saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis
departamenti
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis instituti
dodo WumburiZe
qaquca ColoyaSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri
meomris biblioTeka #5
Tbilisi
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ mexuTe wigni; seria
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da
a.S.
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.
vaJa kiknaZe
seriis saredaqcio kolegia:
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
vaJa kiknaZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
Tamaz beraZe
mecnierebaTa doqtori,
vice polkovniki
Temur dalaqiSvili
recenzenti:
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori avTandil sonRulaSvili
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
2
Stabis
qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili
3
1988 wlis Semodgomaze, qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis axali talRis azvirTebis Jams, Tbilisis quCebSi gamosuli
axalgazrdebis xelSi qarTulma sazogadoebam pirvelad ixila qamarxanjalze xeldadebuli, amayi mzeriT da keTilSobiluri qarTuli
garegnobiT gamorCeuli ucnobi vaJkacis portreti.
samocdaaTwliani
sabWoTa diqtaturiT
sulSexuTulma qarTvelobam, Tavis erovnul
droSasTan erTad, es portreti saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da
saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis simbolod aqcia. cota vinmem Tu icoda
maSin, vin iyo es idumali da misabaZi gmiri, totalitarul∗ reJims misi
xsenebac ki moespo, raTa qarTvelebSi brZolisa da dakarguli
Tavisuflebis aRdgenis Jini ar gacocxlebuliyo da es adamiani erisTvis
Tavdadebisa da TavSewirvis etalonad ar qceuliyo. es CurCuliT
saTqmeli da eriskacobis magaliTad qceuli gvar-saxeli iyo qaixosro,
igive qaquca ColoyaSvili _ portretze gamoxatuli XX saukunis 20iani wlebis qarTuli legenda, erovnuli moZraobis beladi da
yvelasaTvis sayvareli gmiri. qamar-xanjalic sul ramdenime kviris
Camotanili iyo san-franciskodan, sadac maSin qaqucas SeficulTa razmis
ukanaskneli wevri _ aleqsandre sulxaniSvili cxovrobda da vinac es
reliqvia samSobloSi gamoatana amerikis did qalaqebSi mowyobili
samSvidobo svlis monawile Jurnalists _ paata nacvliSvils. maSin
aseTi nivTebis Semotana qveyanaSi SeuZlebeli aRar iyo, e.w.
`perestroikam~ demokratiis elementebi gaaCina da rac manamde
warmoudgeneli Canda, realuri gaxada. Tumca jer kidev ar iyo advili
warsulSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol gmirebTan
dakavSirebuli
masalebis
propaganda.
arc
maTi
Tavgadasavlis
sazogadoebisaTvis Sexseneba siamovnebda maSindel sabWoTa xelisuflebas.
magram `ara ars dafaruli, romeli ara gacxaddes~. Cven cxovrebaSi
Semoabija ase saguldagulod gadamalulma erovnulma gmirma _ qaquca
ColoyaSvilma.
cnobili qarTveli moRvawis, erovnul-demokrat aleqsandre asaTianis
azriT, qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da misi mebrZolebis legendaruli
simtkice sikvdilis winaSe Rirseuli masalaa `Seqspiris zomis mweralTa
kalmisaTvis~.
marTlac rom Wirdeba didi Semoqmedi im Rvawlis asaxvas, rac
qarTvelma gmirebma gaiRes samSoblos gadasarCenad, qarTveli erisa da
qarTuli sulierebis dasacavad.
qarTvel ers gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis udidesi istoria
gaaCnia. es brZola samiaTasi wlisa da ufro metisac kia. qarTvelTa
winaprebi
icavdnen
Tavs
mezobeli
Zlieri
dampyroblebisagan,
inarCunebdnen sakuTar kulturas, tradiciebs, TavisTavadobas, ar
aTqvefilan did xalxebSi da ar gadaSenebulan, rogorc mravali xalxi
da bevri qveyana gaqra msoflios ruqidan. Cveni qveynis gadarCenis
4
saidumlo, upirvelesad, misi Svilebis simamaceSi, mSobeli qveynisadmi
uszRvro siyvarulsa da TavdadebaSi mdgomareobs. xSirad Cveni
winaprebis brZola uazroc Canda: mteri uricxvi da veragi iyo da
mcirericxovani Zala mas ver daamarcxebda, magram qarTveloba maSinac
ibrZoda. damarcxebac ki, zogjer gamarjvebas udris.
lado asaTiani
werda: `Torem mters isic ki SeaSinebs, erTxel xmamaRla rom vTqvaT
marabda~-o.
marabdis omSi qarTuli jari, marTalia, sabolood
damarcxda iranelebTan, magram imdeni zarali miayena maT, imdeni
vaJkacis brwyinvale mxedruli niWi aCvena, rom qarTvelebs marcxad aRar
CauTvliaT, arc Sah-abass miuCnevia am omSi Tavi gamarjvebulad, radgan
mravali jariskaci datova brZolis velze, qarTveli mebrZolebisagan
gangmiruli. meomruli Tavganwirva, zogjer, mimaluli cecxliviTaa:
Cainavleba sadRac, xalxSi, ramdenime vaJkacSi da maSin ifeTqebs xanZrad,
rodesac qveyanas daWirdeba. ase iyo qaqucas SemTxvevaSic:
qarTvel
gmirTa Soris Camdgari, minavluli cecxli afeTqda da mTeli
saqarTvelo moicva. gmirebi xom ar kvdebian, maTi magaliTiT eris
saukeTeso Svilebi izrdebian.
1801 wels ruseTisagan dapyrobilma saqarTvelom dakarga yvelaferi
sakuTari: aRar hqonda saxelmwifo, aRar hyavda mefe, qarTuli ena
saSinao enad iqca, qarTuli kultura _ eTnografiul samSvenisad...
xalxi Rirseba-ayrili iyo, Rirseba ki sicocxleze metia, radgan
sicocxles xSirad swiraven Tavmoyvare adamianebi Rirsebis dacvas. eri
ruseTisaken erTmorwmuneobis gamo, mfarvelisa da megobris ZebnaSi
miiswrafoda, man ki mahmadian mtrebze uaresi gaukeTa: arc irans, arc
TurqeTs saqarTvelos samefo taxti ar gauuqmebiaT. marTalia, iranelebi
Sahis vals (nacvals) eZaxdnen qarTvel mefeebs, magram es verafers
cvlida. qarTveli xalxisTvis is mefe iyo. qarTuli ena da kultura
iseve arsebobda, rogorc adre, mahmadianobazec ar gadasula mTeli
qveyana, eklesia-monastrebsac aSenebdnen da qristianobasac Zveleburad
eTayvanebodnen. 1801 wlidan 1918 wlamde ar Sewyvetila qarTveli
xalxis brZola ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis winaaRmdeg. pirvelad
es sisxlismRvreli ajanyebebiT aRiniSna: 1802, 1804, 1812 wlebSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ajanyda, mTiuleTi da kaxeTi, 1819-1820 wlebSi
imereTi da guria, 1832 wels SeTqmuleba moewyo didi ajanyebisa da
saqarTvelodan rusebis gayris gegmiT, magram SeTqmulebi gasces. ise
daaSines eris mowinave Svilebi, rom lamis xeli Caaqnevines, Seagues
rusul uRels. magram qarTveli xalxi didxans ver egueba momxdurTa
Zaladobas, brZolis sxvadasxva xerxebidan imas irCevs, rac yvelaze
gamosadegi da drois Sesaferisia. ruseTic icvlida xerxebs: sisxliani
ajanyebebis Semdeg, mcire xniT daTmobis politikas mimarTavda xolme.
aseTi iyo mixeil simonis Ze voroncovis∗ politika saqarTveloSi misi
mefisnacvlobis _ 1844-1854 wlebSi. es adamiani, SesaZloa, nawilobriv
5
gulwrfelic yofiliyo qarTvelebis mimarT pativiscemaSi, radgan misi
mama da biZa iyvnen grafebi _ aleqsandre da simon voroncovebi∗,
liberal-demokrati adamianebi XIX saukunis dasawyisis reaqciul
ruseTSi, romlebic urCevdnen leqsandre I-s∗ ar daepyro saqarTvelo, ar
gaeuqmebina bagrationTa aTaswlovani taxti, radgan es iqneboda
saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRveva. aleqsandre I imperatori iyo da
imperiebi dapyrobebiT iqmneba, amitom, Tumca pativs scemda Zmeb
voroncovebs, mainc reaqcionerebs daujera, is gaakeTa, rac imperias
gazrdida da ganamtkicebda: jer qarTl-kaxeTi daipyro, Semdeg imereTi
da danarCeni saqarTvelo, nawil-nawil, ise rogorc es imperiul devizs
_ `gaTiSe da ibatones~ (`divide eT impera~) Seefereboda. ruseTi ase
TiSavda da apirispirebda erTmaneTTan saqarTvelos kuTxeebs, qarTveli
xalxis Svilebs, radgan yvelaze saSiSi misTvis gaerTianebuli xalxi da
qveyana iyo.
voroncovis Semdeg kvlav sisxlismRvreli mmarTvelebi movidnen. rusi
moxeleebi uxeSebi, uvicebi, daundoblebi iyvnen. gaixseneT ilia
WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebSi~ rusi oficeri, rogori yeyeCia da
sakuTar Tavze uzarmazari warmodgenis, rac mkiTxvelis Rimilsa da
dacinvas iwvevs.
am oficers bevriT arafriT Camouvardebodnen saqarTveloSi moRvawe
rusi moxeleebi _ mTavarmmarTeblebi: ganaTlebis sistemis xelmZRvaneli
kirile ianovski∗, imperiis centrSi moRvawe Cinovnikebi, magaliTad:
moskovis mTavari gazeTis `moskovskie vedomostis~ redaqtori katkovi∗...
am adamianebma bevrjer Seuracxyves qarTuli kultura,
mTlianad
ganaTlebis rusuli sistema danerges da qarTuli `ZaRlis enad~
monaTles. maSin wamovida axali ganmaTavisuflebeli talRa, romelsac
saTaveSi qarTveli eris didi sulieri moZRvari, Tavdadebuli moRvawe
da uniWieresi mwerali ilia WavWavaZe Caudga. swored misma ideebma,
Tavganwirvam da piradma magaliTma aiyolia eri da didi gamarjvebac
moapovebina: 1918 wlis 26 maiss aRsdga saqarTvelos damoukidebeli
saxelmwifo, Seiqmna demokratiuli respublika. udidesi zeimi iyo
qarTveli xalxisaTvis es dRe, bednieri iyo eri am gamarjvebiT.
amdroindel
mravalpartiul
speqtrSi
aRmoCnda
erTi
partia,
gansakuTrebiT
reaqciuli,
saqarTvelos
damoukideblobisadmi
∗
suliskveTebiT
Seurigebeli,
kosmopolitur -internacionaluri
gamorCeuli. es iyo bolSevikuri partia, romlis ideologiac mTlianad
ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTveli xalxis erovnul idealebs.
swored,
qarTveli
bolSevikebi
gamoiyena
ruseTis
sabWoTa
xelisuflebam saqarTvelos xelaxla dasapyrobad. ruseTis me-11 armiam,
romlis ideuri xelmZRvaneli sergo orjonikiZe iyo, jer azerbaijani
daipyro, _ 1920 wlis aprilSi, Semdeg somxeTi _ 1920 wlis noemberSi,
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki, 1921 wlis TebervalSi, saqarTvelos okupacia∗
6
da aneqsia∗ moaxdina. qarTveli xalxisTvis mZime iyo es dartyma, Znelad
Sesaguebeli. aki qarTuli poezia sul gmirobiTa da samSoblos
siyvaruliT unTebda suls qarTvel vaJkacebs. ramdeni Tavdadebis
magaliTi hqondaT im biWebs, kojorTan da tabaxmelasTan rom Seakvdnen
pirsisxlian bolSevik dampyroblebs. qarTveli iunkrebis ZvlebiT aris
mofenili Tbilisis Semogareni. isini magaliTad iqcnen uamravi
adamianisaTvis
da
yovelTvis
mogviwodebden:
`sjobs
monobaSi
gadidkacebuls, Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi mkvdari~. kojrisa da tabaxmelas
gmirebic ar damarcxebulan, maT pirnaTlad moixades TavianTi movaleoba
samSoblos winaSe. vinc gadarCa, maTac TavianTi movaleoba hqondaT: an
unda Serigebodnen monobas, an ebrZolaT, Tundac amaod Seskdomodnen
wiTeli borotebis mier aRmarTul kedels. eris mamacma nawilma brZola
airCia. am brZolis meTauri gaxda polkovniki qaixosro ColoyaSvili,
kaci, romelic yovelTvis gamorCeuli iyo qarTvel mxedrobaSi
patriotizmiTa da gmiruli TvisebebiT da romelic pirveli iricxeboda
`Cekas~∗ mier Sedgenil dasaWerTa siaSi.
saqarTveloSi Semosulma wiTlebma∗ devna dauwyes saukeTeso qarTvel
mamuliSvilebs, bevri gadaasaxles, bevri daxvrites, qveyana daawiokes,
eklesia-monastrebi daarbies da Sebilwes. damoukideblobis momxre
qarTvelebi saeWvod iyvnen miCneulni, bolSevikuri `Ceka~ yvelas
dasdevda da iWerda. imdenad TvalsaCino gaxda erovnuli ideebisa da
faseulobebis Seuracxyofa, rom daiwyo winaaRmdegobis ZalTa Sekrebamobilizeba da brZolisaTvis mzadeba. antirusuli brZolis saukeTeso
formad am mZime dros partizanuli brZolebis gaCaReba CaiTvala. amiT
SeiZleboda mtris banakSi arev-darevis Setana, xalxis gamxneveba da
erTiani saxalxo frontis gaSla wiTeli okupantebis winaaRmdeg.
ColoyaSvilis saxeli legendad iqca. is namdvili saxalxo gmiri iyo,
masze leqsebs werdnen poetebi, dedebi Svilebs mis vaJkacobaze
uyvebodnen, xalxSi Tqmulebebi vrceldeboda mis gmirobaze.
•
ukiduresad gamwvavebul politikur viTarebaSi aRmoCnda qarTveli
eri. misi Segnebuli, erovnulad ganwyobili nawili xedavda, rogor
daiRupa 117 wlis brZolis Semdeg mopovebuli damoukidebloba,
erovnuli idealebi rogor Seewira kosmopolitur-internacionalur
ideologias.
daiwyo
brZola
erovnulobis
gadasarCenad.
qaquca
ColoyaSvili am brZolis liderad iqca.
qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili pirdapiri Camomavalia kaxeTis 1659
wlis ajanyebis mTavari gmiris _ biZina ColoyaSvilisa∗. saxelovani
winapris sisxli da geni kargad gamoCnda misi cxovrebis wesSi,
mtrebisadmi qedmouxrelobasa da TavganwirvaSi. igi 1888 wlis 14
ivliss daibada kaxeTSi, mama-papaTa samkvidro sofel matanSi. mSoblebma
7
_ ioseb da daria ColoyaSvilebma
didi roli iTamaSes qaqucas
sulierad da maRalzneobrivad aRzrdaSi. qaquca ColoyaSvili Tbilisis
saTavadaznauro qarTul gimnaziaSi swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg,
samxedro samsaxurSi Sevida. moRvaweobda tveris dragunTa∗ polkSi,
samSobloSi oficris xarisxiT dabrunda. 1913 wels daojaxda. colad
SeirTo nino ilias asuli meRvineTuxucesi, romelTanac ori qaliSvili
SeeZina _ Tamari, igive cicna da qeTevani.
1914 welsve daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi. qaquca ColoyaSvili
frontze gaiwvies da mTeli omi sabrZolo qarcecxlSi gaatara. qaqucas
uaxloesi
megobari,
sikvdilamde
masTan
ganuyreli
aleqsandre
sulxaniSvili mas ase axasiaTebs: `igi iyo gansaxiereba
qarTveli
raindisa, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. dinji, darbaiseli da
uaRresad keTili gulis patroni. iseTi TvisebebiT daejildovebina
bunebas, aTas kacSi rom ageriaT, sruliad ucnobi adamianic ki miaqcevda
mas yuradRebas. is Zalian uyvardaT jariskacebs da maTi saerTo
pativiscemiT sargeblobda kidec. rogori mxdalic ar unda yofiliyo
jariskaci, saukeTeso vaJkacad iqceoda qaqucas xelSi. udavod, mxedrad
iyo igi dabadebuli~.
pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisSive ruseTis imperatorma nikoloz
meorem neba darTo qarTvel generals, ruseTis cxenosani jaris
kavalerist daviT WavWavaZes, Camoeyalibebina qarTvel cxenosanTa
aTaseuli. es pirveli SemTxveva iyo, rusul jarSi qarTuli nawilis
Seqmnisa. daviT WavWavaZe, romelic SemdgomSi qaquca ColoyaSvilis
uaxloesi TanamebrZoli da megobari gaxda, mTeli ruseTis masStabiT
iyo cnobili Tavisi sabrZolo gmirobiT. mas yvela rusuli nawilidan
misces qarTveli oficrobis gamowvevisa da Tavis aTaseulSi gadayvanis
neba. ase moxvda masTan qaquca ColoyaSvilic.
qarTvel cxenosanTa
aTaseulma didad gaiTqva saxeli meomruli SemarTebiTa da frontze
miRweuli gamarjvebebiT. es cxenosanTa aTaseuli sparseTis frontze
ibrZoda. qaquca ColoyaSvilma Tavisi aseuliT gaiara
mesopotamiis
mTeli udabno da iq mebrZol ingliselebs SeuerTda
1914 wels qaquca avstriis frontze ibrZoda, sadac daiWra da
kavkasiis frontze gadmoiyvanes. rogorc daWrili, zurgis jaris
aseulis meTaurad daniSnes. am dros daiwyo rusebis ieriSi sarayamiSze.∗
sarayamiSi
saqarTvelos
samxreT-dasavleTiT
mdebare
TurqeTis
strategiuli punqtia. ruseTis jari am obieqtis ieriSisaTvis ar
kmaroda, osmalebi aSkarad sWarbobdnen. maT zurgidan Semouares rusul
jars da alyaSi upirebdnen moqcevas. am dros qaquca ColoyaSvilma
miiRo sabrZolo davaleba: Tavis jariskacebiT ukan daebrunebia
sarayamiSis friad strategiuli mniSvnelobis mTa _ `arwivis bude~,
romelic osmalebs ekavaT. ColoyaSvilma brZaneba miiRo, Tavis
jariskacebs iaraRi dauriga da mTaze ieriSi miitana. qarTvelma
8
meomrebma, ColoyaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, davaleba brwyinvaled
Seasrules. `arwivis mTa~ osmalebisagan daibrunes. saerTod, qarTuli
jari simamaciT da mxedruli niWierebiT gamoirCeoda yovelTvis,
osmaleTis frontze ki qarTvelebi gansakuTrebulad mamacobdnen. maTi
mizani saqarTvelos istoriuli miwebis dabruneba iyo. Zveli
saqarTvelo, osmalebisagan mitacebuli, aq egulebodaT da istoriis
bedukuRmarTobis gamosworebas sakuTari TavganwirviT cdilobdnen.
