PV GRID

PV GRID
Efficient Grid Integration of European PV:
Project Results
Jörg Mayer, Managing Director
German Solar Industry Association (BSW-Solar)
16th September 2014
1
PV GRID – Key facts
An Intelligent Energy Europe project
• Derived from the previous PV LEGAL project
• 20 project partners, covering 16 EU Member
States:
 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France,
Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Slovak
Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands,
United Kingdom
• The project is funded by the European Commission
under the “Intelligent Energy Europe” programme
• Project timeframe: May 2012 until October 2014
• Project coordinator: BSW-Solar
• Partners include ENEL Distribuzione (Italy) and RWE
Deutschland AG (Germany), providing expertise & their
view on regulatory and normative barriers and solutions;
EPIA and 15 national PV associations as well as eclareon,
DERlab and IIT Comillas
PV GRID: Countries covered
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2
PV GRID – Objectives
• Reduce the barriers hampering large-scale integration of PV
systems on distribution grids across Europe:




Particular focus on Czech Republic, Germany, Italy and Spain
Rank the effectiveness of technical solutions available
Analyse the barriers hampering their implementation
Devise and promote recommendations towards their adoption
• Ease the administrative requirements and procedures necessary
for installing, connecting to the grid and operating a PV system in
Europe
 PV GRID database as a tool for project developers and policy makers
 National forums and workshops for bringing national stakeholders
together and discuss solutions
• Favour knowledge transfer between European countries
 15 national industry associations working together with DSOs,
consultancies and research institutes
 International dissemination activities
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Project workflow
WP1:
Management
Project
Meetings
Advisory
Committee
WP3:
PV GRID
Discussion
Working Groups
& Recommendations
WG 1
WG 2
Solutions
Barriers
WP2:
Research &
PV GRID database
WG 3
Barriers
WP4:
EU & national
Dissemination
Proposals
EU
events
National
workshops
National
forums
Publications
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4
WP2 – PV development framework research
• Assessment of national PV development frameworks
in each of the 16 participant countries, offering for
each of the 3 market segments (Residential,
commercial and industrial ground-mounted PV
systems) a description of:
 Administrative/grid connection procedures and
requirements
 Duration and costs involved
 Market barriers and solutions
• Research carried out by national solar industry
associations, complemented with interviews with
national PV system developers and operators.
• Targeted at both project developers and policymakers
• Freely accessible online in the PV GRID database at:
http://www.pvgrid.eu/database/
PV GRID: Countries covered
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WP2 – Summary of national PV development
frameworks and market status
Status of the residential systems segment
Legend
Status of the commercial systems segment Status of the industrial ground-mounted
systems segment
Most notable: Steep decline in the industrial ground-mounted systems
segment, as it appears to only remain active in three of the sixteen
analysed countries: Germany, Greece and UK.
Source: PV GRID Database, last updated in June 2014
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Project workflow
WP1:
Management
Project
Meetings
Advisory
Committee
WP3:
PV GRID
Discussion
Working Groups
& Recommendations
WG 1
WG 2
Solutions
Barriers
WP2:
Research &
PV GRID database
WG 3
Barriers
WP4:
EU & national
Dissemination
Proposals
EU
events
National
workshops
National
forums
Publications
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7
WP3 – The European Advisory Paper
Situation
Analysis
• Broad assessment of academic publications available at the beginning of the project (roughly
160 studies were evaluated and incorporated into the groundwork and foundation of PV GRID)
• Identification of the most promising technical solutions addressing voltage issues and local
congestions in distribution networks (MV and LV)
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WP3 – Technical solutions for grid integration
(MV and LV)
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WP3 – The European Advisory Paper
Situation
Analysis
Evaluation&
Prioritisation
• Broad assessment of academic publications available at the beginning of the project (roughly 160 studies were
evaluated and incorporated into the groundwork and foundation of PV GRID)
• Identification of the most promising technical solutions addressing voltage issues and local congestions in
distribution networks (MV and LV)
• Qualitative analysis of technical solutions carried out by project partners (particularly DSOs & national PV
Associations) & other national experts based on the following criteria: investment costs, impact on voltage &
congestion, technology availability, applicability within existing regulations
• Prioritising technical solutions based on analysis and evaluation results (effectiveness and regulatory priority
of technical solutions)
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WP3 – Sample of most effective solutions at MV level
Technical solution
CZ
DE
ES
IT
Network Reinforcement
Reactive power control by PV inverter Q(U) Q(P)
Curtailment of power feed-in at PCC
Active power control by PV inverter P(U)
Network Reconfiguration
SCADA + PV inverter control (Q and P)
Advanced voltage control for HV/MV transformer
Adoption of solution requires regulatory changes
Can be applied where problems occur
Note: As curtailment is legally possible under the EEG in Germany, though is considered to be an exemption from the DSO’s general duty to provide
capacity and to enhance the grid infrastructure, German members of the PV Grid consortium opted for a “green/red” indication, i.e. curtailment can be
applied if problems occur, though a more general adoption of the solution requires regulatory development.
