazonum
Nymphaea ampla
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
Nymphoides indica
Ocimum
campechianum
Ocotea
brachybotrya
Ocotea duckei
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Ocotea xanthocalyx
Oeceoclades
maculata*
Oncidium baueri
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Operculina alata
Operculina
macrocarpa
Ormosia fastigiata
Orthophytum
disjunctum
Orthophytum
glabrum
Orthophytum
saxicola
Ouratea
blanchetiana
Ouratea cearensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
Ouratea discophora
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ouratea glaucescens
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Ouratea parvifolia
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Oxalis cratensis
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Oxalis divaricata
3
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
Oxalis eriocarpa
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Oxalis frutescens
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Oxalis glaucescens
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Oxalis hedysarifolia
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
263
Oxalis psoraleoides
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
2
Oxalis refracta
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Oxalis sepium
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Oxalis triangularis
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Oxandra reticulata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Oxandra sessiliflora
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Oxycaryum cubense
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
8
Pachira retusa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Paepalanthus bifidus
Paepalanthus
lamarckii
Paepalanthus
myocephalus
Paepalanthus parvus
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Paliavana tenuiflora
Palicourea
marcgravii
Panicum
polygonatum
Panicum sellowii
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Panicum trichoides
5
2
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
13
13
Panicum venezuelae
Pappophorum
pappiferum
Parapiptadenia
blanchetii
Parapiptadenia
zehntneri
Parkia platycephala
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
6
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
13
13
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Parkinsonia aculeata
Paspalidium
geminatum
Paspalum
conjugatum
Paspalum
fimbriatum
264
Paspalum
melanospermum
Paspalum
oligostachyum
Paspalum
parviflorum
Paspalum plicatulum
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Paspalum repens
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Paspalum scutatum
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
3
Passiflora alata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Passiflora cincinnata
0
3
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
Passiflora edmundoi
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Passiflora foetida
2
2
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
Passiflora galbana
Passiflora
luetzelburgii
Paullinia cearensis
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Paullinia elegans
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
Paullinia pinnata
Pavonia
aschersoniana
Pavonia
blanchetiana
Pavonia cancellata
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
10
10
Pavonia glazioviana
0
6
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
Pavonia humifusa
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Pavonia varians
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Pectis congesta
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Pectis linifolia
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Pectis oligocephala
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Peixotoa jussieuana
Peltogyne
confertiflora
Peltogyne pauciflora
0
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
7
7
265
Peltophorum
dubium
Pennisetum
pedicellatum*
Peperomia blanda
Peperomia
circinnata
Pereskia bahiensis
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
5
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Pereskia grandifolia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Periandra coccinea
Periandra
mediterranea
Petalostelma
martianum
Pfaffia denudata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Pfaffia glomerata
Philodendron
acutatum
Philodendron
bipinnatifidum
Philodendron imbe
Philodendron lealcostae
Phoradendron
linearifolium
Phoradendron
mucronatum
Phoradendron
piperoides
Phoradendron
quadrangulare
Phoradendron
rubrum
Phoradendron
tunaeforme
Phyllanthus
caroliniensis
Phyllanthus
chacoensis
266
Phyllanthus
heteradenius
Phyllanthus niruri
Phyllanthus
orbiculatus
Phyllanthus tenellus
Phyllostylon
brasiliense
Physalis angulata
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
2
1
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
9
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
4
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
3
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
7
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Physalis pubescens
Physostemon
guianense
Physostemon
lanceolatum
Picramnia andradelimae
Picramnia bahiensis
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Pilea hyalina
0
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Pilocarpus jaborandi
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Pilocarpus spicatus
Pilosocereus
catingicola
Pilosocereus
chrysostele
Pilosocereus
glaucescens
Pilosocereus
gounellei
Pilosocereus
pachycladus
Pilosocereus
pentaedrophorus
Pilosocereus
piauhyensis
Pilosocereus
tuberculatus
Piper nigrum
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
6
6
15
3
1
4
2
0
1
0
8
7
0
41
41
7
4
0
4
3
0
0
0
4
1
0
23
23
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
3
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
7
7
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Piptadenia
267
gonoacantha
Piptadenia
macradenia
Piptadenia
stipulacea
Piptadenia viridiflora
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
14
7
2
2
3
0
0
0
5
12
0
45
45
3
1
0
0
2
5
0
1
0
1
0
13
13
Piriqueta cistoides
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Piriqueta duarteana
0
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Piriqueta guianensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Piriqueta racemosa
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
Piriqueta sidifolia
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Pistia stratiotes
Pithecellobium
diversifolium
Pithecellobium
dulce*
Pithecellobium
roseum
Pithecoseris
pacourinoides
Pityrocarpa
moniliformis
Pityrocarpa obliqua
Plathymenia
reticulata
Platymiscium
floribundum
Platypodanthera
melissifolia
Platypodium elegans
Pleopeltis
polypodioides
Pleurophora
anomala
Plinia cauliflora
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
1
8
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
10
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
17
17
1
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
10
10
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Plumbago scandens
1
1
3
4
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
12
12
Poecilanthe falcata
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
268
Poecilanthe
grandiflora
Poecilanthe
subcordata
Poecilanthe ulei
Poeppigia procera
Poincianella
bracteosa
Poincianella
gardneriana
Poincianella
microphylla
Poincianella pluviosa
Poincianella
pyramidalis
Polygala bracteata
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
4
4
0
5
3
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
13
13
3
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
6
0
14
14
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
6
1
0
0
6
0
1
1
0
0
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
23
2
1
4
4
0
0
1
8
10
0
53
53
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Polygala galioides
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Polygala glochidiata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Polygala gracilis
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Polygala lancifolia
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Polygala longicaulis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Polygala mollis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Polygala paniculata
Polygala
pseudohebeclada
Polygala roubienna
1
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Polygala spectabilis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Polygala violacea
Polygonum
ferrugineum
Polygonum
hispidum
Polystachya
estrellensis
Porophyllum
ruderale
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
269
Portulaca elatior
Portulaca
grandiflora
Portulaca
halimoides
Portulaca
hirsutissima
Portulaca
mucronata
Portulaca oleracea
3
1
2
6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
13
13
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
5
Portulaca pilosa
Portulaca
umbraticola
Pouteria
gardneriana
Prescottia phleoides
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Prestonia bahiensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Prestonia coalita
Pristimera
sclerophylla
Priva bahiensis
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Prockia crucis
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
Prosopis juliflora*
Pseudobombax
grandiflorum
Pseudobombax
marginatum
Pseudobombax
simplicifolium
Psidium
acutangulum
Psidium
appendiculatum
Psidium guineense
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
8
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
9
2
1
0
1
2
0
0
4
5
0
24
24
2
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
9
9
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Psidium myrsinites
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
Psidium myrtoides
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Psidium
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
270
oligospermum
Psidium riparium
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Psidium salutare
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Psidium sartorianum
Psittacanthus
biternatus
Psittacanthus
cordatus
Pterocarpus
monophyllus
Pterocarpus rohrii
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Pterocarpus villosus
Pterocarpus
zehntneri
Pterodon abruptus
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
5
Pterogyne nitens
Pterolepis
polygonoides
Pterolepis
trichotoma
Ptilochaeta
bahiensis
Pycreus capillifolius
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Pycreus flavescens
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Pycreus lanceolatus
Pycreus
macrostachyos
Pycreus pelophilus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Pycreus piceus
Pycreus
polystachyos
Pyrostegia venusta
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Qualea grandiflora
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
Qualea parviflora
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
Randia armata
0
1
1
3
2
7
1
1
1
1
0
18
18
271
Randia ferox
Rhamnidium
elaeocarpum
Rhamnidium molle
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
8
8
Rhaphiodon echinus
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Rhipsalis baccifera
Rhipsalis
lindbergiana
Rhynchosia minima
Rhynchosia
phaseoloides
Rhynchospora
barbata
Rhynchospora
cephalotes
Rhynchospora
contracta
Rhynchospora
holoschoenoides
Rhynchospora
riparia
Ricciocarpos natans
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Richardia brasiliensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Richardia grandiflora
1
4
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
10
11
Richardia scabra
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Rivina humilis
Rodriguezia
bahiensis
Romanoa tamnoides
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Rourea martiana
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Ruellia asperula
1
0
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
8
Ruellia bahiensis
0
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
6
Ruellia geminiflora
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Ruellia paniculata
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
5
7
Ruellia villosa
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
272
Ruprechtia laxiflora
2
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Ruprechtia ramiflora
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sacciolepis vilvoides
Salvertia
convallariodora
Salvinia auriculata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Salvinia minima
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
Salvinia oblongifolia
Sansevieria
hyacinthoides*
Sapindus saponaria
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
3
Sapium argutum
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
7
7
Sapium glandulosum
4
4
0
2
3
2
0
1
3
2
0
21
21
Sapium obovatum
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sapium sellowianum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Sarcoglottis acaulis
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Scaphispatha gracilis
Scaphyglottis
fusiformis
Schinopsis
brasiliensis
Schizachyrium
brevifolium
Schoepfia
brasiliensis
Schubertia
multiflora
Schultesia
guianensis
Schwartzia
brasiliensis
Schwenckia
americana
Scleria interrupta
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
12
2
3
0
4
8
0
3
8
5
0
45
45
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Scleria reticularis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Scleria secans
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
273
Scoparia dulcis
Sebastiania
brasiliensis
Sebastiania
brevifolia
Sebastiania
commersoniana
Sebastiania
macrocarpa
Secondatia
floribunda
Securidaca
diversifolia
Securidaca volubilis
Selaginella
convoluta
Selaginella
potaroensis
Selaginella sellowii
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
5
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
7
7
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Selaginella sulcata
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Senegalia bahiensis
Senegalia
langsdorffii
Senegalia martii
Senegalia
martiusiana
Senegalia
monacantha
Senegalia
piauhiensis
Senegalia polyphylla
0
1
0
3
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
0
8
3
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
14
14
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
8
8
0
3
2
1
4
1
0
1
0
2
0
14
14
Senegalia riparia
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
5
5
Senegalia tenuifolia
3
3
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
11
11
Senna acuruensis
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
6
6
Senna angulata
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Senna aversiflora
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Senna cana
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
5
274
Senna catingae
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Senna cearensis
0
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
Senna gardneri
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
Senna georgica
Senna
lechriosperma
Senna macranthera
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
10
3
3
0
1
0
0
4
1
0
26
26
Senna martiana
2
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
9
9
Senna multijuga
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Senna obtusifolia
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
4
Senna occidentalis
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Senna rizzinii
3
4
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
12
12
Senna rugosa
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Senna spectabilis
4
4
4
2
2
5
0
1
5
1
0
28
28
Senna splendida
0
5
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
9
9
Senna trachypus
2
8
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
13
Senna uniflora
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
5
9
Senna velutina
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Serjania caracasana
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Serjania comata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Serjania glabrata
0
3
2
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
10
10
Serjania hebecarpa
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Serjania lethalis
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Serjania marginata
Serjania
pernambucensis
Serpocaulon
triseriale
Sesbania exasperata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Sesbania virgata
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Setaria parviflora
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
6
Setaria pauciflora
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
275
Setaria setosa
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Setaria tenax
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Sida acuta
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sida angustissima
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Sida anomala
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Sida blepharoprion
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sida castanocarpa
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sida ciliaris
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Sida cordifolia
3
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
9
Sida galheirensis
2
6
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
15
Sida glomerata
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Sida jussiaeana
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sida linifolia
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Sida regnellii
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sida rhombifolia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Sida rubifolia
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sida salviifolia
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sida spinosa
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
2
5
Sida ulei
Sidastrum
micranthum
Sidastrum
multiflorum
Sidastrum
paniculatum
Sideroxylon
obtusifolium
Simaba ferruginea
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
2
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
7
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
8
5
0
25
25
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Simaba floribunda
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Simarouba amara
Simarouba
versicolor
Sinningia incarnata
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
276
Sinningia nordestina
Skytanthus
hancorniifolius
Smilax brasiliensis
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Smilax campestris
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Sobralia liliastrum
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Solanum agrarium
Solanum
americanum
Solanum asperum
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Solanum bahianum
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Solanum capsicoides
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Solanum crinitum
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Solanum flaccidum
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Solanum jabrense
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Solanum megalonyx
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Solanum paludosum
Solanum
paniculatum
Solanum
rhytidoandrum
Solanum
stipulaceum
Solanum
thomasiifolium
Sonchus oleraceus
Spananthe
paniculata
Spathicarpa
hastifolia
Spergularia marina
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
5
2
3
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
12
13
1
5
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
10
10
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Spermacoce spiralis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Spigelia anthelmia
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Spondias tuberosa
15
3
3
4
3
6
0
3
6
5
0
48
48
Sporobolus
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
277
pyramidatus
Stachytarpheta
angustifolia
Stachytarpheta
cayennensis
Stachytarpheta
coccinea
Stachytarpheta
microphylla
Stachytarpheta
sessilis
Staelia aurea
Staelia virgata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
6
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Steirachne diandra
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Stemodia maritima
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
Stemodia pratensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Sterculia striata
Stigmaphyllon
auriculatum
Stigmaphyllon
blanchetii
Stigmaphyllon
cavernulosum
Stigmaphyllon
paralias
Stigmaphyllon
rotundifolium
Stillingia trapezoidea
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
Stillingia uleana
Stizophyllum
perforatum
Streptostachys
asperifolia
Struthanthus
flexicaulis
Struthanthus
polyrhizus
Struthanthus
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
278
syringifolius
Strychnos parvifolia
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Strychnos rubiginosa
Stryphnodendron
coriaceum
Stylosanthes
angustifolia
Stylosanthes
capitata
Stylosanthes
guianensis
Stylosanthes humilis
0
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
3
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Stylosanthes scabra
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
Stylosanthes viscosa
1
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Swartzia flaemingii
0
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