WaneTi, lazeTi, SavSeTi, olTisi, speri, tao, klarjeTi, artaani,
eruSeTi, kola _ ai, is uZvelesi qarTuli provinciebi, sadac odesRac
hyvaoda qarTuli kultura, suliereba, Sendeboda eklesia-monastrebi,
iqmneboda xelovnebisa da literaturis Sedevrebi. yvela punqtis aRebas
TurqeTis frontze didi ovaciebiT xvdeboda qarTveli sazogadoeba,
qarTveli mxedrebi ki iq ukanasknel Zalas ar iSurebdnen da
sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi arnaxul simamaces iCendnen. osmalebi ver
Seeguen `arwivis budis~ dakargvas da samkvdro-sasicocxlo omi
gamarTes. ColoyaSvili Caeba am omSi da fexSi daiWra. man winadadeba
miiRo, rom lazareTSi∗ wasuliyo samkurnalod, meTauroba ki sxvisTvis
gadaeca. mamacma meomarma uari Tqva mkurnalobaze, frontze darCa,
`arwivis bude~ sabolood daisakuTra da brZolaSi kidev erTxel
daiWra. amjerad ufro mZimed, mkerdSi miiRo Wriloba. mZimed daWrili
ColoaSvili dabrunda TbilisSi da wminda ninos saavadmyofoSi dawva,
sadac avadmyofs cnobili eqimi grigol muxaZe mkurnalobda.
sarayamiSis dacvisaTvis ColoyaSvili oqros xmliT daajildoves.
omi damTavrda, aRsrulda 117 wlis naocnebari: qveyanam Tavi daixsna
rusuli koloniuri uRlisgan da daiwyo qarTuli saxelmwifos
mSenebloba. mmarTveli partia da mTavrobis wevrebi social-demokratebi
gaxdnen. adre maT menSevikebs uwodebdnen, radgan rusuli socialdemokratiuli partiis menSevikur frTas ekuTvnodnen. damoukidebel
saqarTveloSic SerCaT es saxeli, Tumca yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvites
ruseTTan, Tavi qarTul partiad gamoacxades da erovnuli idealebi
gaixades partiuli moRvaweobis mTavar miznad. miuxedavad amisa,
mmarTveli partia ZiriTad postebze Tavis wevrebs niSnavda, jaric
gamohyo partiuli niSniT _ Seqmna erovnuli gvardia,∗ romelic
mTavrobis momxre social-demokratebisagan dakompleqtda. qarTul jarSi
dabrundnen qarTveli samxedroebi, oficroba, romelTac saxeli gaiTqves,
I msoflio omSi araerTi warmatebiT asaxeles qarTuli mxedruli niWi.
miuxedavad amisa, bevrma maTganma samuSao ver iSova, ufunqciod darCa. ra
icodnen I msoflio omis monawile qarTveli oficrobis niWierma
warmomadgenlebma, rom ramdenime wlis Semdeg im armiasTan mouxdebodaT
samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZola, romlis didebasac adre emsaxurebodnen,
romlis warmatebasac ganapirobebdnen TavianTi mxedruli mamacobiT.
sarayamiSis gmiri qaquca ColoyaSvilic, ubralo jariskaci ki ara,
9
rusuli armiisa da politikis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTveli xalxis
meTauri gaxdeboda.
qaquca ColoyaSvilic, iseve, rogorc mravali qarTveli oficeri,
ganTavisuflebul saqarTveloSi dabrunda, ruseTSi arsebul qarTvel
cxenosanTa aTaseulis wevrebTan erTad. is aqac Sevida jarSi da yvela
im brZolaSi monawileobda, romelic qveyanam gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg
gadaixada. ase gamZafrebul partiul dapirispirebasac aerida: ar Sevida
arcerT
partiaSi,
Tumca
Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobiT
erovnuldemokratiuli mimarTulebis moazrovne iyo. Tavis mowodebas didi
mamuliSvili mxolod saqarTvelos samsaxurSi xedavda da ilias
anderZis uerTgulesi damcveli iyo. anderZi ki aseT Sinaarss Seicavda:
Cven isedac patara qveyana da eri varT, Tu gvinda, rom Tavi davicvaT,
ar gavqreT istoriidan, gavumklavdeT yvela mtersa da yovelgvar
dabrkolebas, ar unda daviyoT partiebad, politikur dasebad, socialur
klasebad, unda viyoT erTiani da mTliani, Torem sxvanairad ver
gadavrCebiT. `viT mamali sxvis mamalsa dahmterdes da waekidos,/ mas
scemos da TviT icemos, daqoCros da daekidos,/ ra ornive daRalulni
ZaRlman naxos, piri hkidos.../ ai, ase daamarcxebs dapirispirebul Zalebs
mteri cal-calke da Cveni isedac mcire SesaZleblobebi daifanteba.
erTianoba, ilias msgavsad, qaqucasac miaCnda gamarjvebis sawindrad da
Tavisi piradi TvisebebiT sul cdilobda qarTveli xalxisaTvis
konsolidaciis, gamTlianebis Jini da wyurvili Caenerga.
qaquca ColoyaSvili ebrZoda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmul
Turqebs, somxebs, xan yazbegidan, xanac afxazeTidan Semosul
bolSevikebs, denikinsa da mis momxreebs. ibrZoda cnobili qarTveli
generlebis _ giorgi mazniaSvilis, giorgi kvinitaZis, daviT WavWavaZis,
varden wulukiZis da sxvaTa gverdiT. qaqucas didi wvlilic iyo im
gamarjvebebSi, qarTvelma samxedroebma rom moipoves mtrebis winaaRmdeg.
maT Rirseulad daicves damoukidebloba da saqarTvelos sazRvrebi.
magram mteri mainc jiqur modioda, ar Tmobda Cven miwa-wyals, romelic
ukve 117 weli iyo, sakuTar miwad gamoecxadebina. arc saerTaSoriso
viTareba aRmoCnda maSin Cveni qveynisaTvis xelsayreli: evropis qveynebi
marto moralurad aRmoCndnen saqarTvelos gverdiT: maT 1920 wlis
ianvarSi `de-faqtod~ aRiares saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, erTi wlis
Semdeg ki _ `de-iured~, misi istoriuli sazRvrebic daadgines,
saqarTvelo Tavisi jariT am sazRvrebs realuradac akontrolebda,
magram mcire ZalebiT ar SeeZlo im mtruli garemocvis garRveva, rac
mas mezoblebma Seuqmnes, gansakuTrebiT ki I msoflio omSi daSlilma,
magram xelaxla gasacocxleblad gamzadebulma orma mezobelma imperiam:
ruseTma da TurqeTma. omgadatanili evropa ar apirebda axal omSi Cabmas
saqarTvelos gulisTvis, ruseTis winaaRmdeg. amitom uTxres uari
qarTvel politikosebs erTa ligaSi∗ Cveni qveynis miRebaze. TuU
10
saqarTvelo 1919 wels Seqmnili am saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri
gaxdeboda, maSin, gareSe safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, is jariT unda daecvaT,
es iqneboda Cveni qveynis gadarCenis yvelaze mTavari garanti. es
garantia ver miiRo saqarTvelom da ruseTis pirispir marto aRmoCnda;
im ruseTis, romelic ar scnobda araviTar civilizebul formebs
brZolisas Tu diplomatiuri urTierTobebisas, mxolod dapyrobis
veluri JiniT moiwevda saqarTvelosken. ruseTma daarRvia 1920 wlis 7
maisis xelSekruleba saqarTvelosTan, romlis mixedviTac scnobda mis
damoukideblobas, ar Seasrula uamravi dapireba, maT Soris isic, rom
gamoricxavda qarTveli xalxis mimarT iaraRiT dapirispirebas. aseTi iyo
rusuli
bolSevizmis
buneba.
am
Zalas
`wiTel
xoleras,~
`monRoloidur Semosevas~ yvelafris gamanadgurebels uwodebdnen
araTu qarTvelebi, aramed mTel msoflioSi saRad moazrovne adamianebi
da, maT Soris rusebic. magaliTad, 1918 wlis ivnisSi rusi mwerali
maqsim gorki samxreT ruseTis erT-erT gazeTSi, romelic Semdeg
qarTulma `erTobamac~ gadmobeWda, damRupvelad da evropis ubedurebad
ganixilavda bolSevizms.
am didi `monRoloiduri~ (pavle ingoroyvas terminia) Zalis winaSe
marto darCenili saqarTvelo, ramdenime dRe TavganwirviT ebrZoda
mters.
rodesac rusebma Semoteva daiwyes, qaquca ColoyaSvili
da
generali daviT WavWavaZe mTavrobis mier samegreloSi iyvnen gagzavnilni,
am
regionSi
cxenosani
armiis
Camosayalibeblad.
saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis pirvelive TveebSi, qveynis mTavrobam daviT WavWavaZes
sTxova cxenosani jaris Seqmna. generalma, romelic kargad erkveoda am
saqmeSi, sakuTari moTxovnebi wamoayena: ramdenime brigadis Seqmnas da
srul uflebamosilebas moiTxovda, rac xelisuflebas ar moewona.
jaris meTaurebisgan damoukideblad moqmedebis moTxovna, am urTules
periodSi, xelisuflebas TavisTvis saSiSad miaCnda. miTumetes, socildemokratebi,
klasobrivi
ideologiis
gamo,
Tavadebs
naklebad
endobodnen. ar endnen arc daviT WavWavaZes da es sakiTxi moixsna.
rodesac 1920 wlis Semodgomaze rusi bolSevikebis mtruli interesebi
da maTTan SesaZlo omi realuri gaxda, mosalodneli safrTxis winaSe
mTarobam daiviwya SiSi da daviT WavWavaZes kvlav daevala kavaleriis
Seqmna. manac am saqmeSi gamocdili, Tanamoazre da niWieri sardali
qaquca ColoyaSvili airCia da erTad daiwyes saqarTvelos yovel
kuTxeSi cxenosani razmebis Camoyalibeba. rodesac daviTma uari Tqva, _
sanam dro iyo, manam unda mogecaT ufleba, axla mteri karze momdgaria
da veRaraferi moeswrebao, maSin WavWavaZisaTvis piradad noe Jordanias∗
uTxovia: `gviSveleT Tavado, samSoblo gansacdelSia, Tqvenc iseve unda
dagvexmaroT am gansacdelis Jams, rogorc Tqvens mama-papas ubrZolia
samSoblosTviso~. samegreloSi daviT WavWavaZes da qaquca ColoyaSvils
ramdenime oficeric axldaT, maT iq asiode cxenosnis Segrovebac ver
11
moaswres, rom saqarTvelo bolSevikebma daipyres, mTavrobam Tbilisi
datova da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. sajavaxos sadgurze
Sexvdnen erTmaneTs ukan daxeuli qarTuli jaris nawilebi da daviT
WavWavaZe, qaqucasTan da Tavis cxenosnebTan erTad.
qaquca didi gmiric iyo da didi diplomatic. aCqarebulad ar uyvarda
saqmis gadawyveta, grZnobebiT ar moqmedebda, aRelvebul meomrebs ise
daamSvidebda da daarigebda, rom wamsve Seacvlevinebda gadawyvetilebas.
sajavaxos
sadgurze
masTan
misul
aleqsandre
sulxaniSvils
gadaaTqmevina ukan dabruneba da kaxeTSi gadasvla, jer baTumSi CavideT
da Semdeg erTad wavideT TbilisSi, sadac kote abxazs vnaxav da momaval
gegmebs ganvixilavTo. baTumi am dros Turqebs hqondaT dapyrobili,
Turqebi da rusebi damegobrebulebi iyvnen, radgan pirvel
msoflio
omSi orive erTnairad dazaralda _ maTi imperiebi daingra. leninsa da
TurqeTis axalgazrda patriotebis belads _ mustafa qemal-faSas Soris
saidumlo molaparakebebi da politikuri garigeba moxda. mustafa qemalfaSa, SemdegSi aTa-Turqad (TurqeTis mamad) wodebuli, Tavisi qveynisa
da xalxis am umZimesi situaciidan gamomyvani da gadamrCeni Seiqmna.
Turqebs saqarTvelos miwebis dapyrobis survili sul hqondaT,
miTumetes ar asvenebdaT aWaris mitacebis wyurvili, radgan es qarTuli
kuTxe ramdenime saukune maT xelSi iyo da mxolod 1878 wels
daubrunda samSoblos. sabWoTa ruseTi iaraRiT da fuliT exmareboda
aTa-Turqs, evropis did qveynebs ar aZlevda TurqeTis dapyrobadanawilebis saSualebas. magram ruseTi ar apirebda misTvis kavkasiis
daTmobas, amitom aWaraSi maTi interesebi erTmaneTs ejaxeboda.
qarTvelma patriotebma, romelTa Soris iyo qaquca ColoyaSvili,
daiviwyes is didi zizRi, rac maT dampyrobeli bolSevikebisadmi
hqondaT, gverdze gadades yvela grZnoba da politikuri angariSi da
baTumSi bolSevik-meTaurebTan daiwyes molaparakeba aWaris Turqebisagan
erToblivad gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. molaparakebis sxvadasxva donidan
aRsaniSnavia qaqucas Sexvedra rus bolSevik general JlobasTan. qaquca
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis am mZvinvare mters adridanve icnobda. igi
polkSi msaxurobda, romelic TurqeTis frontze, TuqurmiSaSi idga I
msoflio omis dros. Jlobas ise gaxarebia qaqucasTan Sexvedra,
cxenidan gadmomxtara da Zveli CveulebiT wamouZaxebia: `ox, Tqveno
brwyinvalebao~. swored misi wyalobiT ar ganuiaraRebiaT qarTuli
cxenosani divizia. Jlobam Tavisi cxenosani razmebi qarTulTan SeaerTa
da am jaris meTauroba qaqucas SesTavaza, rogorc Zvel nacnobsa da
niWier meomars. magram qaqucam uari Tqva. meTaurad, misi miTiTebiT,
generali wulukiZe dainiSna, TanaSemwed ki qaquca.
is, rom qaquca ColoyaSvili faqtiurad am cxenosan armiaSi Sevida da
Tanamdebobac miiRo, aramcdaaramc ar niSnavs mis Serigebas Semoseul
mtrebTan. is samxedro iyo da viTareba imgvarad warimarTa, rom
12
baTumSive ver gamoxatavda Tavis uaryofiT damokidebulebas maSin am
erTaderT cxenosan samxedro SenaerTSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT.
miTUumetes, diviziis ufrosad Tavisi didi xnis megobari, patrioti da
uniWieresi sardali wulukiZe Tavad daaniSnina Jlobas. daviT WavWavaZis
yofili kavaleristebi, yvelani am armiaSi Sevidnen, magram arcerT
maTgans ar ufiqria bolSevikur reJimTan Serigeba. maTi mizani iyo
yvelanairi saSualebiT moemzadebinaT niadagi saxalxo ajanyebisaTvis.
miTumetes, bolSevikuri xelisufleba aiZulebda cnobil samxedroebs _
Sesuliyvnen maT samsaxurSi. maSindeli saqarTvelos bolSevikurma
dazvervam umetesi maTgani 1923-24 wleSive daxvrita, maTi ojaxebi ki
ruseTis
Soreul
mxareebSi
gadaasaxla.
saSineli
tanjva-wameba
gadaitanes am patrioti adamianebis axloblebmac. yvela maTgani
Tavgadadebuli
iyo
didi
miznisaTvis:
saqarTvelos
dakarguli
damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. qaqucac am mizniT Seurigda beds, Sevida
cxenosanTa razmSi da movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas daeloda.
baTumidan qaquca ColoyaSvili, cxenosan diviziasTan erTad, quTaisSi
dabrunda, iqidan TbilisSi, jariT gaCerda navTluRis yazarmebSi,
saidanac mokle xanSi gadavida borCaloSi _ ekaterinofeldSi. aq
gaumJRavna man Tavis TanamebrZolebs gadawyvetileba partizanuli
brZolebis dawyebis Sesaxeb, raSic maSinve aubes mxari saqarTvelos
bediT Sewuxebulma patriotma qarTvelebma.
qaquca ColoyaSvili kargad xedavda ra mZime saokupacio reJimi
daamyares bolSevikebma, rogor Seuracxyves qarTuli siwmindeebi da
qarTveli xalxis Tavisufali neba. didi biZina ColoyaSvilis
STamomavals ar SeeZlo am reJimTan Segueba, saWirod CaTvala
sicocxlis bolo wuTamde ebrZola qveynisaTvis damoukideblobis
dasabruneblad. is Cumad Sexvda general kote abxazs, ilia WavWavaZis
umcrosi dis, ninos vaJiSvils, romelic damoukideblobamde aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos TavadaznaurTa marSali iyo, damoukideblobis dakargvis
Semdeg ki saTaveSi Caudga e.w. samxedro centrs.
qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da qarTvel partizanTa antisabWoTa gamosvlebs
1921-1924 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobdnen paritetuli komiteti, damkomi anu
damoukideblobis komiteti da samxedro centri. damoukideblobis
komiteti daarsda 1922 wels da masSi gaerTiandnen socialdemokratiuli,
social-federalisturi,
erovnul-demokratiuli,
socialist-federalisturi da `sxivistTa~ partiebis warmomadgenlebi.
es iyo interpartiuli organizacia, romlis Tavmjdomared arCeul iqna
social-demokrati gogita faRava, Semdeg nikoloz qarcivaZe, misi
dapatimrebisa da daxvretis Semdeg ki _ konstantine andronikaSvili.
imave wels Camoyalibda samxedro centri general kote abxazis,
aleqsandre andronikaSvilis, varden wulukiZis, giorgi ximSiaSvilis da
13
rostom musxeliSvilis SemadgenlobiT. es centri xelmZRvanelobda
gamosvlebs kaxeTsa da xevsureTSi.
qaquca moelaparaka kote abxazs momavali brZolebis Taobaze. gadawyda
partizanuli brZolebis gamarTva mTels saqarTveloSi, romelic bolos
erTiani
qarTuli
ajanyebiT
dasruldeboda
rusi
bolSevikebis
winaaRmdeg.
ukve 1921 wlis ivlisSi qaquca ColoyaSvilma, TanamoazreebTan erTad
daiwyo fiqri brZolis dawyebaze. is eZebda sababs, raTa daetovebina
Tbilisi, mis axlo-maxlo armiis dislokaciis adgilebi da kaxeTSi
gadasuliyo. man es moaxerxa kidec da kaxeTSi gadavida. aqedan unda
dawyebuliyo partizanuli moZraoba. kaxeTidan igi saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gzavnida sando pirebs da qmnida farul
organizaciebs bolSevikuri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
pirvelad aseTi organizaciebi duSeTsa da goris mazraSi Seiqmna. maTi
Seqmna evaleboda patara birTvs, romelSic sando pirebi Sediodnen.
birTvis saqmianoba da Semadgenloba mkacrad iyo gasaidumloebuli.
mebrZolebs hqondaT iaraRi, romliTac maT `paritetuli komiteti~
amaragebdaT, an rusebze Tavdasxmis Semdeg TviTon Soulobdnen.
qaquca Tavas afarebs tyes saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis
mebrZol patriotebTan
erTad, Tanac cxenosan aTaseulSic iTvleba,
romelic sabWoTa saqarTvelos oficialuri jaris nawili iyo. sidumlo
razmebi da organizaciebi mkacri konspiraciulobiT dgeboda. saxelmwifo
jarSi ki moRvaweobdnen, rogorc bolSevikTa momxre oficrebi, aseve is
qarTveli samxedroebi, romlebsac kargad esmodaT Seqmnili viTareba,
gulSi ar eTanxmebodnen mimdinare politikur procesebs, sZuldaT
saokupacio reJimi da Sinaganad qaqucas moZraobis mxares idgnen. isini,
yoveli xelsayreli SemTxvevisas, amJRavnebdnen TavianT simpaTias da
qaqucas razmelebs exmarebodnen. magaliTad: mTavar komisrad daniSnuli
iyo giorgi ximSiaSvili, romelmac gaafrTxila qaqucas megobari
aleqsandre sulxaniSvili _ wiTlebi almacerad uyureben qaqucas, eg
saqarTvelos gamosadegi kacia, Tqvenc gaufrTxildiT da TviTonac
gafrTxildeso. qaqucas razmelebs istoria icnobs `Seficulebi~-s
saxeliT. es sityva mravlismetyveli da bevri ramis Semcveli iyo. isini
Seificnen saqarTvelos erTgulebisaTvis, misi Selaxuli Rirsebis
aRdgenis, damoukidebeli saxelmwifos, qarTveli xalxis bednierebis,
erTmaneTisa da sazogadoebrivi humanuri idealebis erTgulebis ficiT.
bolomde Seasrules kidec, Tumca bevri maTgani daiRupa am uTanasworo
brZolaSi.
mebrZoli birTvis wevrebi xvdebodnen gavlenian pirebs da yofil
meomrebs, uziarebdnen maT TavianT gegmebs, isini ki xalxs amzadebdnen.
kaxeTis soflebSi maT bevri faruli organizacia Seqmnes, Camoayalibes
sabrZolo razmebi, romelTac saTaveSi sando da mamaci meTaurebi
14
Cauyenes. drodadro, qaquca xvdeboda maT, rCeva-darigebebis misacemad.
jarisaTvis saWiro sursaT-sanovages TviTon Soulobdnen. Seficulebis
razmSi Tavdapirvelad iyvnen: mixa baliaSvili, vaso TamazaSvili, soso
losaberiZe, miSa nacvliSvili, simon CiTinaSvili, qiziyeli biWi qaruma;
SemdegSi Seematnen: aleqsandre sulxaniSvili, qaqucas Zma svimon (siko)
ColoyaSvili, elizbar vaCnaZe, rafiel erisTavi, lelo Ciqovani,
elizbar mayaSvili, aleqsandre kargareTeli, sergo maisuraZe, dimitri
WinWarauli, mixa xelaSvili, aleqsandre baduraSvili, ilia qarumiZe,
aleqsandre cxvedaZe, gola pavliaSvili, merab jorjaZe, Salva nebieriZe,
miSa laSqaraSvili, aleqsi feiqriSvili, Salva da levan javriSvilebi
da sxvebi. qaqucas Zma _ siko, kaxelebSi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda,
amtom xalxi daxmarebaze uars arasodes eubneboda. rodesac xma gavarda,
qaquca partizanul razmebs ayalibebso, sadac ki xma miawvdines, maSinve
didi sixaruliT daeTanxmnen, ColoyaSvilis dasaxmareblad erT kviraSi
dadga kaxeTi fexze da rac gaaCndaT, yvelafriT exmarebodnen
gaficulebs. rodesac cxenosani aTaseuli TbilisSi gadmoiyvanes, qaqucam
datova jari da isev kaxeTSi wavida. igi mTlianad partizanul
muSaobasa da aralegaluri organizaciebis Camoyalibebaze gadavida,
iSviaTad Camodioda TbilisSi, umetesad, Telavis, siRnaRisa da duSeTis
mazrebSi imyofeboda. masze ukve eWvi hqondaT aRebuli da TbilisSi
Camosvlasac amitom erideboda. erTi-ori RamiT Tu darCeboda, isic
uaRresad farulad. iyo SemTxveva, rodesac Rame cnobili bolSevikis,
saSa gegeWkoris binazec gaaTia, rogorc misma megobarma. ra Tqma unda,
maSin gegeWkorma araferi icoda qaqucas saqmianoba-miswrafebaTa Sesaxeb.
