Handout RelCl2013, 1.Sitz. April 8, 2013 1 Relativsätze und andere

Handout RelCl2013, 1.Sitz. April 8, 2013
1
Relativsätze und andere Operator-Konstruktionen
Craig Thiersch
SS 2011
C [email protected]
Einige Beispiele
(1)
a. Die braune Kuh
b. die(x) [braun(x) & kuh(x)]
(2)
(3)
grel rote Haare = [grel-rot](i) Haare(i)
a. der [von der Polizei geschlagene] Mann
b. der(x) [schlug (P, x) & mann(x)]
(4)
a.
* der [den Hund geschlagene] Mann
b. vgl. der (einen Hund) schalgende Mann
(5)
a. [Welches Kind]i hat Hannelore ei gesehen?
b. Für WH(x): [kind(x) & hat-gesehen(H, x)]
(6)
Deni hat die Hannelore ei schon gestern gesehen.
(7)
der Mann [deni Hannelore ei schon gestern gesehen hat]
(8)
a. Des isch dea mõ, [demi wo d’Xaver ei ’n Watschl gem hot]
b. In the aulde dayes of the King Arthour,
of which that Britons speken grete honour, . . . [Chaucer, Canturbury Tales]
(9)
a. the book [CP whichi ∅ I read ei ]
b. the book [CP OPi (that) I read ei ]
(10)
a. Wo mǎi (le) (zhei ben) shu
I buy perf that volume book
“I bought that book”
b. Ni mai bu mai zhei ben shu? Mai (le)!
You buy not buy that vol. book? Buy perf!
“Did you buy that book?” “Yes, I bought it!”
c. Ni mai le shenma shu?
You buy Perf which book
Which book did you buy?
(11)
a. Wo mai Lisi nian ei de
shui
I buy Lisi read Comp book
“I bought the book that Lisi read”
b. [DP [CP [Lisi nian ei ] de (OPi ?) ] shu ]
(12)
a. Navajo:
askii lèècha̧a̧’ı́ yiztal-é¸ȩ
nahal’in
[boy dog
3:perf3kick]-Rel imp:3:barks
“The dog that the boy kicked is barking”
Handout RelCl2013, 1.Sitz. April 8, 2013
2
b. Japanese:
Yoko-wa [[[Taro-ga sara-no
ue-ni
keekii -o oita] -no] (ei )] -o
Yoko+Top Taro+Nom plate+Gen on+Loc cake+Acc put NO ec.? Acc
tabeta
ate
“Y. ate a piece of cake which T put on a plate.”1
Konstructionen vs. Prinzipien
(13)
(14)
(15)
a.
Fred was given a book yesterday (by Bill).
b. * Yesterday was given Fred a book (by Bill).
c.
Gestern wurde dem Fritz ein Buch gegeben.
a. * Yesterday was danced/It was danced yesterday.
b.
Gestern wurde (*es) getanzt.
c.
Gisteren werd *(er) gedanst.
a. Mamono akoho amin’ny antsy ny mpamboly
at.kill chicken with’det knife det farmer
‘The farmer kills chickens with the knife’
b. Vonoin’ny mpamboly amin’ny antsy ny akoho
TT.kill’det farmer
with’det knife det chicken
‘The chickens are killed by the farmer with the knife’
c. Amonoan’ny mpamboly akoho ny antsy
CT.kill’det farmer
chicken det knife
‘The knife is being used by the farmer to kill chickens’
“To move or not to move?”
(16)
Inseln (islands)
a.
b.
(17)
the book, [whichi /OPi Fred believes [CP Sue claimed that Sam stole ei ]]
* the book, [whichi /OPi Fred believes [DP Sue’s claim that Sam stole ei ]]
(Strong-) Crossover
a.
b.
c.
* Whoi does [hei think (that) Mary likes ei ]
Whoi [ei thinks (that) Mary likes himi ?]
i. * The mani [whoi [hei thinks (that) Mary likes ei ]]
ii. * The mani [OPi (that) [hei thinks (that) Mary likes ei ]]
d. i.
The mani [whoi [ei thinks (that) Mary likes himi ]]
ii.
The mani [OPi that [ei thinks (that) Mary likes himi ]]
(18)
Comp-t effects?
a.
Whoi did you say (*that) left?
b.
The man whoi you said (*that) left?
c. aber: The man [OPi *(that) ei left early] was Mr. Doggins.