Syagrus coronata
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
7
7
Syagrus oleracea
2
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
Syagrus vagans
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Tabebuia aurea
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
5
5
0
14
14
Tabebuia reticulata
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tabebuia roseoalba
Tabernaemontana
catharinensis
Tabernaemontana
hystrix
Taccarum
peregrinum
Tachigali aurea
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tachigali densiflora
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tacinga inamoena
4
6
2
4
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
20
20
Tacinga palmadora
Talinum
paniculatum
Talinum triangulare
13
2
1
2
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
24
24
1
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
1
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Talisia esculenta
0
2
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
279
Tanaecium
cyrtanthum
Tanaecium
pyramidatum
Tarenaya spinosa
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
3
7
Tassadia burchellii
Temnadenia
violacea
Tephrosia cinerea
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
Tephrosia purpurea
Terminalia
actinophylla
Terminalia fagifolia
Tetraulacium
veroniciforme
Thelypteris
interrupta
Thryallis longifolia
Tibouchina
heteromalla
Tibouchina
lithophila
Tibouchina mutabilis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tilesia baccata
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Tillandsia didisticha
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tillandsia gardneri
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Tillandsia loliacea
Tillandsia
polystachia
Tillandsia recurvata
Tillandsia
streptocarpa
Tillandsia stricta
2
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
4
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
14
2
3
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Tillandsia tenuifolia
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Tillandsia usneoides
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Tocoyena formosa
1
5
2
6
2
0
0
0
5
0
0
21
21
280
Tocoyena hispidula
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tocoyena sellowiana
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
4
4
Tournefortia bicolor
Tournefortia
paniculata
Tournefortia
rubicunda
Tournefortia
salzmannii
Tournefortia villosa
Trachypogon
spicatus
Tradescantia
ambigua
Tragia friesii
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
6
6
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tragia volubilis
Tragus
berteronianus
Trema micrantha
Trianthema
portulacastrum
Trichilia elegans
1
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
3
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
2
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Trichilia hirta
Trichogonia
menthifolia
Trichogoniopsis
podocarpa
Tridax procumbens
0
0
1
1
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
9
Trigonia bahiensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Trigonia nivea
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
5
Trilepis lhotzkiana
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Triplaris gardneriana
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
6
1
0
12
12
Triplaris physocalyx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Triplaris weigeltiana
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tripogon spicatus
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
281
Trischidium
decipiens
Trischidium molle
Triumfetta
semitriloba
Trixis vauthieri
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
10
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
13
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Turbina cordata
Turnera
blanchetiana
Turnera
calyptrocarpa
Turnera cearensis
Turnera
chamaedrifolia
Turnera coerulea
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
7
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Turnera diffusa
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
Turnera macrophylla
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Turnera opifera
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Turnera pumilea
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
4
Turnera subulata
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Turnera ulmifolia
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
6
6
Typha domingensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
Unxia camphorata
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Urochloa fusca*
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Urochloa mollis*
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
4
Urochloa mutica*
Urochloa
plantaginea*
Urvillea laevis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Urvillea ulmacea
Utricularia
breviscapa
Utricularia foliosa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Utricularia gibba
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
282
Utricularia
nigrescens
Utricularia pusilla
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Vachellia farnesiana
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
4
Vanilla chamissonis
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Vanilla palmarum
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Varronia curassavica
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
Varronia dardani
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Varronia globosa
Varronia
leucocephala
Varronia
leucomalloides
Varronia
multispicata
Varronia nivea
9
2
1
3
5
0
0
0
4
2
0
26
26
9
5
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
20
20
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Vatairea macrocarpa
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Vellozia plicata
Verbesina
macrophylla
Vigna halophila
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Vigna peduncularis
0
1
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Vismia guianensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Vismia micrantha
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Vitex cymosa
0
2
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
5
5
Vitex gardneriana
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
5
5
Vitex polygama
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Vitex rufescens
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Vitex schaueriana
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Waltheria albicans
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Waltheria americana
Waltheria
brachypetala
Waltheria bracteosa
1
5
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
14
16
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
283
Waltheria ferruginea
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
Waltheria maritima
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Waltheria martiana
Waltheria
rotundifolia
Wedelia alagoensis
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
Wedelia hookeriana
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Wedelia villosa
Wissadula
amplissima
Wissadula contracta
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Wolffia brasiliensis
Wolffiella
welwitschii
Ximenia americana
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
2
5
3
0
1
0
2
1
3
4
0
21
21
Ximenia coriacea
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Xylopia aromatica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Xylopia laevigata
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Xylopia sericea
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Xylosma ciliatifolia
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
Xyris jupicai
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Zanthoxylum fagara
Zanthoxylum
hamadryadicum
Zanthoxylum huberi
Zanthoxylum
petiolare
Zanthoxylum
rhoifolium
Zanthoxylum
riedelianum
Zanthoxylum
stelligerum
Zephyranthes
cearensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
284
Zephyranthes
sylvatica
Zeyheria
tuberculosa
Ziziphus cotinifolia
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
2
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
8
8
Ziziphus joazeiro
Zomicarpa
riedelianum
Zornia brasiliensis
10
3
2
4
4
1
0
1
10
8
0
43
43
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
Zornia curvata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Zornia diphylla
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Zornia gardneriana
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Zornia gemella
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Zornia glabra
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Zornia myriadena
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Zornia reticulata
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Zornia sericea
0
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
285
Appendix 6- Number of unidentified records in each genus reported in floristic or
phytosociological papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
Number of
Genus
unidentified
Genus
records
Abutilon
3
Machaerium
Acacia
7
Macroptilium
Acalypha
3
Malachra
Acisanthera
1
Malva
Actinostemon
3
Mandevilla
Adenocalymma
4
Manihot
Aegiphila
2
Manilkara
Aeschynomene
5
Mansoa
Ageratum
1
Maprounea
Albizia
6
Maranta
Alibertia
8
Marsdenia
Allophylus
2
Marsilea
Alstroemeria
1
Mascagnia
Alternanthera
6
Matelea
Amaranthus
1
Maytenus
Anadenanthera
1
Melampodium
Andira
3
Melocactus
Andropogon
1
Memora
Anemia
1
Meriania
Anemopaegma
4
Merremia
Angelonia
5
Microstachys
Aniseia
2
Microtea
Annona
6
Mimosa
Anthurium
2
Mitracarpus
Argythamnia
2
Mouriri
Aristida
2
Myrcia
Aristolochia
3
Myrciaria
Arrabidaea
10
Nemastylis
Aspidosperma
4
Ocimum
Aspilia
1
Ocotea
Axonopus
1
Oncidium
Ayenia
1
Opuntia
Banara
2
Oryctanthus
Banisteriopsis
10
Ouratea
Bauhinia
6
Oxalis
Begonia
2
Oxandra
286
Number of
unidentified
records
6
1
1
1
3
14
1
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
30
6
1
8
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
1
Bidens
Bignonia
Blainvillea
Bombax
Borreria
Brassica
Bromelia
Bulbostylis
Byrsonima
Caesalpinia
Calathea
Calliandra
Callisia
Callisthene
Campomanesia
Capparis
Capsicum
Cardiospermum
Carica
Casearia
Cassia
Cassytha
Cayaponia
Celtis
Centratherum
Cestrum
Chamaecrista
Chamaesyce
Cheilanthes
Chloroleucon
Chomelia
Chorisia
Chrysophyllum
Cipura
Cissampelos
Cissus
Cleome
Clusia
Cnidoscolus
Coccoloba
Cochlospermum
Colicodendron
Combretum
2
3
1
1
5
2
3
1
5
3
1
4
3
1
6
1
2
2
1
4
2
1
3
5
1
2
5
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
5
3
3
2
4
5
1
1
5
Paepalanthus
Panicum
Paspalum
Passiflora
Pavonia
Peltogyne
Peperomia
Pereskia
Petalostelma
Pfaffia
Phaseolus
Philodendron
Phoradendron
Phthirusa
Phyllanthus
Physaloides
Pilosocereus
Piper
Piptadenia
Piriqueta
Pisonia
Pithecellobium
Pleurothallis
Plinia
Polygala
Portulaca
Pouteria
Pseudechinolaena
Pseuderanthemum
Pseudobombax
Pseudomalachra
Psidium
Pterandra
Ptilochaeta
Pyrostegia
Rechsteineria
Rhamnidium
Rhipsalis
Rhynchospora
Riccia
Richardia
Rudgea
Ruellia
287
1
7
4
1
4
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
6
1
5
1
3
2
1
8
8
3
1
2
2
8
3
1
2
3
3
6
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
5
Commelina
Copaifera
Corchorus
Cordia
Crotalaria
Croton
Cucumis
Cupania
Cuphea
Cuspidaria
Cyperus
Cyrtopodium
Dalbergia
Dalechampia
Declieuxia
Desmodium
Dichorisandra
Digitaria
Dioclea
Diodia
Dioscorea
Diospyros
Ditassa
Dorstenia
Dyschoriste
Ebertia
Eclipta
Eleocharis
Elytraria
Emilia
Encholirium
Encyclia
Eriope
Eriotheca
Erythroxylum
Esenbeckia
Eucalyptus
Eugenia
Eupatoriopsis
Eupatorium
Euphorbia
Evolvulus
Fagara
6
2
2
15
2
49
2
1
9
8
11
3
1
4
1
5
2
5
3
3
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
12
1
1
30
1
2
1
7
2
Samolus
Sapium
Schinus
Schoepfia
Schubertia
Schwenckia
Scoparia
Sebastiania
Securidaca
Selaginella
Senna
Serjania
Sesbania
Setaria
Sida
Smilax
Solanum
Sparattanthelium
Spermacoce
Spigelia
Spondias
Stachytarpheta
Stigmaphyllon
Stilpnopappus
Struthanthus
Stylosanthes
Syngonanthus
Tabebuia
Talinum
Tecoma
Terminalia
Tetrastylis
Tetraulacium
Tibouchina
Tillandsia
Tournefortia
Tradescantia
Tragia
Trichilia
Trichogonia
Trimezia
Triplaris
Triumfetta
288
2
12
1
2
2
1
1
4
3
1
7
6
1
2
14
2
20
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
4
1
1
7
3
1
2
2
1
3
2
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
Faramea
Ficus
Fimbristylis
Froelichia
Gomphrena
Gouania
Guapira
Guazuma
Guettarda
Gymnanthes
Habenaria
Heisteria
Helicteres
Heliotropium
1
3
2
1
6
1
8
1
1
5
1
2
4
2
Herbertia
1
Herissantia
2
Heteropterys
6
Hippeastrum
5
Hippocratea
1
Hybanthus
1
Hydrolea
1
Hymenaea
1
Hyptis
3
Ichnanthus
1
Indigofera
2
Ipomoea
17
Jacquemontia
8
Jatropha
Justicia
Kyllinga
7
1
1
Lantana
5
Laportea
Lasiacis
Leandra
1
1
1
Turnera
Urvillea
Vallisneria
Vanilla
Vernonia
Vitex
Vriesea
Waltheria
Wedelia
Wilbrandia
Wissadula
Xylosma
Zanthoxylum
Zephyranthes
Undetermined
Amaranthaceae
Undetermined
Anacardiaceae
Undetermined
Apocynaceae
Undetermined Asteraceae
Undetermined
Bignoniaceae
Undetermined
Bigoniaceae
Undetermined
Convolvulaceae
Undetermined
Cucurbitaceae
Undetermined Cyperaceae
Undetermined
Erythroxylaceae
Undetermined
Euphorbiaceae
Undetermined Fabaceae
Undetermined
Flacourtiaceae
Undetermined Lamiaceae
Undetermined Liliaceae
Undetermined Lythraceae
Undetermined
Malpigiaceae
Undetermined Malvaceae
Undetermined Myrtaceae
Undetermined Poaceae
289
4
1
1
1
5
4
1
4
1
5
1
2
1
1
1
2
4
9
9
1
1
3
3
1
3
18
1
3
1
4
8
2
14
3
Lemna
1
Licania
Lippia
Lonchocarpus
1
9
3
Lophothecium
1
Ludwigia
Luehea
3
1
Luetzelburgia
2
Macfadyena
1
Undetermined
Polygonaceae
Undetermined Rubiaceae
Undetermined Sapotaceae
Undetermined Solanaceae
Undetermined
Turneraceae
Undetermined Ulmaceae
Undetermined Urticaceae
Undetermined
Verbenaceae
Records not assigned to
any family
1138
Total number of unidentified records
290
2
8
1
1
1
1
2
2
56
Appendix 7- Number of unidentified records in each family reported in floristic or
phytosociological papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain.
Family
Acanthaceae
Alstroemeriaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anemiaceae
Annonaceae
Apocynaceae
Araceae
Aristolochiaceae
Asparagaceae
Asteraceae
Begoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bixaceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Bromeliaceae
Cactaceae
Cannabaceae
Capparaceae
Caricaceae
Celastraceae
Chrysobalanaceae
Clusiaceae
Combretaceae
Commelinaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cyperaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Ebenaceae
Eriocaulaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Number of
unidentified
records
11
1
16
7
4
1
7
20
4
3
1
30
2
52
1
21
2
7
11
5
5
1
10
1
2
7
12
36
13
22
7
1
2
13
118
Family
Malpighiaceae
Malvaceae
Marantaceae
Marsileaceae
Melastomataceae
Meliaceae
Menispermaceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Ochnaceae
Olacaceae
Onagraceae
Orchidaceae
Oxalidaceae
Passifloraceae
Phyllanthaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Piperaceae
Plantaginaceae
Poaceae
Polygalaceae
Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Pteridaceae
Rhamnaceae
Ricciaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Salicaceae
Santalaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapotaceae
Schoepfiaceae
Selaginellaceae
291
Number of
unidentified
records
34
52
3
1
7
2
5
4
70
16
2
2
3
8
5
3
5
3
3
7
28
5
8
11
1
3
2
38
4
9
6
12
9
2
1
Fabaceae
Gesneriaceae
Hernandiaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Hydroleaceae
Iridaceae
Lamiaceae
Lauraceae
Loganiaceae
Loranthaceae
134
2
1
1
1
4
15
2
2
6
Lythraceae
13
Total number of unidentified records
Smilacaceae
Solanaceae
Theophrastaceae
Turneraceae
Ulmaceae
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
Violaceae
Vitaceae
Vochysiaceae
Records not assigned to any
family
1138
292
2
27
2
13
1
3
18
1
3
1
56
CAPÍTULO 3- Plant communities in the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain: the influence of ecosystem type, climate and spatial
autocorrelation
Marcelo Freire Moro1, Kyle Dexter2, Eimear Nic Lughadha3, Francisca Soares de Araújo4,
Fernando Roberto Martins1
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de
Botânica, Bloco M, CEP 13.083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
2
University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, 201, Crew Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9
3JN, UK.
3
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.
4
Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará - Campus do Pici, Bloco 906,
60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
ABSTRACT: The Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain (CPD) is one of the largest semiarid
regions of South America. Biogeographical studies have suggested that at least two floristic
groups exist in the CPD: one in terrains of crystalline origin and other in sedimentary
terrains. But the CPD is very heterogeneous and it is to be expected that a larger number of
different plant communities inhabit its various ecosystems. Here we present a
biogeographical synthesis of the floristic data available for the CPD. We compiled
published floristic/phytosociological surveys and compared the floristic similarity of these
sites using multivariate analyzes to understand how each environment type relates
floristically to the others. We also used variation partitioning analysis to check how
climate, environment type and spatial autocorrelation influence these communities. We
found that not only are crystalline and sedimentary caatingas clearly distinct, but also that
inselbergs collectively formed a third floristic group. Other ecosystem types occurring
within the CPD were generally related to the flora of crystalline caatinga. Although the
total explained variation was generally low in our models, the environment type was the
most important variable to explain the observed variation in plant community composition.
KEY-WORDS: Biogeography; Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests; Semi-arid vegetation;
Biomes; Brazil.
Introduction
Differences in environment type (soil type, geology, etc) and rainfall regime are
recognized as important factors responsible for structuring plant communities (Buck 1964;
293
Balvanera et al. 2011; Neri et al. 2012). And within a large and heterogeneous ecoregion
one could expect to have different plant communities associated with different geological
terrains, environment types and rainfall gradients. Among the many ecoregions of the
American continent (Olson et al. 2001) there is a group of vegetation types, collectively
termed Seasonally Dry Tropical Formations (SDTFs), which are exposed annually to a long
dry season lasting 5-6 months. These areas vary physiognomically but share similar
ecological constrains and some disjunct taxa that tolerate a prolonged shortage of rainfall
every year (Sarmiento 1975; Prado 2000; Pennington et al. 2000). The largest area of SDTF
in South America is known as the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain (CPD) and is
located in Northeastern Brazil. The CPD is more than 800,000 km2 in area (Pennington et
al. 2000; Velloso et al. 2002; IBGE [Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística] 2004)
and, as one would expect, harbors different ecosystems, and different plant communities
(Velloso et al. 2002; Santos et al. 2012; Chapters 2 and 4 of this thesis) as explained below.
The most widespread ecosystem type within this domain (called caatinga sensu
stricto) occurs in the widespread peneplains of northeastern Brazil, in areas over the
crystalline bedrock (Fig. 1) (these communities are hereafter called crystalline caatinga).
These areas usually have shallow, nutrient rich soils (Sampaio 1995; Velloso et al. 2002).
Besides the crystalline caatinga, another large ecosystem type occupies the large
sedimentary basins and dune systems where terrains of sedimentary origin are available for
plant communities to colonize (Fig. 1). These sedimentary areas have different edaphic
conditions when compared to crystalline terrains: the soils are much deeper and poorer in
nutrients (Velloso et al. 2002; Sampaio 2010).
The CPD has also some large ecotonal areas with the Cerrado Domain (mostly
composed by savannas) to the west and the Atlantic Forest Domain (mostly wet forests) to
the east (Fig. 1) (Ab’Sáber 2003). Heading eastward, one finds progressively increased
rainfall amounts and thus enters the ecotone of the CPD with the Atlantic Forest in a region
known as “agreste”. To the west the CPD has an ecotone with the cerrado savannas, in a
region known as Campo Maior. To the south the CPD shows a second ecotone with the
Cerrado domain, in areas with larger rainfall and less seasonal regimes, resulting in a
subtype of caatinga called Arboreal Caatinga (Ab’Sáber 1974; Velloso et al. 2002; IBGE
[Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística] 2004; Santos et al. 2012). Besides these
transitional environments, in the very heart of the CPD there is a highland range called
Chapada Diamantina mountains, where caatinga, cerrado and campos rupestres (rocky
grasslands) vegetation mix (Juncá et al. 2005) (Fig. 1). Apart from these major, extensive
environment types other, fine scaled ecosystem types also occur within the CPD. These
include plant communities in inselbergs and riverine forests, completing the picture of
terrestrial ecosystems for the CPD.