iqneb xvdeboda kidec, rom qaqucas verasdros miimxrobda maSindeli
bolSevikuri xelisufleba, magram gegeWkori ar amJRavnebda amas,
megobruli damokidebulebiT cdilobda Tbili urTierTobis SenarCunebas
meamboxe sulis patriot ColoyaSvilTan. qaqucasTvisac yvelaze
usafrTxo mis binaze Ramis gaTeva iyo, orives, _ stumarsac da
maspinZelsac sakuTari miznebi amoZravebdaT da amaSi arc araferia
gasakviri. im urTules droSi saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo dapirispireba
mZvinvarebda da patara ers did safrTxes uqmnida. erTmaneTTan brZolaSi
adamianebi yvelanair xerxs iyenebdnen mowinaaRmdegeze gasamarjveblad.
bolSeviki gegeWkorisa da bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg Seurigebeli
mebrZoli qaquca ColoyaSvilis zemoT naxsenebi Sexvedrac am brZolaSi
gamoyenebuli taqtikis nawili iyo.
pirveli Setakeba
mTavrobis wiTel razmebTan qaqucasa da mis
TanamebrZolebs siRnaRTan mouxdaT, 1922 wlis ivnisSi. amis gamo, qaquca
daapatimres. es im dros moxda, rodesac siRnaRis revkomSi∗ Cekas
saidumlo brZaneba hqondaT miRebuli imis Taobaze, Tuki iq ColoyaSvili
gamoCndeboda, unda daetusaRebinaT da TbilisSi gadmoegzavnaT. siRnaRis
revkomSi muSaobda cxenosanTa aTaseulis yofili oficeri, kapitani daTa
15
gomelauri, romelic TanaugrZnobda ColoyaSvilsa da mis moZraobas. man
gadamala brZaneba da qaqucas megobrebs saswrafod Seatyobina misi
datusaRebis ambavi.
imave Rames revkoms Tavs daesxa eqvsi kaci. maT
iaraRi ahyares milicionerebs, karga gvarianad cemes kidec isini da
qaquca gaaTavisufles. qaquca, Tavis SeficulebTan erTad, alvanis tyeSi
dabanakda. cota xnis Semdeg daiwyes saimedo bazis moZebna. saamisod
pankisis xeoba airCies. aq mosaxle qistebs Soris Seficulebs didi xnis
nacnobebic hyavdaT da mokavSireebic. qistebi did mxardaWeras
ucxadebdnen razmelebs da yovelnairad exmarebodnen. adgili daculi
iyo, aqedan gadadioda gzebi kavkasionis qedisa da TuSebis sazafxulo
ialaRebisaken. erTi mxriv, safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, CeCneTSi SeiZleboda
gadasvla, meore mxriv, aq zafxulobiT Camosul TuSebs gamoiyenebdnen.
pankisis bazaSi uamravi xalxi modioda qaqucas razmTan SesaerTblad.
wvimiani gazafxuli idga. erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi dReSi ramdenjerme
modioda TqeSi wvima. rogorc aleqsandre sulxaniSvili ixsenebs Tavis
mogonebebSi, dasvelebuli tansacmlis gaSrobas Zlivs aswrebdnen
cecxlTan, rom cota xnis Semdeg isev usveldebodaT. aRdgomamde,
romelic im weliwads martSi iyo, amnairma amindebma gastana. Zneli iyo,
magram didi mizniTa da sabrZolo JiniT damuxtuli qarTveli
vaJkacebisaTvis es siZnele araferi iyo. maT saaRdgomo dResaswaulic
Cinebulad Caatares da swored am dRes miawers sulxaniSvili
`Seficulobis~ ideis gaCenas. am ambavs igi ase gadmogvcems: aRdgomis
zeimze sufra gaiSala qaqucas razmSi, stumrebic hyavdaT, maTi
Tanamoazre adamianebi, romelTa Soris iyo qaqucas mokavSire, xevsuri
dimitri WinWarauli, zedmetsaxelad `babo~. orklasiani ganaTlebis
miuxedavad, am adamians didi mWevrmetyveleba da saqarTvelos istoriis
kargi codna gamoarCevda. is Telavis raionSi Camosaxlebuli xevsurebis
xevisberi iyo. dimitrim esperanto icoda, ise rom, am xevsur kacs ara
marto inglissa da amerikaSi, aramed sxva qveynebSic hqonda miwermowera. saaRdgomo sufraze mas sityva warmouTqvams, romelic
daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsisa yofila:
dRes Cven aRdgomis brwyinvale dResaswauls da masTan erTad wminda
saqmisaTvis brZolis dasawyiss vzeimobT. ai, am mTebSi balaxma aitana
aleqsandre batoniSvilis mier daqnili bilikebi. ruseTis usamarTlobas
ebrZodnen Cveni winaprebi. viTomda moyvrulad mosulni, mtrad rom
gadagveqcnen, ojaxebs gviwiokebdnen da qalebs gviupatiurebdnen. igive
meordeba dResac. Sen, qaquca, _ mimarTa ColoyaSvils, _ Sena gxvda
wilad Seni winaprebis nabrZolis saqmis gagrZeleba Seni samSoblos
sakeTildReod. Sen unda aRadgino
aleqsandre batoniSvilis∗ naTeli
bilikebi. Tqven, razmelebo, _ mimarTa axla qaqucas razmis wevrebs, _
albaT gaxsovT, rom aleqsandre batoniSvils Seficulebi hyavda
Semokrebili Tavis irgvliv. Tqvenc unda SeificoT da gerqvaT
16
SeficulTa razmi, romelic samudamod darCeba. Tqven SemogyurebT mTeli
sqarTvelo. es patara razmi unda gadaaqcioT qarTul jarad. Tqvenzea
damokidebuli Cveni lamazi qveynis bedi. Cven medgrad unda vebrZoloT
ruseTs. is aris Cveni mTavari mteri. Cven unda gavakeToT is, rac ver
SeZlo Cvenma mama-papam. Cveni winaprebis Tavganwiruli Rvawlis meoxebiT
kvlav Rvivis saqarTvelos naperwkali. Cven ar unda CavaqroT es
naperwkali. dRes Tqvenzea damokidebuli am naperwklis gaRviveba. maS,
gaumarjos didi Tamaris da erekles saqarTvelos!..~
dimitri WinWaraulis am sityvis Semdeg qaqucam mimarTa damswre
sazogadoebas. man Tqva: iseTi sityva warmoTqva dimitrim, rom bevri
ramis damateba aRar aris saWiro. dRes Cveni samSoblo gasaWirSia.
ruseTma xelmeored gamoggvlija Cveni qveynis damoukidebloba,
mravaljer yofila awiokebuli Cveni qveyana, magram iaraRi ar dauyriaT
Cven winaprebs da mtrebs ar damorCilebian. maT brZola ugrZelebiaT.
dRes Cven gvxvda wilad, rom es brZola pirvelebma daviwyoT da mTel
qveynierebas vaCvenoT, rom saqarTvelos Tavisufleba surs Tavis miwawyalze da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daemorCileba mters. gaumarjos Cveni
samSoblos momavals da am Cveni patara razmis miswrafebas!
qaqucas sityvis Semdeg moxda Seficva. dimitri WinWaraulma
xevsuruli wesiT daafica da xevisberuli locviT daloca tyeSi
gasuli Zmebi. man sakuTari xeliT gamoWra Txilis swori da grZeli
wneli, Seaba qarTuli droSa, gauZRva win da razmelebma mTiuluri
salaSqro simRera daagugunes.
bindisas daiSalnen, magram mTvrali aravin yofila. qaqucas
Seficulebi arasodes Tvrebodnen. es maT ficSi Sedioda. svamdnen
mcireds, metwilad dResaswaulebze, Tumca Rvino bevri modioda
xalxisgan, es tradicia maT arasodes daurRveviaT.
•
qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmebi mudmivad moZraobdnen. maTi erT adgilze
gaCereba ar SeiZleboda, radgan komunisturi milicia fexdafex
dasdevdaT. erT Rames razmma matanSi tyeSi gaaTia, saidanac meore Rames
axmetis bolos gavida. am tyeSi darCnen RamiT, meore dRes TelavsiRnaRis mazrisaken apirebdnen wasvlas.
axmetis tyidan ori axalgazrda razmeli – qiziyeli qaruma da qisti
qerimi sofelSi gagzavnes sanovagis saSovnelad. biWebi gamoucdelebi
iyvnen da gaufrTxileblad moiqcnen, ris gamoc, milicias Cauvardnen
xelSi. qiziyel qarumas veraferi daacdenines, qistma ki ver gauZlo
wamebas da yvelaferi Tqva, qaqucas adgilsamyofeli gaagebina mters.
rodesac biWebma Zalian daigvianes, qaquca mixvda, ra SeiZleboda
momxdariyo da mosalodneli Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad moamzada
razmelebi. Seficulebi frTxilad aTvalierebdnen gzebs, xom aravin
17
modioda maTken. patara, meCxeri tyiT dafarul gorakze imyofebodnen da
aqedan xelisguliviT Canda aremare. uceb SeniSnes, rogor artyamdnen
alyas, erTi TeTrxalaTiani uTiTebda milicionerebs _ ra pozicia
daeWiraT. maTi saubaric ki aRwevda SeficulTa banakamde. sulxaniSvili
saukeTeso msroleli iyo da ver isvenebda, sxvebic nerviulobdnen,
eCqarebodaT mterTan angariSis gasworeba, magram aseT SemTxvevaSi qaquca
dinji iyo da aCqareba ar uyvarda. rodesac milicionerebi dalagdnen,
qaqucam dauZaxa aleqsandre sulxaniSvilsa da daTiko fareuliZes,
icoda, rom es ori mizans ar aacdenda, fareuliZe qisti iyo, didi
vaJkaci. daweqiT orive, rigianad amoiReT mizanSi age, is TeTrxalaTiani
da Cemi karnaxiT esroleTo _ uTxra qaqucam. asec moiqcnen. orma Tofma
erTdroulad iquxa, TeTrxalaTiani maRla Sexta da iqve daeca,
danarCenebi gaiqcnen. ori tyviiT gangmiruli TeTrxalaTiani axmetis
komisari iyo. Seficulebi ganicdidnen ori axalgazrda wevris dakargvas,
gansakuTrebiT qiziyeli qaruma enanebodaT, romelic TelavSi gadaiyvanes
da, rom ver gamotexes, saswrafod daxvrites. qisti qerima ki
daapatimres, cixeSi daamuSaves da gamouSves, erTi pirobiT, unda eTqva,
viTom patimrobidan gamoiqca, qaqucas razmSi dabrunebuls, moekla
ColoyaSvili da, Tu moaxerxebda, kidev ramdenime razmelic. CekaSi
ColoyaSvilis TanamgrZnobi adamianebic muSaobdnen, romlebmac es ambavi
Seatyobines, amitom momxdarSi garkveva ar gaWirvebiaT. rodesac qerimi
dabrunda, gamotexes da iZulebuli gaxdnen, daexvritaT. qaquca iSviaTad
iCenda sisastikes, is lmobieri, namdvilad didi gulis adamiani iyo,
magram kargad icoda brZolis dauwereli kanonebi. qisti rom gaeSvaT,
sulerTia, mas mainc moklavdnen komunisti milicionerebi.
•
1922 weli mousavliani iyo saqarTveloSi. SimSilobam qaqucas
razmSic SeaRwia. xalxs Tavad ar hqonda sakvebi da TavianT sayvarel
mebrZolebsac verafriT exmareboda. sanam SeeZlo, kaxeli glexoba
arafers zogavda, xSirad, TavisTvis ufro mcires itovebda. iyo
SemTxvevebi, rodesac SimSilisagan RonewarTmeul razmels siaruli
uWirda da megobrebs mihyavdaT banakamde. zogierTma maTganma icoda
saWmelad
vargisi
balaxebis
cnoba
da
ramdenime
kvira
ase
ikvebebodnen,magram, amis miuxedavad, erTi wuTiTac ar Camqrala
enTuziazmi da patriotuli suliskveTeba ara marto razmSi, aramed
ubralo kaxelebSic. yvelam icoda ra siZneleebis gadatana, sikvdilsicocxlis zRvarze gavla uxdebodaT SeficulTa razmebis wevrebs.
sicive, wvima, tyeSi cxovreba, mudmivi devna da tyviis cecxlSi xetiali
saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi. brZolis mizani sanukvari da naTeli iyo, magram
gamarjvebis Sansi _ naklebi, radgan wiTeli bolSevikuri reJimi xalxs
18
ise aSinebda, imdenad Trgunavda, rom cxadi iyo _ misi damarcxeba ase
advili tyidan ki ara, pirispir mdgari, organizebuli jarisganac ki
SeuZlebeli gamxdariyo. magram xalxs swamda Tavisi gmirebis,
istoriuli geni qarTveli erisa Zalumad feTqavda da uRirs sicocxles
adamianebi sikvdils amjobinebdnen. erTi magaliTic kmara qarTveli
xalxis vaJkacuri sulis dasaxatad:
erT dRes qaquca kisisxevSi iyo winandlidan gadmosuli. masTan mivida
aqauri soflis mwerali, uaRresad patrioti da patiosani kaci _ Saqro
baduraSvili. mas raionSi didi gavlena, pativiscema da siyvaruli hqonda
damsaxurebuli. SeiaraRebuli pirtitvela, jerac uwlovani vaJiSvili
moiyvana ColoyaSvilTan da uTxra:
`belado, oTxi biWi myavs, Sen
moggvare ufrosi, Cveni samSoblos Wiris sanacvalod, imsaxure da
aswavle samSoblos siyvaruli da misTvis Tavganwirva.~ Zalian imoqmeda
razmze ubralo qarTveli kacis am saqcielma. biWi daitoves, misgan
kargi mebrZoli da vaJkaci dadga, Tavic gaswira samSoblosaTvis. aseTi
magaliTebiT
savsea
saqarTvelos
istoria,
romelic
qaquca
ColoyaSvilisa da misi Seficulebis moRvaweobiT axali furclebiT
ivseboda. rom ara is Tavganwirva da piradulze maRla qveynis
interesebis dayeneba, Cveni samSoblo dRemde verc moaRwevda.
•
qaquca ColoyaSvilis xasiaTi gamobrZmedil-gamowrTobili iyo im
istoriuli gamocdilebiT, rac qarTvel xalxs gadautania. masSi
erTnairad iyo Sezavebuli yvela adamianuri, amaRlebuli Tviseba. amitom
miiRo is uyoymanod xalxma, rogorc beladi da winamZRoli, amitom
hqonda aseTi didi avtoriteti da zegavlena Tanamedroveebze. mas mteric
ki pativs scemda, radgan pirovnulad imsaxurebda mowiwebasa da
Tayvaniscemas. partizanuli brZolebis meTaurs, zogjer, gadametebulad
moWarbdeboda xolme adamianis Sebralebis, danaSaulis mitevebis unari.
erTxel, qodalos tyeebidan qiziyisken wasulebma, gzad erTi xeoba
gaiares, saidanac soflebi karga moSorebiT iyo. xeobaSi uamravi
misaxvev-mosaxvevi Canda. qaqucam win mebrZolebi gauSva, _ aleqsandre
sulxaniSvili da sergo maisuraZe _ kaxeTSi Casaxlebuli raWveli,
mamamaci patrioti, romelic adre xurod muSaobda. zogadad, raWvelebi
xis ostatebi arian, magram komunistebis Tavxedobam es alali da
patiosani glexic tyeSi gaiyvana. winwasulebs qaqucasTvis unda
ecnobebiaT gamvlelebis Sesaxeb, rom razmelebi mimaluliyvnen da ase
erTad aravis danaxebodnen. erT mosaxvevSi anazdad waawydnen eqvs
miliciels, romlebsac mxarze Tofebi gaedoT da arxeinad midiodnen.
maisuraZem da sulxaniSvilma maT rixianad ubrZanes iaraRis dayra.
qaqucas razmidan ori kacic uceb gaCnda da eqvsive milicieli
ganaiarRes. razmelebi mivardnen milicionerebs da dauwyes Cxubi, lamis
19
xelSi SemohkvdomodaT, rom ara qaquca. razmelebi aginebdnen da
uyvirodnen iaraRayrilebs: Tqve urjuloebo, nu gaviwydebaT rom
qarTvelebi xarT, sxva samuSao ver moZebneT, Cveni qveynis mtrebs rom ar
mihkedlebodiT, komunistebis samsaxurSi ar SesuliyaviT da CvenTvis ar
gediaTo. qaqucam Zlivs daawynara Tavisi mebrZolebi, mama-Svilurad
daariga milicionerebi, nu imsaxurebT miliciaSi, nurc komunistur
partiaSi SexvalT, Torem axla ki dagicavT da gadagarCenT, magram sxva
dros Tu kidev CagvivardebiT xelSi, veRar giSveliTo.
qaqucas ebraleboda Secdenili qarTvelebi, miaCnda, rom es adamianebi
gaunaTleblobis gamo ver erkveodnen simarTleSi. dro movidoda da es
`Ze Secdenilebic~ gaarCevdnen avsa da kargs, mtris samsaxuris nacvlad,
eris samsaxurSi Cadgebodnen. mas SeeZlo YyaCaRis patiosan kacad qceva,
ubralo adamianis gmirad gamozrda.
•
qaqucas razmSi ingiloebic∗ iyvnen. erTi axalgazrda, lado ozaneli,
manamde yaCaRad iyo gavardnili. es uswavleli axalgazrda mwyemsi
Zalian amayi da bunebiT samarTliani iyo, ver egueboda bolSevikebis
terors da Zaladobas. moxuci deda da da hyavda. komunistebma ver
miimxres da ver daimorCiles, risTvisac misi saxl-kari ramdenjerme
aawiokes, rac wasaRebi iyo, waiRes.. erTxelac sastikad cemes misi
moxuci deda da da, radgan avejs ar atandnen. es ver apatia ladom da
mis ojaxze moZalade erT-erTi bolSeviki mokla. amis Semdeg, yaCaRad
gavardnili, TavzexelaRebuli ebrZoda komunisturi xelisuflebis
adgilobriv warmomadgenlebs. sofelSi kreba rom gaimarTeboda,
miipareboda da srolas utexda Sekrebil xalxs, krebis Catarebis
uflebas ar aZlevda, visi javric sWirda, imas tyidan uTvlida, _ fuli
gamomigzavne, Torem mogklavo. SeSinebulebi ugzavnidnen kidec. saocrad
amayi da vaJkaci iyo, magram es gza mas uazrod daRupavda, amitom erTerTma TanamebrZolma _ vaso TamazaSvilma qaqucas sTxova, eg ubeduri,
marTalia yaCaRia, magram bunebiT kargi adamiania, ZaliT gaayaCaRes, Tuki
Sens razmSi miiReb, gadavarCenTo. qaqucas bevri ar ufiqria, moiyvaneTo,
uTxra. lados auxsna, risTvis ibrZoda Tavad da risi gakeTeba undodaT
mis razmelebs. isic uTxra: CvenTan yaCaRobas adgili ara aqvs, Tuki
migiReT, imedia, Cveni razmisaTvis samarcxvino saqmes aRar Caideno. `Seni
RmerTis Wirime, mec eg mindao~ _ uTxra ladom da muxlebze moexvia
qaqucas. ColoyaSvilma wamoayena, aba Sen ici da Senma vaJkacobamo. biWs
sixarulis cremlebi gadmoscvivda Tvalebidan; man pirnaTlad Seasrula
Tavisi
movaleoba
da
gmiruladac
Seewira
saqarTvelos
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas.