11
WP3 – Sample of most effective solutions at LV level
Technical solution
CZ
DE
ES
IT
Curtailment of power feed-in at PCC
Network Reinforcement
Reactive power control by PV inverter Q(U) Q(P)
Active power control by PV inverter P(U)
Prosumer storage
On Load Tap Changer for MV/LV transformer
Adoption of solution requires regulatory changes
Can be applied where problems occur
Note: As curtailment is legally possible under the EEG in Germany, though is considered to be an exemption from the DSO’s general duty to provide
capacity and to enhance the grid infrastructure, German members of the PV Grid consortium opted for a “green/red” indication, i.e. curtailment can be
applied if problems occur, though a more general adoption of the solution requires regulatory development.
12
WP3 – The European Advisory Paper
Situation
Analysis
Evaluation&
Prioritisation
• Broad assessment of academic publications available at the beginning of the project (roughly 160 studies were
evaluated and incorporated into the groundwork and foundation of PV GRID)
• Identification of the most promising technical solutions addressing voltage issues and local congestions in
distribution networks (MV and LV)
• Qualitative analysis of technical solutions carried out by project partners (particularly DSOs & national PV
Associations) & other national experts based on the following criteria: investments costs, impact on voltage &
congestion, technology availability, applicability within existing regulations
• Prioritising technical solutions based on analysis and evaluation results (effectiveness and regulatory priority
of technical solutions)
• Identification of normative and regulatory barriers hampering the application of technical solutions
Barrier
Analysis
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WP3 – Overview of identified challenges and
barriers in the European Union
Insufficient
Framework for
Prosumer Storage
Solutions
Insufficient
Framework for DSO
Storage Solutions
Insufficient SelfConsumption
Framework
Insufficient
Framework for
Demand Response
Insufficient DSO
Access to
Advanced PV
Inverter
Capabilities
Rules forbidding
RES Energy
Curtailment except
for security issues
Incoherent
Metering
Framework
Application of
technical
solutions is
either strongly
restrained or
not possible at
all
Regulatory
Frameworks that do
not Incentivise
„Smart Grids“
Development
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WP3 – The European Advisory Paper
Situation
Analysis
• Broad assessment of academic publications available at the beginning of the project (roughly 160 studies were
evaluated and incorporated into the groundwork and foundation of PV GRID)
• Identification of the most promising technical solutions addressing voltage issues and local congestions in
distribution networks (MV and LV)
• Qualitative analysis of technical solutions carried out by project partners (particularly DSOs & national PV
Associations) & other national experts based on the following criteria: investments costs, impact on voltage &
congestion, technology availability, applicability within existing regulations
Evaluation& • Prioritising technical solutions based on analysis and evaluation results (effectiveness and regulatory priority
Prioritisation
of technical solutions)
• Identification of normative and regulatory barriers hampering the application of technical solutions
Barrier
Analysis
Results
• Development of regulatory and normative recommendations aimed at reducing and removing the current
barriers to technical solutions
• Seeking feedback on project results from relevant national stakeholders
• PV GRID Roadmap
• Disseminating project results and recommendations
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IDENTIFIED BARRIERS
Rules forbidding RES energy curtailment except for security issues
SITUATION
• RES curtailment is only allowed for transmission system
security reasons, not in case of local voltage or load
constraints (priority dispatching)
• No conditioned PV/DG connection is allowed
 connection solutions become more complicated
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Curtailment of RES should be allowed to DSOs in
National Regulations (for new RES installations)
• Boundary conditions must be defined in technical
standards
(providing transparency and no
discrimination)
• Adequate compensations should be foreseen for
curtailed RES operators
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IDENTIFIED BARRIERS
Insufficient self-consumption frameworks
SITUATION
• In certain European countries, self-consumption of PV
produced electricity is not allowed
• Proper incentives and/or self-consumption obligations are
not set
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Rapidly introduce, for those countries that do not have it
in place yet, self-consumption of produced PV electricity
• Introduce proper economic incentives, stimulating PV