294
Fig. 1- Geographical location of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain and its main
environment types: Crystalline terrains, Sedimentary terrains (IBI: Ibiapaba-Araripe
sedimentary basin; RC: Raso da Catarina sedimentary basin; SF: São Francisco
continental dunes), and ecotonal regions (Map of Caatinga modified from Velloso et
al. 2002). The ecotonal areas shown in the map are only an illustrative approximation
made by the authors. Map elaboration: M.F. Moro.
295
Being a very heterogeneous domain (Andrade-Lima 1981; Ab’Sáber 2003), the
CPD is expected to harbor different plant communities for some of its environments. In
fact, the idea that the flora occupying sedimentary terrains was different from the
crystalline caatinga is not new, being a theme for floristic surveys since at least the 1990’s
(Araújo and Martins 1999; Araújo et al. 1999). But at that time the CPD was very poorly
sampled and limited data were available for comparison (see the Chapter 1 of this thesis).
In the last ten years, taking advantage of the growing number of floristic surveys available
in the literature other studies were made, comparing the composition of communities in
different environment types within the CPD (Araújo et al. 1999; Queiroz 2006; Gomes et
al. 2006; Cardoso and Queiroz 2007; Santos et al. 2012).
These studies are now broadening our understanding of how plant communities
occupying this large semiarid ecoregion of South America relate floristically to one
another, but each of the previous studies made have their own important limitations. Some
studies had a much smaller dataset available for analysis at its time (Gomes et al. 2006) or
compared only plant composition for a specific family (Queiroz 2006; Cardoso and Queiroz
2007), or did not consider the biogeographical influence of climate, environment type and
spatial autocorrelation on the data (Queiroz 2006; Gomes et al. 2006; Cardoso and Queiroz
2007). A very recent paper (Santos et al. 2012) has taken a step forward, testing formally
how environment, climate and community type interact, but this study was restricted to
woody plants, ignoring the non woody component, which we have shown (Chapters 2 and 4
of this thesis) to be a large proportion of plant diversity in the CPD.
We take advantage of the recent availability of a growing number of floristic
surveys in the CPD, many of which sampled both the woody and the non woody
component of the vegetation, to make the largest possible biogeographical synthesis for
Caatinga plants. Our aim was to understand the floristic affinities between different
environment types within the CFD taking into account the relative influence of climate,
environment type and spatial autocorrelation on the data. We aim to show how different
environment types within the CPD relate to one another and to determine how much
climate, space and environment type determine the composition of species in this large
semiarid ecoregion of the world.
Material & Methods
Database compilation
To assess the relative influence of environment type, climate and spatial
autocorrelation in structuring plant communities and to understand the floristic
relationships between the many ecosystem types within the CPD we gathered floristic or
phytosociological papers surveyed within the borders of the CPD as defined by Velloso et
296
al. (2002). We considered all studies on terrestrial ecosystems inside the CPD excluding
only studies on enclaves of wet forest, cerrado savannas and rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres) within the CPD, because these vegetation types are floristically related to
surrounding biomes, not to Caatinga itself (see also Chapter 1). We then classified each
compiled survey in one of the ecosystem types defined in the Chapter 2. The environment
categories were:
Crystalline caatinga: typical caatinga sensu stricto of the crystalline peneplains that occupy
most of the area of the CPD, being CPD’s most widespread environment type (see Fig. 1).
Sedimentary caatinga: A type of vegetation occurring mainly on sedimentary basins and
continental dune systems within Caatinga. Some small patches of sedimentary terrains also
occur within mainly crystalline landscapes.
Transition crystalline/sedimentary: sites located in transitional areas between crystalline
and sedimentary landscapes.
Inselbergs: scattered within the CFD there are many sites where extremely shallow soils
occur and the rocky basement is apparent. These areas represent the inselberg environment.
Caatinga in Agreste: the transitional areas between the CFD and the Atlantic Forest
Domain are known as agreste. Although under semiarid climate, the Agreste is less
seasonal and usually has more rainfall than the typical CFD, mixing floristic elements of
the CFD and the Atlantic forest.
Arboreal caatinga: In the southernmost part of the CFD, where a transition to the Cerrado
savannas occurs (northern Minas Gerais state) there is a taller subtype of caatinga know as
“arboreal caatinga”. These represent areas with larger rainfall than more central sites of
Caatinga.
Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina: In the very center of the CFD (see Fig. 1) exists a
range of highlands called Chapada Diamantina. In these areas rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres), cerrado savannas and caatinga vegetation mix. We selected for our
biogeographical analysis only surveys in the caatinga vegetation of Chapada Diamantina.
Caatinga in Campo Maior: Campo Maior region represents a transition between the CPD
and the cerrado areas of Piauí state. While agreste represent the easternmost ecotonal areas
(to the Atlantic Forest) and arboreal caatinga represents the southernmost ecotone (to the
Cerrado), Campo Maior represents the westernmost ecotone of the CFD.
Riverine Forests: within the CFD there are riverine forests following the riverbeds, where
soils are deeper and edaphic water supply larger.
297
Some of the published papers in our compilation presented only a very poor
description of the studied sites or reported data on degraded areas (studies on agricultural
landscapes). We excluded these studies from our dataset (but these areas are reported as
“unclassified caatinga” in Chapter 2). We also excluded from our dataset all papers that
reported fewer than 20 species, because these represented studies with very small sampling
effort. The other studies listed in the Chapter 2 were used in the following analyses.
Environmental and spatial data
All selected areas were inserted in a georeferenced database with geographical
location, environment type and the species reported in each survey. We then updated the
botanical nomenclature following the Lista de species da Flora do Brasil (Forzza et al.
2010, 2011) to resolve synonyms (see Chapter 2). We then obtained the climatic variables
for each site using the WorldClim model (Hijmans et al. 2005) using ArcGis software. The
WorldClim model provides a set of 19 bioclimatic variables (BioClim) that are readily
available for biogeographical comparisons. To understand the influence of space on the
plant communities we used the geographical position of each site (Fig. 2) and computed a
geographic distance matrix between all pairs of sites.
Comparing the floristisc similarity among different plant communities
To compare the floristic similarity between plant communities in each site, we
created a presence/absence matrix (incidence table), classified each site in one of the
“environment types” and used group and ordination techniques to evaluate if there is a clear
pattern of species composition related to the environment types within Caatinga. We then
searched the botanical literature and consulted specialists to classify each plant species as
“woody” or “non woody”. Trees, treelets, shrubs and lianas (woody climbers) were
classified in the “woody elements”. Subshrubs, herbs and herbaceous climbers were
classified in the “non woody elements”. Epiphytes and hemiparasites were excluded from
the matrices. We then created UPGMA dendrograms using Sorensen distance and ordinated
all sites using Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) (McCune and Grace 2002;
Legendre and Legendre 2012). These analyses were made using four subsets of data:
1) All study sites together, irrespective whether these sites have data on general flora
(woody plus non woody plants), woody flora only, or non woody flora only;
2) Only sites with data on general flora (surveys which compiled data on both woody
and non woody plants for the same site);
3) Only woody species, as reported in any of the compiled studies, and;
4) Only non woody species, as reported in any of the compiled studies.
298
Relative influence of environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation in structuring
plant communities
The group and ordination methods aimed at revealing floristic groups within
Caatinga. To determine how much environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation
influence the floristic composition between sites we used a variation partitioning analysis
(Legendre and Legendre 2012), using the floristic composition as the response variable and
three sets of explanatory variables: 1) environment type as a categorical variable; 2)
climatic variables provided by WorldClim model; 3) geographic distances among sites. We
then built a model to determine how much of the variation found in the floristic
composition was explained by each independent variable and how much was left as
unexplained variation in the residuals.
Turnover of woody and non woody species in Caatinga
In order to complement our understanding about how climate and geographic
distances influenced the plant communities in the CPD we split the studies dealing with
general flora into their woody and non woody components. We then computed how the
species turnover occurred in relationship with geographical distances and environmental
distances (in the form of climatic variables).
Results
Database compilation
Excluding the surveys which we could not assign to any ecosystem type, studies in
agricultural landscapes and small sample studies (i.e. less than 20 species reported), we
retained 74 surveys in our database (Fig. 2). Of these, 31 sampled the general flora of the
study site (both woody and non woody plants reported in the study), 39 sampled only
woody plants and five sample only non woody plants (Table 1). The sedimentary caatinga
environment had the largest number of surveys in our dataset, with 18 sites, followed by the
crystalline caatinga (12 sites), inselberg communities (10), arboreal caatinga (9), riverine
forest (8), caatinga in the agreste ecotone (6), the transition between crystalline and
sedimentary sites (6), the caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina highlands (3) and the
caatinga in the campo maior ecotone (2) (Table 1; Fig. 2).
299
Table 1 – number of selected surveys with environment type and sampled component
Environment type
Sedimentary Caatinga
Crystalline Caatinga
Inselberg
Arboreal Caatinga
Riverine forest
Caatinga in Agreste (Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest)
Transition crystalline/sedimentary
Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina
Caatinga in Campo Maior (Ecotone
to the Cerrado)
Total
General flora
(woody + non Woody only
woody)
11
7
4
6
10
0
0
9
1
7
Non
woody
only
0
2
0
0
0
Total
18
12
10
9
8
2
3
1
6
3
0
2
3
1
0
6
3
0
2
0
2
31
39
4
74
300
Fig. 2- geographical position of the 75 surveys compiled within the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain, NE Brazil, and the environment type of each study (Map
elaboration: M.F. Moro).
301
Comparing the floristic similarity among different plant communities
Looking at the group and ordination analysis we see that there is a clear floristic
differentiation among the main environment types within Caatinga. All sedimentary
caatingas and Campo Maior (also a sedimentary landscape) sites grouped together and
formed a separate group from crystalline caatinga sites (Fig. 3; Fig. 4). Sedimentary
caatingas and the caatinga of Campo Maior were a quite homogeneous group when
analyzing both general flora and woody plants (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. S1; Fig. S2), although
when evaluating the non woody component, sedimentary sites formed two groups (Fig. 4C; Fig. S3). As a whole, the sedimentary caatinga environment, though dispersed in far
separated areas (Fig. 1; Fig. 2), had the more congruent plant community, sharing a clear
floristic affinity between all sites.
Crystalline caatinga, the most widespread environment type, had a more
heterogeneous flora forming at least two subgroups in our analyses, both of which were
congruent and clearly separate from the sedimentary caatinga (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5). Minor
environments embedded within the crystalline terrains (i.e. Riverine forests and agreste)
were represented as a floristic subtype of crystalline caatinga (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5).
Unfortunately, no floristic study on the crystalline caatingas of the vast areas of Bahia state
is available, but it seems that the caatingas of Chapada Diamantina and arboreal caatingas
of northern Minas Gerais state represent a floristic gradient among the typical crystalline
caatinga sites. These areas grouped within the crystalline caatinga in the UPGMA analysis,
but had a peripheral position on the two dimensional NSM (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5), where
the arboreal caatinga of northern Minas Gerais had a clearly distinct flora.The sites in the
Chapada Diamantina were located midway from the northernmost crystalline caatinga sites
and the southernmost arboreal caatingas sites and, accordingly, had a flora intermediate
between the northernmost crystalline caatinga and the southernmost arboreal caatinga.
Inselberg sites had a clear cohesive pattern. A few inselbergs had a flora very
similar to the crystalline caatinga while the others had a flora that gradually became more
and more distinct. This applies to both the general and woody floras (Fig. 4; Fig. 5 A and
B; Fig. S1; Fig. S2), but when only non woody plants are evaluated, the flora of inselbergs
were represented in the NMS as a subcomponent of the crystalline caatinga (Fig. 5-C). It
seems that the non woody component of the inselberg flora is more heterogeneous than the
woody component, with non woody plants of inselbergs grouping in different positions in
the UPGMA analysis (Fig. S3).
302
Fig. 3- UPGMA group analysis of the 74 compiled sites in the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain, showing the relative floristic similarity among sites (Sorensen
distance). Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3inselbegs; 4- transition crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste
Ecotone; 6- Riverine forests; 7- Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina; 8- Caatinga in
Campo Maior Ecotone; 9-Arboreal Caatinga of northern Minas Gerais.
303
Fig. 4- NMS ordination of the 74 compiled sites in the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain, showing the relative floristic similarity among sites. Environmental types: 1crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3- inselbegs; 4- transition crystalline and
sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6- Riverine forests; 7- Caatinga in
the Chapada Diamantina; 8- Caatinga in Campo Maior Ecotone; 9- Arboreal Caatinga of
northern Minas Gerais. NMS calculated with Sorensen distance, 250 runs, final stress for
a two dimensional solution: 17.92.
304
Fig. 5- NMS ordination of the sites, showing the floristic relationships in the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain for the three subsets of our data (A- only sites where we had data on
general flora; B- only sites where we had data on woody plants; C- only sites where we had data
on non woody plants). For ordination and group analysis for the complete dataset, see Figures 3
and 4 above). Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3inselbegs; 4- transition crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6Riverine forests; 7- Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina; 8- Caatinga in Campo Maior Ecotone;
9- Arboreal Caatinga of northern Minas Gerais. NMS 2d solution calculated with Sorensen
distance, 250 runs.
305
Relative influence of environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation in structuring
plant communities
Our variation partitioning analysis showed that environment type (as a categorical
variable), climate (see influence of individual climate variables in Table S2) and spatial
autocorrelation (see influence of individual PCNMs in Table S3) had similar influence on
the structure of the plant communities, but the type of environment explained more than
climate or spatial autocorrelation in most of the subsets analyzed (Table 2). Over 70% of
the variation remained in the residuals for almost all subsets, being related to variables not
available for inclusion in the models (such as historical human impacts, for example). Only
in the partitioning variation analysis for sites with data on woody plants only (the largest
dataset available; n= 70) was over 30% of the variation explained by the models (Table 2).
In this dataset climate, not environment category was the most important variable to explain
the observed variance in (woody) plant composition.
306
Table 2- Relative influence of climate variables, environment type and spatial autocorrelation on variation partitioning of floristic similarities
between sites in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. In bold the explanatory variable which explained most variation for each dataset
analyzed.
p
All sites with data
on Non-Woody
plants (N=35)
0.02689
0.12
0.06163
All sites
with data on
p
Woody
p
plants Sites
(N=70)
0.005
0.005
0.08391
0.07882
0.005
0.08357
0.005
0.06575
0.005
0.0225
0.03578
0.099
0.06321
0.01
0.07015
0.005
-0.01697
NA
0.00805
NA
-0.01988
NA
0.01695
NA
NA
-0.01543
NA
-0.01453
NA
-0.01909
NA
0.01158
NA
0.03277
NA
0.04029
NA
0.07196
NA
0.03927
NA
0.03491
NA
0.03288
NA
0.01786
NA
0.02459
NA
0.02959
NA
0.08178
NA
Residual Variation
Residuals
0.71513
NA
0.76671
NA
* Only those studies with data on both woody and non woody plants for the same site.
0.76843
NA
0.7617
NA
0.63497
NA
p
Non-Woody plants for
sites with data on
general flora (n=31)
p
Woody plants for
sites with data on
general flora
(n=31)
Formula
General
flora*
(n=31)
Climate
X1 | X2+X3
0.08597
0.005
0.06664
0.0167
Environment type
Spatial
Autocorrelation
X2 | X1+X3
0.10535
0.005
0.08152
0.005
X3 | X1+X2
0.07791
0.015
0.05938
X1*X2 | X3
-0.02104
NA
X1*X3 | X2
-0.02898
X2*X3 | X1
X1*X2*X3
Explanatory_Variable
307
Turnover of woody and non woody species in Caatinga
When geographical or environmental distances increase, there is a clear trend
towards a turnover of plant species in both woody and non woody components of Caatinga
(Fig. 6; Fig. 7; Fig. 8). Nevertheless, this tendency is not equal regarding the woody and
non woody component of Caatinga. The turnover for non woody plants was higher when
considering both geographical distances and environmental distances (Fig. 6; Fig. 7),
showing that beta diversity is higher for non woody plants when compared with the woody
component.