20
•
mTelma saqarTvelom icoda qaqucas mebrZolebis Sesaxeb, yvelgan
vrceldeboda xma: ColoyaSvilma razmi Seadgina, romelic rusebs
ebrZviso. mTavrobam dainaxa, rom qarTveli xalxi mas ki ara, tyeSi
gasulebs uWerda mxars da siyvaruls maT mimarT gamoxatavda. amitom
bolSevikebi arafers zogavdnen, qaqucas winaaRmdeg razms razmze
agzavnidnen, did jildos hpirdebodnen mis mkvlels, an cocxlad
Sempyrobs.
erTi SemTxveva iyo: mTavrobisagan Sedgenili milicielebisa da
komunisti aqtivistebis razmi erTi kvira gamwarebuli dasdevda
ColoyaSvilis razms, mis momwyvdevas cdilobda. igive mizani hqondaT
qaqucas da mis xalxsac. erT dilas, qaqucam dainaxa TuqurmiSis
mimarTulebiT mimavali mTeli misi mdevari, romelic dedofliswyarosken
miemarTeboda. maSin qaquca swored am midamoebSi moZraobda da mtersac
iq eguleboda. ra Tqma unda, iq rom ver naxavdnen, ukan dabrundebodnen,
magram dedofliswyarodan ukan, maT samyofamde, ori gza modioda, aravin
icoda, romeli gziT dabrundeboda mdevari. am gzebs Soris
oTxkilometriani tyis monakveTi iyo. qaqucam ase gadawyvita: razmi
Caesafrebina ori gzis Sua monakveTSi, raTa orives gakontroleba
SesZleboda da advilad gadaeketa maTTvis savali. orive gzis
moTvalTvaled TiTo cxenosani gauSva, romelTaganac gaigebda mtris
moZraobis mimarTulebas. man mtkiced gadawyvita, rom am dRes, radac
ar unda dajdomoda, xelSi Caegdo sagangebod mis sadevnad da
Sesapyrobad Seqmnili razmi. uceb movarda erTi mziri (moTvalTvale), es
iyo qaqucas Zma, siko, romelmac ambavi moitana, uzundaris xeobis
SaragziT modiano. TiTqmis sirbiliT daeSvnen, rom xelidan ar
dasxltomodaT mteri. mdevrebi cxenebiT iyvnen, razmelebi ki fexiT.
Tanac gzispiras sul meCxeri buCqnari iyo, kaci ver daimaleboda, rac
garkveul safrTxes uqmnida qaqucas razms. qaqucas am dros sul
ocdaori kaci axlda, danarCenebi saqmeze iyvnen gagzavnilebi. meTaurma
razmi sam nawilad gahyo da erTmaneTisagan karga moSorebiT ganalaga.
razmis wevrebi buCqebSi Casxdnen, ori kaci win gagzavnes, karga Sor
manZilze, imisTvis, Tu vinicobaa vinme gaeqceodaT, imaT daeWiraT, an
moeklaT. qaqucasTan erTad iyvnen vaso TamazaSvili, malaqia maisuraZe,
soso
CiTinaSvili,
iliko
iaSvili
(ingilo)
da
aleqsandre
sulxaniSvili. es jgufi SuaSi idga da sanam Tavad qaquca ar isroda,
manamde srolis ufleba aravis hqonda. marcxniv elizbar vaCnaZe iyo
Casafrebuli xuTi kaciT, xolo marjvniv jamaspaSvili, aseve xuTi
mebrZoliT. qaqucas razmebi dasamalad buCqnarSi gawvnen, sulxaniSvili
naxevradwamomdgari aTvalierebda gzas, raTa mtris gamoCenisTanave niSani
mieca qaqucasaTvis. rodesac gamoCndnen, cota acales, sasrol manZilze
moaRwia Tu ara maTma naxevarma, qaqucam SesZaxa, iaraRi dahyareTo da
21
Tan win momavals esrola. atyda saSineli srola. zogi tyviiT, zogi
SiSiT Tu Tavisi nebiT cviodnen cxenebidan, zogierTebi arxSi Cawvnen da
gamagreba moindomes, magram male danebdnen ColoyaSvilis razmelebs. win
gadaxtnen sulxaniSvili da malaqia maisuraZe, arxSi Cawolilebs
dauwyes srola. qaqucam uiyvira da maT ukan dabruneba ubrZana. SemdegSi
mixvdnen, rom meTauri marTali iyo, mtris am uTavbolo dabneulobaSi,
SesaZloa, amaod nasrol tyvias gaefuWebina es vaJkacebi, rasac qaquca
yovelnairad erideboda. misTvis yoveli Seficulis sicocxle Zvirfasi
da gasafrTxilebeli iyo. sasacilo is iyo, rom is win momavali, visac
qaqucam esrola, aRmoCnda komkavSireli milicioneri, romelsac
daekvexna, qaqucas gakoWils Camoviyvano. qaqucam is sasikvdilod ar
gaimeta, tyvia sajdomze esrola da daWrili Camoagdo cxenidan. qaqucas
razmelebma icodnen am milicioneris kvexnis ambavi da micvivdnen: aba,
rogoraa saqme, daiWire qaqucao? maT am axalgazrdis mokvla undodaT,
magram qaqucam ar daaneba, oRond brZaneba gasca, CaxadeT qveda sacvali
da iara gamouCineTo. ase Searcxvina, magram cocxali gauSva da
wasvlisas uTxra, wadi da meti aRar daikvexoo.
miuxedavad aseTi loialobisa, im dRes qaqucas mainc mouxda eqvsi Tu
Svidi mowinaaRmdegis daxvreta, lado ozanelma erTi axalgazrda,
romelsac misi ojaxis awiokebaSi edo wili, Tavad mokla, brZolaSi
sul 12-15 adamiani daiRupa, danarCenebi qaqucam gauSva, magram sanam
wavidodnen, aseTi saubari gaumarTa: Cven, qarTvelebi, erTmaneTs
tyuilad vxocavT da es rusebis bralia. Tu qarTvel xalxs unda
komunisturi wyobileba, ar davuSliT, oRond ruseTma jari gaiyvanos,
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba daubrundes, mere ki, xalxs rac unda, misi
neba
aRsruldebao.
am
sityvebis
Semdeg,
iaraRayrili
tyveebi
gaaTavisufles da gauSves. vin icis, gaigones Tu ara, ColoyaSvilis
Segoneba am qarTvelebma, mixvdnen TuU ara misi sityvebis simarTles, rom
mTeli es ubedureba da kaciskvla rusi bolSevikebis mogonili da
qarTvelebisTvis Tavsmoxveuli Wiri iyo. xvdebodnen ki maSin
xelisuflebisa Tu misi mowinaaRmdege banakis warmomadgenlebi rom
saqarTveloSi
kidev
didxans
iboginebda
es
Wiri
da
mteri
urTierTwakidebis, dasmenis, Ralatis, daundoblobis bacilas kidev 70
weliwadi gaavrcelebda isedac mcire da saukuneobiT natanj erSi. ra
Tqma unda, amis zusti gansazRvra maT ar SeeZloT. pirvelni _ samudamo
gamarjvebasa da komunizmis aSenebaze ocnebobdnen, meoreni, qaqucas
Tanamoazreni, ki damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRdgenaze, risTvisac maT,
qarTvel xalxTan erTad, msoflios keTili nebis adamianTa daxmarebis
imedi hqondaT da gamarjvebis rwmenas aZlevdaT sakuTari brZolis
samarTlianoba.
22
•
qaquca ColoyaSvils yvelaze metad aRaSfoTebda saqarTvelos saTaveSi
moqceuli bolSevikebis mier eklesiebis rbeva, saeklesio qonebis
ganiaveba, dawva, Sebilwva. vinc ase iqceoda, samagaliTod moiTxovda maT
dasjas. erTmorwmuneobis niadagze daaxloebulma ruseTma jer kidev
XIX saukuneSi Sebilwa qarTuli samociqulo eklesia, 1921 wlidan ki
masiurad daiwyes Cveni taZrebis gaZarcva-ngreva. isini sawyobebad da
biblioTekebad iyenebdnen qarTul saydrebs, aq iaraRsa da marqsis tomebs
inaxavdnen, romelsac ZaliT akiTxebdnen da unergavdnen xalxs. zogi
eklesia komkavSirul klubebad aqcies. mkrexeloba amaze Sors ver
wavidoda. RvTis gmobisken mouwodebdnen yvelas. xalxs Caagonebdnen
galaSqrebas eklesiebis winaaRmdeg, saamiso magaliTebs Tavad iZleodnen.
cnobilia, rogor daangries wminda giorgis eklesia quTaisis centrSi,
Tbilisis centrSi _ aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis taZari. gaZarcves
mowameTa, gelaTi, uamravi sofeli saydris gareSe datoves. am dros
saqarTveloSi sul 1500 eklesia daingra. komkavSiruli da partiuli
aqtivistebi, aqaoda, Wkvianebi da ganaTlebulebi varTo, TviTon
angrevdnen eklesiebs da xalxis winaSe Tavi mohqondaT. qaqucam
gadawyvita, erTerTi aseTi aqtivistisa da urwmuno qarTvelisaTvis Wkua
eswavlebina. winandlis, qvemo xodaSnisa da kisisxevis raionSi iyo erTi
komisari _ buliaSvili, romelic mTel soflebs awiokebda Tavis
xalxTan erTad, eklesiebidan gamohqonda xatebi, wminda wignebi,
samRvdelo Sesamoseli da wvavda. erTxelac ganacxada: Cemi xeliT
movxsni jvars eklesiis gumbaTidan da naxavT, RmerTi Tu rames mizamso.
specialuri dRe daniSna, raTa es amazrzeni sanaxaoba moewyo. vinc ar
mividoda, yvelas dasjidnen, rogorc Tavad gamoacxada. xalxi gminavda,
magram Zala aRmarTs xnavda. qaqucasTan mividnen am raionebis
warmomadgenlebi. Sewuxebuli adamianebi Svelas iTxovdnen, buliaSvilis
moSorebas da am mdgomareobis SeCerebas evedrebodnen. imis Tqmac ar
daviwyniaT, ra `sanaxaoba~ daniSna buliaSvilma. qaqucam moismina Tu ara,
Tqva, gumbaTze unda mokvdes es aramzadao da daiwyo operaciis mzadeba.
man razmelebi gagzavna adgilmdebareobis Sesaswavlad da wina RamiT
Caasafra ori mebrZoli eklesiis mimdebare teritoriaze, ise SerCeul
adgilas, saidanac kargi msroleli gumbaTze asul buliaSvils ar
aacdenda. mebrZolebad gamocdili sulxaniSvili da axalgazrda baduri
(qaqucasTan mamis xeliT moyvanili baduraSvili)
gauSva. man kargad
icoda es adgilebi, wina dRiT SearCia samizne, is Ramec iq gaaTenes.
meore diliT didZali xalxi Seiyara, yvela ukmayofilo da SeZruli
iyo im sanaxaobiT, rac iq gaimarTa. buliaSvili iaraRebiT mixoxavda
gumbaTisaken jvaris Camosaxsneld. ai,
miuaxlovda jvars da dauwyo
Tu ara CaquCis cema, imwamsve gavarda wyvili Tofidan tyviebi da
RvTismgmobi gumbaTidan gadmovarda. xalxma wivil-kivili daiwyo, bevri
23
maTgani aRfrTovanebas ver malavda da wivil-kivilSi sixaruliT
gaiZaxoda: aki, RmerTi veras mizamso! es ambavi mTel saqarTveloSi
gavrcelda da xalxma yvelgan gaixara. legenda legendas emateboda,
saqarTveloSi qaquca ColoyaSvilis saxeli yvelam gaigo da yvela xsnas
misgan eloda.
ambobdnen, uTvalavi jari hyavso, Tumca aWarbebdnen,
rogorc legendebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram ColoyaSvili cocxali
legenda iyo, romelic xan sad da xan sad gaCndeboda xolme Cagrulebis
dasacavad da mtrebis gulis gasagmirad.
•
qaquca ColoyaSvilis sabrZolo istoriaSi gamorCeulia 1922 wlis
zafxulSi xevsureTSi mowyobili antisamTavrobo amboxeba. xevsureTSi
qaqucas razmi duSeTidan avida. amboxi pirvel agvistomde unda
momxdariyo. amboxebamde erTi kviriT adre daiZrnen razmis wevrebi
xevsureTisaken.
aragvis xeobaSi mosaxleoba arc imdenad bevri iyo,
amitom dRisiT-mzisiT moZraobdnen. gzad patara sofeli _ orTvali
gaiares, sadac qarTvel Cekistebs gadaawydnen. pirveli brZolac maTTan
gamarTes. brZolaSi erTi Cekisti mokvda, ramdenime daiWra, zogic
gaeqcaT. aq aRar gaCerebulan da maRaroskarisaken gaswies. dabinavdnen
vaJa-fSavelas daarsebul skolaSi. skolas irgvliv tye ertya, qaqucas
vaSlis xis ZirSi eZina, avad iyo, drodadro aciebda, magram erTi
wuTiTac ki ar aZlevda Tavs modunebis uflebas. aq akiTxavdnen fSavlebi
da ewerebodnen mis razmSi. mebrZolebma uSiSar adgilad miiCnies es
banaki da gaTamamdnen, xan tyeSi gadiodnen Txilisa da Sindis mosaZebnad,
xanac Tavisuflad mxiarulobdnen. maT fexdafex dadevnebulma miliciam
erTi fSaveli, maRaroskareli axalgazrda gamotexa da xifaTic gaCnda:
mdevari sami mxridan wamovida maRaroskarisaken: erTi pirdapiri gziT,
saidanac Tavad razmi amovida, meorem zurgidan dauara, mesamem ki _
skolis gaRmidan, saidanac aseve xelisguliviT Canda Seficulebis bina.
razmelebs erTi daraji hyavdaT gamoyofili, metsaxelad kurdRela.
Tavdapirvelad mas mdevari mgzavri hgonebia, rodesac garkveula,
gaqceula razmisaken da srola autexavs, radgan dagvianebis SeSinebia.
razmSi am dros, adgilze mxolod Tormeti kaci iyo. qaquca wamoxta,
razmelebic uceb Cadgnen sabrZolo formaSi, mteric Tavze wamoadgaT.
wamoSlisTanave
autexes
srola
qaqucas
razms.
strategiulad
araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen razmelebi, radgan skolis Ria
ezoSi idgnen, maSin, rodesac mdevars tyis safaris gamoyeneba SeeZlo.
mowinaaRmdege sul axlos movida, skolis yoresTan, gzis piras da
srola daiwyo. sanam tyeSi mimofantuli razmelebi gaigonebdnen srolis
xmas da mixvdebodnen, rom banaki safrTxeSi iyo, brZolis simZime
qaqucasa da mis Tormetiode mebrZolze gadavida. qaquca skolis gverdze
mdebare eklesiis nangrevebTan idga, radgan razmelebi iqiT iyvnen
24
wasulebi. isini ukve gulisxeTqviT brundebodnen da meTauric maT
saWiro adgilebze anawilebda. qaqucam iqve Camomavali bilikiT, elizbar
vaCnaZe gaagzavna sami kaciT. am bilikze Camodioda avlabris komisari
Tavisi miliciiT. Seficulebi maT SeebrZolnen, mokles komisari da ori
milicioneri, danarCenebma gaqceviT uSveles Tavs. qaqucam kidev sami
mebrZoli miaSvela elizbars da eqvsi kaciT man is simaRle daikava,
romelic aragvze gadebul xids gahyurebda. aqedan dauwyes srola
ukangaqceul mters da bevri mokles. brZola TandaTan gaZlierda, yvela
Seficuli ibrZoda. qaquca Ria samizned rCeboda mtrisaTvis, radgan
gaRmidan isrodnen da TvalnaTliv Canda iqidan, rom ColoyaSvili
arafers efareboda. razmelebi uyvirodnen, moefare rameso, magram amaod.
meTaurma mxolod maSin gaiazra mosalodneli safrTxe, rodesac zed mis
TavTan tyviam toti motexa. ibrZoda svimon yifianic, romelic damkomma
gagzavna Tbilisidan razmis dRiuris sawarmoeblad. es iyo xanSiSesuli
kaci, namdvili patrioti. am brZolaSi monawileobdnen qaqucas marjvena
xeli da ganuyreli megobari _ aleqsandre sulxaniSvili, giorgi
gverdwiTeli, gabo oziaSvili, Salva kandelaki, sergo maisuraZe da
sxvebi. qaqucam mteri alyaSi moimwyvdia, zogi daxoces, zogi tyved
Caigdes. aragvis napiras gasulma razmelebma iq kidev eqvsi milicioneri
aiyvanes. qaqucas 65 razmeli monawileobda am brZolaSi, mowinaaRmdege
ki 250 kacamde iyo, rogorc Semdeg tyveebma Tqves. es samxedro operacia
ganaxorciela avlabris komisarma, romelmac Tavis miliciasTan erTad
dado piroba, qaqucas angariSs gavusworebo, pirveli ki Tavad daiRupa
brZolaSi.
barisaxoSi qaqucas razmSi sami xevsuri da erTi fSaveli mivida. es
fSaveli mixa xelaSvili iyo, poeturi niWiT dajildovebuli
axalgazrda kaci, romelsac saocrad uyvarda qaquca da samSoblos
ganmaTavisuflebel gmirad miaCnda. qaqucac did niWsa da momavals
xedavda masSi da xSirad ambobda, Tu mSvidoba iqna, mixas aucileblad
universiteti unda gavaTavebino, codoa, amisTana niWi daiRuposo.
mixa xelaSvili sofel axadidan iyo. bavSvobidanve itacebda poeturi
sityvis Zala da madli, uyvarda vaJa, baCana, SesaniSnavi xalxuri poezia,
ukravda fandursa da salamurze, amRerebda sakuTar leqsebs da
kafiobaSic badali ar hyavda. saSualo ganaTleba TbilisSi miiRo.
sofelSi dabrunebuli maRaroskaris eklesiis diakvnad da saydris
mcvelad gaamweses. ar SeiZleba aseT adamians, poeziis, qarTuli
klasikuri mwerlobis trfials, morwmunesa da eklesia-monastrebis
qomags is aetana, rac im dros xdeboda, rogor Seuracxyofdnen
komunisti da komkavSireli aqtivistebi qarTul suls, erovnul
simdidresa da istoriul warsuls, rogor Wridnen momavlis tots,
xelyofdnen mTis laRi xalxis Tavisuflebas. Tavze quds xdidnen da
wvers parsavdnen xevisberebs. masac miadgnen da aiZules, daetovebina
25
eklesia. is, vinc ar idga axali drois satanis mociqulebTan, aRar
undodaT da ebrZodnen. mixa xelaSvilmac datova ojaxi da mivida
qaqucasTan. aq iyo qarTuli suli da silamazec.
qaqucasa da mixa xelaSvilis siyvarulian urTierTobaze xalxuri
leqsic metyvelebs:
`ro naxavs ColoyaSvili,
imis pir izams Rminsao (gaiRimebso)
erTi hyavs aTis badali, _
SiSi ara aqvs mtrisao.~
Tavad mixa ki Tavis usayvarles meTaurs yovelTvis amkobda leqsebiT...
maRaroskaris brZolis Semdeg is aRar moSorebia qaqucas, bevrjer
isaxela Tavi SeficulTa razmSi Tavisi gmirobiT. erTxel, sofel
bakanas ganapiras, did gomurSi TavSeyril komkavSirlebs, romelTac
qaqucas datyveveba ganezraxaT, igi marto mieWra, ahyara iaraRi da
mihgvara SeficulTa razmis belads. qaqucam Wkua daariga gzidan
acdenili axalgazrdebi da gauSva. mixa dabali tanis, magram Casxmuli
da janiani vaJkaci iyo. 1923 wels, roca duSeTSi idgnen, man qaqucas
ori dRiT dedisa Dda naTesavebis sanaxavad gaSveba sTxova. gzad duSeTis
miliciis ufross gadaeyara, rva milicioneri axlda da mixas sofelSi
midioda. am kacs bevri boroteba hqonda Cadenili da qaquca apirebda
masTan angariSsworebas. mixas gadauwyvetia, martos gaekeTebia es da
qaquca gaexarebina, gza Seukravs miliciisaTvis. ori mouklavs kidec,
magram rva kacs ver morevia da Tavi Seuklavs. qaqucam Zalze ganicada am
niWieri poetisa da samSoblos moyvaruli axalgazrdis sikvdili. magram
omi iyo saqarTveloSi, komunistebis mier inspirirebuli, qarTvelebs
Soris gaCeniliyo ufskruli, mravali adamiani uazrod iRupeboda. mixa
xelaSvilisa da qaqucas urTierTobas ki am leqsiT davinaxavT, romelic
TviTnabadi poeturi niWis fSavelma Wabukma qarTveli xalxis did
erovnul gmirs _ qaquca ColoyaSvils miuZRvna:
jer isev aris zafxuli, ar daTovlilan mTania,
fSav-xevsureTis kldeebsa Savniva hqonda fxania∗
Sig vcxovrobT fSavel-xevsurni, Savi kldis Svilni-Zmania,
unda miviRoT ambavi droebis monatania.
qaquca ColoyaSvili mohqrolavs rogorc qaria,
Tan axlavs qarTvelT Svilebi, TiTo lomebis daria.
binas dasdeben fSavSia, sadac maRaroskaria∗.