electricity self-consumption to contribute to network
operation (reducing peaks)
• Define (reasonable) self-consumption obligations for
newly-connected RES, in order to ensure transparent and
non-discriminatory planning criteria
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IDENTIFIED BARRIERS
Insufficient DSO access to advanced PV capabilities
SITUATION
• Existing national regulations do not allow DSOs to make use
of available capabilities of inverters, even though these are
available and in certain cases have already been included
among mandatory requirements
• Lack of experience and clear rules for exploiting such
functionalities
RECOMMENDATIONS
• DSOs should be provided with access to advanced PV inverter
capabilities: the applicability of relevant technical solutions
and their specifications should be defined by the competent
national regulatory authorities
• An economic compensation for DG operators providing these
services should be discussed, defined and put in place
• Mechanisms to avoid conflict of interests with the TSOs and
energy providers shall be put in place
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IDENTIFIED BARRIERS
Insufficient Framework for Prosumer Storage Solutions
DESCRIPTION
• Prosumer storage allows for peak reduction and predictability
of PV production profile
• In general, prosumer storage is allowed in most European
countries
 Not allowed in Czech Republic and Spain
 In many countries, the connection and operation
requirements of storage devices suffer from lack of clarity
• Open debate on whether/how prosumer storage equipment
should be incentivised
 e.g. KfW subsidy scheme in Germany
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Prosumer storage solutions should be allowed by national
regulatory frameworks.
• The connection and operation requirements currently under
discussion should ensure that prosumer storage does not
pose a security problem to the system or interfere with the
metering of DG production.
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IDENTIFIED BARRIERS
Insufficient Framework for DSO Storage
SITUATION
• Current national regulations do not foresee DSOs
making use of storage systems (due to unbundling
rules) and do not provide clarity about how storage
energy must be treated within the electrical market
structure
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Roles, rights and limitations of DSOs in the use of
storage must be clearly defined by national regulatory
authorities
• It can be reasonably expected that local securityrelated capabilities should be made available to DSOs
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IDENTIFIED BARRIERS
Insufficient Framework for Demand Response
DESCRIPTION
• Basic ToU tariffs-based demand response and load curtailment
services are available in many countries
• Addressing the intermittency of PV requires more interactive and
advanced demand response services operated by DSOs
• DSOs are not expected to exchange information about energyrelated economics with final customers
• Distribution network-related services, and their economical
treatment, are not defined by regulation for passive customers
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Technical features and market models for Demand Response
should be assessed taking into account that they are related to
wider objectives than the mere integration of DG.
• Market model-neutral enabling factors, such as the
communication between DSO and final customers, can and
should be defined as soon as possible.
• DSOs should be allowed to manage load reduction and activation
services in order to fully utilise any DSM potential.
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IDENTIFIED BARRIERS
Incoherent metering frameworks
DESCRIPTION
• Smart meters are promoted by European legislation
•
•
•
 80% target for 2020
 National members shall run a CBA analysis to set their own targets
Several countries have not published CBA results nor set their
targets
Deployment is often limited to consumers and not DG
Smart meters per se are not sufficient:
 they need to be complemented with other equipment and business
models/applications
RECOMMENDATIONS
• For smart meters deployed on DG, it should be ensured that their
potential is used for implementing telemetry and other
applications increasing the hosting capacity of the distribution
network
• Mandatory introduction of intelligent metering systems should
be assessed carefully. It may be the case that installing the
required intelligent infrastructure is only viable with large-scale
PV installations.
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IDENTIFIED BARRIERS
Regulatory frameworks that do not incentivize “Smart Grid” development
SITUATION
• The aim to develop a “Smart grid” at European level is in conflict with
national regulations, establishing the conditions for DSOs recovering
their investments.