Fig. 6- Woody versus non woody species turnover considering only the 31 sites with data on
general flora for the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain split into their two subcomponents
(woody or non woody plants).
308
Fig. 7- Differential species turnover for woody (blue dots and line) and non woody (black dots and line)
plants in relation to the geographical distances between sites in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain,
considering only the 31 sites with data on general flora split in their subcomponents (woody or non woody
plants) for the analysis.
Fig. 8- Differential species turnover for woody (blue dots and line) and non woody (black dots and line)
plants in relation to the environmental distances between sites in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain,
considering only the 31 sites with data on general flora split in their subcomponents (woody or non woody
plants) for the analysis.
309
The regression coefficients (R2) of the models were not very high (between 15 and
19%), but were highly significant (p<< 0.001), which is consistent with the significant, but
relatively low influence of space and climate in structuring the plant communities as shown
above in the variation partitioning.
Discussion
Data availability
Caatinga was historically one of the least studied phytogeographical domains in
Brazil (Santos et al. 2011), but as shown in Chapter 1, the number of floristic and
phytosociological studies is increasing each year. Nevertheless there are important biases in
the available data. Although the crystalline caatinga is by far the most widespread
ecosystem type in the CPD it is not the best studied, and most of the surveys in crystalline
caatingas are concerned only with woody plants, ignoring the non woody component
(Table 1). As shown in the Chapters 2 and 4, the non woody component is very rich in
crystalline caatingas and this component has been overlooked by most studies. Also, when
we see the location of studies in crystalline caatingas (Fig. 2), there are large gaps in the
sampling coverage. The crystalline caatingas of Bahia, for example, were not represented
by any study. Similar imbalances in sampling were seen in other environment types. All
riverine forests and inselberg sites were sampled within crystalline landscapes, and most of
the inselbergs were surveyed in the agreste ecotonal areas, not in typical crystalline
caatinga sites. A discussion of the gaps in data availability for each environment is
presented in Chapter 1.
Comparing the floristic similarity among different plant communities
The CPD has always been recognized as a domain of high environmental
heterogeneity (Ab’Sáber 1974, 2003; Andrade-Lima 1981), which is expected to be reflect
in the flora of the region. Comparisons using multivariate analysis showing how different
sites relate floristically began in the 1990’s (Araújo et al. 1999), but only with more data
from the 2000’s onward studies began to show clearly the differences between the flora of
crystalline and sedimentary terrains (Gomes et al. 2006; Cardoso and Queiroz 2007). We
generally agree with this position, as sedimentary caatingas formed clear groups, even
considering that the sedimentary sites were represented as disjunct and far apart sites
(Ibiapaba-Araripe basin, Tucano-Jatobá basin and São Francisco Dunes – see Fig. 1; Fig.
2). They were floristically more similar to each other than to nearby crystalline caatingas in
the vicinity (Fig. 2; Fig. 3; Fig. 4) (see also a very interesting study using the Leguminosae
family in Cardoso and Queiroz 2007). The caatinga sites in Campo Maior (an ecotone
310
between sedimentary caatingas and the cerrados) were in our analyses a subgroup of
sedimentary caatinga, but somewhat dissimilar (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5), as these areas are
transitional and one could expect species of the cerrado savannas to mix with typical
caatinga species. This seems to be the case here, with cerrado species such as Anacardium
occidentale and Curatella americana entering the community (Farias and Castro 2004).
Crystalline caatingas presented a more complex pattern to interpret. Excluding a few
outliers in our analyses (Pb-Agr2, BA-Ins3 and PB-Cry3 – See Fig. 3), it seems that species
from crystalline caatingas are also a major floristic component in environments such as
riverine forests (which appear in our analyses as a subgroup of crystalline caatinga) or
agreste (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5). Although riverine forests in the CPD do have a group of
characteristic species (e.g. Ziziphus joazeiro and Licania rigida), these were not enough to
make the whole flora very distinct from typical crystalline caatinga sites. This could, to a
certain degree, be attributed to the fact that some of the compiled studies (see table S1)
sampled large areas, rather than more geographically restricted and well defined riverine
forests. Also, studies in the carnauba palm riverine forests (carnaubais) would be of great
interest, as this riverine forest type is common in the CPD, but we couldn’t find any study
in the “carnaubais” to campare.
From the NMS ordination (Fig. 4) it seems that the caatingas in the Chapada
Diamantina and arboreal caatingas in Minhas Gerais represent the extremes of a latitudinal
gradient of species turnover within the crystalline caatingas. If this is so, this gradient
would stretches from the northern crystalline caatinga sites in Ceará and Rio Grande do
Norte states to the arboreal caatingas in Bahia and Minas Gerais. But to achieve a clear
conclusion more floristic survey along this supposed gradient would be necessary to
understand the pattern. What is clear now is that the arboreal caatingas and the caatingas in
the Chapada Diamantina had a distinct, peripheral flora in relation to the northern
crystalline caatinga sites in the two dimensional ordination (Fig. 4; Fig. 5), but grouped
within the crystalline caatingas in the UPGMA (Fig. 3; Fig. S2). This reveals both the
floristic particularities (peripheral position in the NMS) and the floristic bounds (floristic
connection with crystalline sites in the UPGMA) to the crystalline caatingas. In the study of
Santos et al. (2012) the arboreal caatinga was located between the crystalline caatinga and
the deciduous forests that occurs within the Cerrado Domain, as expected in a gradient of
species turnover. When floristic studies of crystalline caatingas in Bahia state became
available, it will be possible to assess to what extent the crystalline caatingas of southern
Bahia are similar to the distant located crystalline caatingas of Pernambuco and Ceará or to
the nearby caatingas of Chapada Diamantina and Minas Gerais. Unfortunately all available
studies on Chapada Diamantina or arboreal caatinga focused only on woody plants (Table
1; Table S1). We recommend that new studies sample the non woody species as well, to
provide a more complete picture of the plant diversity of these environments.
Inselberg sites provide a harsh environment, with shallow soils and little edaphic
water supply (Porembski 2007). This can be expected to influence their flora, with a set of
311
drought tolerant plants occupying this environment type (Porembski and Barthlott 2000;
Porembski 2007). In our comparison the inselbergs had a congruent flora, forming a group
distinct from both crystalline and sedimentary caatingas (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5). This is
apparently related to the rainfall gradient to which the different inselberg areas are
submitted (Chapter 4), with the inselbergs located in dryer areas having a flora very similar
to the crystalline caatingas while wetter sites present progressively different floras (Fig. 3;
Fig. 4; Fig. 5; Chapter 4).
As a whole we found in our analyses three broad well defined floristic groups
within the CPD: sedimentary caatingas and its ecotone to the Cerrado (Campo Maior sites);
crystalline caatingas and its associated ecosystems and ecotones (agreste, riverine forests,
Chapada Diamantina and arboreal caatinga); and inselbergs. The crystalline caatinga seems
to have a latitudinal gradient of species turnover, with the Chapada Diamantina and
arboreal caatingas of Minas Gerais the more dissimilar communities within this group
It should be noted that what we call “sedimentary caatingas” here are plant
communities generally located in oligotrophic sedimentary soils (Velloso et al. 2002). Both
in Chapada Diamantina and northern Minas Gerais there are eutrophic soils derived from
calcareous basement. We did not have access to a detailed geologic mapping of the CPD,
but it seems that calcareous terrains support a flora more similar to the crystalline caatingas.
This is consistent with the presence of many dry forest enclaves inside the Cerrado Domain
that share species with both the arboreal and crystalline caatinga (e.g. Aspidosperma
pyrifolium, Commiphora leptophloeos and Cavanillesia arborea) (Santos et al. 2007; Felfili
et al. 2007; Carvalho and Felfili 2011).
Relative influence of environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation in structuring
plant communities
As we have shown above, there are plant communities forming clear groups for the
inselberg, crystalline caatinga and sedimentary caatinga environments. Arboreal caatingas,
the caatingas in Chapada Diamantina, the agreste ecotone and riverine forests form a larger,
congruent group when joined with the crystalline caatinga environment. In fact, most
models show that the environment type, when used as a categorical variable is the most
important predictor. Only when we modeled the partitioning for the categories “All sites
with data on Woody plants Sites (n= 70)”, did climate, rather than environment type,
emerge as the most important variable. But this is most likely due the higher number of
categories used to classify this larger set of sites. While the dataset for “general flora” or
“non woody only” used 6 categories to classify the sites, the dataset for “woody flora”
needed nine categories to classify all sites (see Fig. 5). As categories as “riverine forests”
and “agreste” were floristically redundant with the crystalline caatinga (Fig. 5), this reduced
the power of the environment type as an explanatory variable. But, as a whole, environment
312
type was clearly an important variable among the predictor variables. This is very evident
when we see that nearby sites in crystalline and sedimentary terrains (CE-Cry1, CE-Sed1
and CE-Sed2 – See Table S1; Fig. 2; Fig. 3 and Figs. S1-S3) grouped with distant sites in
the same environment, not with neighboring areas of different habitats. The same patter
was found by Cardoso and Queiroz (2007) for the Leguminosae family in crystalline and
sedimentary sites in Bahia.
The role of climate and spatial autocorrelation was less clear, but generally relevant in
defining plant communities. Although these variables were not significant when tested with
the “Woody plants for sites with data on general flora” dataset (n= 31), their influence were
significant for the larger woody plant dataset (“All sites with data on Woody plants Sites”
n= 70) (Table 2). Comparing only the reduced, more homogeneous dataset (only the 31
sites for which we have data on general flora), it seems that the variables analyzed were
more important in structuring the non woody component (20.7% of total variation
explained by the three variables) than the woody (14.1% of the variation). This suggests
that non woody plants were more dependent on climate, environment type and space
autocorrelation than woody plants. This could be a consequence of the interaction between
plant’s life-cycles and human impacts on vegetation. Non woody plants are mostly short
lived therophytes (see Chapter 4) but the woody plants have a much longer life-cycle, being
more strongly influenced by long term impacts (e.g. logging, fire, etc), while non woody
plants could be more responsive to edaphic and short term climatic influence. As woody
plants have long life-cycles, it is expected that they will more influenced by and will
respond strongly to long term impacts, while the impacts on short-lived non woody plants
will be less evident, as new generations will be established and will be responsive to
climate within a shorter time period after disturbance.
Examining the relative influence of space and climate on the species turnover for woody
and non woody plants controlling for an equal the number of sites (Fig. 7; Fig. 8), we see
that the turnover and regression coefficient of the model (R2) for non woody species was
larger for both factors. This suggests that non woody plants are really being more
influenced by these variables than woody plants, which also could explain the non
significant result of variation partitioning for woody plants for the same dataset (Table 2).
But irrespective of whether woody, non woody or general flora is being surveyed, it is
important to call attention to the small proportion of the variation explained by all models
(Table 2). This is most likely related to the influence of historical variables (probably
anthropogenic impacts and stochastic environmental events (e.g. prolonged droughts),
which can potentially alter the plant communities.
Conclusions
The idea that the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain has at least two floristic nuclei, one
in crystalline and other in sedimentary sites was corroborated here. But we also show a
313
more complete synthesis for the Caatinga, analyzing the floristic relationships of other
environments within the CPD. Besides the sedimentary caatingas (and the Campo Maior
ecotone) and crystalline caatingas (and riverine forests and agreste). Arboreal caatingas and
the caatingas in the Chapada Diamantina seem to form the periphery of a long latitudinal
gradient within the CPD. A better understanding would be achieved with data on the
crystalline caatingas of Bahia and with data on non woody plants from the arboreal caatinga
and the caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina. We also found that, to a great extent,
inselbergs have a flora very distinct from both crystalline and sedimentary sites. A few
inselbergs (those located in drier sites) had a flora very close to the crystalline caatinga, but
most of the inselbergs hadn’t. We show here that the environment type is more important
than climate gradients and spatial autocorrelation to structure plant communities in the
CPD, and that the effect of both climate and spatial distances was not the same for the
woody and the non woody components. Non woody plants had higher beta diversity and
responded more to environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation than woody
plants. The variation explained by the models, though, was low and it seems that historical
variables (most likely anthropogenic impacts - not included in the model) are responsible,
in the form of the large residuals of the models, for most of the variation.
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Appendix
Table S1– List of references used in the biogeographical analysis
Nº Environment type
Code of the site
State
Assemblage
sampled
Authors
year
Journal
1
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb1Januária
MG
Only woody plants
Ratter, J.A.; Askew, G.P.;
Montgomery, R.F.; Gifford, D.R.
1978
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica 1: 4758
2
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb8Juvenília
MG
Only woody plants
2008
Revista Caatinga
21(4): 154-162
3
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb3Juvenília
MG
Only woody plants
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1): 135-144
4
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb4Juvenília
MG
Only woody plants
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1): 135-144
5
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb5Juvenília
MG
Only woody plants
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1): 135-144
6
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb6Juvenília
MG
Only woody plants
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1): 135-144
7
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb7Juvenília
MG
Only woody plants
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1): 135-144
8
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb2Juvenília
MG
Only woody plants
2011
Cerne 17(2): 247258
9
Arboreal Caatinga
MG-Arb9Montalv
MG
Only woody plants
2007
Revista Árvore
31(1): 135-144
Caatinga in Agreste
10 (Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest)
PB-Agr3-Areia
PB
Only woody plants
2003
Biotropica 35(2):
154-165
Caatinga in Agreste
11 (Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest)
PB-Agr2LagoaSeca
PB
Woody and non
woody plants
Lourenço, C.E.L.; Barbosa,
M.R.V.
2003
Caatinga in Agreste
12 (Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest)
PB-Agr1Pocinhos
PB
Only woody plants
Andrade, L.A.; Oliveira, F.X.;
Neves, C.M.L.; Felix, L.P.
2007
PE-Agr2BrejoMDeus
PE
Only woody plants
Andrade, W.M.; Lima, E.A.;
Rodal, M.J.N.; Encarnação,
C.R.F.; Pimentel, R.M.M.
2009
PE-Agr1Caruaru
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Alcoforado-Filho, F.G.; Sampaio,
E.V.S.B.; Rodal, M.J.N.
2003
PE-Agr4-
PE
Only non woody
Reis, A.M.S.; Araújo, E.L.; Ferraz, 2006
Caatinga in Agreste
13 (Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest)
Caatinga in Agreste
14 (Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest)
15 Caatinga in Agreste
317
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.; Santos,
P.F.; Morais, V.M.; Medeiros,
M.A.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Barbosa, A.C.M.C.;
Almeida, H.S.; Vieira, F.A.;
Santos, P.F.; Carvalho, D.A.;
Oliveira-Filho, A.T.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.;
Gusmão, E.
Pereira, I.M.; Andrade, L.A.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Barbosa,M.R.V. (includes Pereira
et al 2001; 2002)
Revista
Nordestina de
Biologia 17(1/2):
23-58
Revista Brasileira
de Ciências
Agrárias 2(2):
135-142
Revista de
Geografia 26(2):
161-184
Acta Botanica
Brasilica 17(2):
287-303
Revista Brasileira
(Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest)
Caatinga in Campo
16 Maior (Ecotone to the
Cerrado)
Caatinga in Campo
17 Maior (Ecotone to the
Cerrado)
Caruaru
plants
E.M.N.; Moura, A.N. (includes
Araújo et al 2005)
PI-CMaior1CMaior
PI
Only woody plants
Barros, J.S.; Castro, A.A.J.F.
2006
PI-CMaior2CMaior
PI
Only woody plants
Farias; R.R.S.; Castro, A.A.J.F.
2004
Lima, P.C.F.; Lima, J.L.S.