TbilisiT mohyva laSqari, romelic muxliT malia,
puris Wamazed nasxdomebs daxvies Tofis alia.
ha, gidi, ColoyaSvilo, gulad gdebia talia,
patara razmis ufroso, xar mardi kamandaria∗.
mkvdari Sehyare mkvdarzeda, rogorc mtris sabandaria∗.
wiTlad SeRebe aragvi, fSav-xevsureTis wyalia.
26
fSavlebs gadaec nadavli, imaTgan anayaria.
•
maRaroskaris brZolis Semdeg qaqucas razmi imave dRes gaemgzavra
xevsureTSi. gza daubrkoleblad gaiares, Tumca iyo Worebi, TianeTis
mxridan ormoci kaci daadevneso. am razms, viTomda, orwyalis simagre
unda daekavebina da Seficulebi xevsureTSi ar SeeSva. orwyali aragvis
gamyofi kldea. qaqucam am adgilis dasakaveblad elizbar vaCnaZe gagzavna
xuTi kaciT, magram mdevris ambavi Wori gamodga, qaquca daubrkoleblad
avida
xevsureTSi,
dabanakda
barisaxoSi,
Tumca
razmelebi
sifrTxilisaTvis malavdnen, romeli iyo maT Soris qaquca, magram
xevsureTSi bevri icnobda mas da esec rom ara, elvis siswrafiT
gavrcelda jaris asvlis ambavi. SeficulTa mTavari mokavSireebi iyvnen
gogoTuri da aparika. pirveli 50-55 wlis kaci, meore ufro
axalgazrda, komunistebisa da rusebis mteri. es ori adamiani
akavSirebda qaqucas xevsurebTan, axdenda razmebis organizacias.
xevsureTis ajanyebas ColoyaSvili did strategiul mniSvnelobas
aZlevda. am dros, SeficulTa cnobiT, sul aTi aTasamde wiTeli
jariskaci iyo saqarTveloSi. xevsureTSi Yukan daedevneboda jari
amboxebulebs, iqauri midamoebis kargad mcodneni _ maT advilad
amoxacavdnen. fSav-xevsurTa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan
Sekrebil meomarTa garda, xevsureTSi ibrZolebdnen Crdilo kavkasieli
CeCnebic. qaquca apirebda maTTan molaparakebas, Tumca es gegma ufro
adre unda Seesrulebina. qarTul armiaSi qaqucas Tavisi xalxic hyavda,
kerZod, Stabis ufrosi, polkovniki musxeliSvili, romelic yovelTvis
awvdida sando cnobebs Seficulebis razms, amotomac imedi hqonda, rom
kritikul momentSi am jars gaaneitralebda. maRaroskaridan dawyebuli,
xevsurebi mZime danakliss ayenebdnen rusis jars.
erTma koWlma
xevsurma xuT kacs ahyara iaraRi. mdevrebma ramdenime dRe sdies qaqucas
nakvalevs, magram moulodnelad ukan daixies, Seficulebs ki imedi
hqondaT,
rom
maT
zurgidan
daartyamdnen
saqarTvelos
ganmaTavisuflebeli Zalebi. saqme is iyo, rom partiuli kinklaoba,
SeuTanxmebloba xSirad iCenda Tavs
da saqmes azaralebda. verc
paritetuli komiteti da verc samxedro sabWo ver axerxebdnen
erovnuli moZraobis ufro gabedulad azvirTebas da am talRis saTaveSi
Cadgomas. rodesac xevsureTis ajanyebaSi maT ver iTamaSes gadamwyveti
roli, mTavrobam ufro Tamamad Seutia da calkeuli gmirebis
Tavganwirvam Sedegi ver moitana.
xevsureTSi SerCenili ColoyaSvilis razmelebi elodebodnen, rom
ukandaxeva mTavrobis SenaerTebma droebiT gaiTamaSes da male isini
axali ZalebiT miawydebodnen xevsureTSi ganlagebul erovnul Zalebs.
qaqucam mimarTa xevsur meTaurebs, ekisraT Suamavloba da CeCnebisaTvis
27
eTxovaT daxmareba. xevsurebma uari Tqves, _ Cven piraqeTelebs, mtroba
gvaqvs CeCnebTan da ar dagvexmarebiano. marTlac, gogoTuris vaJs _
sulxanaurs, xSirad gaulaSqria CeCnebze, ukanasknel xans maTi molac
mouklavs, wamouRia moklulis Tavi da sakuTar ezoSi daumarxavs. icoda
ra CeCnebis SurismaZiebeli xasiaTi, cixec augia, raTa Tavi daecva
momxdurebisgan. sulxanauri isev xevsurebs mouklavT, radgan erTxel,
CeCnur tansacmelSi gamowyobili, CeCeni hgonebiaT. aseT urTierTobaSi
Zneli iyo mokavSireebad CeCnebis daguleba, magram qaqucam ar daiSala,
man xevsurebs uTxra, rom gaatanda Tavis Seficul razmelebs, sando
kacs gaayolebda, CeCnebs mtrebad rom ar mieRoT misulebi. unda
daerwmunebiaT CeCnebi, droebiT daeviwyebinaT droebiTi SuRli, mtroba
da SurisZieba, gaerTianebuliyvnen da daemarcxebinaT rusebi, romlebic
xevsureTis Semdeg maTac miadgebodnen. gamyolebad qistebi da piriqiTa
xevsurebi unda aerCiaT, radgan CeCnebi maT megobrobdnen. Satilidan
gadavidnen qistebis sofel jaregaSi da Sexvdnen iqaur Tavkacebs,
daarwmunes isini qaqucas SemonaTvalis simarTlesa da xevsurebis
gulwrfelobaSi da daiTanxmes.
CeCnebTan gamgzavrebis win erTi ucnauri ambavi momxdara. es ambavi
TviTmxilvelsa da monawiles _ aleqsandre sulxaniSvils aqvs Tavis
mogonebebSi Setanili. maRaroskaris brZolis erT-erTi gmiris, xevsuri
gogoTuris qmedeba SesaZloa sxvadasxvanairad Sefasdes. damerwmunebiT,
rom es dramatuli da sulisSemZvreli pasaJi isedac dramatul
saqarTvelos istorias ar unda moakldes. aris masSi raRac iseTi, rac
Cven eTnofsiqologias, samSoblos siyvarulSi TavzexelaRebul qmedebasa
da fanatizmsac gamoxatavs. sityva `fanatizmi~, ra Tqma unda, zogadad,
ar aris dadebiTi Sinaarsis momcveli. qarTvelebs arasodes axasiaTebdaT
religiuri fanatizmi, Cvens mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi, ufro
tolerantoba sufevda, vidre religiuri
da eTnikuri niSniT
dapirispireba, magram rodesac qveynis yofna-aryofnis da SenarCunebis
sakiTxi dgeboda, maSin samSoblos uzenaesobis fanatikuri gancda
iRviZebda. am grZnobaSi ki qristianoba, qarTuli ena, saqarTvelos miwawyali erTiandeboda. es sameba iyo yvelaferze aRmatebuli. am
TvalsazrisiT Tu SevxedavT imas, rac gogoTurisU kar-midamoSi moxda,
maSin momxdari ambavi ufro gasagebi gaxdeba. TaTbirze gadawyda CeCnebTan
gadasvla da daxmarebis Txovna. iqve gamoiTqva eWvi: ar dagvexmarebian,
radgan mtrebad gvTvliano. iqve gaixsenes sulxanauris mier molas
mokvlis ambavi. qaquca mainc imedianad iyo da am gzis iqiT gamarjvebas
ver xedavda.. saubrisas gogoTuri sadRac wavida da rodesac dabrunda,
Tan moiyvana ori patara bavSvi _ biWi da gogo. Tan xurjini moayola da
qaqucas despans uTxra: `ai, Seni kvnesame, es bavSvebi Cemi Svili
sulxanaurisani arian, Cven qistebis sisxli gvmarTebs, eseni waiyvane da
mihgvare qistebs~. razmelebi gafiTrdnen. qaqucam Zlivs amoiRo xma da
28
uyvira: `gogoTuro, rogor SeiZleba, rom udanaSaulo bavSvebi mivgvaroT
qistebs sasikvdilodo~. sxvebic gajavrdnen, sisxlis asaRebad bavSvebis
xurjiniT migvra ram gafiqrebinao. asea Tu ise, es ambavi moxda da iTqva
im adamianisgan, vinc didi avtoritetiTa da saxeliT sargeblobda
xevsurTa Soris da ara vinme uCino an ugunuri kacisgan.
vinaidan CeCnebis daxmareba saqarTvelos gadarCenas niSnavda, uari ki
daRupvas, sakuTari sisxli da geni, ucodveli patarebi gaimeta
qarTvelma kacma. iqneb, CeCenTa vaJkacuri gulis imedic hqonda, iqneb arc
fiqrobda amaze, tradiciis Sesruleba surda ukanasknelad da samSoblos
gadarCena, xolo im brZolaSi, xevsurebs rom unda gaemarTaT, Tavadac
usityvod miitanda sakuTar sicocxles mamulisaTvis msxverplad.
vin icis!.. ras gaugeb gogoTuris msgavs qarTvelebs. isini TavianTi
drois pirmSoni iyvnen da gmirebad im wamebsa da wuTebSi ibadebodnen,
rodesac saqarTvelos daRupva emuqreboda. amgvari araordinaluri da
aragansjadi qmedebebiT savsea saqarTvelos istoria.
xevsureTis amboxebaSi CeCnebis vaJkacoba da gmirobac iseve
dasafasebelia, rogorc qarTveli Seficulebis. maT uyoymanod miiRes
qaquca ColoyaSvilis Txovna, Camovidnen kidec Satils, magram saocrad
dawydaT guli, ganzraxuli rom ver Seisrules: ver ibrZoles rusi
dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg qarTvel SeficulebTan erTad. CeCnebi ukan
gabrundnen, qarTvelebi ki aqedan gaifantnen, radgan ajanyebis gegma
gacemuli iyo da dasaxuli mizani veRar Sesruldeboda. amboxebis
CaSlis mTavari mizezi SeuTanxmebloba, partiuli daqsaqsuloba da
danawevreba iyo. bevrs ajanyeba naadrevad miaCnda, zogi ukeTesi drois
dadgomas elodeboda, erTi partia meores ar eTanxmeboda. iyvnen
gamcemebic, romlebic sabWoTa policiasa da Cekas atyobinebdnen
erovnuli moZraobis monawileTa sabrZolo gegmebs. xevsureTis amboxebis
gegma Stabis ufrosTan iyo SeTanxmebuli, is damuSavebuli iyo im
saukeTeso qarTveli generlebis mier, romlebic komunistebis Semosvlis
Semdegac muSaobdnen qarTul jarSi, magram saokupacio reJims ver
eguebodnen,
sastikad
ganicdidnen
saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis
dakargvas. amitom qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da misi Seficulebis mxares
idgnen. saqarTvelos bolSevikurma xelisuflebam sastikad iZia Suri
maTze. 1923 wels isini daxvrites. aseve daxvrites bevri patiosani
qarTveli glexi Tu inteligenti, arasamxedro pirebi, romlebic
TanaugrZnobdnen erovnul gmirebs. 1923 wlis 19 maiss daixvrita
`samxedro centris~ mTliani Semadgenloba, maT Soris iyvnen generlebi:
aleqsandre andronikaSvili, varden wulukiZe da kote afxazi;
polkovnikebi: rostom musxeliSvili, giorgi ximSiaSvili, aleqsandre
maWavariani, elizbar gulisaSvili, dimitri Crdileli; oficrebi:
farnaoz
yaralaSvili,
simon
bagration-muxraneli;
saxelmwifo
29
moxeleebi: mixeil zandukeli, iason kereseliZe, simon WiabriSvili, ivane
quTaTelaZe, levan klimiaSvili.
am dros dasaWerad dasdevdnen qaqucasac, rac kargad Cans specialuri
gamoZiebis mier Sedgenil sabWour dokumentebSi. es dokumentebi imave
wels
gamoaqveyna
`qarTvel
mxedarTa
kavSiris~
damfuZnebelma
sainiciativo jgufma stambulSi. masSi setanilia is ganaCenic, rac
`Ziebis~ Semdeg daiwera da ris safuZvelzec daxvrites qarTveli
patrioti samxedroebi. konstantinopolSi myofi, samSoblodan devnili
qarTuli sardloba sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom ruseTis sabWoTa
saokupacio xelisuflebis gankargulebiT, gausamarTleblad iqnen es
adamianebi daxvretilni. 1923 wlis 20 maisisTvis daxvretil oficerTa
da saxelmwifo moxeleTa Soris 4 generali, 6 polkovniki, 3
leitenanti, 7 rotmistri, kapitnebi, unter-oficrebi, vaxtmistrebi da
iunkrebi iyvnen.
ganaCeni, sadac mocemuli iyo 19 maiss daxvretili samxedroebis sia
da aRwerili iyo maTi mTavari saqmianoba, _ ase iwyeboda: `antantis
kapitalistebis agentebis danarCeni muSaoba saqarTveloSi ajanyebis
mosamzadeblad moispo dapatimrebiT, romelic moaxdina sagangebo
komisiam. sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis, saqarTveloSi
bandituri moZraobis mowyobisa da masSi monawileobis miRebis da
muSur-glexuri saxelmwifosaTvis Ralatis gamo, amierkavkasiis sagangebo
komisiis
mier
damTavrebuli
gamoZiebiT,
saqarTvelos
sabWoTa
socialisturi respublikis sagangebo komisia adgens: miesajos umaRlesi
sasjeli...~
CamoTvlili samxedroebi yvela banditebad, wiTeli armiis gamcemebad
da qveynis moRalateebad arian gamocxadebulni. ganaCenSi dasaxelebulia
maTi asaki, ganaTleba, samuSao, romelsac asrulebdnen. daxvretisas
yvelaze axalgazrdebi iyvnen: rostom ilias Ze musxeliSvili _ 35
wlis, simon levanis Ze bagration-muxraneli _ 27 wlis, farnaoz
revazis Ze yaralaSvili _ 24 wlis, iason maTes Ze kereseliZe _ 32
wlis, elizbar baqaris Ze gulisaSvili _ 32 wlis, levan iraklis Ze
klimiaSvili _ 26 wlis, dimitri nikolozis Ze Crdileli _ 29 wlis.
danarCenebic im asakSi iyvnen, kidev bevri ramis gakeTeba rom SeeZloT
saqarTvelos samxedro siZlierisaTvis. rodesac ganaCeni waukiTxavT
dasaxvreti qarTvelebisaTvis, yvela maTgani ise vaJkacurad moqceula,
amas TviT amierkavkasiis `Cekas~ Tavmjdomare mogilevskisa da
mis
xelqveiT jalaT pankratovzec umoqmedia. giorgi ximSiaSvils uTqvams:
`Cven viciT, risTvisac gvklavT, Tqvenc kargad iciT, rom banditebi ara
varT, male dadgeba dro da TeTri giorgi mrisxaned mogTxovT pasuxs.
gaumarjos saqarTvelos!~
jalaTebisTvis miumarTavs gaWaRaravebul, rainduli sulisa da gulis
general varden wulukiZes. qaqucas msgavsad, am patriot qarTvelsac
30
saxelovani winaprebi hyavda, romelTa geni asazrdoebda masSi samSoblos
did siyvaruls da misTvis Tavganwirvis unars. misi babua iyo imereTis
sawulukiZeos gamoCenili Tavadi simon wulukiZe, romelic ZmasTan,
daviTTan erTad ebrZoda ruseTis jars, risTvisac daviTi Seipyres da
sarze aacves. iyo dasjis aseTi saSineli meTodi. erTi kvira buzebi
exveoda mkvdars da yvelas dasanaxad da xalxis SesaSineblad ar
amarxinebdnen. am winaparTa mxedruli gulovneba hqonda varden
wulukiZes, ramac misi didi sabrZolo damsaxureba ganapiroba, rogorc I
msoflio
omSi,
aseve
saqarTvelos
demokratiuli
respublikis
istoriaSi. mas jalaTebisTvis uTqvams: `sikvdiliT ver SegvaSinebT, Cveni
sikvdili saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis Tavdebia, igi daasalkldevebs
eris simtkices, erTi aTasad gaamravlebs mebrZolT~. mis TavdaWerasa da
srul simSvides sikvdilis win, ise umoqmedia jalaTze, rom uTqvams:
Tqven marTlac gmirulad kvdebiT, gindaT, gadavcem rames Tqvenianebso?
razedac wulukiZes upasuxia: `gadaeciT, rom Cven davixoceT, viT
qarTvel patriotebs SehferiT.~
daxvretis aRweraSi sxvebis sityvebicaa motanili, saidanac Cans, ra
didi sulieri simtkicis patronebi iyvnen qarTveli samxedroebi.
polkovniki maWavariani: `Cven ar gipirebdiT Sebralebas da arc Tqvengan
miviRebT lmobierebas, es Cveni Seuracxyofa iqneboda~.
kote abxazi: `me vkvdebi sixaruliT, radgan Rirsi gavxdi samSoblos
samsxverploze zvarakad mitanisa. Cveni sikvdili gamarjvebas moutans
saqarTvelos!~
generali andronikaSvili, rogorc yovelTvis, mSvidi da auRelvebeli:
`saxeze getyobaT, rom gakvirvebT Cveni sulis simtkice, iqneba
qarTvelebi yvela amisTanebi gegonaT? (xels aSvers jalaTebs Soris
myof erT-erT qarTvelze). mravali aTasi Cvenze ukeTesebi zrdian
TavianT gulSi Tqvendami sikvdils.~
polkovniki Crdileli: wadiT da uTxariT rusebs, Tu rogor
ibrZvian qarTvelebi samSoblosaTvis!..~
sagangebo komisiaSi, vinc ganaCeni gamoitanes, Sediodnen: pankratovi,
mogilevski (amierkavkasiis `Cekas~ Tavmjdomare), aSukini, ruseTis
saokupacio armiis samxedro sabWos wevri sergo orjonikiZe, mamia
oraxelaSvili, kvantaliani.
spiridon kedias meuRle, sofio CijavaZe-kedia igonebs, rogor mivida
Tbiliseli qalebis delegacia sergo orjonikiZesTan. eseni iyvnen: nino
gelovani, aneta diasamiZe, Tamar falavandiSvili, dapatimrebuli
Crdilelis da, romelsac xelebi daukocnia orjonikiZisaTvis, Zma
gadamirCineo; mas ki civad uTqvams, es xalxi ukve daxvretiliao. 22
maiss gazeTma gamoaqveyna informacia sikvdiliT dasjilebze. TbilisSi
Worebi gavrcelda: iason kereseliZe viTom `didebis~ simReriT midioda,
Tan yviroda: `gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTveloso~, mSvidad iyo kote
31
afxazi da sxvebsac imaves urCevda. vaJkacurad Sexvedrian sikvdils
generali wulukiZe da generali andronikaSvili, gogi ximSiaSvils ki
`Cekas~ kedelze aseTi leqsi wauweriao:
`... Tumca ver mova Wirisufali Cven saflavebze,
mainc vnugeSobT, xsovna darCeba erTgul mxedarze
da quds moixdis mamuliSvili Cvens xsenebaze.~
maTi sikvdili qarTvelTa glovis sagani, didi ubedureba iyo.
arc xalxi darCa valSi. erT xevsurul sofelSi Sesuli rusis jari
amoxoca xevsurma qalma, romlis saxeli SemorCa mxolod, gvari ar
viciT. mas mzeqala erqva. misi Zma qaqucasTan ibrZoda. qali saxlSi
marto yofila, rusebi rom Sesulan sofelSi. mzeqalas Zmis TofiT
dauxocavs rusebi da bolos maTi tyviiT Tavadac gangmirula.
patriotebis daxvretis Semdeg qaquca ColoyaSvilis brZolis Jini
kidev ufro gaizarda, SesaniSnav TanamebrZolTa da megobarTa sikvdilma
mas kidev ufro naTlad daanaxa reJimis sisastike.
lagodexis tyeebSi mtris tyviiT mokvda qaqucas Zma sikoc. qaquca mas
Tavidanve uSlida partizanul moZraobaSi monawileobas. eubneboda,
Turme, ori Zma erTad qorwilSi ar varga, Seni saqme sxvagan gaakeTeo.
