Jutta Vinzent IDENTITY AND IMAGE

Jutta Vinzent
IDENTITY AND IMAGE
SCHRIFTEN DER GUERNICA-GESELLSCHAFT
Kunst, Kultur und Politik im 20. Jahrhundert
Herausgegeben von Jutta Held
BAND 16
JUTTA VINZENT
IDENTITY AND IMAGE
REFUGEE ARTISTS FROM NAZI GERMANY IN BRITAIN (1933–1945)
Weimar 2006
Layout: id, Weimar
Satz: Anja Schreiber
Druck: VDG, Weimar
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Der Verlag, die Herausgeberin und der Autor haben sich nach besten Kräften bemüht,
die erforderlichen Reproduktionsrechte für alle Abbildungen einzuholen. Für den Fall, dass wir etwas
übersehen haben, sind wir für Hinweise der Leser dankbar.
© VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2005 für die Werke von:
Reinhold Nägele, René Graetz, Heinz Worner, Kurt Schwitters, John Heartfield, Oskar Kokoschka
© Peran Dachinger, London für Hugo Dachinger
© Geoffrey Burne, Uxbridge für Hermann Fechenbach
© Peter Flatter, London für Otto Flatter
© Marie-Louise von Motesiczky Trust, London für Marie-Louise von Motesiczky
© Walter Nessler-Stiftung, Pulsnitz für Walter Nessler
© Caroline Compton, London für Fred Uhlman
© Leslie Weissenborn, London für Hellmuth Weissenborn
ISBN-10:
3-89739-496-0
ISBN-13:
978-3-89739-469-4
Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek
Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet
über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
7
I Introduction
II Patterns of Emigration. A Socio-Political Framework
1. Becoming an Emigré: Jewish, Political and Cultural Persecution
2. Countries of Transit and Britain as an Exile Country
2.1 Exile Countries en Route
2.2 Emigrating to Britain
3. In Great Britain
3.1 Before World War II
3.2 Internment and Release
3.3 The War Years after Internment
4. After the End of World War II
9
23
23
29
29
30
34
34
40
47
54
III Conceptions of Refugee Artists
1. Refugees in General and Refugee Art and Artists in the Context
of Modern Art
2. Refugee Associations
2.1 Self-Representations
2.2 British Conceptions and Supporters of the Associations
3. Institutions Founded by Emigré Artists
3.1 Jack Bilbo’s Modern Art Gallery
3.2 Arthur Segal’s Painting School
4. Summary
63
64
73
73
80
85
85
91
95
IV Refugee Artists’ Visual Narratives
1. Internment Art
1.1 Limitations of Subject Matter and Styles
1.2 Inventiveness with Material and Technique
1.3 Summary: A Stylistic Unity Characterised by Gender
2. Art for Refugee Associations
2.1 Joint Ventures: United in Persecution and Being in Exile
2.2 The “Fine Arts Section” of the Free German League of Culture
– Exhibits and Illustrations
– The President: Oskar Kokoschka and His Political Paintings
– A Key Figure: John Heartfield and His Anti-National Socialist and
Communist Photomontages
– Concluding Remarks
2.3 The Austrian Centre’s “Association of Austrian Painters,
Sculptors and Architects”
– Exhibits and Illustrations
– The President: Georg Ehrlich and His Sculptures and Drawings
– A Major Representative: Otto Flatter and His Anti-National
Socialist Caricature
– Concluding Remarks
2.4 The Anglo-Sudeten Club and the Czech Institute
– Pro-Soviet Illustrations in Einheit and Wolfgang Schlosser’s
Austrian Communist Drawings
– Exhibiting the Works of Czech Citizens and Marie-Louise
von Motesiczky’s Portraits of Women
2.5 Concluding Remarks
97
98
99
106
107
108
108
111
111
119
128
135
136
137
140
143
155
156
156
158
163
V Conclusion: Exile and Postcolonial Discourse
167
Endnotes
Abbreviations and Bibliography
177
219
Appendix
List of Refugee Artists (Painters, Sculptors and Graphic Artists)
from Nazi Germany in Britain, 1933–1945
List of Pseudonyms and Other Names Used in Emigration and Beyond
247
List of Illustrations
Illustrations
Index
299
307
391
249
295
7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many of the émigrés, their families and friends have given me invaluable insights into
the subject: These include Merry Kerr Woodeson (Jack Bilbo’s daughter), Hans Feibusch
(†), Jerome Abbo (Jussuf Abbo’s son) and his wife, John Loyd (†) (curator of Peter Peri’s
papers and works), Professor Norbert Lynton (former pupil of the Arthur Segal Painting
School), William Kaczynski (collector of internment mail), Dr Klaus E. Hinrichsen (†)
(former interned art historian), Diana Uhlman (†) and her daughter Caroline Compton
(Fred Uhlman’s widow and daughter), Klaus Friedeberger, Milein Cosman and Dr Ines
Schlenker (for Else Meidner and Marie-Louise von Motesiczky). I owe a profound debt
of gratitude to all of them.
I would also like to thank the staff of museums and libraries, above all the University
Library of Cambridge, the British Library, the Imperial War Museum (all in London), the
Exilarchiv (Frankfurt), the Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes
(Vienna), for Ludwig Meidner the Stadtarchiv Darmstadt (Dr. Peter Engels) and for John
Heartfield and Heinz Worner the Archiv der Akademie der Künste (Berlin).
