Waste Management in Germany 20092014

Management of Municipal Solid
Waste in Germany
Dr. Jochen Amrehn
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology
Ladkrabang
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Legal Framework
Circular Economy Act
Application of the Circular Economy Act
German Technology for Waste Management
Conclusion
2
Introduction
• What is waste?
Wastes are transportable goods which are listed in appendix 1 of the
waste management act and of which the owner wants to dispose of or
for which the correct and safe collection, transportation and storage is
necessary to avoid negative impacts on the public interests.
Art. 1 Waste Management Act
Legal Framework
• Abfallverbringungsverordnung
(Waste Shipment Directive)
• Beförderungserlaubnisverordnung (BefErlV)
(Waste Transportation Act)
• Entsorgungsfachbetriebeverordnung (EfbV)
(Act governing disposal companies)
• Batteriegesetz (Battery Act)
• Nachweisverordnung (Waste Manifest Act)
• Elektro- und Elektronikgerätegesetz
(Electro and Electronic Appliances Act)
• Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz (1994, 2013)
(Circular Economy Act)
4
Circular Economy Act
Act for the Support of the Circular Economy and the Securing of the
Environmentally Sound Management of Waste
• Reduce the use of natural resources
• Ensure the environmentally sound management of
waste
• Define the priorities for waste management
Circular Economy Act
• General regulations concerning waste minimization and waste
management
• General responsibilities of waste generators and waste owners
• General responsibilities of the municipal waste authorities
• Responsibilities for products
• Responsibilities for planning
• Waste consulting
• Control and supervision
• Disposal companies
• Organization of operations, responsibilities and simplifications for
disposal companies that undergo auditing
6
Circular Economy Act
• Who has to dispose of waste?
Everybody who produces waste
• Who has to pay for the disposal?
The producer of the waste
• How to dispose of the waste?
Control by the authorities
Regulations for safe disposal
Waste disposal
Commercial Waste
Generators
Private Waste
Generators
Private Service
Municipal
Waste Collection
Waste
Treatment
Waste
Treatment
8
Circular Economy Act
Setting Priorities
Avoiding / Reducing
Utilization
Preparation for recycling
Recycling
Other utilization (e.g. thermal)
Disposal
9
Waste sorting
In front of the house
In the households
#
Producer Responsibility
• Producer has to take back certain packaging
materials
• Producer has to recycle a given percentage of the
returned packaging material
Problems for the producers and for the shops
Dual System Germany
“Green Dot”
12
Dual System Co. Ltd.
Aim: Reduction of packaging materials
• Duales System Deutschland GmbH
• Founded in 1991
• Responsible for the collection and recycling of the
licensed packaging materials
– Outsourcing to sub-contractors
• Selling of licenses to producers
– License fee depends on the amount of packaging and the
effort required for recycling
13
Other Utilization Companies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Interseroh Dienstleistungs GmbH
VfW GmbH
Landbell AG
BellandVision GmbH
Eko-Punkt (daughter company of Remondis)
Redual GmbH
ZENTEK GmbH & Co
Recycling Kontor Dual GmbH & Co. KG
Veolia Umweltservice Dual GmbH
Collection Responsibilities
Municipalities or licensed private companies
Composting /
Biogas Plant
Incineration
Dual System Germany
Waste reduction
2006: More recycling materials than MSW
#
Private Sector Involvement
Services
• Collection and transportation of waste (MSW and
commercial waste)
• Operation of waste treatment facilities
– Sorting plants
– Incinerators / MBT plants etc.
• Technology Provider
• Planning and construction of waste treatment plants
• Consulting of waste management authorities
Waste Sorting (mainly packaging waste)
Inerts
Wood
PE
PET
PP
PVC
Plastic
Paper
Metals
Copper
Aluminium
Iron
Lead
Rest (incinerator)
Problems for Waste Sorting in Vietnam
Germany
China
Waste Treatment
70 MSW Incinerators
46 MBT Plants
Incineration
Energy Generation
Delivery and Storage
Incineration
Source: Zweckverband Abfallwirtschaft Raum Würzburg
Flue Gas Treatment
Dr. Jochen Amrehn, HCMC 2014
Air Pollution from Incinerators
Discontinuous Measurements 2011 (Line 1)
Parameter
Legal Limit
as half
hour
average
Emission
Measurement 1
Measurement 2
Measurement 3
Average
0.05
< 0.0005
< 0.0005
< 0.0006
< 0.0005
Sb, As, Pb,
Cr, Co,
Cu, Mn,
Ni, V, Sn
0.5
< 0.0162
< 0.0027
< 0.0036
< 0.0075
As, B(a)p,
Cd, Co,
Cr
0.05
< 0.0013
< 0.0012
< 0.0013
< 0.0012
PCDD/F
[ng/m3]
0.1
< 0.0008
< 0.0008
< 0.0008
< 0.0008
[mg/m3]
Cd, Tl
Mechanical Biological Treatment
Products of MBT
• Anaerobic Treatment: Biogas
• Aerobic Treatment:
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
25
Mechanical Biological Treatment
Mechanical Biological Treatment
Mechanical
pretreatment
Mixed
MSW
Metal
separation
Paper, packaging
~90%
BIODAMP®
Exhaust gas treatment
Biological drying
Mechanical
separation
2 days
Electric current
RDF
8 days
Co-generation
Heat
Anaerobic digestion
6 days
Aerobic waste water
treatment
Inerts
Solid recovered fuel
Mechanical – Biological
Waste Treatment
MBT – Kahlenberg
28
Process steps of the MBT Kahlenberg:
Mechanical Preparation
29
Waste acceptance bunker: approx. 100,000 tons household waste
per year from 570,000 residents
30
Heavy mineral fraction sorted out
31
Process steps of the MBT Kahlenberg:
Biological Conversion
32
DAMP®-Reactor Design Figures:
• 6 concrete DAMP®-Reactors
• Lenght 21.5 m; Width 4.4 m; Height 5 m
• Filling Height 3.3 m
• Filling Volume 250 m³ (each)
• Retention Time in DAMP® 2-3 days
Aggregate of the Biological Conversion step / „Biological step“
33
Discharge from the Biological Conversion step,
reduced in size, washed and homogenized
34
Aggregates of the Biological Conversion step: Presses
35
CHP Plant
Aggregates of the Biological Conversion step: Biogas fermenters
36
Process steps of the MBT Kahlenberg:
Biological Drying
37
Biological Drying step (moving-floor)
38
Conclusion
• Environmentally sound waste management requires
good control by the authorities
• Producers have to take responsibility for their
products
• Consequent waste sorting can significantly reduce
the amount of MSW
• Vietnamese MSW requires treatment which is
adapted to the Vietnamese MSW composition