1998
18
Caatinga in the
Chapada Diamantina
BA-C.Diam3Contendas
BA
Only woody plants
19
Caatinga in the
Chapada Diamantina
BA-C.Diam2Jacobina
BA
Only woody plants
20
Caatinga in the
Chapada Diamantina
BA-C.Diam1SBonfim
BA
Only woody plants
21 Crystalline Caatinga
CE-Cry1Crateús
CE
Woody and non
woody plants
22 Crystalline Caatinga
CE-Cry2Quixadá
CE
Woody and non
woody plants
23 Crystalline Caatinga
PB-Cry3SJCariri
PB
Only non woody
plants
24 Crystalline Caatinga
PB-Cry5SJCordeiros
PB
Only woody plants
25 Crystalline Caatinga
PB-Cry9SBranca
PB
Only woody plants
26 Crystalline Caatinga
PE-Cry11Bet/Florest
PE
Only non woody
plants
PE
Only woody plants
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
27 Crystalline Caatinga
28 Crystalline Caatinga
de Botânica 29(3):
497-508
PE-Cry16Custodia
PE-Cry17Floresta
29 Crystalline Caatinga
PE-Cry5Bet/Floresta
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
30 Crystalline Caatinga
PE-Cry7SerraTalhada
PE
Only woody plants
31 Crystalline Caatinga
PE-Cry8SerraTalhada
PE
Only woody plants
32 Crystalline Caatinga
PE-Cry10SerraTalhad
PE
Only woody plants
33 Inselberg
BA-Ins3-Feira
BA
Woody and non
woody plants
34 Inselberg
BA-Ins1-Itatim
BA
35 Inselberg
BA-Ins2-Itatim
BA
36 Inselberg
CE-Ins1Quixadá
CE
37 Inselberg
PB-Ins2Esperança
PB
Woody and non
woody plants
38 Inselberg
PB-Ins3Puxinanã
PB
Woody and non
woody plants
39 Inselberg
PE-Ins3Altinho
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Woody and non
woody plants
Woody and non
woody plants
Woody and non
woody plants
318
Ramalho, C.I.; Andrade, A.P.;
Félix, L.P.; Lacerda, A.V.;
Maracajá, P.B.
Ramalho, C.I.; Andrade, A.P.;
Félix, L.P.; Lacerda, A.V.;
Maracajá, P.B.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno,
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
Interações 8(13):
119-130
Acta Botanica
Brasilica 18(4):
949-963
Acta Botanica
Brasilica 12(3):
441-450
2009
Revista Caatinga
22(3): 182-190
2009
Revista Caatinga
22(3): 182-190
2011
Rodriguésia 62(2):
341-366
2007
Journal of Arid
Environments 68:
237-247
2009
Revista Caatinga
22(1): 229-237
2007
Oecologia
Brasiliensis 11(3):
313-322
Gomes, M.A.F.
1980
Vegetalia 14: 1-27
Pessoa, L.M.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Silva, A.C.B.L.; Costa, K.C.C.
2004
Costa, R.C.; Araújo, F.S.; LimaVerde, L.W.
Andrade, M.V.M.; Andrade, A.P.;
Silva, D.S.; Bruno, R.L.A.;
Guedes, D.S.
Barbosa, M.R.V.; Lima, I.B.;
Lima, J.R.; Cunha, J.P.; Agra,
M.F.; Thomas, W.W.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Santos, M.F.A.V.; Guerra, T.N.F.;
Sotero, M.C.; Santos, J.I.N.
Costa, K.C.; Lima, A.L.A.;
Fernandes, C.H.M.; Silva,
M.C.N.A.; Lins e Silva, A.C.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Pereira,
R.C.A.
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Pereira,
R.C.A.
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos,
A.K.A.; Melo, J.A.N.; Marques,
M.; Silva-Filho, M.F.B.; Moraes,
L.; Machado, C.
2008
2009
2009
1998
1998
2003
2005
França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos, C.C.
1997
França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos, C.C.
1997
Araújo, F.S.; Oliveira, R.F.; LimaVerde, L.W.
Porto, P.A.F.; Almeida, A.;
Pessoa, W.J.; Trovão, D.; Félix,
L.P.
Tölke, E.E.A.; Silva, J.B.; Pereira,
A.R.L.; Melo, J.I.M.
Gomes, P.; Alves, M.
2008
2008
2011
2010
Revista
Nordestina de
Biologia 18(1):
27-53
Revista Caatinga
21(3): 192-205
Rodriguésia 60(2):
389-402
Revista Brasileira
de Ciências
Agrárias 4(1): 4854
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica 21(1):
7-15
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica 21(1):
7-15
Phytocoenologia
33(1): 71-92
Hoehnea 32(1):
93-101
Sitientibus 17:
163-176
Sitientibus 17:
163-184
Rodriguésia 59(4):
659-671
Revista Caatinga
21(2): 214-222
Biotemas 24(4):
39-48
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica 33(4):
661-676
40 Inselberg
PE-Ins1Bezerros
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Gomes, P.; Alves, M.
2009
41 Inselberg
PE-Ins2SJMonte
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Gomes, P.; Alves, M.
2010
42 Inselberg
PE-Ins4Venturosa
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Gomes, P.; Costa, K.C.C.; Rodal,
M.J.N.; Alves, M.
2011
43 Riverine forest
PB-Riv7Monteiro
PB
Only woody plants
Pegado, C.M.A.; Andrade, L.A.;
Félix, L.P.; Pereira, I.M.
2006
PB
Only woody plants
PB
Only woody plants
PB
Only woody plants
44 Riverine forest
45 Riverine forest
46 Riverine forest
PB-Riv5SJCariri
PB-Riv6SJCariri
PB-Riv4SJCordeiros
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
2010
2010
2010
47 Riverine forest
PB-Riv1Taperoá
PB
Only woody plants
Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.;
Alves, A.S.
2008
48 Riverine forest
PB-Riv3SJCariri
PB
Only woody plants
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
Barbosa, M.R.V.
2007
49 Riverine forest
PE-Riv2Floresta
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Souza, J.A.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.
2010
50 Riverine forest
PE-Riv3Petrolina
PE
Only woody plants
Nascimento, C.E.S.; Rodal,
M.J.N.; Cavalcanti, A.C.
2003
51 Sedimentary Caatinga
BA-Sed2-Barra
BA
Woody and non
woody plants
Rocha, P.L.B.; Queiroz, L.P.;
Pirani, J.R.
2004
52 Sedimentary Caatinga
BA-Sed1-Uauá
BA
Woody and non
woody plants
Guedes, R.R.
1985
53 Sedimentary Caatinga
CE-Sed8Crateús
CE
Only woody plants
Vasconcelos, S.F.; Araújo, F.S.;
Lopes, A.V.
2010
54 Sedimentary Caatinga
CE-Sed1Crateús
CE
Woody and non
woody plants
55 Sedimentary Caatinga
CE-Sed2Crateús
CE
Woody and non
woody plants
56 Sedimentary Caatinga
CE-Sed4NovoHoriente
CE
Woody and non
woody plants
57 Sedimentary Caatinga
CE-Sed5NovoHoriente
CE
Only woody plants
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
1998
58 Sedimentary Caatinga
CE-Sed6NovoHoriente
CE
Only woody plants
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
1998
59 Sedimentary Caatinga
CE-Sed7NovoHoriente
CE
Only woody plants
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
1998
60 Sedimentary Caatinga
CE-Sed3Ubajara
CE
Only woody plants
Araújo, F.S.; Martins, F.R.;
Shepherd, G.J.
1999
61 Sedimentary Caatinga
PE-Sed1Buíque
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
62 Sedimentary Caatinga
PE-Sed2Buíque
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Andrade, K.V.S.A.; Rodal,
M.J.N.; Lucena, M.F.A.; Gomes,
A.P.S.
Figueiredo, L.S.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Melo, A.L.
63 Sedimentary Caatinga
PE-Sed3Buíque
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Gomes, A.P.S.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Melo, A.L.
2006
64 Sedimentary Caatinga
PE-Sed4Buíque
PE
Only woody plants
Rodal, M.J.N.; Andrade, K.V.A.;
Sales, M.F.; Gomes, A.P.S.
1998
319
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno,
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno,
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
(includes Lima et al 2009)
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Figueiredo, M.A.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Fernandes, A.G.
Edinburgh Journal
of Botany 66(2):
329-346
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica 33(4):
661-676
Check List 7(2):
173-181
Acta Botanica
Brasilica 20(4):
887-898
Biota Neotropica
10(4): 275-284
Biota Neotropica
10(4): 275-284
Biota Neotropica
10(4): 275-284
Natureza &
Conservação 6(2):
61-67
Oecologia
Brasiliensis 11(3):
331-340
Revista Caatinga
23(4): 54-62
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica 26(3):
271-287
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica 27(4):
739-755
Rodriguésia
37(62): 5-8
Biodiversity &
Conservation 19:
2263-2289
2011
Rodriguésia 62(2):
341-366
2011
Rodriguésia 62(2):
341-366
1998
2004
2000
Revista Brasileira
de Botânica 21(2):
105-116
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia 58(1):
85-95
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia 58(1):
85-95
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia 58(1):
85-95
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia 59(4):
663-678
Hoehnea 31(3):
337-348
Naturalia 25: 205224
Acta Botanica
Brasilica 20(1):
37-48
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia 58(3):
517-526
65 Sedimentary Caatinga
PE-Sed5Ibimirim
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Rodal, M.J.N.; Nascimento, L.M.;
Melo, A.L.
1999
66 Sedimentary Caatinga
PI-Sed1
PI
Only woody plants
Emperaire, L.
1987
1997
67 Sedimentary Caatinga
PI-Sed3PadreMarcos
PI
Woody and non
woody plants
Oliveira, M.E.A.; Sampaio,
E.V.S.B.; Castro, A.A.J.F.; Rodal
M.J.N.
68 Sedimentary Caatinga
PI-Sed2SJPiauí
PI
Woody and non
woody plants
Mendes, M.R.A.; Castro, A.A.J.F.
2010
69
Transition
CE-Tran1crystalline/sedimentary Aiuaba
CE
Woody and non
woody plants
Lemos, J.R.; Meguro, M.
2010
70
Transition
PE-Tran1crystalline/sedimentary Floresta
PE
Only woody plants
Araújo, E.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Rodal, M.J.N.
1995
71
Transition
PE-Tran2crystalline/sedimentary Mirandiba
PE
Woody and non
woody plants
Pinheiro, K.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
Alves, M.
2010
72
Transition
PE-TranHerb3crystalline/sedimentary Petrolâ
PE
Only non woody
plants
Silva, K.A.; Araújo, E.L.; Ferraz,
E.M.N.
2009
73
Transition
PI-Tran2crystalline/sedimentary SRNonato
PI
Only woody plants
Lemos, J.R.; Rodal, M.J.N.
2002
74
Transition
PI-Tran1crystalline/sedimentary SRNonato
PI
Woody and non
woody plants
Lemos, J.R.
2004
320
Acta Botanica
Brasilica 13(1):
15-28
Bull. Ecol. 18(4):
431-438
Naturalia 22: 131150
Check List 6(1):
39-44
Revista Brasileira
de Biociências
8(1): 34-43
Revista Brasileira
de Biologia 55(4):
595-607
Revista Caatinga
23(2): 68-77
Acta Botanica
Brasilica 23(1):
100-110
Acta Botanica
Brasilica 16(1):
23-42
Rodriguésia
55(85): 55-66
Table S2- Significative (p< 0.05) regression coefficients between floristic composition of sites and each climate variable available in
Bioclim model (Hijmans et al. 2005).
Precipitation of
Wettest Quarter
Mean Temperature of
Wettest Quarter
Min Temperature of
Coldest Month
Precipitation of Driest
Month
Mean Temperature of
Coldest Quarter
Non-Woody plants
Woody plants for sites
for sites with data on
R2
with data on general
general flora (n=31)
flora (n=31)
Precipitation of
Precipitation
0.0684
0.0679
Wettest Quarter
Seasonality
Mean Temperature
Mean Temperature of
0.0657
0.0634
of Wettest Quarter
Wettest Quarter
Min Temperature of
Mean Temperature of
0.0494
0.0465
Coldest Month
Coldest Quarter
Mean Temperature of
0.0427 Mean Diurnal Range 0.0427
Driest Quarter
Precipitation of
Max Temperature of
0.0411
0.0433
Wettest Month
Warmest Month
Mean Diurnal Range
0.041
General flora* (n=31)
R2
* Only those studies with data on both woody and non woody plants for the same site.
321
R2
0.0722
0.0625
0.0529
0.0491
0.0445
All sites with data on
Non-Woody plants
(N=35)
Mean Temperature
of Wettest Quarter
Precipitation of
Wettest Quarter
Mean Temperature
of Coldest Quarter
Max Temperature of
Warmest Month
Precipitation of
Driest Month
Annual mean
temperature
R2
0.0562
0.0569
0.044
0.0398
0.0366
0.0387
All sites with data
on Woody plants
Sites (N=70)
Annual
Precipitation
Temperature
Annual Range
Mean Diurnal
Range
Mean Temperature
of Driest Quarter
Precipitation
Seasonality
Temperature
Seasonality
Isothermality
Precipitation of
Wettest Month
Mean Temperature
of Wettest Quarter
Precipitation of
Driest Quarter
Annual mean
temperature
Max Temperature
of Warmest Month
Mean Temperature
of Coldest Quarter
Precipitation of
Coldest Quarter
Mean Temperature
of Warmest
Quarter
Precipitation of
Wettest Quarter
R2
0.0511
0.0414
0.0402
0.0324
0.0301
0.0224
0.0212
0.0219
0.0211
0.0196
0.0178
0.0187
0.0157
0.0156
0.015
0.0146
Table S3- Significative (p< 0.05) regression coefficients between floristic composition and each spatial component (PCNM).
R2
Woody plants for sites with
data on general flora (n=31)
R2
All sites with data
on Non-Woody
plants (N=35)
PCNM3
0.0584
PCNM1
0.0661
PCNM3
All sites with
data on
R2
R2
Woody plants
Sites (N=70)
0.0545
PCNM1
0.0608
0.0588
PCNM2
0.0575
PCNM3
0.0598
PCNM2
0.0534
PCNM2
0.0593
PCNM2
0.0568
PCNM1
0.0555
PCNM2
0.0556
PCNM1
0.0489
PCNM3
0.029
PCNM7
0.0461
PCNM7
0.0454
PCNM7
0.0463
PCNM5
0.0415
PCNM15
0.0277
PCNM4
0.0426
PCNM4
0.0401
PCNM4
0.0421
PCNM7
0.041
PCNM5
0.0246
PCNM4
0.035
PCNM4
0.0227
PCNM9
0.021
PCNM8
0.0187
PCNM6
0.0185
PCNM19
0.0179
R2
Non-Woody plants for
sites with data on general
flora (n=31)
PCNM1
0.063
PCNM3
General
flora* (n=31)
* Only those studies with data on both woody and non woody plants for the same site.
322
Fig. S1- UPGMA group analysis for the 31 sites with data on general flora (woody and non woody
plants) showing the floristic relationships between the different areas based on the complete list of
species for each site. Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3inselbegs; 4- transition crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6Riverine forests.
323
Fig. S2- UPGMA group analysis for the 70 sites with data on woody plants, showing the floristic
relationships between the different areas based only on the woody plants reported in each site.
Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3- inselbegs; 4- transition
crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6- Riverine forests; 7Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina; 8- Caatinga in Campo Maior Ecotone; 9- Arboreal Caatinga
of northern Minas Gerais.
324
Fig. S3- UPGMA group analysis for the 35 sites with data on non woody plants, showing the
floristic relationships between the different areas based only on the non woody plants reported in
each site. Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3- inselbegs; 4transition crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6- Riverine forests.
325
CAPÍTULO 4- Life-form spectra and plant communities in a seasonally
dry tropical formation of South America8
Marcelo Freire Moro1; 9; *; Igor Aurélio Silva2; Francisca Soares de Araújo3; Eimear Nic
Lughadha4; Fernando Roberto Martins2
1- Graduate Course on Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of
Campinas – UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. [email protected]
2- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of
Campinas – UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. [email protected];
[email protected]
3- Department of Biology, Center of Sciences, Federal University of Ceará- Campus do
Pici, Bloco 906, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. [email protected]
4- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdon.