1
Japanisch hat auch die chinese Sorte: “Yoko-wa [[Taro-ga sara-no ue-ni ei oita] keekii ]-o tabeta”
3
Handout RelCl2013, 1.Sitz. April 8, 2013
Mehr Typologie
(19)
Hierarchische Position vom “Pivot” (head): Postnominal, Prenominal, Circumnominal — siehe oben (7, 11, 12)
(20)
Position hinsichtlich Determiner: alle sechs kommen vor.
a. D N RC: Deutsch, Englisch, usw.
b. N D RC: Swedish, Albanian, . . .
Jag talade med mann-en vilken känner dig
you spoke with man-the who knows you
c. N RC D: Indonesian, Éwé, . . .
Dia mentulis buku yan tebal itu
he act-write book rel thick def
[Indonesian]
“he wrote the book which is thick”
d. RC N D: Basque, Ijo . . .
Aita-k
irakurri nai
d-u
[ama-k
erre d-u-en
father-erg read
wants abs-pres mother-erg burnt abs-pres-nr
liburu-a]
[Basque]
book-def
“Father wants to read [the book that mother burnt]”
e. RC D N: Korean, Abhaz, . . .
Tom-un [ei cayngpan-wi-ey iss-nun ku sakwa]-ul mekesstai [Korean]
Tom-top
tray-top-loc exist-pne the apple-acc ate
“Tom ate the apple that was on the tray”2
f. ähnlicherweise, D RC N: Tigré, Yurok;
(21)
Kasusmorphologie: nur auf Det bzw. N, (Deutsch) oder alles:
a. th”ku-i [un
t1 “kak-”p1h] -a
[Shoshoni]
meat-acc poss.3 eat-part.pert -acc
“the meat that he ate”
b. Circumnominal, vgl. (12b) oben
(22)
Lücke (‘gap’) oder resumptive pronomen:
ha-isha
she-Yoav ohev ot-a
[Israeli Hebrew]
the-woman rel-Yoav loves acc-her
“the woman that Yoav loves”
(23)
Nicht adjacent:
a. Correlative:
Jo laRkii khaRii hai, vo lambii hai(N). [Hindi]
rel girl standing is dem tall
is
2
Hypothetical sentence, not checked with informant. PNE = ?
Handout RelCl2013, 1.Sitz. April 8, 2013
4
wörtlich Which girl is standing, she(rel.) is tall.
“The girl who is standing is tall.”
b. Extraposed:
i. Er hat eine alte Frau getroffen, die er früher kannte.
ii. Marie est là, qui pleure comme une Madeleine.
(Maria ist da, die wie ein Brunen weint.)
(24)
“Headed” (mit Substantive), und ohne (“Free relatives”)
a. Wer nicht bezahlt, kommt hinter Gitter. (echt)
b. solche, die zu spät komen, . . . (nep)
Semantik
(25)
(26)
(27)
“Restrictive”: I spoke to the doctors who (*all) failed the qualifying test.
“Appositive”: I spoke to the doctors, who (all) failed the qualifying test.
“Maximalizing” (degree, quality):
a. I observed the mice that there were in the jar.
b. You could fill a barrel with the paper that’s wasted here.
c. Fred is not the hero that his father was.
Syntaktische Analyse: erster Versuch
(28)
“Standard” Analyse. Der Relativsatz ist ein Adjunkt, kopf-extern:
a. An old book that I read
b. [NP an [N′ [N′ old [N book]] [CP OPi that I read ei ] ] ]
c. Alte DP-analyse: [DP an [NP old book] [CP OPi that I read ei ] ] ?
(29)
(30)
Schachter (1973), Vergnaud (1974): “raising analysis”:
the booki [ (that) I read ei ]
Kayne (1994): keine Rechts-Adjunction, also Komplement von Det:
(31)
the [CP [NP book ]i [C0 [IP Fred sent ei to me]]] (Frage: wie leitet man “the
book which Fred sent” ab?)
Evidenz (u.a.):
a.
b.
We were suprised by the tacki that he took ei
* We were suprised by the/that tack
Für nächste und übernächste Woche:
McCawley, James D. (1981/8) “Chapter 13: Relative Clauses” aus The syntactic
phenomena of English.
Alexiadou, Artimis et al. (2000) The syntax of relative clauses: Introduction, Part I
(S.1–34)
Nachschlagwerk: De Vries, Mark (2002) The syntax of relativization Dissertation.
http://www.lotpublications.nl/index3.html → Click on “Contents”