Zmam mainc ar daiSala, guli iqiT miuwevda, sadac qaqucas daZaxebaze
aseulebi ikribebodnen. erT dRes sulxaniSvils gahyva da isev
SeficulTa banakSi aRmoCnda. Zma rom dainaxa, qaqucam odnav
sayvedurnarevi RimiliT uTxra, Sen mainc ar moisvene da wamoxvedio?
sikom, viTomda aq araferiao, ise upasuxa, mereda ra moxda, rom davinaxe
saSa modioda, gulma veRar gamiZlo da gamovyevio. sikos qaquca
yovelTvis wina xazze gzavnida. is Seficul qarTlel biWTan erTad
mouklavs gamcem oss. kaxeTis Tu qarTlis soflebSi mcxovrebi osebi
komunistebis mxareze iyvnen da qaqucas ebrZodnen. sayvareli Zma qaqucam
Tavisi xeliT damarxa tyeSi da isev gaagrZela brZola. moRalate osi
Seficulebma, sikos da baRdos (aseTi metsaxeli hqonda moklul
qarTlels) maleve miayoles.
1923 wels daxvrites qaqucas biZaSvili, matanSi mcxovrebi 35 wlis
aneta ColoyaSvili, ganaTlebuli da patrioti, namdvili qarTveli qali.
is TavdadebiT exmareboda razmelebs, uzidavda wamlebs, uxvevda
Wrilobebs, amaragebda sakvebiT. `Cekam~ daatusaRa da rom veraferSi
gamotexa, sikvdili miusaja. daxvrites qaqucas simamri, uamravi nacnobmegobari. iyo Ralati, eWvebic. samoqalaqo omi yvelaze didi saSinelebaa
da
misi
Wrilobebic
Znelad
mosarCeni.
es
omi
mZvinvarebda
saqarTveloSic
da
adamianebi
erTmaneTs
wiravdnen
partiuli
dapirispirebis gamo. yvela adamians rodi SeuZlia gmiroba. bevri gatyda,
mtris mxareze gadavida da gasca Tavisianebi. bevri ar danebda, bolomde
uerTgula samSoblos, megobrebs, adamianur Rirsebas.
32
ajanyeba damarcxda, magram xalxi _ ara. Tavad qaquca ColoyaSvils
arc ufiqria aq daesva wertili, samSoblos interesebi mas isev eZaxda.
•
xevsureTis ajanyebis Semdeg, qaquca ColoyaSvili isev kaxeTsa da
qarTlSi ibrZoda. mas ufrosi Zma, Saqro miugzavnes, romelic manamde
datusaRebuli hyavdaT. aseve, axlo naTesavi biZina mayaSvili. mTavroba
maTi piriT uTvlida: SenTvis ra dagviSavebia, risTvis gvebrZvi, Tu ar
mogwons Cveni politika, sazRvargareT wadi, fuls, ramdensac ityvi,
mogcemT, mZevalsac gagayolebT sazRvramde, rom gvendoo. qaqucam aseTi
pasuxi misca: gadaeciT, rom Cven fulze ar viyidebiT, patriotebi varT
da saqarTvelos Tavisufleba aris CvenTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi.
avantiuristebi da samSoblos moRalateebi Tqven xarT, rusis jars rom
SemouZexiT
da
Zlivs,
vai-vaglaxiT
mopovebuli
saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba daamxeT. Tu kidev SegrCeniaT erTi bewo raime mainc
qarTuli, eg jari isev gaiyvaneT,rogorc SemoiyvaneT. Cven vibrZolebT
saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis manam, sanam pirSi suli gvidgas. Tu
ver SevZeliT am didi miznis sisruleSi moyvana, momavali Taoba
gaagrZelebs Cven dawyebul saqmes. mere Zmas uTxra, Cemi ufrosi Zma ki
xar, magram amisTana davalebiT CemTan aRar moxvideo. qaqucam isic Tqva,
rom rusis jaris gayvanis Semdeg, qarTveli xalxis mier arCeul
kanonier
xelisuflebas
is
da
misi
megobrebi
usityvod
daemorCilebodnen, ragind maTTvis miuRebeli yofiliyo is mTavroba.
qaqucas ufros Zmas biZis saxeli erqva. erT dRes swored mas estumra
qaquca ColoyaSvili ramdenime megobarTan erTad matanSi, ColoyaanT
cixeSi, sadac 75 wlis zorba, TovliviT TeTrwvera, darbaiseli da
simpaTiuri kaci cxovrobda. igi Zveli simRerebis ganTqmuli
Semsrulebebli da ucvleli Tamada iyo. biZas Zmiswulis naxva ise
gauxarda, cremlic ki gaubrwyinda Tvalze. exvewa, darCiT da CemTan
ivaxSmeTo, magram qaqucas naTesavebze iseTi meTvalyureoba iyo, ar
gariskes SeTqmulebma. wasvla rom daapira, Zia Saqro meore oTaxSi
gavida, mooqrovili xanjali gamoitana da qaqucas misca: mama-papuri
xanjalia, Sen gqondes Cemo Zmiswulo, Sen ufro gauTqvam mas saxels,
Cveni gvarisa da samSoblos sadideblado. es iaraRi axla saqarTvelos
muzeumSi inaxeba da man iseTive Zneli gza ganvlo saqarTvelos
brZolebsa da ucxoeTSi, rogorc misma mflobelebma warsulSi. iaraRs
qarTuli emigracia inaxavda, ufrTxildeboda, bolos ki gmiris
samSoblos daubrunda.
Seficulebi kaxeTis soflebSi dadiodnen. qaquca zogjer awyverSi
(axmetis raioni) aTevda Rames, sadac misi col-Svili cxovrobda. nino
meRvineTuxucesma aq, mamis saxlSi darCena arCia, qaqucas mSoblebi da
Zma ki matanSi cxovrobdnen. razms meTauri yovelTvis orad hyofda,
33
calke ayenebda yaraulebs. isini akontrolebdnen im ojaxebs, sadac
razmelebi midiodnen. xSiri iyo Setakebebi. yvela sofelSi da ojaxSi
migzavnili iyvnen moTvalTvaleni da qaqucaze monadire milicia.
Seficulebi yvela xafangidan sxltebodnen, danaklisic iyo maT rigebSi,
magram mcire. ufro metad, Tavdamsxmelebi zaraldebodnen. pirveli
zamTari
matanis
tyeebSi
gaatares.
1923
wlis
ianvar-martSi
saxeldaxelod agebul miwurebSi cxovrobdnen. am `tyis saxlebs~
malaqia maisuraZe `aproeqtebda~. mas, warmoSobiT raWvels, kargad
exerxeboda es saqme. is ki arada, binebi ise ostaturad iyo aSenebuli,
Sig cecxlis danTeba SeiZleboda da bolic ki aravis awuxebda. zamTarSi
dablob adgilebs irCevdnen binebisaTvis, cecxlis kvamli rom ar
gamoCeniliyo tyeebis simaRlidan, zafxulobiT ki _ maRalmTian da tyian
adgilebs. zogjer, xangrZlivad Tu rCebodnen, xorcian saWmels,
gansakuTrebiT xinklebs akeTebdnen. qaquca Zalian cotas Wamda, razmSi
yvelaze mcires. xSirad razmelebi unaxavdnen xolme, iqneb mere
SeWamoso, magram marto, lukmasac ar Caidebda pirSio, igonebdnen
mogvianebiT misi megobrebi. mTel saqarTveloSi xom icnobdnen da pativs
scemdnen, kavkasiis mTaSic legendebi dadioda masze. aleqsandre
sulxaniSvili wers, CeCneTSi stumrobisas rogori pativiT miiRes, sul
`qaquca~ mesmoda, yvela am sityvas imeorebda, albaT erTmaneTs
eubnebodnen, qaqucas kaciao. es iyo xevsureTis ajanyebis Semdeg, 1923
wlis aprilSi. misma avtoritetma Seariga xevsurebi da CeCnebi, aRar
xdeboda urTierTTavdasxmebi, pirutyvisa da adamianebis gatacebebi.
SeficulTa razmis Tavganwirulma brZolebma es nayofic gamoiRo: Seiqmna
kavkasiis mTielTa SekavSirebis SesaZlebloba, risic eSinodaT kremlis
xelisufalT. qaqucam kargad icoda, rom kavkasiis gaerTianebas mTeli
istoriis manZilze mohqonda xolme mtrebze didi gamarjveba. axlac
weriliT mimarTavda CeCnebs. is da misi razmelebi inaniebdnen odesRac
Cadenil winaparTa Secdomas, rodesac saqarTvelo ebrZoda CeCnebs
(igulisxmeboda XIX saukune), da rodesac mTeli kavkasiis saamayo
Svili Samili∗ rusebs ebrZoda, maSin, saubedurod, qarTvelebis erTi
nawili rusebs miemxro. es maSino, rodesac mTeli kavkasiis erebs,
rogorc erTs, ise unda ebrZola saerTo mterTano. iqneb es imis bralic
iyo, rom daRestnelebi, saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze Znel periodebSi,
esxmodnen Tavs qarTvelebs. rusebis propagandasTan erTad, amanac
gamoiwvia is movlena, rom qarTvelTa nawili SeebrZola Samilso, _
werdnen ColoyaSvilis Seficulebi. droa, Secdoma gamovasworoT,
sarwmunoebam xeli ratom unda SegviSalos, Cvenc gvyvanan qarTveli
musulmanebi, Cven Zalian vgavarT erTmaneTs tradiciebiTa da zneCveulebebiTo... qarTvelebi gamoTqvamdnen survils, gaegrZelebinaT
Soreuli winaprebis saqme, erTad ebrZolaT rusuli bolSevizmis
winaaRmdeg, kavkasiis TavisuflebisaTvis.
34
qaqucas am mowodebas CeCnebi swrafad gamoexmaurnen. maTi yvelaze didi
avtoritetebi Seudgnen CeCenTa mobilizebas. maT ancvifrebdaT da
moswondaT qarTvel SeficulTa Tavganwiruli brZola. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia ali mitaevis da aTabeis mxardaWera, romelTac qaqucam
saCuqrad
miliciisaTvis
warTmeuli
ocdaaTi
cxeni
gaugzavna.
mosalaparakeblad da brZolebis organizebisaTvis TviTon ColoyaSvili
gadavida CeCneTSi da Sexvda maT. roca rusebma gaiges, rom qarTvelebi
CeCnebTan amyarebdnen kavSirs, jaSuSebi aamoqmedes. didZali fuli
SesTavazes ramdenime CeCens, rom qarTveli Seficulebi da maTi beladi
moeklaT. magram CeCnebis bunebisaTvis aseTi Ralati miuRebeli iyo. isini
qarTvelebs uyvebodnen rusebis SeTavazebis Sesaxeb da dascinodnen
mters: Cven fulze ar viyidebiT da Cven Zmebs ar vklavT, magaT es ar
iciano.
•
qaqucasa da CeCnebs Soris oficialuri xelSekrulebac gaformda,
sadac dawvrilebiT iyo gawerili saerTo qarTul-CeCnuri ajanyebis
gegma. ali mitaevisa da qaquca ColoyaSvilis am gegmas Rrma istoriuli
fesvebi aqvs rogorc Soreul, aseve axlo warsulSic. Zalauneburad
gaxsendeba zviad gamsaxurdiasa da joxar dudaevis megobroba kavkasiuri
brZolebis axal etapze XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac maT erTad
surdaT Crdiloeli dampyroblis damarcxeba, magram aqac rusebma
gaimarjves:
orive
gmiri
msxverplad
Seewira
kavkasiur
ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas, Tumca erTxel kidev dagvanaxa megobrobisa
da TanamebrZolobis ukvdavi Zala. qaqucasa da mitaevs Soris dadebuli
xelSekrulebiT, Tbilisidan CeCneTSi unda gagzavniliyo im dros
damkomis Tavmjdomare _ giorgi winamZRvriSvili, saqarTvelodan saWiro
raodenobiT unda gaegzavnaT oficroba, radgan CeCnebs ar hyavdaT
sakmarisi samxedroebi. amboxebis gegma Sedgeboda TbilisSi, Semdeg am
gegmas gaecnobodnen CeCeni meTaurebi. gegmis mixedviT, antirusuli
amboxeba erTdroulad unda momxdariyo CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da
saqarTveloSi, ruseTidan ar unda gamoeSvaT jarebi,
unda aeyaraT
rkinigzis liandagebi, Tavs dascemodnen CrdiloeTSi ganlagebul rusis
jars. grozno 1918-1921 wlebSi ruseTisaTvis samxedro Stabs
warmoadgenda. aq ijda kavkasiis dapyrobis organizatori sergo
orjonikiZe da aq Rebulobda mokavSireebs Aazerbaijanis dapyrobis win.
me-11 armia aqedan Sevida baqoSi. am zurgis moSlas cdilobda
rusebisaTvis qaquca ColoyaSvili, rac, samwuxarod, ver ganxorcielda.
is, rac Cvenma gmirebma kargad icodnen, icoda mtermac da yovelnairad
uSlida xels kavkasiel xalxTa gaerTianebas. xan SuRlsa da mtrobas
aZlierebda maT Soris, xanac SeiaraRebul Zalebs ayenebda iq, saidanac
erTmaneTTan unda misuliyvnen da saTiTaod amarcxebda. amjeradac Sekres
35
rusma
wiTelarmielebma
kavkasionze
gadasasvlel-gadmosasvleli
bilikebi, amjeradac TviT qarTvelTa Soris daatriales SuRlisa da
Ralatis maxvili da erTmaneTi daamarcxebines saqarTvelos bedkrul
Svilebs.
•
ragind dasamarcxebladac unda iyos ganwiruli, simarTlisa da
samSoblos gadarCenisaTvis brZola, mainc gamarjvebis tolfasia. Cveni
qveyana da qaquca ColoyaSvilisTana vaJkacebi yovelTvis Tavisze bevrad
mravalricxovan da Zlier mtrebs ebrZodnen. winaaRmdegobis Jini da
borotebis ganadgurebisken ltolva maT sisxlsa da xorcSi hqondaT
gamjdari. did imperiebs ra daamarcxebda, magram uomrad Seguebac
uzneoba iqneboda. erTi qarTveli mwerali, `qarTlis cxovrebis~
qronikebiT
mogvril
STabeWdilebas
rom
uziarebda
mkiTxvels,
Sotlandiur legendas ixsenebda da saqarTvelos istoriul beds
usadagebda. Sotlandiac, mogexsenebaT, Cvennairi patara qveyanaa,
romelsac inglisi mudmivad eomeboda, Sotlandielebi ki gmirulad
icavdnen Tavis damoukideblobas. inglisic ar cxreboda. gansakuTrebiT
meToTxmete saukuneSi Seutia zedized da daamarcxa kidec patara
mezobeli qveyana. iJliteboda mcirericxovani xalxi, magram iaraRs ar
yrida. xalxs win uZRoda beladi, Sotlandieli robert brusi. erTerTi Setevis dros TiTqmis mTeli jari gaiJlita, cocxlad
darCenilebi daifantnen. SiSi, sasowarkveTa da uimedoba dasadgurda
SotlandielTa gulebSi, rwmena, TiTqos, mokvda. robert brusi uRran
tyeSi moxvda martodmarto da Tavi Seafara mitovebul qoxs. jaWvis
perangi arc gauxdia, ise miegdo kuTxeSi brZolisagan qancgawyvetili,
mSier-mwyurvali, sasomixdili. gatnjuls Zili ar ekareboda, brZolis
sisxliani suraTebi edga Tvalwin. omi wagebuli iyo, dampyrobelma
sabolood gatexa patara eris neba. amas mohyveboda damcireba,
gadagvareba, erovnuli adaT-wesebis Segineba, saukuneebis manZilze
gamomuSavebuli tradiciebis xelyofa. qveyana damarcxebuli iyo, azri
aRar hqonda brZolas da Tavad cxovrebasac. ase fiqrobda qoxis kuTxeSi
migdebuli, uimedo sardali da mefe.
siZvelisagan Camompali qoxis sxvenSi obobas gaeba qseli da kuTxeSi
miyuJuliyo. brusi xmliT miwvda da qseli CamoSala. cota xnis Semdeg
naxa, rom obobam kvlav gaaba qseli da kvlav miiyuJa kuTxeSi. brusma
isev dauSala naqsovi. legendis mixedviT, mefe ase Svidjer moiqca da
rodesac isev, meSvidedac obobam kvlav gaaba Tavisi qseli, fexze
wamoxta da Sehyvira, bednieri gadawyvetileba saxes unaTebda, Tuki
ususuri mweri, Svidjer damarcxebis Semdeg mainc gautexeli suliTa da
energiiT Seudga saqmes, me raRa RmerTi gamiwyrao da mtkice nabijiT
36
gamovida qoxidan. gadamwyveti brZola Sotlandielebma moiges. es iyo
istoriaSi kargad cnobili banokbernis brZola.
im obobasaviT, qarTveli xalxi sul qsovda Tavis beds. mteri
ungrevda qveyanas, is aSenebda. qaquca ColoyaSvilis msgavsi gmirebi ar
ufrTxodnen mtris mravalricxovnebas da dampyrobeli qveynis sidides.
maTTvis mTavari simarTlisaTvis Tavganwirva iyo.
•
xevsureTis
ajanyebidan
moyolebuli,
SeficulTa
mdgomareoba
garTulda, devna gaZlierda. 1923 wlis zamTari da gazafxuli uamravi
siZneliT iyo savse.
CeCneTidan dabrunebis Semdeg, `damkomTan~ miwer-moweris gamo, qaquca
TbilisSi gamoiZaxes am organizaciis wevrebTan Sesaxvedrad. am dros
razmi gomboris mTis CrdiloeTiT, SroSanis tyeSi binadrobda. es tye
Telavis mazraSi, zemo xodaSnis saTavesTan mdebareobs. erT dRes qaqucam
ramdenime kaci gagzavna yvarel-sabueSi Tavis xalxTan mosalaparakeblad.
erTi maTgani Seficuli soso losaberiZe iyo. man TviTon Txova meTaurs
iq wasvla. ramdenadac soso kargad icnobda am mxares, qaqucam uari aRar
uTxra da sapasuxismgeblo saqme daavala. losaberiZe, 40-45 wlis kaci,
cxenosanTa aTaseulis yofili mebrZoli iyo. mas aTaseulSi bolSevik
samxedro komisarTan mouxda Cxubi, ris gamoc daatusaRes. losaberiZe
erovnuli moZraobis wevrebma gaaqcies da kaxeTSi malavdnen, swored
yvarel-sabueSi. amitom kargad icnobda am mxares. qaqucam mas Tan erTi
CeCeni mebrZoli, saxelad elCi gaayola. es CeCeni, CeCneTSi yofnisas,
qaqucas gamohyoloda sxva ocdaxuT CeCenTan erTad. maT ColoyaSvilis
razmSi ramdenime xans dahyves, mere ukan gabrundnen. mxolod es erTi
elCiRa SemorCa, 45 wlamde asakis, kargi garegnobis kaci. pirvelive
dRes daiwyes gagzavnilebma molaparakebebi, is Rame tyeSi gaaTies. meore
dRes kvlav unda gaegrZelebinaT TavianTi saqme. Cekistebma wamsve gaiges
maTi sofelSi Casvlis ambavi, guldasmiT dazveres maTi adgilsamyofeli,
Tormeti kaciT alyaSi moaqcies da srola autexes. losaberiZe da CeCeni
raRac simagres moefarnen. male Cekistebma srola Sewyvites. sosom Tavi
amohyo iqaurobis mosaTvaliereblad, Cekistebma esroles da iqve mokles.
CeCeni ar daibna ucxo garemoSi da Cekistebs didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia,
wvalebiT gaigno gza da garkveuli xnis Semdeg kvlav SeuerTda qaqucas
razms. razmelebi ganicdidnen mis dakargvas, mkvdari egonaT da
rcxvenodaT CeCnebis winaSe, erTi kaci dagvitoves da rogor ver
movuareTo. amitom misi gamoCena razmSi zeimad iqca. amis Semdeg mas
didxans aRar gzavnidnen sabrZolo davalebaze. CeCen elCs kerva da
dalaqoba exerxeboda, saTno bunebis adamiani iyo da razmelebze
yovelnairad mzrunvelobda. agvistos dReebSi man bevri ram gaakeTa
qarTvelebisaTvis.
37
•
qaqucas TanaSemwe _ Salva favleniSvili, xevsureTis ajanyebis dros
mowyda ColoyaSvilis banaks. aravin icoda misi gza-kvali. Salvas
movaleobas soso losaberiZe asrulebda. axla ki, misi sikvdilis Semdeg,
TanaSemwis movaleoba elizbar vaCnaZes daavala qaqucam. favleniSvili
mas Zalian uyvarda. 1922 wels, xevsureTis ajanyebis win, man qaqucas
aTkalibriani
Tofi
aCuqa,
romelic
qarTvelebs
somexi
teroristebisaTvis hqondaT warTmeuli. aseTi Tofi saqarTveloSi sul
ori iyo. qaqucas Zalian gaexarda saCuqari. rodesac favleniSvili
daikarga, meTauri mas eZebda, magram ras ipovida. rogorc Semdeg gairkva,
SeficulTa razmTan gayrili favleniSvili TbilisSi dabrunda da sanam
razms ipovida, dis ojaxs Seekedla. gaigo Tu ara misi iq yofnis ambavi
`Cekam~, saxls alya Semoartya. srolisas daiWra Salvas da. rodesac
tyviiT daWrili da gasisxlianebuli da dainaxa, Salvam ifiqra, rom
momxdurs veRarc is dausxlteboda da maT xelSi Cavardnas
TviTmkvleloba amjobina.