Most of the research carried out for this book was undertaken while doing a PhD at
the Department of History of Art, University of Cambridge (a different version of this
book was submitted as a PhD thesis to the University of Cambridge). Therefore, I thank
Dr John Gage, who accompanied my early academic steps in Cambridge, and Professor
Jean Michel Massing, my supervisor at the University of Cambridge, for continued
support and guidance. I am also grateful to Professor Hamish Ritchie (Sheffield) and Dr.
Shulamith Behr (Courtauld Institute, London), who both examined the PhD thesis,
Professor Dr. Erich Kleinschmidt (Universität zu Köln), my German Doktorvater who,
nevertheless, read the manuscript of this book, PD Dr. Martin Papenbrock (Institut für
Kunstgeschichte, Universität Karlsruhe), who recommended the manuscript to the editor
of the series of the Guernica-Gesellschaft, and Professor Dr. Jutta Held (Karlsruhe), who
accepted it for the series of the Guernica-Gesellschaft. I greatly appreciate especially the
comments of Papenbrock and Held on the drafts of this book. For the final stages of
finishing the book, I am grateful to all the staff at the VDG publishing-house (in particular
Dr. Bettina Preiß) and my colleagues at the University of Birmingham.
Finally, I owe to Markus, Cyril and Charlotte more than can be stated here.
INDEX
INDEX
Abarbanell: 32
Alfred A. Longden: 71
Abbo, Jussuf: 7, 9, 10, 24, 59, 180, 182, 253, 267, 281
Allies Inside Germany: 52, 75, 130, 157
AC (= Austrian Centre): 9, 15, 17, 19, 22, 35–38,
40, 45, 48–49, 52–54, 68, 73, 77–79, 82–84, 97–98,
108–110, 114, 119, 122, 136–144, 147, 151–152, 154–
157, 161, 163–164, 169, 171, 174, 178, 187, 192, 210,
213, 272, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290,
291, 292, 293
Altdorfer, Albrecht: 69, 80
acculturation: 10, 18–19
Anans Gallery: 53
Adams, Marion: 47
Anderson, Sir John: 41
Adele Reifenberg: 53, 110, 202, 262, 276, 290, 297
Angerer, Thea: 36, 253, 267, 281
Adler, Jankel: 10, 26, 28, 39, 50–53, 57–59, 68, 73,
83, 97, 182, 253, 267, 281
Anglo-German-Austrian-Czech Friendship
Club: 40
ADSTU: 37, 49, 137–138
Anglo-Refugee-Centre: 40
AG Frauen im Exil: 15, 19
Anglo-Sudeten Club: 9, 17, 22, 35, 38, 54, 73, 78,
82, 84, 97–98, 108, 156–158, 163–164, 289, 293
age and exile: 33, 60
Alva: 10, 44, 53, 57–59, 68, 101, 253, 267, 281, 295
America/American: 11, 16, 18–19, 152, 168, 196. See
also North America/n and United States
Ahrends, Bruno: 99
Annexation of Austria: 23, 26–27, 31, 33, 35, 80,
111, 119–122, 142, 147, 153, 155, 157, 214
AIA (= Artists’ International Association): 32,
37, 49, 52–53, 74, 81, 83, 106, 112, 114, 124, 126, 149,
161, 172, 174
Anti-Fascism/anti-fascist: 11–12, 19, 26, 32, 39, 42,
45, 47, 49, 52, 74–79, 83, 86–87, 149, 154, 157–158,
270, 275
AIA and FGLC Exhibition of Sculpture and
Drawings: 53, 74, 81, 114
391
392
INDEX
Anti-Fascist Exhibition by Vicky: 39, 86
Austria Will Be Free, 49, 157
Anti-National Socialist(s)/Anti-National
Socialism, 108, 112, 128–129, 131–132, 134–136, 143–
144, 147, 153–155, 158, 163, 168
Austrian Centre. See AC. See also Association
of Austrian Painters, Sculptors and Architects
anti-semitism/anti-semitic/anti-Semites, 24–25,
30, 83, 117
Austrian News, 139
Austrian Women’s Voluntary Workers, 36, 81,
137, 174
Arandora Star, 41, 43, 271, 273
Austrian-Soviet Friendship Week, 49, 138, 157
ARBKD (= Assoziation revolutionärer
bildender Künstler Deutschlands), 26, 28, 181
ARC (= Artists’ Refugee Committee), 32, 45
Balden, Theo, 26–27, 32, 37–38, 40, 46–49, 52–53,
55, 59–61, 97, 109, 114, 117, 130, 180–181, 193, 195,
253, 267, 281, 296
Arcade Gallery, 134, 142
Baluschek, Hans, 71
Archer Film Productions, 47
Barlach, Ernst, 12
Armstrong, Edward, 48