[email protected]
8
9
Considered for submission in Biotropica
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
326
ABSTRACT
Seasonally dry tropical formations (SDTF) are considered to be a singular biome in both
structure and function. Of the SDTF, the largest area is the semiarid Caatinga, located in
Northeastern South America. It occurs in terrains of both crystalline bedrock and
sedimentary basins, besides many isolated inselbergs. We investigated here, on a
subcontinental scale, the relative influence of climate, environment type (crystalline,
sedimentary or inselberg environments) and spatial autocorrelation as factors structuring
plant communities in this region. We also addressed the structural differences between
plant communities in these three environments using Raunkiaer’s life-form spectra. We
compared the flora and spectra among environment types within Caatinga and between
Caatinga and the major world biomes. Species were found to constitute distinct groups in
sedimentary, crystalline, and inselberg sites, and both climate and environment type
influenced the distribution of species. This suggests that Caatinga has different plant
communities in sedimentary and crystalline terrains. But while the flora responded both to
climate and substrate, life-form spectra responded to environment type but not to climate,
indicating that within a regional semiarid macroclimate substrate is more important than
climate gradients in structuring vegetation. Nevertheless in a global scale the biological
spectra of Caatinga differ from those of major world biomes, suggesting that semiarid
vegetation have biological spectra between those of deserts and rainforests.
Key-words: Biogeography, dry formations, life-forms, Raunkiaer, seasonally dry tropical
forests, South American vegetation.
327
INTRODUCTION
Plant life-forms integrate several adaptive responses of plant species to key environmental
conditions such as temperature, rainfall regime and frequency of wildfires constituting a
key feature of vegetation physiognomy (Cain 1950, Box 1981, Batalha & Martins 2002,
Cornelissen et al. 2003). As primary physiological processes are associated with the form
of plants, the biological spectrum of life-forms of a community also reveals general patterns
of the relationship between plants and their environment (Batalha & Martins 2002,
Cornelissen et al. 2003). In this sense, a biological spectrum can be interpreted as a
spectrum of functional strategies present in the community.
In South America, there are several formations that annually experience a long dry
season (Sarmiento 1975, Pennington et al. 2000, 2009). These formations were called Dry
Plant Formations of South America (DPFSA) by Sarmiento (1975) or Seasonally Dry
Tropical Forest (SDTF) by Pennington et al. (2000). Dry tropical plant formations group a
set of physiognomically variable plant communities that share many ecological features and
botanical taxa leading Pennington et al. (2000; 2009) to claim that dry formations constitute
a biogeographically cohesive group of formations that is distinct from forests and savannas.
The largest area of SDTFs is the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain, which
encompasses more than 800,000 km2 in northeastern Brazil (Andrade-Lima, 1981;
Pennington et al., 2000; Queiroz, 2006) and comprises one of the largest semiarid regions
of the world (Miles et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2001). Undersampled for most of the
twentieth century, botanical survey in Caatinga has intensified in recent decades, allowing
for the first time a synthesis about life-form spectra in this large semiarid ecoregion of the
world.
328
Three environmental types comprise some of the most common plant communities
within the Caatinga: communities in crystalline terrains; in sedimentary terrains and in
inselbergs (Chapter 3). Crystalline terrains are the most widespread environment, occurring
in areas where soils are shallow, but rich in nutrients (Sampaio, 2010; Velloso et al., 2002).
Large sedimentary basins also exist within this region, where soils are much deeper than in
crystalline terrains, but usually poorer in nutrients (Sampaio, 2010; Velloso et al., 2002).
Inselbergs are sites where the basement rock is completely exposed, and soils are virtually
non-existent or restricted to cracks or small depressions in the rock (Porembski, 2007;
Gomes & Alves, 2010). Plants in sedimentary areas are expected to have a better water
supply in the dry season, but fewer nutrients for their growth (Sampaio, 1995; Araújo et al.,
2011), whereas plants in crystalline sites have less edaphic water, but better nutrient
supplies. Inselbergs have the harshest edaphic condictions, with extremely shallow soils.
Although biogeographical studies including inselbergs in Caatinga are rare (but see
Santos et al. 2012), there are some studies showing that angiosperm species differ between
crystalline and sedimentary sites (Gomes et al. 2006, Queiroz 2006, Cardoso & Queiroz
2007). Nevertheless, a comprehensive comparison discussing differences in biological
spectrum is still missing. Considering that there are edaphic differences among crystalline
and sedimentary sites and that the angiosperm floras differ, we wonder whether their
communities would also have different functional strategies to face their environment. And
considering that Caatinga thrive under a semiarid climate, we also wonder how their
functional strategies would relate to other world biomes.
Our goal was to investigate the hypotheses that (a) within a general semiarid
macroclimate the substrate (crystalline, sedimentary or inselberg terrains), and not climatic
329
gradients, is the main driver assembling plant communities and their functional strategies;
and (b) on a global scale, the semiarid climate determines life-form spectra that are
distinguishable from other world biomes. To accomplish this task, we addressed the
following questions as guidelines: (1) does the angiosperm flora of plant communities
differ between crystalline, sedimentary and inselberg sites? (2) Do life-form spectra differ
between communities in crystalline, sedimentary and inselberg sites? (3) Can climate
variables explain functional (biological spectrum) and floristic (species similarity)
differences between habitat types? (4) Has the Caatinga a distinctive biological spectrum
when compared to other world biomes?
To compare plant communities between environments in Caatinga we have to
disentangle the effects of climate from those of other spatial factors. We thus devised four
possible scenarios:
(I) Climate gradients alone are the main factor structuring the flora of dry
formations: in this case we would not expect to find clear floristic or structural groups using
ordination techniques, but only smooth gradients of species turnover with climate alone
explaining most of the variance.
(II) Substrate alone is the main factor structuring plant communities: in this case we
would expect to find clear floristic and structural groups associated with each environment
type, but climate would not show significant influence on the data.
(III) Neither substrate nor climate structure plant communities, but spatial
autocorrelation alone is the main force driving similarity between communities: this third
case would arise if spatial proximity (spatial autocorrelation) is the only relevant factor. In
330
this case, the closest areas will always have the greatest floristic resemblance and no
significant floristic group associated with any particular environment type is expected.
(IV) Differences in substrate are the main driver for assembling plant communities,
but climate play a role in shaping communities within each environment: in this case, we
expect to find clear separate and significant groups in each environment, but we would also
expect to detect a significant influence of climate on species composition and/or life-form
spectra throughout the Caatinga domain.
METHODS
Ecological data - We compiled from the literature all floristic surveys we could locate
which report Raunkiaer’s life-forms for species of the Caatinga domain. We considered
only surveys which reported the life-form of the general flora (i.e. we did not include
papers addressing only woody or only herbaceous plants). We grouped the plants in spectra
composed of the five original categories proposed by Raunkiaer. When a different life-form
was reported for a species, we translated it back to Raunkiaer’s original system: aerophytes,
epiphytes and hemiparasites were considered phanerophytes; cacti and succulent plants
were considered phanerophytes or chamaephytes, depending on the size of the adult plant;
climbers were reclassified as phanerophyte, chamaephyte, or therophyte, depending on
their ability to survive the dry season. When the authors of the original papers did not
classify a species in any category, we attributed it a life-form based on our knowledge or
after consulting colleagues (see also the Supplementary data).
After assigning each species to one Raunkiaer’s life-form we classified each survey
we located in one of three environment categories: (1) caatinga on crystalline terrains; (2)
331
caatinga on sedimentary terrains; and (3) inselbergs (Fig. 1). The inselbergs were further
divided in two subcategories as follows. Between the very humid Atlantic rainforest close
to the coast and the inland semiarid Caatinga, there is a narrow ecotonal zone known as
Agreste, which has a more benign climate and less strong rain seasonality (Table 1). Four
of our inselbergs occurred in this transitional zone (França et al., 2005; Porto et al., 2008;
Gomes & Alves, 2010) and were termed inselbergs in the agreste. One inselberg was
located within an area of typical crystalline semiarid caatinga (Araújo et al., 2008) and was
termed inselberg in caatinga.
To evaluate the influence of climate in the plant communities we obtained climatic
data for each site from the global climate model WorldClim (Hijmans et al., 2005) using
the DIVA GIS 7.3 software (Hijmans, 2011): annual mean temperature, total annual
precipitation, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, and precipitation
of the driest quarter (Table 1).
332
Table 1. Floristic surveys with Raunkiaer’s life-forms of crystalline and sedimentary caatingas and inselbergs in the Caatinga and
the Agreste. Coordinates in decimal degrees. Climate data from World Clim (Hijmans et al. 2005).
Precipitation
Wettest
Quarter
(mm)
Precipitation
Driest Quarter
(mm)
Precipitation
Seasonality
Area code
Reference
Latitude
Annual Mean
Annual
Longitude Temperature Precipitatio
(ºC)
n (mm)
Crystalline caatinga in
Crateús municipality
Cry-caa1
Araújo et al.
(2011)
-5.13333
-40.8667
25.8
784
541
6
118.1
Crystalline caatinga in
Floresta and Betânia
municipalities
Cry-caa2
Costa et al.
(2009)
-8.3125
-38.1953
23.1
588
333
21
90.4
Crystalline caatinga in
Quixadá municipality
Cry-caa3
Costa et al.
(2007)
-4.82611
-38.9692
26.5
769
478
10
106.3
Crystalline caatinga in
Floresta and Betânia
municipality
Cry-caa4
Rodal et al.
(2005)
-8.308944
-38.2019
23.1
588
333
21
90.4
Crystalline caatinga in
Floresta municipality
Cry-caa5
Rodal et al.
(2005)
-8.475861
-38.4804
24.8
530
296
16
90.6
Sedimentary caatinga
in Crateús
municipality 1
Sed-caa1
Araújo et al.
(2011)
-5.16667
-40.9333
23.2
955
621
20
108.2
Sedimentary caatinga
in Crateús
municipality 2
Sed-caa2
Araújo et al.
(2011)
-5.13333
-40.9
23.7
924
609
17
110.1
Sedimentary caatinga
in S. José do Piauí
municipality
Sed-caa3
Mendes &
Castro (2010)
-6.85361
-41.4708
24.8
794
458
9
99.7
Site
333
Inselberg in Caatinga
region in Quixadá
municipality
Ins-caa
Araújo et al.
(2008)
-4.95572
-39.0244
27
771
480
10
106.1
Inselberg in Agreste
region in São Joaquim
do Monte municipality
Ins-agr1
Gomes &
Alves (2010)
-8.38194
-35.8439
21.4
792
361
53
65.1
Inselberg in Agreste
region in
Altinho/Agrestina
municipality
Ins-agr2
Gomes &
Alves (2010)
-8.39139
-36.0103
21
621
267
45
62.7
Inselberg in Agreste
region in Esperança
municipality
Ins-agr3
Porto et al.
(2008)
-7.01689
-35.8806
21.6
818
341
51
63.1
Inselberg in Agreste
region in Feira de
Santana municipality
Ins-agr4
França et al.
(2005)
-12.27167
-39.0608
23.5
847
274
128
30.6
334
Floristic analysis - To address our first question we built a matrix with species incidence
for each site and assessed the floristic relationship of the sites using a cluster analysis. We
checked and standardized synonyms using the Plantminer web tool (Carvalho et al., 2010)
and assumed that plants reported with determinations qualified by cf. or aff. were correctly
identified, but excluded from the analysis plants reported only to genus/family level and
exotic species. We then performed an UPGMA cluster analysis with Sørensen index, which
ignores shared absences between sites being compared and gives more weight to confirmed
double presences (Legendre & Legendre, 1998; McCune & Grace, 2002). We tested the
significance of the floristic groups with a Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP)
with 1,000 permutations (McCune & Grace, 2002). The MRPP is similar to the analysis of
variance and compares dissimilarities within and among groups. If two groups are really
different in their species composition, then the average of the within-group compositional
dissimilarities is smaller than the average of the dissimilarities between two random
collections of sampling units drawn from the entire population (McCune & Grace, 2002).
We performed the UPGMA in PC-ORD 6.0 (McCune & Mefford, 2011) and the MRPP in
the ‘Vegan’ package (Oksanen et al., 2010) in R environment (R Development Core Team,
2010).
Life-form analysis - To answer our second question we classified the sites in the same
categories of environment: crystalline caatinga, sedimentary caatinga, inselberg in the
agreste, and inselberg in the caatinga (Table 2) and then built a matrix showing the
Raunkiaer’s life-form spectrum for each site. We then ordered the life-form spectra among
the sites with a Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling Analysis (NMS) with Euclidian
distances (Legendre & Legendre, 1998; McCune & Grace, 2002). We performed the NMS
335
with PC-ORD 6.0 (McCune & Mefford, 2011) and choose two axes to represent the data
(two axes was the best solution after pilot tests using the autopilot mode of the software and
250 runs).We also tested for the significance of the groups with a MRPP with 1,000
permutations using the ‘vegan’ package (Oksanen et al., 2010) in the R environment (R
Development Core Team, 2010).
Table 2. Biological spectra in the Caatinga domain, northeastern Brazil, with
reclassified life-forms to match the original Raunkiaer’s categories. Ph: phanerophyte; Ch:
chamaephyte; He: hemicryptophyte; Cr: cryptophyte; Th: therophyte.
Sites
Ph
Crystalline Caatinga
Crateús, CE
Quixadá, CE
Floresta/Betânia 1, PE
Floresta/Betânia 2, PE
Floresta, PE
Sedimentary Caatinga
Crateús 1, CE
Crateús 2, CE
S. José do Piauí, PI
Inselberg in the Caatinga
Quixadá, CE
Inselberg in the Agreste
life-form class (%)
Ch
He
Cr
Reference
Th
28.5
26.3
28.7
26.1
23.4
19.0
15.8
21.8
19.6
16.9
5.1
12.8
12.9
15.2
16.9
1.5
2.3
1.0
2.2
2.6
46.0
42.9
35.6
37.0
40.3
Araújo et al. (2011)
Costa et al. (2007)
Costa et al. (2009)
Rodal et al. (2005)
Rodal et al. (2005)
57.4
58.0
19.1
23.2
3.7
2.4
2.9
3.2
16.9
13.2
71.3
12.5
8.1
3.7
4.4
Araújo et al. (2011)
Araújo et al. (2011)
Mendes & Castro
(2010)
26.0
14.3
13.0
2.6
44.2
Araújo et al. (2008)
S. Joaquim do Monte, PE
49.4
6.5
4.5
11.7
27.9
Altinho/Agrestina, PE
Esperança, PB
Feira de Santana, BA
35.2
39.7
60.4
5.6
12.7
18.8
3.2
4.8
8.3
11.2
0.8
6.3
44.8
42.1
6.3
336
Gomes & Alves
(2010)
Gomes & Alves
(2010)
Porto et al. (2008)
França et al. (2005)
Influence of climate variables and space in the community - To answer our third question
we tested whether climate variables could explain the floristic and life-form differences
among the sites, taking into account the possible effects of spatial autocorrelation of the
variables. To this end, we built minimum adequate linear models and selected the best
model with the Akaike information criterion (AIC, Diniz-Filho et al., 2008). Because
climate variables were intercorrelated, we transformed them with a principal component
analysis (PCA) into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables (i.e. the PCA axes).
Also, we summarized the floristic and functional relationships among sites into linear
variables with two correspondence analyses (CA). Thus, in the linear models the
explanatory variables were the first two axes of the PCA (hereafter the first and second
climate components, respectively) plus spatial filters (when we found spatial
autocorrelation among variables), and the response variables (species composition or lifeform spectrum) were the scores of the first axis of each CA.
