Analogy Example 1: analogy Example 2: analogy or

Morphological Productivity:
Rules and analogical
processes
Anke Lüdeling
[email protected]
Graduiertenkolleg
Wintersemester 2002/2003
Question
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Are complex words formed by rule or by
analogy? Or both?
What is the internal structure of complex words?
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What are the parts?
How are complex words ‚put together‘? What is the
hierarchical structure?
What are the correspondences between the
parts/structure of a complex word and ist
phonology/semantics
How are complex words stored and retrieved in
the mental lexicon?
Example 1: Analogy
Example 1: analogy
„Obwohl ich aus den Erzählungen der anderen wußte, was
„
mich erwartet, wurde es mir beim Anblick der Strecke und
vor allem des Streckenprofils doch Angst und Bange - aber
wer A sagt, muß auch B sagen und so zogen wir, versehen
mit unseren Unterlagen, dem Hessischen Laufkalender
2002 und einigen Ausschreibungen, von dannen, um im
Hotel die Henkerspasta zu essen und den Rest des
Abends auszuruhen. „
„
Henkerspasta can only be understood if
you know the meaning of the word
Henkersmahlzeit
the new word is formed analogous to a
specific known word
Question: how do we chose the original?
aus einem Bericht über einen Marathon
http://www.frau-werwolf.de/laufstall/arolsen2001/arolsen2001.htm
„
Example 2: analogy or rule?
example 2: analogy or rule?
lach•te
sag•te
schnarch•te
erzähl•te
X
lachen Æ lachen Æ lachte
sagen Æ sagen Æ sagte
schnarchen Æ schnarchen Æ schnarchte
erzählen Æ erzählen Æ erzählte
:
:
:
:
:
lach•en
sag•en
schnarch•en
erzähl•en
frag•en
‚Proportionsformel‘: ab : ac :: db : dc
rule: form the 1st p sg. past tense from a German
infinitive form by deleting the final <en> and
suffixing <te>
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example 2: analogy or rule
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in these cases one cannot decide on the
‚original‘
analogical processes and rules are
conceptually different:
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Pānini, 5th century BC (?)
(brief) history of morphology from the 5th
century BC to structuralism
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analogical processes presuppose that you
remember instances/groups of instances and
form similarity classes
rules do not presuppose the storage of
instances
History: Sanskrit grammar
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today
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background
relevant topics & research questions
terminology
History: ancient Greek grammarians
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phonology, phonotactics, morphology
„ utterance – sentence – word – part of word
¾ word structure, bases, elements that occur
with bases (‚affixes‘)
philosophical treatment of language (grammar):
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¾
¾
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Socrates, Platon, Aristoteles, 5th/4th century BC.
the Stoics, 4th/3rd century BC to 4th century AD.:
formal logic
language as a ‚window‘ to thought
language teaching (learner grammars)
History: ancient Greek grammarians
history: ancient Greek grammarians
inflection: not morpheme-based but
paradigm based
¾ part of speech
¾ grammatical categories like tense,
number, aspect etc.
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¾
is there a natural/necessary connection
between sounds and meanings
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Naturalism, onomatopoetica, sound
symbolism, rules of change
vs.
Conventionalism
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History: Ancient Greek grammarians
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analogy
(language is basically regular)
vs.
anomaly
(language is mainly irregular, ‚data
oriented‘ (irregular inflection, homonymy,
synonymy etc.))
History: the Middle Ages
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¾
¾
Geschichte: Vergleichende
Sprachwissenschaft
18th and 19th century: first comparative
(multilingual) data collections
¾ (since the late 18th century) languages
are grouped together (language families,
genetic metaphor)
„ early 19th century: linguistics
(Sprachwissenschaft) becomes a subject
at German (later European) universities
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History: Young Grammarians to
Hermann Paul
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Brugmann, Paul
division of word formation and inflection: does
word formation (esp. compounding) belong to
morphology or to syntax?
descriptive, diachronic, but focus more on
‚modern‘ stages of language
loan words and analogy as explanation for
language change
psychological questions
Latin learner grammars
(paradigms, similar to earlier grammars)
grammars in the vernacular rare
later: Arabic influence
Scholastics (Roger Bacon)
Modistae (13th century, Paris)
universal underlying structure (differences
between languages accidental)
meaning (formal logic)
History: comparative linguistics
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Schlegel, Humboldt, Rask, Grimm,
Schleicher, ...