Barry Fealdman, 53
Army Education Centre, 94
Bateman, James, 45
art in exile, 9–13, 15–16, 19–20, 97, 139
Bauhaus, 28, 34, 202
Artists against Fascism & War, 32
BBC, 17, 49, 190
Artists Aid Jewry Exhibition, 39, 49, 77, 109, 114,
142, 171
Beaux-Arts Gallery, 58
Beckmann, Max, 69, 82, 160–161
Artists Aid Russia Exhibition, 53, 216
Bedford College, 93–94
Artists’ International Association. See AIA
Behne, Adolf, 70–71, 197
Artists’ Refugee Committee. See ARC
Bell, Clive, 11, 34
Arts Council of Great Britain, 58
Bell, Vanessa, 32, 45
assimilation, 10, 25, 58, 96, 98, 104, 111, 135, 158,
172
Ben Uri Gallery, 13, 53, 58, 142, 192
Association of Austrian Painters, Sculptors and
Architects, 15, 35–36, 49, 78, 136, 163, 290. See also
AC
Benesch, Otto, 139
Association of Jewish Refugees, 10
Berger-Hammerschlag, Margarete, 37, 113, 116,
178, 253, 267, 281, 296
ASTU. See ADSTU
Atkins, Joan, 86
Atkins, John, 87
Australia/Australian/AUS, 43–44, 94, 100, 103,
267, 270, 271, 273, 277, 284
Berger, Joseph, 38, 178, 253, 267, 281
Berryman, Clifford, 151
Beth, Ignaz, 113, 253, 267, 282
Bettmann, Siegfried, 141
Bier, 43
INDEX
Bilbo, Jack: 7, 10, 22, 35, 39, 41–42, 44, 46, 48, 53,
56, 59, 68, 72, 83, 85–88, 90–91, 93, 95–96, 167,
172–173, 254, 268, 281, 282, 284, 285, 288, 291, 295,
296
Bird, Cyril Kenneth: 152
Canada: 33, 43–46, 100
Cannetti, Elias: 161
Carlile, Ian: 48
Carline, Richard: 32
Bischof, Ernst Arnold, 27, 32, 38, 55, 109–111, 116,
181, 254, 268, 282
Central Promenade Camp: 43, 188
Bismarck, Otto von: 146–147, 149
Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies:
14–15, 17, 19, 136
Blake, William, 60–61
Centre for German-Jewish Studies: 13
Blensdorf, Ernst: 24, 28–29, 38, 45, 57, 105–107,
254, 268, 282, 296, 297
Chamberlain, Neville: 120–121, 124, 133
Bloch, Martin: 35, 48, 51, 53, 57–58, 73, 254, 268,
282
Charoux, Siegfried: 36–37, 47, 49, 58–59, 80–81,
254, 268, 282
Blundells School: 48
Christmas Exhibition: 38, 113
Blunt, Anthony: 70
Churchill, Winston: 34, 37, 46, 94, 121, 124, 148–
149, 156, 189, 212
Bock, Fedor von: 145
Böcklin, Arnold: 69
Bohemian/Bohemia: 17, 68, 78–79, 84, 156, 158
Bomberg, David: 51, 73
Bone, Sir Muirhead: 45
Clark, Sir Kenneth: 34
Club 1943: 49–50, 243
Communist(s), communism: 23, 26–28, 31, 33,
35, 55–56, 59, 73–75, 79, 82–83, 86, 97, 109, 117–118,
128–135, 146, 148–149, 154, 156–158, 163–164, 169,
181, 196, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276,
278, 279. See also KPD
Bone, Stephen: 32, 45
Conrad, Joseph: 174
Bornfriend, Jacob: 10, 39, 48, 58–59, 82, 86, 156,
158, 162, 254, 268, 282, 295
Continental: 58, 80, 94
Bosch, Hieronymus: 80
Cooling Galleries Ltd.: 58
Bossanyi, Ervin: 48, 254, 268, 282
Corinth, Lovis: 69–70
Brancusi, Constantin: 175
Cosman, Milein: 58, 161, 249, 254, 268, 282
Brauchitsch, Walther von: 145
Council for German Jewry: 33
Breughel, Pieter: 38
Cranbrook, Earl of: 34
British Pioneer Corps: 48
Croft, Diana (= maiden name of Uhlman,
Diana): 7, 30, 37, 47, 104, 123
Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts: 57–58
Croft, Henry Page: 37
Camp Art in Canada: 52, 199
Croft, Michael: 45, 123–124, 178
Camp Rushen: 43, 107, 273, 274, 275
Croft, Posy: 123
393
394
INDEX
CSR. See Czechoslovakia
Die Vertriebenen. Dichtung der Emigration: 49, 108
Cultural Studies: 10, 17, 168
Die Zeitung: 152, 164
Czech Institute: 9, 17, 22, 35, 37, 39, 49, 68, 73,
79, 82, 84, 97–98, 108–110, 136, 156, 158–159, 161–
164, 168, 174, 282, 283, 289
Dix, Otto: 34, 70
Czech Refugee Trust Fund: 31, 47–48
Dub, Yaroslav: 80, 255, 269, 283
Czech Youth: 40
Duras, Mary: 39, 57, 82, 156, 158–159, 161–162, 255,
269, 283, 296, 297
Donner, Rafael: 139
Czech(oslovak) Institute. See Czech Institute
Dürer, Albrecht: 69, 80