•
qaqucas razmSi ibrZoda ioseb kaxaSvili. igi sofel gremodan iyo da
1923 wels SeuerTda Seficulebs. kaxaSvili I cxenosani aTaseulis
yofili oficeri iyo, qaqucasTan erTad namsaxuri. mivida Tu ara razmSi,
qaqucam TanaSemwed daniSna da radgan gremidan iyo, Tavis raionSi,
Silda-yvarelSi daavala xalxTan urTierToba. iosebs ori kaci gaayola,
erTi Salva kandelaki da erTic pankiseli qisti. axali daRamebuli iyo.
Seficulebi Cqarobdnen. am dros karze braxuni gaisma. uecrad miliciam
alya Semoartya saxls, kaxaSvili karTan mivida da milicioners Seejaxa,
Zirs dasca, magram meorem esrola da mokla. saxlidan gamovardnili
Salva kandelaki mkerdSi daiWra, magram gaqceva moaxerxa, gabedulad
ibrZoda qisti razmeli, manac daaRwia Tavi mtris alyas. daWrilma
kandelakma didxans iara, Zala gamoelia da soflis bolos, erT
bostanSi daimala. diliT moxuci qali movida, ucxo kaci rom dainaxa,
SeSinda. daWrilma daamSvida, uTxra vinc iyo, ColoyaSvilis razmidan
var, wuxel srolisas damWres, daRamebisas Cemi amxanagebi movlen da
wamiyvanen, aravis uTxra Cems Sesaxebo. qalma piroba misca, magram mainc
wamoscda sakuTar vaJTan, romelic komkavSireli yofila, ise, rom dedam
ar icoda. man maSinve milicias Seatyobina. kandelaki daiWires da
waiyvanes TelavSi, radgan samazro `Ceka~ iq iyo. gzaSi aginebda
komunistebs, emuqreboda, dro mova da yvelas gagasamarTleben, rogorc
saqarTvelos moRalateebso. Wrilobebi Seuxvies, magram gaiglija,
rodesac darwmunda, rom veRarsad wavidoda, awamebdnen da Seecdebodnen
TavianTTvis sasurveli informaciis gamoZalvas, bolos ki daxvretdnen,
TviTonve gamoutana ganaCeni sakuTar Tavs: rkinis fanjrebidan Jangi
38
afxika, Wrilobaze daiyara da Segnebulad moiwamla sisxli. marTlac,
igi gardaicvala.
qaquca sul icvlida strategias. 1923 wlis gvian Semodgomaze, roca
civis tyeSi dabinavdnen, pirvelive dRes daesxaT mdevari. iZulebuli
gaxdnen,
mSvenivrad
mowyobili
sadgurebi
mietovebinaT
da
abargebuliyvnen. midiodnen iqiT, saiTac ColoyaSvili miuTiTebdaT.
axlac ikiTxes, saiT wavideTo. qaqucam Tqva: axla Cvenze didi mdevari
wamova, gzas Segvikraven, jobia, aqve axlos gavataroT ramdenime dRe
siCumeSi da mere vnaxoTo. egeni azrze ver movlen, Tu Cven ase axlos
gavCerdebiTo. sul erTi kilometriT gadaiwies im binidan, sadac
Setakeba mouxdaT. erTi kvira darCnen, gamoeliaT sakvebic da Tambaqoc.
bedad, binidan cota moSorebiT, erT raWvel menaxSires waawydnen,
romelsac naxSiris gamosawvavi qura hqonda. TelavSi, viriT, yoveldRe
mihqonda naxSiri gasayidad. Tambaqo misi daxmarebiT moimarages, saWmeli
ki, _ didi sifrTxiliT Zvel binaze dabrundnen da iqidan wamoiRes. iq
fqvilis da xorcis maragi HhqondaT darCenili. xSirad, komunistebi maT
mitovebul produqtebs wamlavdnen, Tu dabrundebian, moiwamlebiano. esec
brZolis xerxi iyo maTTvis, amitom mxolod Zalian mZime gasaWiris
dros Tu ubrundebodnen nabanakars Seficulebi da iqidan raime
mohqondaT. saguldagulod Semowmebis gareSe, aseT produqts arc
Wamdnen.
qaqucas,
zogjer,
cudi
sizmari
uwamlavda
xasiaTs.
savele
mdgomareobaSi,
mudmiv
devnaSi
mcxovreb
razmelebs,
bunebrivad
euflebodaT mZime ganwyobileba. Tumca, ufro metad mxiarulobdnen,
mRerodnen, kafiebsa da leqsebs eubnebodnen erTmaneTs, yvebodnen
saintereso ambebs. es brZolebis SualedSi, Sesvenebisas xdeboda.
xangrZlivi xetiali xSirad fitavdaT, SimSili, sicive, uZiloba,
Cveulebrivi xvedri iyo Tavganwiruli raindebisa da isinic amas
usityvod itandnen. ramdenjer, daRlilebs, gzaSi, Tovlian da yinulian
qvebze ramdenime wuTiT Tu erT-ori saaTiT wauZiniaT. SeyinviaT wverulvaSi, fexebi ise dahbuJebiaT, lamis warTmeviaT kidurebi, magram
rwmena ar daukargavT, gamarjvebis, saqarTvelos gadarCenisaTvis brZolis
aucileblobis rwmena.
aleqsandre sulxaniSvili igonebs qaqucasTan dakavSirebul erT
SemTxvevas: civis mTaze, 1923 wlis zamTarSi,
erT tevrSi axali dabinavebuli iyvnen da yvelas eZina. SuaRamisas
qaqucam uceb gaiRviZa, gaaRviZa elizbar vaCnaZe da aleqsandre
sulxaniSvilic da uTxra, saswrafod gamoefxizlebinaT meomrebic. maT
gaukvirdaT da mizezi hkiTxes. cudi sizmari vnaxeo, _ pirquSad Tqva
sardalma, qarTvelma qalma miTxra, saswrafod waiyvane aqedan razmio. ar
esiamovnaT. sulxaniSvilma sanovageze gagzavnili sami razmeli gaaxsena,
rogorRa mogvagnebeno, vaCnaZem urCia, dilamde nu wavalT, razmelebi
39
axaldaZinebuli arian da nu gavaRviZebT, gagzavnilebic movlen da
diliT wavideTo. gadawyvites da kvlav daiZines. ganTiadis oTxi saaTi
iqneboda, qaqucam meored rom gaaRviZa megobrebi, igive qali damesizmra,
miTxra aqedan wadiTo da gadaWriT ubrZana, gaaRviZeT biWebi, axlave
unda wavideTo. raRa unda eqnaT, yvela wamoiSala banakidan da sxva
adgilze gadainacvles. sulxaniSvili wers: `cxadad agvixda im Rames
qaqucas sizmrad nanaxi, da albaT, gangebisagan mxsnel angelozad
moevlina is qali araerT Cvengans~...
diliT Seityves, rom gamTeniisas miliciis didi razmi sroliT
Semortymoda im binas, Sig rom veravin unaxavT, srola SeuwyvetiaT da
iqve Casafrebulan. samwuxarod, sanovageze gagzavnili razmelebi
mobrunebulan. ori maTgani milicias mouklavs, mesame gaqceula, es mesame
_ lado ozaneli SemdegSi SeuerTda qaqucas razms. es ambavi rom gaigo
qaqucam, scada daRupuli razmelebis _ xelaZisa da bakuraZis gvamebi
rogorme tyidan gamoetana da daesaflavebina. ver moaxerxes, moklulebi
ukve TelavSi waeRoT.
kaxeTidan
ianvar-TebervalSi
TianeT-duSeTis
mazraSi
gadavinen.
gazafxulamde iq binadrobdnen. brZola partizanuli iyo da sul
moZraobdnen. qaquca yovelTvis imarjvebda, magram tovebda im adgils,
sadac ibrZoda, bolos ki am nabrZol adgilebs xelisufleba ikavebda.
mizani ColoyaSvilisa is iyo, rom komunistur xelisuflebas, romelsac
igi rusebs eZaxda, mSvidad ar egrZno Tavi, ar hgoneboda, rom qveyana
danebda, xalxi Seurigda okupantebs. TviT xalxSic ar unda Camqraliyo
gamarjvebis rwmena, qaquca rom gaimarjvebda romelime ubanze, is ubani
Semdeg iqaurebs unda gaemagrebinaT. magram, samwuxarod, ase ar xdeboda.
Zaladobrivi reJimi iaraRiT amyarebda `wesrigs~, tyviiT, gadasaxlebiT,
muqariT imorCilebda xalxs. awiokebdnen udanaSaulo adamianebs, monur
suliskveTebas unergavdnen, moiTxovdnen sabWouri sistemis Tayvaniscemas,
yovelgvari
erovnulis
sanacvlod,
internacionaluri
ideebis
erTgulebas. qaquca ColoyaSvili namdvili gmiri iyo, am saSinel
sistemas rom SeebrZola, rogorc keTili raindi urCxuls. rodesac
razmSi ucxo axalgazrda midioda, mamaSvilurad, TiTqos didi xnis
nacnobiao, ise eqceoda, esaubreboda, ise gulTbilad uxsnida momavlis
miznebsa da sabrZolo amocanebs, rom moralurad dacemul adamiansac ki
fexze wamoayenebda da gmirad aqcevda. es iyo misi, rogorc sardlis,
lideris, erovnuli gmiris Tviseba. rogori mSiSarac ar unda yofiliyo
jariskaci, ise moeqceoda, ise gamowvrTnida da moamzadebda sulierad,
sul gadaaxalisebda da did vaJkacad aqcevda. amas misi TanamebrZolebi
weren da misi brZolis istoriac amaze metyvelebs. mis Seficulebs
qarTuli Coxa-axaluxi ecvaT, tansacmelSic qarTul suls debda da
cxovrebis wesSic. ilia WavWavaZis ideebze gazrdili qarTveli vaJkaci,
amas bunebrivad akeTebda. vinc banakSi movidoda, yvelas jer TviTon
40
gaesaubreboda, fsiqologis niWiT Caswvdeboda mis azrebs, Semdeg ki sxva
Seficulebs aZlevda maTTan urTierTobis nebas.
qaqucas ar moswonda partiuli dapirispireba da banakSi akrZaluli
hqonda romelime partiis gineba. me vcdilob xalxi SevakavSiro, ki ar
davaSoro da gadavkidoo. misi sityva kanoni iyo SeficulTaTvis da
masTan kamaTs aravin marTavda. arc raime iyo sakamaTo. misi azrebi
yovelTvis marTali da qveynisTvis sasargeblo iyo. dapirispireba da
uTanxmoeba yvelaze mZafrad 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebisas gamoCnda.
•
1924 wlis ajanyeba sayovelTao SeiaraRebul ajanyebad iyo
Cafiqrebuli. is unda momxdariyo ara marto mTel saqarTveloSi, aramed
kavkasiis masStabiT. masSi unda Cabmuliyvnen CeCneTi da Aazerbaijani.
1923 wlis bolos parizidan saqarTveloSi aralegalurad Camovidnen
gvardiis yofili sardali valiko juReli,
social-demokrati,
Tbilisis yofili qalaqis Tavi, mTavrobis yofili warmomadgeneli
aWarasa da afxazeTSi benia CxikviSvili, yofili miwaTmoqmedebis
ministri noe xomeriki. ajanyebis meTaurebs isini amxnevebdnen da
saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris imeds unergavdnen. aseTi mxardaWera ki maSin
ar arsebobda, ris gamoc arc noe Jordania, arc irakli wereTeli∗ da
emigrantuli mTavrobis sxva wevrebi ajanyebas ar uWerdnen mxars.
ajanyebis momxre iyo noe ramiSvili.∗ 1924 wlis ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi
mowveuli iqna damkomis gafarToebuli kreba. samxedro komitetis
mTavarsardalma _ spiridon WavWavaZem∗ Caibara angariSi sabrZolo
razmebis mzadyofnaze, sakmarisad miiCnia arsebuli samxedro Zalebi da
Catarebuli teqnikuri samuSaoebi, ajanyebis dasawyebad dainiSna dro _
17 agvisto. amave krebaze sityva warmoTqva damkomis Tavmjdomaris
moadgilem iason javaxiSvilma, romelic ajanyebis yvelaze principuli
momxre iyo. ajanyebis sardloba spiridon WavWavaZes unda gaewia.
gegmis mixedviT, pirvelad Tbilisi unda ajanyebuliyo. amitom qaquca
ColoyaSvili, Tavisi razmebiT Tbilisidan 20 kilometrze, sofel
naxSirgorasTan dabanakda. iq moiyares Tavi mixeil laSqaraSvilis da
nacvliSvilis razmebma, duSeTisa da diRmis razmebma, kapitan vaCnaZis,
borCalosa da manglisis razmebma.
am dros vazianSi dabanakebuli iyo rusuli artileria. saWiro iyo am
Zalis xelSi Cagdeba, rac polkovnik i. cagurias razms unda moexdina,
raTa rusebisaTvis CamorTmeuli zarbaznebiT midgomodnen Tbiliss,
navTluRis mxridan. i. cagurias gankargulebaSi gadavidnen Telavis,
siRnaRisa da gurjaanis razmebi. ajanyebis dawyeba unda ecnobebinaT
Crdilo kavkasielebisaTvis.
`Cekam~ yvelaferi gaakeTa ajanyebis CaSlisa da kraxisaTvis. maT
miagnes
SeTqmulebis
meTaurTa
kvals
da
daapatimres
giorgi
41
winamZRvriSvili, noe xomeriki, giorgi faRava, g. jinoria da sxvebi. 6
agvistos daapatimres valiko juReli da benia CxikviSvilic.
sapatimrodan winamZRvriSvilma da juRelma miweres `damkoms~ _xeli
aeRoT ajanyebaze. valiko juRels motyuebiT aTqmevines ajanyebis
dawyebis TariRi. `damkomis~ wevrebma kargad icodnen, rom werilis
avtori sinamdvileSi `Ceka~ iyo, amitom pasuxSi aRniSnes, rom
`gamosvlis sakiTxi axlo momavalSi ar dgas da araviTar ajanyebas ar
vapirebTo~. magram `Ceka~ amiT ar motyuvda. daiwyo Tbilisis gamagreba,
gzebis Sekvra, patrulirebis SemoReba Ramis saaTebSi, saeWvo
samxedroebis dapatimreba. baTumSi daapatimres generali furcelaZe,
romelsac aWaris CarTva evaleboda ajanyebaSi,
guriaSi generali
yuraSvili aiyvanes. aman mTavarsardalze cudad imoqmeda, mas gamarjvebis
imedi gauqra da `damkoms~ ganucxada kidec, rom `am pirobebSi gamosvla
SeuZlebeli xdeboda~. `damkomis~ Tavmjdomare iason javaxiSvili
gadaWriT iTxovda ajanyebas, romelic, misi azriT, dawyebuli iyo da
axla SeCereba met msxverpls gamoiwvevda. man moiTxova mTavarsardlis
gadayeneba da spiridon WavWavaZis adgilze qaquca ColoyaSvilis
daniSvna, razedac `damkomi~ ar daeTanxma.
Tbilisis axlos dabanakebuli ColoyaSvilis razmi swavlobda `Cekas~
Senobas, masze Tavdasxmis mosamzadeblad saWiro iyo yvelaferi winaswar
da guldagul Semowmebuliyo. es Senoba im gimnaziis gverdiT
mdebareobda, sadac qaquca swavlobda. Seficulebs ainteresebdaT, vin
cxovrobda `CekasTan~ axlos, rom, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sando ojaxi
aerCiaT, Tuki daWirdebodaT iq damalva. aseve undodaT yaraulebis
Secvlis zusti drois gageba, ra Zala icavda `Cekas~. gamudmebiT gzebze
daqrodnen SeficulTa agentebi, mihqondaT da mohqondaT saWiro cnobebi.
erT dRes, am adgilebis Tvalierebisas, dainaxes, rom eklesiaSi aravin
iyo, Sevidnen SigniT, iloces da mRvdelsac daalocvines Tavi. gaumxiles
vinc iyvnen, oRond qaqucas vinaoba damales. mRvdels gaexarda da
guliTadad daloca mebrZolebi. unda iTqvas, rom eklesia imTaviTve
Seficulebs, saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZolebs edga mxarSi.
gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis kaTalikos ambrosi xelaiaze. is mzad iyo
wasuliyo kaxeTSi. rogorc aleqsandre asaTiani wers, imisaTvis, raTa
qaqucas razms kaxeT-mTiuleTidan jvriT xelSi gamohyoloda.
`damkomma~ uari Tqva, ajanyebis centrad Tbilisis arCevaze, radgan
dedaqalaqi mTavrobis mier saimedod iyo gamagrebuli. centri qaquca
ColoyaSvilis sabrZolo adgilebi unda yofiliyo.
`damkomis~ Tavmjdomarem _ giorgi andronikaSvilma Crdilo kavkasiaSi
gagzavna eqimi mixeil iSxneli, romelic Tavidanve ajanyebas emxroboda.
iSxnelma inaxula ali mitaevi da misgan gaigo, rom mTa mzad iyo
ajanyebisaTvis. am cnobiT dabrunda iSxneli ATbilisSi. kote
andronikaSvilma
da
iason
javaxiSvilma
piradad
moinaxules
42
pasuxismgebeli oficrebi, qalaqebidan da mazrebidan mowveuli razmebis
meTaurebi
da
gaafrTxiles,
mzad
yofiliyvnen
ajanyebisaTvis.
azerbaijanTan kavSiris damyareba veRar moxerxda, radgan am saqmeze
gamoyofili g. faRava daiWires. amitom gegmaSi darCa saerTo ajanyeba
saqarTvelo-CeCneTis monawileobiT. magram CeCneTTan male kavSiri gawyda.
am kavSiris aRsadgenad gagzavnes zurab avaliSvilis Zma _ vano
avaliSvili. mas ali mitaevi daWerili daxvda.
`damkomma~ mTavarsardlad isev spiridon WavWavaZe datova, magram
damuSavebuli gegma Secvala. ajanyeba gadaido 29 agvistosaTvis.
`damkomma~
am
ambis
Sesatyobineblad
qaqucasTan
solomon
∗
zaldastaniSvili gagzavna da Tan instruqcia misca, ise waremarTa
molaparakeba, rom qaqucasac mxari agvistos bolos gamosvlis
gegmisTvis daeWira. qaquca Tavdapirvelad uarze iyo, radgan xalxi ukve
Sekrebiliyo, Sori manZilidan mosulebisa da ukve sabrZolvelad
momzadebulTa daSla, ukan, saxlebSi gagzavna da mere xelaxla Sekreba
gaZneldeboda. xolo im adgilebSi, sadac imJamad imyofebodnen, qaquca
ori kvira mebrZolebs ver Seinaxavda. saxlidan yvelas mxolod sami
dRis sagzali hqonda wamoRebuli. Tu gadadeba aucilebeli iyo, qaquca
Tanaxma iyo ajanyeba oqtombris meore naxevarSi momxdariyo, rodesac
glexebi ufro Tavisufalni iyvnen da Sekrebasac ukeT SeZlebdnen.
`damkomi~ mis winadadebas ar daeTanxma, ajanyebis TariRad 29 agvisto
sabolood gadawyda. amasobaSi, cudi ambebi xdeboda: sabrZolvelad
misulebi ifantebodnen, ColoyaSvils 600 kacidan samociRa SemorCa.
partiebic ver Tanxmdebodnen, zogi ajanyebas uWerda mxars, zogi _ ara.
`Cekac~ miyolebiT iWerda ajanyebis TanamgrZnob pirebs. daiWires yofili
miwaTmoqmedebis ministri, emigraciidan ajanyebisTvis dabrunebuli noe
xomeriki, aseve: faRava, belTaZe, kaxiani da sxvebi.qaqucam ori jgufi
gagzavna qarTlis soflebSi da duSeTisaken. erTs mixeil laSqaraSvili
meTaurobda. mas davalebuli hqonda miliciis ganiaraReba. duSeTis razms
ki ufro Zneli davaleba mieca, radgan iq meti winaaRmdegoba elodaT. am
razmSi Sediodnen: gabo oziaSvili, malaqia maisuraZeE da koxtaSvili.
25 agvistos qaqucas razmSi mivida iason javaxiSvili, 27 agvistos ki
`damkomis~ mTeli Semadgenloba gamocxadda, andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT.
