Land-Use Patterns - Fachgebiet VWL, Internationale Wirtschaft

Transcrição

Urban Economics
Land Use Patterns
03.06.2009
| Fachgebiet Internationale Wirtschaft |
Prof. Dr. Volker Nitsch | Nicolai Wendland
Land-Use Patterns
The Spatial Distribution of Employment
While a historical perspective suggested a highly concentrated
proportion of employment within the CBDs, the picture changed since
WWII.
Especially in Northern American cities, we observe a gradual
decentralization of jobs away from the CBDs towards the suburbs
(strongest movements started in the 1980’s).
In Europe we also observe processes of decentralization, but the
picture is not as clear. The old centers maintain an important role in
local economies.
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
The median location is 7 miles. The table indicates the growing
importance of decentralized employment centers in the U.S.
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Indianapolis
Portland
Boston
Minneapolis
Atlanta
Los Angeles
3 miles
28%
31%
40%
21%
14%
8%
10 miles
79%
76%
76%
64%
43%
28%
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Giuliano and Small (1991, RSUE) explore the spatial distribution of employment
in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. They found 28 subcenters for 1990
(average density of 45 workers per hectare) with only 11% of total
employment in the CBD, 23% within the subcenters and the rest being
dispersed.
McMillen and McDonald (1998, JUE) apply the same strategy for for the Chicago
metropolitan area and identify 20 subcenters.
Lang (2003) assesses the spatial distribution of employment within 13 U.S.
metropolitan areas. Only for NY, Chicago, and Boston over half of the office
space is in the CBD. In each of the other areas, the dispersed share exceeds
the CBD share.
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Distribution of Office and Business Employment
As elaborated in previous chapters, certain industries require intense
face-to-face contacts between agents.
We look at FIRE (finance, insurance, real estate) employment in
Portland and Boston.
As predicted by the model, there is a strong tendency to cluster in
central areas to minimize transport cost of the expensive, high skilled
workers.
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Source:
O‘Sullivan (2009)
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Source:
O‘Sullivan (2009)
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Based on several studies, we can draw some conclusions about the
nature of subcenters:
1. 
Subcenters are numerous in both new and old large metropolitan areas
2. 
In most areas, most jobs are rather dispersed than concentrated in either the CBD or
the subcenters.
3. 
Many subcenters are highly specialized, indicating the presence of large localization
economies.
4. 
Subcenters have not eliminated the importance of the main centers. In 7 out of 10
cities studied by Lang (2003), the ratio of CBD office space to the space in the largest
subcenter is at least 4.
5. 
In the typical metropolitan area, employment density decreases as distance to the
CBD increases, even though the center contains a relatively small share of total
employment
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
6. 
Firms in subcenters still tend to interact with the main centers, and the value of
access to firms in the center is reflected in higher land values for CBD plots.
7. 
Firms in different subcenters also interact, indicating their complementary character.
CBD provides better opportunities for the face time required to modify and
adjust services such as accounting, advertising, legal counsel, and
investment banking.
Although advanced telecommunication decreases the cost of interaction,
personal contact and face-to-face interaction is still highly valued by agents.
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Spatial Distribution of Population
For U.S. metropolitan areas as a whole, 36% of the people live in
central cities and 64% in other municipalities.
Glaeser, Kahn, and Chu (2001) find for the largest 100 metropolitan
areas:
•  20% live within a three mile radius from the center
•  65% live within a ten mile radius from the center
•  The median residential location is eight miles from the center
(one mile beyond the employment median)
=> Urban population is even more decentralized than urban
employment.
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Source:
O‘Sullivan (2009)
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
Source:
O‘Sullivan (2009)
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
As suggested by the theories of previous chapters: Density declines
with distance to the center.
•  Superior accessibility lets people bid up the price of land
•  Residents economize on land (consumer substitution)
•  Density around the center increases
In Paris, the central area density is roughly six times the density
at a distance of 20 kilometers (New York = four times).
Density gradient: Defines the percentage change in density as we move
away one mile from the center (Boston: 0.13 = 13% per mile)
03.06.2009
Land-Use Patterns
03.06.2009
The Monocentric City
Concept Overview
The concept of the monocentric city is based on historical observation:
•  Until the start/ mid of the 20th century many cities still revealed strong monocentric
structures.
•  Most of the jobs were concentrated in the CBD with “rings” of residential areas around
them.
The following provides a brief overview why this structure developed:
The innovations of the Industrial Revolution generated several improvements in production
and transportation, which increased scale economies and trade opportunities.
03.06.2009
Concept Overview
1. 
Innovations in intracity transportation decreased transport cost
• 
Omnibus (US:1827; Germany ca.1830) – Travel speed increased to six miles per
hour.
• 
Suburban railway (Europe: about 1830) – suburban travel speed up to 22
miles per hour.
• 
Cable cars (US:1873) – Steam-powered cable cars were first introduced in San
Francisco
• 
Electric Trolley / Street Car (US: 1886; Germany: 1881) Traveled at about 9
miles per hour.
• 
Subways (US 1896; Europe 1893- London; Germany 1902)
These innovations increased travel speeds and the feasible radius of cities (radius: about
the travel distance within one hour). The structure of public transportation networks
facilitated the concentration of employment in the center.
03.06.2009
Concept Overview
2. 
The technology of building construction allowed to erect higher buildings
• 
cast iron and steel skeletons increased possible heights
• 
elevators created indifference between different stories and allowed to use the
full scale economies of higher buildings – later, the upper floors even generated a
premium (better views, status)
3.  The technology of freight tied manufacturers and traders to major transportation
nodes, such as railway hubs or ports. This generated high density around these
locations and fostered processes of concentration.
03.06.2009

Land-Use Patterns - Fachgebiet VWL, Internationale Wirtschaft

Transcrição

Documentos relacionados

Notice reg.Practical Examination of Bioscience Department

Palestra Head-Marking Tendencies in Indo

5 Closing Session CHINESE WHISPERS VIII Jornadas de Inglês

A BPM conference series that over the past decade has built its

Invitation Be part of the conference! Call for - All

Visualizar

Announcement

New University of Lisbon

Visual Navigation Systems

preliminary program - DWIH-SP

I think the powerful theme of Part 10 is that of change and

from cbs.dk - OpenArchive@CBS