Czechoslovak British Friendship Club: 38–39
Ehrenburg, Ilya: 132
Czechoslovak Department of Information: 39
Czechoslovak Middle East Unit: 39, 158. See also
Czech Institute
Czechoslovakia(n), CSR or Czech(s): 15, 17, 23,
26–35, 37–39, 40, 46, 48–49, 54, 57, 66, 68, 72–73,
78, 80–82, 84, 95, 98, 108, 110, 119–122, 124, 126,
128, 134, 153–156, 158, 161–164, 168, 170, 182, 184,
268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 275
Dachinger, Hugo: 88, 102, 112, 114, 118, 138, 254,
268, 282
Dachinger, Meta: 58, 110, 113, 171, 254, 268, 282,
296
Dada/Dadaism/Dadaist(s): 90, 97, 99, 106, 107,
116, 136
Dartington Art Studios: 47
Das Laterndl: 36, 285, 286, 292
Daumier, Honoré: 133
Degenerate Art Exhibition. See Entartete
Kunstausstellung
Deliss, Joseph: 36, 254, 268, 282, 295
Delitz, Leo S.: 36–37, 81, 113–114, 118, 137, 139, 180,
254, 268, 282
Demus, Otto: 139
Deutsch, Erich: 137, 254, 269, 283
diaspora: 10, 108, 168–169, 171
Ehrlich, Bettina: 42, 81, 113, 255, 269, 283, 295
Ehrlich, Georg: 27, 30, 35–38, 49, 52–53, 80–81,
98, 109, 114, 136–142, 155, 163–164, 182, 192, 255,
269, 283
Einheit: 17, 39–40, 54, 78–79, 109, 117, 156
Einzig, Susan: 48, 255, 269, 283
Eisenmayer, Ernst: 137, 255, 269, 283, 296
Eker, Edward: 86
Elkan, Benno: 52, 59, 67, 255, 269, 283
Elsheimer, Adam: 69
enemy alien(s): 40–42, 46, 64, 67, 77, 94–95, 107,
169, 170
English Group of Surrealists: 32. See also
Surrealism
Entartete Kunstausstellung: 28, 34, 125
Epp, Franz Ritter von: 145
Epstein, Jacob: 32, 61, 109, 141
Ernst, Max: 34, 70–72
Exhibition of Drawings, Paintings & Sculptures by
Free German Artists: 77, 111–112, 126, 223,
Exhibition of English + Refugee Art: 76, 112
Exhibition of German Expressionism: 38, 77, 113.
See also Expressionism
INDEX
Exhibition of Paintings, Watercolours, Drawings &
Sculptures: 36
Fischer Fine Arts: 58
Fischer, Harry: 58
Exhibition of Sculpture, Pottery and Sculptors’
Drawings: 114
Exhibition of Twentieth Century German Art: 14,
34, 69
Exile Studies: 9–12, 14–19, 21, 50,136
Expressionism/Expressionist(s): 10, 27–28, 34,
38, 54, 59, 69–72, 77, 80, 83–84, 90, 92, 97, 107, 113,
115–116, 118, 125, 128, 135, 137, 140–142, 159, 162
Fladung, Hans: 52
Fladung, Johann: 37, 54, 75, 82
Flatter, Joseph Otto. See Flatter, Otto
Flatter, Otto: 36, 42, 98, 133, 136–138, 143–155, 163–
164, 168, 171–172, 214, 255, 269, 283
Flight, Claude: 91
Fabian, Erwin: 44
For Liberty: 126
Fallon Cliff Hospital: 44, 188
Foyle’s Gallery: 36, 94
FAM (= Free Austrian Movement): 35–36, 40,
114, 136, 139, 152
Fraenkel, Else (or Elsa): 53, 255, 269, 283
FDKB (= Freier Deutscher Kulturbund). See
FGLC
Fealdman, Barry: 53
Fechenbach, Hermann: 42, 99–100, 255, 269, 283
Fraenkel, Heinrich: 43, 105
Fränkel, Karl: 57, 255, 270, 284
Free Austrian Movement. See FAM
Free German League of Culture. See FGLC
Feibusch, Hans: 7, 14, 28, 32, 52–53, 255, 269, 283
Freie Deutsche Kultur: 38, 40, 49, 54, 74–75, 77,
82, 114, 116, 118, 282
Feigl, Fred: 39, 52–53, 58, 79, 109, 156, 158, 162,
192, 201, 255, 269, 283
Freie Deutsche Künstler in England: 38, 77
Feininger, Lyonel: 38, 69, 113
Felkel, Karl: 139, 255, 269, 283
Festival of Britain: 58, 142
FGLC (= Free German League of Culture or
Freier Deutscher Kulturbund): 9, 11–12, 17, 19,
22, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 48–49, 52–55, 68, 73–79, 81–
84, 96–98, 108–119, 122, 124, 126, 128–130, 132, 134–
138, 140, 149, 156–158, 161, 163–165, 169, 171–172,
174–175, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, 293. See also Fine Arts Section
Filla, Emil: 162
Fine Arts Section (FGLC): 38, 111–112, 136. See
also FGLC
First Group Exhibition of German, Austrian,
Czechoslovakian Painters and Sculptors: 37–38, 80
Freie Tribüne: 49
Freier Deutscher Kulturbund. See FGLC