diachronic
sound shift (Lautgesetze)
¾ word formation vs. inflection
¾ ergon vs. energeia
¾
¾
History: structuralism
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¾
¾
¾
¾
de Saussure
American Structuralism: Bloomfield, Harris
synchronic
spoken language
langue – parole
methodology and terminology that is still in use
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Terminology: morpheme
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Morpheme
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smallest meaningful unit
„Ein Morphem ist die kleinste, in ihren verschiedenen
Vorkommen als formal einheitlich identifizierbare
Folge von Segmenten, der (wenigstens) eine als
einheitlich identifizierbare außerphonologische
Eigenschaft zugeordnet ist.“ (Grewendorf et al. 1987)
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Allomorphy is the conditional realisation of
morphemes
can be triggered lexically, morphologically
phonologically
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free morphemes
Haus, Musik, Wort, lach, rot
bound morphemes
-bar, -heit, be-, Plural
morph: realisation of a morpheme
bound morphemes: affix
affixes that are attached outside a base:
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Terminology:
cranberry morph, suppletion
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cranberry morph (Unikal)
Schornstein, Himbeere
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Ablaut and suppletion
(total vs. partial suppletion)
trinken – trank
gut – besser, sein – ist – war
knife – knives, ox – oxen
Frau•en, Tanne•n, Stift•e
Bäum•e, Häus•er
cat•s, dog•s, horse•s
Terminology: affixes 1
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abstract unit
Terminology: allomorphy
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Terminology:
free vs. bound morphemes
prefix: be-, ent-, ver-, un-, ...
beweinen, entgleisen, verschreiben,
unangenehm
suffix: -ung, -bar, -abel, -lich, ...
Entgleisung, lesbar, präsentabel, freundlich
circumfix: Ge- -e, ge- -t
Gequengele, gequengelt
Terminology: affixes 2
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affixes that are inserted inside a root
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infix (examples from Bauer 1988, 23)
Chrau (Vietnam):
vǒh ‚to know‘ - v•an•ǒh ‚wise‘
căh ‚to remember‘ – c•an•ăh ,left over‘
Tagalog (Philippines)
sulat ‚write‘
s•um•ulat ‚written‘
s•in•ulat ,was written‘
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Terminology: base, stem, root 1
(Caution: these terms are defined and used differently in
the literature! We use the difinitions given by Bauer
(1988)!)
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base: a base is something to which more
elements can be attached. A base can
itself be complex!
Les•ung, Haus•tür•en, un•freundlich
Terminology: form and function
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Form vs. Funktion
1:1 mapping from form to function
Frau•en
les•bar
FRAU PLURAL
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LESEN POSS
concatenative processes
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one-to-many mapping from form to
function
(portmanteau morph)
lach•te
Frau•en
LACHEN 1.P.SG. PRÄT
FRAU PL NOM FEM
QUATSCHEN ITERATIV
Terminology: concatenation
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stem: A stem is something to which
inflectional affixes can be attached.
A stem can itself be complex
Tür•en, unfreundlich•er
root: The root remains when all affixes are
taken away.
un•freund•lich•er
Terminology: form and function
many-to-one mapping from form to function
Häus•er
Ge•quatsch•e
HAUS PLURAL
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Terminology: base, stem, root 2
composition: concatenation of free elements
(we‘ll come back to linking elements/wordformation stem forms!)
derivation: concatenation of bases and
derivational affixes
inflection: concatenation of stems and
inflectional affixes
Terminology:
non-concatenative processes
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Conversion (Zero-affixing)
NÆV
surfaceN – surfaceV,
schlafN – schlafV, urlaubN - urlaubV
Adj Æ V
grünAdj – grünV
with umlaut/ablaut (Apophonie)
NÆV
hautN - häutV
Adj Æ V
schwarzAdj – schwärzV
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Terminology:
non-concatenative processes
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with stress shift
tránsport – transpórt
cóntrast – contrást
ímport – impórt
backformation (Rückbildung)
Briefwahl – briefwählen,
Notlandung – notlanden
Terminology:
non-concatenative processes
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abbreviations
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Terminology:
non-concatenative processes
initialisms, alphabetisms
VP, PVC, Uawg, ...
acronyms
NATO, Inbus, Stasi, ...
clippings
Uni, Mathe, ...
Cello, Bus, ...
Hausi, Fundi, Hunni, ...
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reduplication
Tagalog (Spencer 1991, 13):
sulat ‚write‘ – susulat ‚will write‘
Latein
curro ‚I run‘ – cucurri ‚I have run‘
transfixes (Semitic languages)
blending, amalgamation
brunch, Eurasien, Oxbridge...
References
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Black, Jeremy (2000) The Ancient Near East. In Booij et
al. (eds) 35 – 41
Cardona, George (2000) Old Indic Grammar In Booij et
al. (eds) 41 – 52
Harris, Randy Allen (1993) The Linguistic Wars. Oxford
University Press, Oxford
Lyons, John (1968) Introduction to Theoretical
Linguistics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Robins, Robert H. (2000) Classical Antiquity. In Booij et
al. (eds), 52 – 67
Salmon, Paul (2000) The term morphology. In Booij et al
(eds) 15 – 22
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