• These regulations promote efficiency and may not favour risky long
term investments such as those involved with “Smart Grid”
 The Regulatory environment in Italy is theoretically favorable
towards “Smart Grid”, as since 2007 an incentive for Smart Grid
installations was foreseen. However, until now the NRA has not
yet stated what can be considered as a “Smart Grid”, and
incentives only apply to specific innovation projects individually
selected by NRA
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Ensure that the regulatory framework promotes “Smart Grid”
investments
• If necessary, establish explicit incentives: an exhaustive definition of
equipment considered as “Smart Grid” and a systemic incentive
mechanism for it should be defined.
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Key Results
Debate on Curtailment
• Curtailment as a technical solution can make sense from a global
economic point of view if the compensation to the PV agent for
curtailment is lower than the cost of the reinforcements required
for preventing it. Otherwise the network should be expanded or
reinforced.
• For this solution to be applied, it is necessary to open a fair debate
on the use of curtailment of PV electricity. This debate should cover
the determination of 1) a national cost-benefit analysis
methodology, 2) boundary conditions and 3) adequate
compensation rules for the PV agent.
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Key Results
Control over PV inverters
• Some of the prosumer and interactive solutions require
controlling the PV installation. In the case of interactive solutions,
the necessity of allowing the DSO some kind of control over the
PV inverter appears essential.
• If advanced technical solutions are available in the PV inverter,
the DSO shall have access to them, so that they can be really used
for solving congestions or voltage issues in the distribution grids.
• The boundary conditions for using these solutions must be clearly
defined by the competent national authority.
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Key Results
DSO investment recovery and further development of regulatory
frameworks
• A common topic to be addressed for all the technical solutions is
that the DSO has to be remunerated for their investments in
implementing these technical solutions. National regulators
should adjust DSOs’ investment and cost recovery schemes so as
to encourage the investments needed for the decentralisation of
the energy system and the roll-out of technical solutions
enhancing grid integration of PV and other smart grid
investments
• A consistent and detailed regulatory and economic framework for
using Demand Response, storage solutions, smart metering and
smart grids needs to be further developed.
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Key Results: PV GRID Roadmap and its Perspective
Generic illustration allows for broad application in different countries
• Basic assumptions of PV GRID and guiding principles for applying
the Roadmap:
 A (large-scale) increase in the penetration of PV is a given political goal;
 PV is granted priority access to the grids and priority dispatching;
 Generic analysis doesn‘t consider any specifics of support schemes, as this
allows for application in all EU-member states;
 Nonetheless, certain „correlations“ can be assumed and certain support
schemes will support peculiar types of installations „better“ or „more“
than others,
o e.g. tender schemes likely lead to rather large PV systems;
 The type and size (i.e. maximum capacity) of any RES installation will to a
large extent determine the network level it will be connected to;
 And the network level of connection determines the applicability and
relative advantage of the technical solutions identified by PV GRID.
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Roadmap for Increasing PV Penetration on the Distribution Grid
NO
Is PV hosting capacity available?
YES
YES, but only
in certain regions
NO
Shall grid hosting
Capacity only be
used in these regions?
Out of the
scope of PV
GRID
YES
Other issues
What is the technical issue?
Voltage or Congestion issues
Refer to Chapter 3 to identify relevant technical
solutions for LV and MV distribution networks.
Solution
not applicable
From here onwards flowchart is to be applied for each technical solution
NO
Are identified technical solutions
applicable?
YES
For what reasons are technical
solutions not applicable?
Normative
framework conditions
Is financing for technical
solutions covered by regulatory
framework?
YES
Apply
solution
Technology is
not mature
Regulatory
framework conditions
NO
Adjustments to normative
framework
needed
Adjustments to regulatory
framework
needed
Adjustments to
regulatory
framework economic
conditions needed
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European Advisory Paper
• Final European Advisory Paper, including all
Annexes, is available from:
http://www.pvgrid.eu/results-andpublications.html
•
•
•
Annex 1: offers a deeper analysis for the four PV GRID
focus countries : Germany, Italy, Czech Republic and
Spain
Annex 2: offers a deeper analysis of four additional
countries : France, United Kingdom, Greece and the
Netherlands
Annex 3: offers an overview of the national barriers
assessment process and its results that was carried out
in all 15 countries participating in PV GRID
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Thank you for your attention
Jörg Mayer
[email protected]
Please have a look at:
www.pvgrid.eu
Disclaimer: The sole responsibility for the
content of this presentation lies with the
authors. It does not necessarily reflect the
opinion of the European Union. Neither
the EACI nor the European Commission
are responsible for any use that may
be made of the information
contained therein.