Freud, Sigmund: 36, 91
Fried, Erich: 108
Friedenthal, Richard: 100, 105, 256, 270, 284
Friedrich, Caspar David: 69
friendly aliens: 40, 64, 77
Friends of Austria: 35
Fritsch, Werner Freiherr von: 145
Fuchs, Leo: 51
Fuchs, Rudolf: 78, 108
Gabo, Naum: 57, 83, 180, 182, 201, 256, 270, 284
395
396
INDEX
Gandhi: 127
Henle, Paul William: 80, 257, 271, 285
Gesellschaft für Exilforschung: 15, 19
Henning, Paul: 101–102, 257, 271, 285
Gillray, James: 123–124, 128, 150, 211
Henrion, Frederick Henri Kay: 42, 100, 257, 271,
285, 296
Goebbels, Joseph: 29, 71, 130–131, 133, 145–146,
149–150
Hepworth, Barbara: 141
Gogh, Vincent van: 163
Herman, Josef: 26, 51, 53, 58–59, 73, 257, 271, 285
Goldschmidt, Hilde: 51–52, 57, 125, 256, 270, 284
Hersch, Eugen: 58, 257, 271, 285
Gollancz, Victor: 47
Hertel, Gerd: 99, 257, 271, 285
Gombrich, Ernst: 149
Herzfelde, Wieland: 30, 60
Gordon, Jan: 45, 68, 72, 81–82, 86–87, 89–90, 203
Heu, Josef: 37, 81, 137, 257, 271, 285
Göring, Hermann: 130–131, 133, 145
Hinrichsen, Klaus E.: 7, 13, 44, 55, 98, 104–106
Graetz, René: 38, 52, 55, 81, 100, 112–114, 116, 118,
157, 249, 256, 270, 284
Hitler, Adolf: 14, 16, 23–26, 28–29, 35–36, 38, 42,
44, 46, 48, 52, 66, 69, 71–72, 77, 83, 87, 89, 112,
119–124, 129–131, 133–135, 138, 143–155
Grant, Duncan: 45
Granville Camp: 44
Graves Art Gallery: 53
Höch, Hannah: 133
Hofer, Andreas: 52
Hofer, Karl: 52
Grossmann, Fritz: 139
Hoffer, Melly: 36, 257, 272, 286
Grosz, George: 34, 70, 134
Group of Jewish Artists: 50–51, 73
Guderian, Heinz: 145
Guernica-Gesellschaft: 7, 16
Guild of Pastoral Psychology: 94
Guth, Hella: 57, 83, 256, 270, 284
Hamann, Paul: 38, 81, 105, 117–118, 256, 271, 285
Harris, Alfred: 58
Harta, Felix Albrecht: 37, 57, 139, 257, 271, 285, 296
Heartfield, John: 7, 9–10, 16, 27–28, 30, 32–33,
37–38, 40, 42, 45–50, 52–53, 55–56, 60, 98, 111–114,
117–118, 121, 123, 125, 128–136, 146, 149, 151, 154,
163–164, 172, 181, 218, 257, 271, 285, 296
Heckroth, Hein: 41, 43–44, 47, 56, 85–86, 90,
205, 257, 271, 285
Hoffmann, Eugen: 28, 38, 81, 112, 114, 117–118,
181, 192, 258, 272, 286, 296
Hoffmann-Bermamoska, Rosel: 26, 258, 272,
286, 295
Hogarth, William: 124, 128, 149
Holbein, Hans: 69
Hollar, Wenzel: 39, 156, 158–159
Holloway, Oba: 87–89
Holloway women’s camp: 107, 273, 274, 275
Huettenbach (or Hüttenbach), Alfred Heinrich: 80, 258, 272, 286
Hull, Richard: 51
humanity: 31, 86–87, 91, 127, 141
INDEX
Hutchinson Camp: 13, 43–46, 98–99, 100–101,
104–107, 188
Kaczynski, Martin: 101
Kahn, Arno: 43
Hutchinson Square. See Hutchinson Camp
Huyton: 42, 44, 100, 102, 105, 106
identity: 9–10, 15–22, 36, 68, 72, 89, 96–98, 101,
107–109, 111–112, 114, 116–119, 125, 128–129, 132–133,
135–137, 140–141, 156, 159, 161–164, 167–169, 171–
173, 175
Ilberg, Werner: 37
Inländer (or Inlaender), Heinz: 137, 258, 272, 286
Inner emigration: 11
Inside Nazi Germany: 48–49, 129, 199
Kahn, Erich: 25, 53, 100, 102, 105, 109, 112–116,
118, 258, 272, 286
Katzer, Elias: 112, 114, 118, 258, 272, 286
Kaufmann, Philipp Friedrich: 138, 258, 272, 286
Kerr, Alfred: 37, 74
Kirchner, Ludwig: 28, 34, 38, 113
Kitaj, Ronald Brooks: 173
Klee, Paul: 69
Klimt, Gustav: 137, 139, 142
Intergovernmental Committee on Political
Refugees: 31
Klingender, Francis, 45, 149
International Club: 49
Klopfleisch, Margarete: 27, 32–33, 55, 97, 107, 109,
181, 259, 273, 287, 296
internment: 7, 12–13, 17, 20–21, 34, 40–48, 52, 64–
65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 85, 89, 91, 94, 96–105, 107–108,
110, 112, 117, 120–121, 138, 152, 164, 169, 172, 267–
280
internment art: 13, 20, 42, 76, 79, 85, 96, 98, 107–
108, 112, 164–165, 167
Jaray, Alexander: 36, 81, 111, 137, 258, 272, 286
Jewish/Jew(s): 10, 14, 23–26, 28–33, 36, 39–40, 48,
50–51, 57, 61, 66, 68, 73, 77, 89, 93–94, 97, 103,