To perform this analysis, first we checked for spatial autocorrelation in the (1)
climate variables and (2) residuals resultant from the regression between climate and
response variables (Diniz-Filho & Bini, 2005; Diniz-Filho et al., 2008). We tested for
spatial autocorrelation with spatial correlograms based on Moran’s I coefficient (Legendre
& Legendre, 1998). When we found spatial autocorrelation in either case, we applied the
principal coordinate of neighbour matrices approach (PCNM, Borcard & Legendre, 2002)
to extract the spatial structure of the data. The PCNM extracts eigenvectors (i.e. spatial
filters) from a connectivity matrix, and these eigenvectors express the relationships among
plots (Borcard & Legendre, 2002). We selected parsimoniously two spatial filters to
incorporate as additional predictors of the response variables in the model, in an attempt to
337
reduce the influence of spatial correlation (Diniz-Filho & Bini, 2005). Then, we used the
ordinary least squares method to estimate parameters of the linear regressions between the
response variables and the climate components and spatial filters. The best models were
those in which the difference between the AIC value of the considered model and the
minimum AIC value of all models (∆i) was lower than 2 (Diniz-Filho et al., 2008). After
selecting the best models, we performed a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to test
whether there were correlations of floristic and life-form composition with the explanatory
variables indicated by the best models. We tested for the significance of these correlations
by applying 1,000 Monte Carlo randomizations. We conducted all these procedures of
model selection with the software SAM 4.0 (Rangel et al., 2010) and performed the CA and
CCA with the software PC-ORD 6.0 (McCune & Mefford, 2011; Peck, 2010).
Differences in life-form spectra between the Caatinga and other biomes - To answer our
last question we used the biological spectra of the main world biomes compiled from
Batalha & Martins (2002) and compared them with the biological spectra of crystalline
caatingas, sedimentary caatingas and inselbergs (the complete matrix used in the analysis is
available in the electronic appendix). Then, we analyzed the biological spectra of all sites
with a NMS in PC-ORD 6.0 (McCune & Mefford, 2011) in order to evaluate whether the
biological spectrum of Caatinga was different from those documented for the main world
biomes (a two dimensional solution was used after pilot tests using autopilot mode in PCORD software and 250 runs).
338
RESULTS
A thorough literature search yielded data on Raunkiaer’s life-forms for 13 sites
within Caatinga, five of which in crystalline caatinga, three in sedimentary caatinga, one in
an inselberg in caatinga and four in inselbergs in the agreste (Fig. 1; Table 1; Table 2; Table
S2). In all crystalline caatingas and in the inselberg in caatinga, therophytes were the main
life-form, whereas the sedimentary caatingas had spectra dominated by the phanerophytic
life-form (Table 2; Table S2). Inselbergs in agreste, exposed to a milder rain seasonality
than the inselberg in caatinga (see precipitation seasonality in Table 1), had biological
spectra between those of crystalline and sedimentary sites.
339
FIGURE 1. The Caatinga domain of NE Brazil (both dark and light grey) and surveys of crystalline caatingas
(Cry-caa), sedimentary caatingas (Sed-caa), Caatinga inselberg (Ins-caa) and Agrest inselbergs (Ins-agr). Site
codes in Table 1. Dark grey areas are crystalline terrains and light grey hatched areas sedimentary terrains.
The white area within Caatinga is the Chapada Diamantina mountain range. Brazilian northeastern states:
MA: Maranhão; PI: Piauí; CE: Ceará; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; PB: Paraíba; PE: Pernambuco; AL: Alagoas;
SE: Sergipe; BA: Bahia.
340
Floristic analysis - By comparing species composition among the 13 sites with cluster
analysis we found four floristic groups (Fig. 2). The first group was comprised of all
crystalline caatingas and the inselberg in caatinga. The second group encompassed three of
the four inselbergs in agreste. The third group comprised all sedimentary caatingas. The
fourth group, the most distinct in species composition, isolated the last inselberg in agreste.
These floristic groups were different from those expected at random (p < 0.001), as tested
with MRPP analysis. Even when we excluded the discrepant inselberg in agreste (Ins-agr4
– Fig. 1; Fig. 2) the results were equally significant (p < 0.001).
FIGURE 2. UPGMA dendrogram with Sørensen index of floristic similarity among the crystalline (Cry-caa)
and sedimentary caatingas (Sed-caa) and inselbergs in the Caatinga (Ins-caa) and Agreste (Ins-agr). The
literature, climate and codes associated with each site are shown in Table 1.
Life-form analysis - The NMS of the life-form spectra of the caatingas and inselbergs
formed three groups (Fig. 3), all different from those expected by chance (p < 0.001). One
group comprised all the crystalline caatingas and the inselberg in caatinga and was
characterized by the predominance of therophytes (Fig. 3, Table 2; Table S2). A second
group encompassed all the sedimentary caatingas and one inselberg in agreste and was
341
characterized by an overrepresentation of phanerophytes (Fig. 3; Table 2; Table S2). The
third group comprised the remaining inselbergs in agreste which had a high proportion of
phanerophytes, but also a high proportion of therophytes (Fig. 3; Table 2; Table S2). This
shows that the differences between crystalline and sedimentary caatingas are not only
floristic, but also functional and physiognomic, while the spectra of inselbergs located in
the agreste were intermediary between that of crystalline and sedimentary environments.
FIGURE 3. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling analysis of the biological spectra of 13 sites in the Caatinga.
The best solution was a two dimensional configuration: final stress for 2-dimensional solution= 1.09675. Crycaa and sed-caa refer to crystalline and sedimentary sites, respectively. Ins-caa and ins-agr refer to inselbergs
in the Caatinga and Agreste region, respectively. Raunkiaer’s life-forms: Ph: phanerophyte; He:
hemicryptophyte; Cr: cryptophyte; Ch: chamaephyte; Th: therophyte. The literature, climate data and codes
associated with each area are shown in Table 1.
342
Although exposed to the same regional macroclimate, the life-form spectra between
crystalline and sedimentary caatinga were notably distinct and clearly separate in the NMS
ordination. The crystalline caatingas were functionally closer to the hot steppes and deserts
because of the overrepresentation of therophytes, while the sedimentary caatingas were
closer to the tropical forests due the high proportion of phanerophytes (Fig. 4).
Influence of climate variables and space in the community - We found a significant positive
spatial autocorrelation for the first distance classes of the climate variables (all Moran's I >
0.529, p < 0.05) except precipitation of the wettest quarter (Moran's I = 0.289, p = 0.117).
However, the residuals of both floristic and life-form regressions did not show spatial
autocorrelation (p > 0.05 for first distance classes). The linear model that best explained the
floristic variation in the Caatinga (Equation 1) included the two climate components and
the two spatial filters (∆I = 0), resulting in the final equation shown below, but of the
climate components only the first explained significantly the floristic variation in the CCA
(p = 0.041).
(Equation 1) Y = -0.262 + 0.646(climate principal component 1) -0.282(climate principal
component 2) +1.118(spatial filter 1) – 0.603(spatial filter 2)
In contrast, the linear model that best explained the life-form variation in the
Caatinga included only the second climate component (∆I = 0). However, this correlation
was not significant according to the Monte Carlo test in the CCA (p = 0.1451), which
suggests that climate is not the main driver of community structure, although it was
relevant for community composition. Thus, both climate differences and spatial factors
343
influenced floristic variation in the Caatinga, whereas biological spectra were not
responsive to climate but only to spatial factors, which we attribute to the differential
organization of communities in different environments, as will be discussed below.
Differences in life-form spectra between the Caatinga and other biomes - The NMS
comparing the Caatinga with the life-form spectra of other world biomes (Fig. 4; Appendix
S1) showed an underlying strong relationship between the world biomes and macroclimate,
as expected. The distribution of all sites followed a triangular shape with three contrasting
biomes at the vertices (Fig. 4). Biomes of hot, wet climates (i.e. rainforests) had a
predominance of phanerophytes and were positioned in one vertex of the triangle.
Biomes of hot, dry climates (i.e. deserts and hot steppes) were positioned in the opposite
vertex, with a high proportion of therophytes and chamaephytes. Biomes of cold climates
(i.e. tundra and cold steppes) were dominated by cryptophytes and hemicryptophytes and
occupied the third vertex.
344
FIGURE 4. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling analysis of Raunkiaer’s life-form spectra of the Caatinga
and major world biomes. The best solution was a two dimensional configuration: final stress for 2dimensional solution= 7.63037. Raunkiaer’s life-forms: Ph: phanerophyte; He: hemicryptophyte; Cr:
cryptophyte; Ch: chamaephyte; Th: therophyte.
345
Biomes exposed to intermediate climatic conditions (i.e. savannas, Cerrado, Mediterranean
vegetation, and Caatinga) occupied an intermediate position between the vertices.
Biological spectra of Savannas and Mediterranean vegetation were intermediate between
hot deserts and tundra; whereas those of the Cerrado and temperate forests were
intermediate between tundra and rainforests. None of these biomes have spectra that
overlap with the semiarid Caatinga, which occupied a position between the spectra of
deserts (therophytic vegetation) and rainforests (phanerophytic vegetation - Fig. 4).
DISCUSSION
Floristic analysis - Our results showed a significant floristic distinction between
crystalline and sedimentary caatingas, corroborating the results reported by other authors
(e.g. Gomes et al., 2006; Queiroz, 2006; Rocha et al., 2004). Both space and climate had
significant influence in the observed pattern, with each environment harboring distinct
communities. This distinction is exemplified by the fact that some sedimentary (sed-caa1
and sed-caa2) and crystalline (cry-caa1) sites studied by Araújo et al. (2011) are
approximately 10 km apart from each other, but had distinct floras and were grouped
respectively with other sedimentary and crystalline sites more than 200 km away.
Inselbergs had a more complex pattern, with the driest one having a flora similar to the
crystalline caatinga and wetter ones a distinct flora, presumably because wetter areas may
have more species from the nearby Atlantic Forest Domain (Rodal et al. 2008). Santos et al.
(2012) argued that substrate related variables were important factors in segregating floristic
units in dry forests of Brazil (including the Caatinga) and that differences environment
346
types may enable different plant communities to coexist within Caatinga. Our results
support this view.
Life-form analysis - Beyond having different floristic groups in sedimentary and crystalline
terrains we also found clear structural differences. We showed that crystalline caatingas are
rich in therophytes, whereas sedimentary caatingas are dominated by phanerophytes. This
is the first time that life-form spectra are compared for the whole Caatinga.
Although all sites are exposed to a strong precipitation seasonality and high potential
evapotranspiration (Nimer, 1972; Velloso et al., 2002), crystalline sites have generally
shallow, stony soils, whereas sedimentary sites have deep soils (Queiroz, 2006; Sampaio,
1995; 2010). Thus, therophytes thrive in the harsh, but nutrient-rich, environment of the
crystalline caatinga, completing their life cycle in the rainy season. Living in a nutrient rich
environment, therophytes germinate with the raining season, gather from the soil the
necessary minerals and complete their life-cycle.
On the other hand, phanerophytes predominate in sedimentary soils that are poorer in
nutrients, but can retain water for a long time after the end of the rains (Sampaio 1995,
2010). Since phanerophytes are perennial plants, they can store nutrients in vegetative
organs also having a root system that allows them to access water at deeper depths. Thus, it
seems that phanerophytes are functionally more efficient in the Caatinga’s deep nutrientpoor sedimentary soils because they can access edaphic water for a longer period than
therophytes, while retaining most of the nutrients from one rainy season to the other.
While different edaphic environments are known to influence species composition
elsewhere (McAuliffe 1994, Balvanera et al. 2011), our conclusions highlight a second
aspect of this edaphic influence: the differences were also reflected in the functional
347
attributes of vegetation (i.e. life-forms). While crystalline and sedimentary caatingas had
clearly distinct biological spectra, inselbergs constituted a functional gradient between
them. Located in a drier climate, the inselberg in caatinga (Ins-caa) had the greatest
proportion of therophytes, with a spectrum and flora similar to that of crystalline caatingas.
On the other hand the inselberg exposed to the mildest climate (Ins-agr4) had the greatest
proportion of phanerophytes, approaching the spectra of sedimentary caatingas (although
with a different flora), whereas the other inselbergs in agreste had intermediate spectra,
consistent with their intermediate climate conditions (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Table 1; Table 2).
Influence of climate variables and space in the community - We found that both spatial
factors and climate played a significant role in structuring floristic composition of
communities in Caatinga: floristic groups were largely defined by the type of environment
(sedimentary, crystalline and inselbergs), but climatic gradients also influenced their
composition. This supports the fourth scenario we proposed, i.e, under a general semiarid
macroclimate, substrate type is the main factor determining community composition and
structure, with climatic gradients influencing composition within each environment type.
In other dry formations, edaphic related factors have been shown to drive important
floristic and functional differences on a regional scale (Balvanera & Aguirre 2006;
Balvanera et al., 2011; Buck, 1964; Santos et al., 2012). Thus, although climate is
recognized as the main factor governing biome distribution on a world scale, communities
on a regional scale may be more influenced by substrate differences.
Moreover, crystalline and sedimentary sites showed clearly distinct life-form spectra
and these differences were not significantly explained by climate. Thus, we infer that the
functional structure of each community is more related to substrate than to climatic
348
gradients. This may be explained by differences in nutrient and water availability in the soil
between sedimentary and crystalline areas (e.g. Buck, 1964; Balvanera et al., 2011).
Inselberg communities showed a more complex pattern, with drier inselbergs more similar
to the crystalline caatinga and wetter inselbergs progressively different, apparently
following a climatic gradient within this environment type (see also Chapter 3).
Differences in life-form spectra between the Caatinga and other biomes - We found that the
Raunkiaer’s life-form spectrum of Caatinga is distinct when compared to the main world
biomes. Caatinga is subjected annually to a long dry season (Sampaio 1995, Andrade-Lima
1981) and this environmental condition resulted in plant communities with intermediate
spectra between wet forests and deserts (Fig. 4). Although different edaphic environments
resulted in different spectra on a regional scale (Fig. 3), when these spectra are put in a
global context they represent a single group (Fig. 4). This is the first time we are aware that
this pattern has been shown in a subcontinental scale for SDTF.
SDTF were defined based on floristic and ecological features (Pennington et al. 2000, 2009,
Prado 2000) and now we have also shown that differences to other world biomes also hold
for functional characteristics like the life-form spectrum. Moreover, Caatinga was
physiognomically different not only from other large South American biomes (Cerrado and
Rainforests), but also from all other world biomes we compared. Collation of life-form
spectra from other dry formations (in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania) is an interesting
further step to test whether the spectra of other semiarid formations are also congruent with
those of Caatinga.
349
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Antônio Sérgio F. Castro and Marcelo O. Teles de Menezes for
helping us with the classification of Raunkiaer’s life-forms of some species. M. F. Moro
thanks the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP – processes
2009/14266-7 and 2011/22498-5) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de
Nível Superior (CAPES) for PhD. grants awarded to him. I. A. Silva thanks the Fundação
de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for a post-doc grant awarded to
him.
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APPENDIX - Supplementary data
To compare the biological spectrum of inselbergs, crystalline and sedimentary
caatingas in the semi-arid northeastern Brazil we compiled papers with floristic and
Raunkiaerian life-form data from the literature. We considered only papers that sampled
plants of all habits in the sites and attributed a life-form to each species. We found one
paper that sampled only woody plants and classified these woody plants in life-forms
(Rodal et al. 1998) and one paper that sampled only the herbaceous component and
classified it in life-forms (Silva et al. 2009), but we considered only papers sampling
indistinctly plants of all habits. One paper (França et al. 2006) brings information on the
biological spectrum of an inselberg in Bahia state, but this paper did not inform the lifeform of individual species, and so was not included in our analysis. The life-form data
available in Araújo et al. (2005) and Lima et al. (2009) was further expanded and
republished with more species recently (Araújo et al. 2011), and we considered only the
most recent paper in our analysis.