109–110, 114–115, 117–118, 136, 138, 141–142, 152–153,
155, 161–163, 204, 267. See also Jewish artists and
Wandering Jew
Jewish artist(s): 13, 23–24, 26, 28, 50–51, 53, 59, 73,
77, 87, 142. See also Group of Jewish Artists
Jewish Cultural Club: 49, 109, 114, 171
Jewish Refugee Committee: 30, 73
Jillard, Hilda K.: 80, 258, 272, 286
John Denham Gallery: 58
John, Augustus: 34, 45
Jooss, Kurt: 47
Joseph, Carl: 37, 57, 272, 295, 296,
Koelz, Johannes: 112, 181, 259, 273, 287, 296
Koenig, Leo: 51
Kohn, Johann: 138
Kokoschka, Oskar: 6, 9–10, 16, 19, 27–29, 32–38,
41, 46, 51, 53, 57–58, 68, 73–74, 80, 82, 98, 111–115,
118–128, 131, 134–138, 142, 149, 154, 159, 161, 163–
164, 168, 172, 180, 182, 259, 273, 287
Kollwitz, Käthe: 12, 70, 141, 154
Königsberger, Paul: 137, 259, 273, 287, 296
Koppel, Heinz: 42, 259, 273, 287
KPD: 26–27, 31, 59, 86, 117, 128, 130, 181, 197. See
also communist
Kraemer, Fritz: 36, 80, 259, 273, 287
Krause, Hedda: 81, 259, 273, 287
Kuczynski, Jürgen: 37, 199
Kunst hinter Pfählen: 76, 199
Kunstmuseum Bochum: 59
Kurz, Hilde: 139
397
398
INDEX
Kurzke, Jan, 27, 139, 181, 259, 273, 287
Maillol, Aristide, 34
Lade, Kurt, 27, 32, 38, 52, 112, 114, 118, 181, 192,
259, 273, 287
Maisky, Ivan, 88, 124
Maitlis, Yacov J., 51
Laidler, Graham, 150
Manger, Itzig, 51
Lampl, Fritz, 113, 259, 273, 287
Manstein, Erich von, 145, 214
Lawrence, Edith, 91
Marc, Franz, 38, 69, 113
Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von, 145
Marcus, Otto, 30, 260, 274, 288
Lefèvre Gallery, 53, 201
Margulies, Alexander and Benjamin, 51
Leftwich, Joseph, 51
Marks, Margaret, 13, 47, 260, 274, 288, 296, 297
Lehmbruck, Wilhelm, 141
Marlborough Gallery, 58
Leicester Galleries, 35, 53, 58, 115
Masaryk, Jan, 39, 161
Lenbach, Franz von, 69
Matthiesen Gallery, 58, 142
Lenin, Vladimir, 86, 146, 156
Mautner-Kalbeck, Marie, 57, 260, 274, 288, 296
Levy, Ernst, 43
Liebermann, Max, 69–70
Mayer-Marton, Georg, 36–37, 58, 137, 139, 192,
260, 274, 288, 297
Lindsay Drummond, 47–48, 129, 132
Mayerson, Anna, 86, 88, 137, 204, 260, 274, 288
List, Guido von, 145
Meidner, Else, 7, 25, 57–59, 97, 174, 193, 260, 274,
288
Liverpool College of Art, 48, 192
Loewenlander, Karin, 81, 260, 274, 288
Lomnitz, Alfred, 58, 260, 274, 288
London Group, 32
Longden, Alfred A., 71
Lorant, Stefan, 66
Lothar, Johannes, 164
Low, David, 108, 133, 151–152
Löwengard, Kurt, 114, 182, 260, 274, 288, 297
Lynton, Norbert, 7, 93–94
Macke, August, 69, 71
Mahler, Anna, 27, 36–37, 81, 114, 136, 138, 184,
260, 274, 288
Meidner, Ludwig, 7, 25, 28, 34, 43–44, 46–48, 50,
52–53, 56–57, 59–61, 68, 70, 73, 97, 105, 126, 134,
181–182, 188, 193, 260, 274, 288
Mende, Dietrich E., 164
Mendel, Renée, 81, 114, 260, 275, 288
Menzel, Adolph von, 69
Metropole Camp, 44, 188
Meusel, Alfred, 37
Meyer, Ernst, 37, 43
Meyer, Klaus F., 102, 117–118, 261, 275, 288
Mid-European Art, 114
Midgley, Peter, 57, 99, 261, 275, 289, 296
Minne, Georg, 141
INDEX
Mladé Ceskoslovakia: 40
Necker, Wilhelm: 48
Modern Art Gallery: 22, 39, 53, 85–90, 95, 167,
203. See also Bilbo, Jack
Nessler, Walter: 100, 102, 261, 275, 289
Modersohn-Becker, Paula: 34
Neue Sachlichkeit: 34, 70, 83. See also New
Objectivity
Modigliani, Amadeo: 60, 68, 86
Neurath, Marie: 107, 261, 275, 289, 297
Moholy-Nagy, László: 27–28, 32–33, 181–182, 202,
261, 275, 289
Neuschul, Ernest: 27, 38–39, 156, 181
New Art History: 10, 17
Mondrian, Piet: 33, 175, 182, 261, 275, 289
New Burlington Galleries: 34, 69
Montgomery, Bernard Law: 121, 124
New English Art Club: 32, 206
Mooragh Camp: 43, 105, 188
Moore, Henry: 32, 61, 86, 141
Motesiczky, Marie-Louise von: 7, 10, 17, 39, 82,
98, 156, 158–164, 167–168, 171, 174, 261, 275, 289
New Objectivity: 70, 115, 136, 161. See also Neue
Sachlichkeit