Once the available papers were collected, we built a database with the species and
the associated life-forms present in each area. Some authors used life-form categories
different from those of Raunkieaer’s original classes. We reclassified these “life-forms” to
match one of the original Raunkiaer’s categories. “Aerophytes”, “epiphytes” and
“hemiparasites” were considered phanerophytes. The categories “cacti” and “succulent”
were reclassified to chamaephytes and phanerophytes, depending on the size of the mature
plant. “climbers” and “lianas” were also reclassified. Most reclassified plants reported as
lianas and climbers in the Caatinga were actually herbaceous plants and were re-placed in
the chamaephyte category, but a few were woody lianas placed among phanerophytes or
were tender climbing herbs, placed in the therophytes. A few species were not placed in
any category by the original authors (a few epiphytes, climber plants and cacti species), and
we attributed them a life-form based on our knowledge and consultation of other botanists
acquainted with the Caatinga’s flora. Cactus life-forms were determined with the assistance
of M. O. Teles de Menezes (personal communication), who has just completed a catalog of
cacti in Brazilian Ceará state (Menezes et al. 2011). Other plants were determined with
assistance of A.S.F. Castro, who has many years of experience collecting plants in the
Caatinga.
After this, we built a standardized Raunkiaerian life-form spectrum of each area,
considering only the categories Phanerophyte, Chamaephyte, Hemicryptophyte,
Cryptophyte and Therophyte. Then, this life-form spectrum was compared with the spectra
compiled by Batalha and Martins (2002). We built a matrix of biological spectra of all areas
reported by these authors summed with the spectra we compiled ourselves (Table 1) and
applied multivariate analysis to search general structural patterns in the Caatinga and major
world biomes.
The area “Horto Botânico, Brazil” (Cain et al. 1956) is an area of Tropical Rain
Forest, but it was incorrectly placed in the original matrix of Batalha and Martins (2002) as
temperate forest and we repositioned it among the Rain Forests.
References
355
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356
Table S1. Matrix used in the analysis comparing life-form spectra of the Caatinga (this
work) and main world biomes (Batalha & Martins, 2002). The Caatinga’s life-form spectra
presented here may differ a little from the data informed by original authors because we
reclassified some species to match Raunkiaer’s original categories. Ph: phanerophyte; Ch:
chamaephyte; He: hemicryptophyte; Cr: cryptophyte; Th: therophyte.
Prevailing vegetation type
Site
Crystalline Caatinga
Ph
life-form class (%)
Ch
He
Cr
Reference
Th
Crateús, CE, Brazil
28.5
19.0
5.1
1.5
46.0
Quixadá, CE, Brazil
26.3
15.8
12.8
2.3
42.9
Floresta/Betânia 1, PE, Brazil
28.7
21.8
12.9
1.0
35.6
Floresta/Betânia 2, PE, Brazil
26.1
19.6
15.2
2.2
37.0
Floresta, PE, Brazil
23.4
16.9
16.9
2.6
40.3
Crateús 1, CE, Brazil
57.4
19.1
3.7
2.9
16.9
Crateús 2, CE, Brazil
58.0
23.2
2.4
3.2
13.2
S. José do Piauí, PI, Brazil
71.3
12.5
8.1
3.7
4.4
26.0
14.3
13.0
2.6
44.2
49.4
6.5
4.5
11.7
27.9
Altinho/Agrestina, PE, Brazil
35.2
5.6
3.2
11.2
44.8
Esperança, PB, Brazil
39.7
12.7
4.8
0.8
42.1
Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
60.4
18.8
8.3
6.3
6.3
Brasília, Brazil
39.1
13.5
44.9
1.8
0.7
Emas National Park, Brazil
31.6
12.8
49.9
2
3.7
Lagoa Santa, Brazil
28.8
6.1
55.1
5.4
4.6
Mojiguaçu, Brazil
30.9
12.2
47
2.1
7.8
Araújo et al.
(2011)
Costa et al.
(2007)
Costa el al.
(2009)
Rodal et al.
(2005)
Rodal et al.
(2005)
Sedimentary Caatinga
Araújo et al.
(2011)
Araújo et al.
(2011)
Mendes & Castro
(2010)
Inselberg in the Caatinga
Quixadá, CE, Brazil
Inselberg in the Agreste
S. Joaquim do Monte, PE,
Brazil
Araújo et al.
(2008)
Gomes & Alves
(2010)
Gomes & Alves
(2010)
Porto et al.
(2008)
França et al.
(2005)
Brazilian Cerrado
357
Ratter et al.
(1980)
Batalha &
Martins (2002)
Warming (1892)
Mantovani
(1983)
Pirassununga, Brazil
40.1
17.1
36.1
1.1
5.6
Santa Rita do Passa Quatro,
Brazil
45.3
17.2
30
0.8
6.7
Boreal forest
Terra Nova National Park,
Canada
Cold steppe
37
12
32
19
0
Akron, Colorado, USA
0
19
58
8
15
Danube, Southeastern Europe
7
5
55
10
23
Pamir Mountain
1
12
63
10
14
Yekasternoslaw, Near East
5
3
55
13
24
Dry temperate forest
Sinjawi and Duki regions,
Pakistan
Hot desert
31.1
10.7
27.7
2.5
27.9
Bir Ghanam, Lybia
0
27.3
9.1
4.5
59.1
Canary Islands
19
19
10
4
47
California, USA
Eastern Egypt
El Golea, central Sahara
Gardhaia, north Africa
26
6.5
9
3
7
29
13
16
18
22
15
20
7
4.2
7
3
42
38.3
56
58
8
16
16
7
52
10.1
31.5
5.6
4.5
48.3
Lybia
12
21
20
5
42
Ooldea, Australia
46
14
4
1
35
Oudja, Morocco
0
4
17
6
73
Transcaspian lowlands
11
7
27
14
41
Zeltin, Lybia
0
14.3
9.5
0
76.2
18
11
24
0
47
Israel
Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Batalha et al.
(1997)
Batalha &
Mantovani
(2001)
Charest et al.
(2000)
Paulsen (1915) in
Cain (1950)
Bojko (1934) in
Cain (1950)
Paulsen (1912) in
Cain (1950)
Paulsen (1912) in
Cain (1950)
Tareen & Qadir
(1993)
Qadir & Shetvy
(1986)
Børgesen (1924)
in Cain (1950)
Raunkiaer (1934)
El-Ghani (1998)
Raunkiaer (1934)
Raunkiaer (1934)
Danin & Orshan
(1990)
El-Demerdash et
al. (1994)
Raunkiaer (1934)
Adamson &
Osborn (1922) in
Cain (1950)
Braun-Blanquet
& Maire (1924) in
Cain (1950)
Paulsen (1912) in
Cain (1950)
Qadir & Shetvy
(1986)
Hot steppe
Tucson, USA
358
Paulsen (1915) in
Cain (1950)
Cyrenaica, north Africa
Madeira Islands
8
15
14
7
19
24
8
3
50
51
Timbuctu, Africa
24
36
9
6
25
Turhoona, Lybia
5.3
25.7
13.2
15.8
42.1
Zwara, Lybia
6.3
46.9
9.4
3.1
34.4
Crete
9
13
27
12
38
Ikaria, Greece
7
7
23
14
49
Israel
8
9
23
10
49
10.2
11
41.9
13.1
23.9
Samos, Greece
9
13
32
13
33
Southern France
7
13
29
8
43
11.1
0.9
33.1
24.9
29.9
Rain forest
Alto do Palmital, Brazil
Caiobá, Brazil
Mucambo, Brazil
Horto Botânico, Brazil
80
87
95
70
6
7
1
4
11
3
3
16
3
3
1
5
0
0
0
5
Queensland, USA
96
2
0
2
0
Raunkiaer (1934)
Raunkiaer (1934)
Hagerup (1930)
in Cain (1950)
Qadir & Shetvy
(1986)
Qadir & Shetvy
(1986)
Mediterranean vegetation
Mount Killini, Greece
Turrill (1929) in
Cain (1950)
Christodoulakis
(1996)
Danin & Orshan
(1990)
Dimopoulus &
Georgiadis
(1992)
Raunkiaer (1934)
Braun-Blanquet
(1925) in Cain
(1950)
Prairie
Konza, USA
Stalter et al.
(1991)
Cain et al. (1956)
Cain et al. (1956)
Cain et al. (1956)
Cain et al. (1956)
Cromer & Pryor
(1942) in Cain
(1950)
Savanna
Barinas, Venezuela
11
3
18
40
28
Calabozo, Venezuela
28
7
31
5
29
Ghanzi, Botswana
19.9
16.4
28.2
7.6
27.9
Lake Edward, Zaire
5
38
22
5
29
359
Sarmiento &
Monasterio
(1983)
Aristeguieta
(1966) in
Sarmiento &
Monasterio
(1983)
Cole & Brown
(1976)
Lebrun (1947) in
Sarmiento &
Monasterio
Lamto, Ivory Coast
9
1
62
9
19
Northern Surinam
8
3
38
28
23
Ookemeji, Nigeria
30
0
23
21
25
13.3
12.2
34.5
7.4
32.7
21
18
26
3
32
Southern Kalahari, Africa
Southwestern Madagascar
(1983)
César (1971) in
Sarmiento &
Monasterio
(1983)
Van DonselaarTenbokkel
Huinink (1966) in
Sarmiento &
Monasterio
(1983)
Hopkins (1962) in
Sarmiento &
Monasterio
(1983)
Cole & Brown
(1976)
Morat (1973) in
Sarmiento &
Monasterio
(1983)
Subtropical forest
Matheran, India
66
17
2
5
10
Alabama, USA
17.6
3.1
47.8
17.1
14.4
Alberta, USA
25.8
1.8
48.2
17.1
7.1
Cape Breton, USA
14.6
1.8
51.3
25.6
6.7
North Carolina, USA
59.6
0
36
4.5
0
North Carolina, USA
35.9
2.8
44.1
17.2
0
China
31.5
2.3
33.9
19.7
12.7
Cincinnati, USA
33.6
3.9
34.4
23.4
3.9
Cincinnati, USA
49.9
4.2
23.5
15.9
6.5
Connecticut, USA
14.8
2
49.4
20.3
13.5
Scotland
13.5
18
53
13
2
23
4
55
10
8
Bharucha &
Ferreira (1941) in
Cain (1950)
Temperate Forest
Georgia, USA
360
Ennis (1928) in
Cain (1950)
Moss (1932) in
Cain (1950)
Ennis (1928) in
Cain (1950)
Buell & Wilbur
(1948)
Buell & Wilbur
(1948)
Gao & Chen
(1998)
Withrow (1932)
in Cain (1950)
Withrow (1932)
in Cain (1950)
Ennis (1928) in
Cain (1950)
Watt (1931) in
Cain (1950)
Raunkiaer (1934)
Hondo, Japan
28.9
2
47.4
11.7
10
Illinois, USA
16.3
1.3
49.7
18.6
14.1
Indiana, USA
14.4
1.9
49
18
16.7
Iowa, USA
15.3
1
48.6
20.9
14.2
Long Island, USA
34.8
10.9
32.6
20.6
1.1
Michigan, USA
22.8
3.9
47
16.1
10.2
Minnesota, USA
38.5
4.4
41.8
15.4
0
Minnesota, USA
35.2
3.2
45.6
16
0
Mississipi, USA
19.5
3.1
49.4
15.2
12.8
New York, USA
16.5
5.3
33.3
31.9
13
Paris, France
8
6.5
51.5
25
9
North Carolina, USA
30
2.1
45
11.1
11.9
28.7
11.3
46.2
9.1
4.7
9
3
54
17
17
Tenesse, USA
19.6
1.7
52.1
15.1
11.5
Virginia, USA
18.6
1.4
51.7
11.3
17
Tundra
Spitzbergen
1
22
60
15
2
Serbia
Stuttgart, Germany
361
Horikawa & Sato
(1938) in Cain
(1950)
Ewer (1932) in
Cain (1950)
McDonald (1937)
in Cain (1950)
Ennis (1928) in
Cain (1950)
Cain (1936) in
Cain (1950)
Gates (1930) in
Cain (1950)
Buell & Wilbur
(1948)
Buell & Wilbur
(1948)
Ennis (1928) in
Cain (1950)
Taylor (1918) in
Cain (1950)
Allorge (1922) in
Cain (1950)
Stalter et al.
(1991)
Turrill (1929) in
Cain (1950)
Raunkiaer (1934)
Cain (1945) in
Cain (1950)
Allard (1944) in
Cain (1950)
Raunkiaer (1934)
Table S2. Number of species in each Raunkiaer’s life-form for each area. For the
proportion of each life-form in each area consult table 2 in the paper. The number of
species in each life-form reported here may differ a little from the original data informed by
original authors because we reclassified some species to match Raunkiaer’s original
categories. Ph: phanerophyte; Ch: chamaephyte; He: hemicryptophyte; Cr: cryptophyte; Th:
therophyte.
Site
ph
ch
he
cr
th
39
26
7
2
63
35
21
17
3
57
29
22
13
1
36
24
18
14
2
34
18
13
13
2
31
78
26
5
4
23
145
58
6
8
33
Sedimentary Caatinga (S.
José do Piauí, PI)
97
17
11
5
6
Inselberg in the Caatinga
(Quixadá, CE)
20
11
10
2
34
Inselberg in the Agreste (S.
Joaquim do Monte, PE)
76
10
7
18
43
Inselberg in the Agreste
(Altinho/Agrestina, PE)
44
7
4
14
56
50
16
6
1
53
29
9
4
3
3
Crystalline Caatinga
(Crateús, CE)
Crystalline Caatinga
(Quixadá, CE)
Crystalline Caatinga
(Floresta/Betânia 1, PE)
Crystalline Caatinga
(Floresta/Betânia 2, PE)
Crystalline Caatinga
(Floresta, PE)
Sedimentary Caatinga
(Crateús 1, CE)
Sedimentary Caatinga
(Crateús 2, CE)
Inselberg in the Agreste
(Esperança, PB)
Inselberg in the Agreste
(Feira de Santana, BA)
Total
species Reference
number
Araújo et
137
al. (2011)
Costa et
133
al. (2007)
Costa et
101
al. (2009)
Rodal et
92
al. (2005)
Rodal et
77
al. (2005)
Araújo et
136
al. (2011)
Araújo et
250
al. (2011)
Mendes
136
& Castro
(2011)
Araújo et
77
al. (2008)
Gomes &
154
Alves
(2010)
Gomes &
125
Alves
(2010)
Porto et
126
al. (2008)
Fraça et
48
al. (2005)
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365
CONCLUSÕES GERAIS DA TESE
Apresentamos aqui uma síntese bibliográfica e biogeográfica para o Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC) baseado em dados de florística e fitossociologia. É
patente que a histórica falta de dados para o DFC tem sido revertida e embora ainda haja
grandes lacunas, o quadro é positivo, com um número crescente de artigos sendo
publicados ano a ano. Ambientes antes não estudados (como as comunidades aquáticas e as
caatingas arbóreas) agora contam com alguns estudos, permitindo uma avaliação mais
completa sobre a diversidade do DFC. Nossa síntese biogeográfica explora esse conjunto
relativamente recente de dados revelando os padrões gerais de similaridade florística e
dicutindo como cada tipo de ambiente se relaciona floristicamente com os demais.
Chamamos atenção para três destaques da tese. O primeiro é o catálogo de espécies,
que organiza o conjunto de nomes efetivamente em uso pelos botânicos generalistas no
DFC, além de agregar dados ecológicos antes dispersos reportados nesses estudos. O
segundo destaque é a realização de comparações biogeográficas que levam em conta a
semelhança florística não apenas de árvores e arbustos, mas também do componente não
lenhoso, parte fundamental da diversidade da Caatinga. E o terceiro destaque é a primeira
síntese e comparação de espectros de formas de vida de Raunkiaer para o DFC, baseandose em um conjunto bastante recente de dados.
Com isso esperamos ter produzido uma síntese geral que seja útil no entendimento
dos padrões e na localização de novas questões a serem abordadas em estudos futuros.
Especialmente sugerimos procedimentos metodológicos (usar sempre que possível critérios
de inclusão padronizados, evitar pequenos esforços amostrais e amostrar também plantas
não lenhosas em florísticas) e indicamos regiões geográficas ainda pouco exploradas
botanicamente. Esses dados, se levados em conta por novos estudos, potencialmente
maximizarão a utilizadade de novos trabalhos para a comunidade acadêmica, na medida em
que permitem direcionar novos esforços justamente para onde há mais carência de dados.
366