Newton, Eric: 70
Nolde, Emil: 69
Mueller, Otto: 71
Nolde, Karl: 27, 38, 80, 181, 184, 261, 275, 289, 296
Munch, Edvard: 163
Munich Agreement: 32, 119–120
Norman, Montague: 127
Murray, Gilbert: 33
North America/n. See also Society for Exile
Studies and America/n and Unites States
Mussolini, Benito: 119–120, 153
NSDAP: 26–27, 33, 128
Nägele, Reinhold: 100, 182, 261, 275, 289
Nuremberg Trials: 155
Napoleon: 123–124, 150, 157
Nussbaum, Felix: 20
Nash, Paul: 32, 61
Ohel Club: 51, 73, 281, 282, 285
National Socialism: 11, 26–27, 64, 75, 85–86, 91,
96, 98, 117, 122, 128–129, 131, 134–136, 143–144,
146–147, 153, 155, 157, 167, 169, 276. See also Nazi
Germany and NSDAP
Onchan Camp: 43–44, 46, 100, 188, 267, 268,
269, 271, 275
National Socialist(s): 9, 25, 27–29, 35, 41, 52, 70–
71, 75, 77, 80, 84–85, 87, 89, 115, 120–121, 142, 144–
146, 149, 154, 249. See also Nazi Germany and
NSDAP
Oral History Project: 15
Nationalism: 18–19, 172, 175
Nazi Germany: 13–14, 16, 18, 22, 45, 48–49, 64,
66–67, 69–71, 73, 75, 77, 87, 93, 95, 104, 116, 118–
120, 122, 124, 129, 131, 135, 139–140, 143, 149, 151–
154, 164, 167–168, 170, 172, 175
Nazis. See National Socialists and NSDAP
One Man’s War Against Hitler: 38, 112, 134
Oskar-Kokoschka-Bund: 27, 33, 73, 281, 282
Österreicher im Exil: 12–13
Österreichische Gesellschaft für Exilforschung:
13
Oswestry School of Art: 48
Painting School: 7, 22, 85, 91, 95, 161, 167. See also
Segal, Arthur
399
400
INDEX
Palace Camp: 43, 188
Reifenberg, Adèle: 53, 110, 202, 262, 276, 290,
297
Paneth, Else: 81, 137–138, 262, 276, 289, 296
Reimann, Albert: 36, 262, 276, 290
Parliamentary Committee of Refugees: 31
Reizenstein, Lotti: 51, 262, 276, 290
Pen Club: 33
Penrose, Roland: 32–33, 97
resistance: 11, 27, 33, 52, 75, 112, 121, 127, 169
Reuss, Albert: 43, 262, 276, 290
Peri, Peter: 7, 26–27, 32, 38, 58–59, 81, 97, 114, 181,
213, 262, 276, 290
Reynolds News: 129–130, 134
Pétain, Henri Philippe: 127
Ribbentrop, Joachim von: 145, 148
Peveril Camp: 43, 188
Rohlfs, Christian: 38, 113
Picasso, Pablo: 34, 52, 85, 87, 89, 175
Rommel, Erwin: 145
Picture Post: 66, 112, 129, 133–134
Roosevelt, Franklin: 133
Pietzner, Carlo: 76, 106, 262, 276, 290
Rosenbaum, Julius: 53, 110, 263, 277, 290
Piper, John: 61
Rothenstein, John: 34
Pixner, Franz: 37, 262, 276, 290
Royal Academy: 45–46
Plachte, Erna: 110, 171, 262, 276, 290
Sadler, Sir Michael: 34
Port Erin: 43, 188
Schacht, Hjalmar: 127
Port St. Mary: 43, 188, 275
Schames, Samson: 48, 53, 68, 78, 82, 86–90, 102,
106, 110, 112–118, 263, 277, 291
Postcolonial/Postcolonialism: 10, 14, 16–19, 21–
22, 167–168, 170–171, 173–175, 217
Schiele, Egon: 137, 142
Prees Heath: 44, 269
Schlemmer, Oskar: 34
Priestley, John B.: 37
Schlosser, Wolfgang: 39, 49, 80, 98, 108, 138, 156–
158, 163–164, 171, 263, 277, 291
Purtscher, Alfons: 81, 137, 262, 276, 290
Schmoller, Hans: 48, 263, 277, 291
Purtscher-Wydenbruck, Nora: 82, 138, 262, 276,
290, 297
Schoar, Roah: 81, 263, 277, 291
Raemaeker, Louis: 150
Scholz, Werner: 71
Ranks, H.: 103–104, 262, 276, 290
Schonbach, Fred: 100, 103–104, 163, 277, 291
Rathbone, Eleanor Florence: 45
Schongauer, Martin: 69
Rawicz, Maryan: 101, 207
Schreck, M.: 100, 263, 277, 291
Read, Herbert: 34, 54, 70–72, 83–84, 90
Schwarz, Freimut: 138
Rehfisch, Hans: 50
Schwesig, Karl: 20
INDEX
Schwitters, Kurt: 10, 16, 19, 28, 34, 51–54, 58, 70,
84, 86, 88, 90, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106–107, 116, 118,
130, 134, 182, 191, 263, 277, 291
Steinlen, Théophile Alexandre: 85–86
Sculpture in the Home: 53
Sternfeld, Wilhelm: 50, 79
Sefton Camp: 44, 188, 268
Strudel, Paul: 139
Segal, Arthur: 7, 22, 26, 28, 40, 47–48, 58–59, 71,
85, 91–96, 167, 172, 182, 263, 278, 291
Sudetenland/Sudeten: 28, 31, 33, 38–40, 54, 73,
78–80, 84, 109, 119–122, 156, 158. See also AngloSudeten Club
Stern, Ernst: 80, 180, 264, 278, 292
Shakespeare, William: 147–149
Sickert, Walter: 116
Slevogt, Max: 69–70
Sulzer-Breuer, Clara: 36, 81, 138, 264, 278, 292,
295
Surrealism/Surrealist(s): 34, 70–71, 86, 90, 137,
205. See also English Group of Surrealists
Sochachewsky, M.: 111, 264, 278, 291
Sutherland, Graham: 61
Social Democratic Party/Social Democratic/
Social Democrat(s): 12, 23, 26–28, 33, 35, 66, 74,
79, 117, 289
Swaffer, Hannan: 88
Szwarc, Marek: 51
Social Welfare Department: 40
The Red Shoes: 47
Society for Exile Studies (British and North
American): 15–17
The Story of London Town: 112–113
Sokol, Max: 53, 110, 264, 278, 291
Third Reich: 23, 27, 29, 86, 130–131, 142, 146–147,
149, 170. See also Nazi Germany
Solomonski, Fred: 53, 103–104, 110, 117, 264, 278,
292, 297
Thoene, Peter: 70, 86, 197, 202
Soukop, Willi: 48, 81, 137, 264, 278, 292
Thorndyke, Sybil: 37
South London Art Gallery: 58
Tojo, Hideki: 153
Soviet Union/Soviet/USSR: 32, 46–49, 53, 55,
59, 88, 108, 114, 119, 122, 124, 129, 131–135, 138, 146–
149, 151, 154, 156–158, 163–164, 212, 214
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri: 85–86
Soviet War News: 48, 129, 132
Tschichold, Jan: 26, 264, 278, 292
Spandorf, Lily Gabriele: 110, 264, 278, 292
Tyrrell, Cliff: 87–89
SPD. See Social Democratic Party
Uhlman, Diana. See Croft, Diana
Spencer-Churchill, Lord Ivor: 34
Spitzweg, Karl: 69
Uhlman, Fred: 7, 10, 26, 30, 32, 35, 37–38, 41–42,
47–48, 52–53, 58–59, 74, 80, 97, 101–105, 110, 112–
114, 116, 118, 123, 171, 208, 250, 264, 278, 292
Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf: 59
Ullrich, Hermann: 139
Städtische Kunsthalle Recklinghausen: 56
United States/USA: 10, 13, 15–17, 33–34, 57, 60,
65, 94, 104, 122, 153, 155, 158, 184, 193, 202, 251, 273,
281, 287
Stalin, Joseph: 130, 146, 148–149, 151, 156–157
Trier, Walter: 35, 80, 152, 178, 264, 278, 292
401
402
INDEX
USSR. See Soviet Union
Whitechapel Art Gallery: 49, 109, 216
Vansittart, Robert Gilbert Lord: 152
Wiener Werkstätte: 37
Vicky. See Weisz, Victor
Wilczynski, Katerina: 31, 265, 279, 293
Vier Künstler in den Räumen des FDKB: 113, 210
Wilhelm II: 146–147
Viertel, Berthold: 74
Wilkinson, Ellen: 45
Vogel, Karel/Karl: 47–48, 57, 80, 201, 264, 278,
292
Winstanly, Barbara: 48
Wolfsfeld, Erich: 43, 265, 279, 293
Voltaire: 127
Wagele, Franz: 139
Wagner, Erich: 57, 137, 264, 278, 292
Wagner, Günther: 27, 32, 38, 109, 181, 264, 278,
292
Wagner, Otto: 139
Waldmüller, Ferdinand: 139
Wandering Jew: 89, 117–118, 153
War Emergency Fund for Austrian Refugees: 48
War Pictures: 53
Women/women artists/women in exile: 15, 33,
36, 42–43, 107, 109–110, 113–114, 118, 138, 140, 142,
144, 147, 154, 158–160, 162–163, 173–174. See also
Austrian Women’s Voluntary Workers and
Holloway women’s camp and Port Erin and
Port St. Mary
Woolf, Virginia: 34
Works by Refugee Artists and Their English Friends:
112
Worner, Heinz: 7, 11, 27, 32, 38–39, 42, 52, 55, 100,
109–110, 113, 117, 171, 181, 202, 265, 279, 293
Wotruba, Fritz: 142
Wedgwood, Lord Josiah Clement: 52, 88, 203
Wüsten, Dorothea: 32, 112–114, 116, 118, 265, 279,
293
Weinberg, Erwin: 43, 113–114, 116, 118, 265, 279,
292
Wüsten, E.: 38
Weiss, Peter: 19, 184, 265, 279, 293
Wüsten, Johannes: 116
Weissenborn, Hellmuth: 42, 57, 99–101, 104–
106, 118, 138, 207, 265, 279, 293
Young Austria: 36, 49, 143, 152, 157, 192
Young Czechoslovakia: 40, 68, 156
Weisz, Victor: 39, 86, 265, 279, 293, 297
Zeitspiegel: 36, 39–40, 78, 109, 136, 138, 283
Wells, Herbert George: 33
Zimmering, Max: 37, 108
Werkbund: 37
Zweig, Stefan: 37
Wertheim Gallery: 37–38, 80
Zwemmer Gallery: 35, 58, 90
West, Rebecca: 34
Zwemmer, Anton: 35, 90
Weybridge Museum of Modern Art: 53