`damkomis~ wevrebi mebrZolebs gahynen, Tumca xels uSlidnen, radgan
siaruli uWirdaT. qaqucam mxolod spiridon WavWavaZe da Salva
amirejibi∗ daitova, `damkomis~ mTeli Semadgenloba ki qvaTaxevis
monasterSi miiyvana da iqaur berebs Caabara. maT sadarajod datova
javaxiSvili da Crdilokavkasieli CeCeni _ elCi.
29 agvistos diliT qaqucas razmSi mivida macne, romelmac
Tavzardamcemi ambavi moutana: erTi dRiT adre, 28 agvistos gamosvla
moxda WiaTuraSi, es iyo Ralati, radgan mTavroba ukve organizebuli
iyo Tavisi razmebiT da 29 agvistos ajanyebas advilad gauswordeboda.
43
asec moxda. gamosvla 29 agvistos SuaRamis 2 saaTze unda dawyebuliyo.
es gadawyvetileba xuTma kacma miiRo. qaquca ColoyaSvili ajanyebis
dawyebisaTvis sxva TariRs iTxovda, magram ar daujeres. `damkomis~
partiuli warmomadgenlebi ver Tanxmdebodnen. Zveli komitetis
paralelurad axali ganyofileba Seiqmna, razedac iason javaxiSvils
zaldastaniSvilma da iSxnelma protesti ganucxades. es yovelive saqmes
xels uSlida.
`damkomis~ axladarCeuli Tbilisis ganyofoleba, misi
wevrebi saqmis viTarebas kargad ar icnobdnen da maTi ajanyebisadmi
midgoma zerele iyo. arada, am ganyofilebas didi sabrZolo amocana
daekisra, mas eqvsi davaleba unda Seesrulebina: aeRo da daekavebina
fosta-telegrafis, javSnosani avtomobilebis, `Cekas~, kursantebis,
javSnosani matareblebisa da saaviacio bazis Senobebi. am amocanebis
Sesasruleblad razmebi mzad iyvnen da gankargulebas elodnen.
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gaigzavna Svidi oficeri maior beriZis meTaurobiT.
iqac 29 agvistos, SuaRamis 2 saaTze unda dawyebuliyo gamosvla. 27
agvistos `damkomma~ qaqucas banakidan iason javaxiSvilis werili miiRo.
igi kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda am banakis mzadyofniT. Tbilisi amoZravda.
xalxs imedi mieca, oficroba aRarafers erideboda, yvela qaqucasTan
gagzavnas an romelime razmSi Caweras iTxovda. `Ceka~ TiTqos aRarc
arsebobda, xalxi ise pirdapir laparakobda ajanyebaze 28 agvistomde.
28-Si ki, WiaTuris gamosvliT, TiTqos yvelaferi gafuWda, erTiani
ajanyebis gegma CaifuSa. iniciativa kvlav `Cekam~ aiRo. gamocxadda
samxedro wesebi, gamagrda yvela is adgili, romelic `damkoms~ unda
aeRo. 29 agvistos RamiT daiWires kaxeTis organizaciis xelmZRvanelebi
da daxvrites. erTi imediRa darCa: qaquca Tavisi razmiT manglisis
mxridan da polkovniki caguria vazianis mxridan moadgebodnen Tbiliss
da aq myofi razmebi maT SeuerTdebodnen. magram TbilisSi araviTari
cnoba ar modioda. mxolod 31 agvistos gamoCnda polkovniki caguria,
Semoipara TbilisSi da Sexvda `damkomis~ wevrebs, auxsna Tavisi
mdgomareoba, rogor CaeSala vazianze Seteva, radgan maTTan ar
gamocxaddnen mebrZolebi da sofel patarZeulTan rogor SeebrZola
komunistur milicias.
WiaTuris ambebis gamo, arc qaquca da misi mebrZolebi iyvnen xasiaTze,
magram mainc gadawyvites manglisze galaSqreba, sadac samxedro
kursantebis yazarmebi iyo. samocdaaTkaciani razmiT, qaqucam yazarmebs
Seutia. eqvsi kaci gamoyo, aleqsandre sulxaniSvilis meTaurobiT da
daavala, rom daetusaRebinaT rogorc batalionis ufrosi, aseve
kursantebis meTauri, romlebic erT saxlSi cxovrobdnen. qaqucam maT
mangliseli diakvani gaayola, romelic iqaurobaSi kargad erkveoda.
Svideuli daatusaRebda an daxocavda meTaurebs, amis Semdeg ki razmi
daecemoda yazarmebs. RameSi diakvani ise daikarga, ver gaiges, uRalata
razmelebs, Tu, ubralod, SeSinda an emZima aseTi davaleba. amasobaSi
44
qaqucas kacic daewiaT, is ukan dabrunebas Txovda. misi azriT, Zalebis
gafantva aseT rTul adgilas da isic bnel RameSi, araswori iqneboda.
meTaurma samad gaanawila Zalebi: marjvena frTaze sulxaniSvili daayena
15 borCaloeli TaTriT, marcxena frTaze elizbar vaCnaZe gagzavna 20
kaciT, SuaSi ki Caayena miSa nacvliSvili da rafo erisTavi, orives
ramdenime kaci misca. erT-erT Seficuls yazarmaSi bombi unda Seegdo,
ris Semdegac daiwyebdnen brZolas. bombi ar gaskda, arada, erTis meti
ar hqondaT. daiwyo srola. kursantebma tyviamfrqvevi gadmodges
fanjridan, magram gamoucdelebma, Tavdamsxmelebs ver ajobes. naxevar
saaTSi brZola Sewyda. qaqucam aCvena Tavisi Zala manglisSi damdgar
rusis jars da duSeTis gziT wavida, patimrebis gasaTavisufleblad.
marTlac, gaanTavisufles is xalxi, romelTagan bevrs daxvreta eloda.
maT Soris iyvnen merab jorjaZe da Salva nebieriZe, romlebic qaqucas
razms SeuerTdnen. manglisis brZolaSi gamoCnda, rom xalxi ar iyo
organizebuli, mebrZolebi ar ematebodnen ajanyebulebs, qaquca marto
darCa da ramdenime aTeuli kaciT ver aasrulebda dasaxul mizans.
WiaTuraSi ajanyebulebi xelisuflebam sastikad dasaja. isini
matarebelSi Seyares da daba yvirilaSi daxvrites.
icoda ra, rom ajanyebas warmateba aRar eloda, qaquca da misi
razmelebi bolo brZolebs marTavdnen. `msgavsad kela naWaSi
momwyvdeuli daTvisa, romelic arafers ar erideba, sadac ki daveciT,
tyavi gavaZreT komunistebs~, _ igonebs aleqsandre sulxaniSvili.
ColoyaSvilis am periodis brZolebidan aRsaniSnavia Tavdasxma
svimonianTxevSi dabanakebul cxenosani jaris nawilze. es sofeli vake
adgilzea, CrdiloeTidan akravs mxolod maRali gora. aRmosavleTiT
Caudis xevi patara mdinariT. SuaRamisas miuaxlovda ColoyaSvilis
razmi sofels. qaqucam kvlavac sam nawilad gahyo Tavisi razmebi,
rogorc Cveoda da sxvadasxva mxares gagzavna, Tavad ki gorakis
dasakaveblad wavida, Tu sxvebs gauWirdebodaT, Tavad iqidan kargad
dainaxavda da advilad daexmareboda. gariJraJamde ibrZodnen meomrebi,
qaqucas zogi mowinaaRmdege brZolaSi daiRupa, zogi Seficulebs
CauvardaT xelT. mTeli sofeli gamoiSala da madloba gadauxada
mebrZolebs. maT soflis maRaziis mTeli avladideba dauriges
mosaxleobas, TviTon ki miliciis 160 cxeni darCaT, saidanac
saukeTesoebi amoirCies, unagirebic daadges da SeficulTa razmi
cxenosan gvardiad iqca. aqve gaiges pirvelad `damkomis~ proklamaciis
Sesaxeb, romelmac ajanyeba damTavrebulad gamoacxada.
SeficulTa razmma TianeTis mazridan TelavSi gadainacvla da aqac
seriozuli brZolebi Caatara, romelTagan gamorCeulia xevgrZelis
brZola. am brZolis epizods Salva amirejibi igonebs. qaqucas ajanyebis
Semotrialebis imedi hqonda da amis gakeTebas kaxeTidan apirebda. amitom
mtris cxenebi da iaraRi daitova, tyveebi ki gaaTavisuflao, wers igi.
45
xevgrZela patara mdinarea erwosa da TianeTis sazRvarze, igi iltos
erTvis da alazanSi ise Caedineba. qaqucam razmi daasvena, radgan es
adgili uSiSarad CaTvala da xalxi gagzavna sanovagisTvis. danayrebis
Semdeg, Tvalis mosatyueblad miwvnen. uceb, yaraulad gamwesebulma
axalgazrdam moirbina da auwyaT, tyeSi rusebi Semovidneno. qaquca
wamoiWra. amasobaSi mteri sul axlos movida, tyviamfrqvevi kakanebda da
xeebs lewavda. banaki SeinZra da wuTSi mogrovda. darazmuli xalxi
sardalma sroliT da yiJiniT miuSva wiTelarmielebze, ostaturad
Semoparuli mteri axla qveviT, xevgrZelis gaswvriv garboda. marTalia,
brZolam sul cota xans gastana, magram mas didi strategiuli
mniSvneloba hqonda. es mowinaaRmdegisgan kargad mofiqrebuli samxedro
gegma iyo, romelic qaqucas Sepyrobas da ganadgurebas isaxavda miznad.
manglisis Semdeg komunistebi dasdevdnen qaqucas, magram mis kvals
agnebdnen da isev kargavdnen. simonianTxevSi Seejaxnen, magram
damarcxdnen. isini mixvdnen, rom ColoyaSvili erwodan kaxeTSi
gadavidoda, amitom gzaSive daaxvedres artileria da jari. Tu qaqucas
xevgrZelze daaxevinebdnen, iq Casafrebuli hyavdaT sxva jari,
aucileblad moimwyvdevdnen da an mkvdars, an cocxals Caigdebdnen
xelSi. rodesac TviTon mowinaaRmdege daeqana xevgrZelaze, iq
Casafrebulebs qaqucas razmi egonaT da srola autexes. sakuTar xalxs
esrodnen da klavdnen. es ambavi razmma kisisxevSi gaigo. bolSevikebs
urmebiT CahqondaT TavianTi daWrilebi da mkvdrebi, xalxs ki
eubnebodnen, eseni qaqucas razmelebi ariano.
agvistos ajanyebis msxverplTa ricxvi auracxeli iyo. mTavrobis mier
dasaxelebul raodenobaSi, albaT, marto mebrZolebi Sevidnen. ubralo
adamianebi,
daWerilebi,
gadasaxlebulebi
da
saSinel
pirobebSi
daxocilebi kidev mravali iyo.. miTumetes, manamdec da Semdegac,
erovnulad
ganwyobili
qarTvelebis
winaaRmdeg
represiebi
ar
Sewyvetila. ruseTis komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis 1924
wlis oqtombris plenumze sergo orjonikiZem agvistos ajanyebaSi 980
daRupuli daasaxela.
aseTi marcxis Semdeg, erT-erTi Cekisti, gvarad miasnikovi, TbilisSi
mowyobil sajaro leqciaze ambobda, ColoyaSvili iseT partizanul
taqtikas mimarTvs, rom masTan regularuli jaris brZola uSedegoao.
agvistos
erTiani
ajanyebis
gegma,
marTalia,
zogadad
ver
ganxorcielda, magram erovnuli Zalebi warmatebiT ibrZodnen mTel
saqarTveloSi. dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebSi amboxebulebma daikaves
strategiuli punqtebi, daatusaRes xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi,
magram brZolis gaRrmaveba veRar moaxerxes. guriaSi ajanyebulTa xelSi
iyo xidisTavi, nagomari, sajavaxo da sxva soflebi. general
yaralaSvilis daWeris Semdeg brZolebs meTaurobdnen: s. maTiTaSvili, T.
muxaraSvili da p. WanuyvaZe. 31 agvistos gurulebma ozurgeTze miitanes
46
ieriSi. igi gamagrebuli daxvdaT baTumidan da samtrediidan Camosuli
rusis jariT. uTanasworo brZolaSi ajanyebulebi iZulebuli xdebodnen,
ukan daexiaT. or seqtembers isini mtris alyaSi moeqcnen. meamboxeebma
alya gaarRvies, tyesa da mTebSi gavidnen, bevri maTgani TurqeTSi
gadavida, saidanac ucxoeTSi gaifantnen.
meamboxeTa xelSi iyo samegrelo da svaneTi. samegreloSi moZraobas,
general Tofurias daWeris Semdeg, rotmistri daviT mxeiZeE Caudga
saTaveSi. politikur xelmZRvanelad daniSnuli iyo erovnul-demokrati
Salva kalandariSvili. 29 agvistos ajanyebulebma senaki daikaves,
iqauri `Ceka~ ganaiaraRes, cixidan patimrebi gamouSves da iaraRi
dauriges. mTavrobis jaris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi maT ramdenime dRis
manZilze gamarjveba moipoves, magram rodesac meTauri brZolaSi daiWra
da xelisuflebam damatebiTi Zalebi gagzavna, meomrebma ukan daixies,
zogi mTebSi miimala, zogi ki svaneTSi ajanyebulebs SeuerTda. 29
agvistos svaneTic antisamTavrobo Zalebis xelSi gadavida. 30 agvistos
aqedan daZrulma 500 kacma quTaiss Seutia, magram qalaqi xelisuflebas
kargad hqonda gamagrebuli da razmi iZulebuli gaxda, isev ukan,
svaneTisaken daexia. sami kvira dasWirda xelisuflebas svaneTis
dasamorCieleblad. Canda, rom xalxs erTi xelmZRvaneli esaWiroeboda,
iseTi meTauri, romelic maT gangebam misca, magram bolomde ver
gamoiyenes. es iyo qaquca ColoyaSvili, romelsac sardlis, erovnuli
gmiris, didi adamianis da WeSmariti winamZRolis yvela Tviseba hqonda.
mas ar mieca saSualeba ise emoqmeda, rogorc TviTon Tvlida saWirod.
ColoyaSvilis brZolis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda da man miiRo
mtkivneuli, magram erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba: daetovebina
samSoblo da sazRvargareT wasuliyo SeficulebTan erTad. duSeTSi
gagzavnil gabo oziaSvils, malaqia maisuraZes da koxtaSvils elodnen.
rom ar gamoCndnen, qaqucam Ciqovani gagzavna maT mosaZebnad. ori kvira
eloda maT dabrunebas. lelo Ciqovani gamoCnda, danarCenebi – ara. guli
dawydaT da kaxeTidan qvemo qarTlisken gadmoinacvles.. ukanasknelad
daaTvalieres da iloces daviT garejis monasterSi, verc naTesavebi
moinaxules da verc ojaxebi, ise aiRes gezi TurqeTisaken. vin icoda
maSin, rodisRa inaxulebdnen mSobel qveyanas, axloblebs, rodisRa
datkbebodnen am miwiTa da ciT. es dRe SeficulTaTvis yvelaze mZime da
gulismomkvleli iyo sami wlis mSfoTvare cxovrebis manZilze.
guldamZimebulni miabijebdnen Seficulebi, midiodnen gzaze, romelic
aravin icoda. bedad, mecxvareebi SexvdaT da erTma maTganma ikisra
megzuroba. mecxvarem miaswavlaT gza, mgram masTan daSorebulebs, mainc
gauWirdaT gagneba, didi wvalebiT miadgnen TurqeTis pirvel sofels,
sadac TeTri bairaRiT Sevidnen. 1924 wlis seqtemberi iyo. qarTvelebs
Turqi generali SexvdaT, romelmac icoda qaqucasa da misi razmis
brZolis istoria, TanaugrZnobda komunistebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol
47
qarTvelebs, amitom maT mimarT didi pativiscema gamoxata. iaraRi
qarTvelebs mainc ayares. meomrebma es ambavi saSinlad ganicades, qaqucam
isini anugeSa, yvela qveyanaSi aseTia kanoni, iq Sesuli meomrebi unda
ganaiaraRono. Turqma mxolod qaqucas iaraRs ar axlo xeli, suraTis
gadaRebac ki SesTavaza Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad, mere guluxvi
sufra gaaSlevina qarTvelebisTvis. im Rames iq darCnen, meore dRes
Cavidnen arTvinSi. sastumros dasaqiravebeli da sakvebis SesaZeni fuli
ar hqondaT. saqarTvelodan wasvlamde, qaqucas misma razmelebma uTxres,
romelime saxelmwifo dawesebulebas dasxmodnen Tavs da fuli waeRoT,
razedac man sastiki uari ganacxada, komunistebi isedac cdiloben Cirqi
mogvcxon, TiTqos yaCaRebi varT da ara politikuri mebrZolebi, axla
rom eg gavakeToT, maSin xalxs mTlad daarwmuneben Cvens yaCaRobaSi. amas
nu gavakeTebT, aqamde gaWirvebiT da SimSiliT vemsaxureT samSoblos
interesebs da Tavs awic nu gaviWuWyianebTo. yvela dayabulda mis azrs.
ase aRmoCndnen qaqucas Seficulebi sazRvargareT sruliad ufulod da
uarafrod. magram qarTveli yvela gasaWirSi ipovis gamosavals. maT xom
komunistebisaTvis warTmeuli cxenebi hyavdaT. ucxoeTSi maT ver
waiyolebdnen, amitom iqve gayides. Turqebma kargad ician cxenis fasi,
magram imdens ver gadaixdidnen, ltolvilebs rom sWirdebodaT. amitom
cnobilma server-begma∗, gaTurqebulma qarTvelma (gvarad jayelma)
murRulis sabadoze momuSave germanel inJinrebze gaayidvina gvarian
fasad es cxenebi. gansakuTrebuli mowoneba qaqucasa da sulxaniSvilis
cxenebs xvda. qaqucas rCeviT, saSa sulxaniSvilis saukeTeso, vercxlis
mooqrovili unagiri server-begma miiRo saCuqrad. ase gadauxades
samagiero pativi qarTvelebma TavianT mokeTes.
arTvinidan Seficulebi xofaSi Cavidnen, iqidan ki stambolSi gahyvnen
gems. arc iq dahklebiaT Wiri da vaglaxi. iqaur qarTul emigracias
ratomRac, qarTvelebis daqsaqsava surda da aSinebdnen, safrangeTSi ar
migiRebeno. qaqucam mtkiced ganacxada, rom is ar apirebda marto
wasvlas, Tavis razmTan ganSorebas. stambulidan marselSi, marselidan
ki parizs gaemgzavrnen da samudamod dacildnen samSoblos. mxolod
erTi Seficuli, Rrmad moxucebuli aleqsandre sulxaniSvili Camovida
saqarTveloSi da mSobel miwaSi ganisvena. danarCenebi safrangeTis miwas
miebarnen. rac mTavaria, isini guliT, suliT da ocnebiT arasodes
daSorebian
mSobel
qveyanas.
saqarTveloSi
darCenili
qaquca
ColoyaSvilis ojaxis bedic tragikuli iyo. ra gasakviria, XX saukunis
20-30-ian wlebSi Cven qveyanaSi devnidnen yvelas, visac ki sazRvargareT
hyavda naTesavi da axlobeli, vinc saeWvod miaCndaT. misi ojaxi jer
ahyares sofel awyveridan da iZulebiT gadmoasaxles TbilisSi, Semdeg
ki iseTi meTvalyureoba daaweses maTze, rom mTeli cxovreba jojoxeTad
uqcies. patara bavSvebze, xSirad, aTasgvari ZaldatanebiT axdendnen
48
zemoqmedebas, raTa rame eTqmevinebinaT mamaze. Semdeg gadaasaxles.
udanaSaulo adamianebs awamebdnen.
TviTon qaqucac ewameboda, radgan kargad icoda komunistebis
meTodebi, icoda ra dRes daayridnen mis ojaxs. arc sxvamxriv eloda
dalxenili cxovreba ucxoeTis cis qveS. advili ar iyo aseTi didi
patriotisaTvis samSoblos gareT yofna, magram rwmenas ar kargavda,
ucxo qveyanaSic zrunavda Tavis razmelebze, ocnebobda samSobloSi
dabrunebaze, brZolis gagrZelebasa da nanatri damoukideblobis
mopovebaze. parizSi SeficulTa razmis wevrebi erovnuli tansacmliT
dadiodnen, radgan meti arc hqondaT. CoxebiT, fafaxebiT, TuSuri
qudebiT, qamar-xanjlebiT didad akvirvebdnen frangebs, romlebic quCaSi
cnobismoyvared Sescqerodnen ucxod Semosilebs. zogierTi Zveli
emigranti daexmara razmelebs axali tansacmlis SeZenasa da sxvadasxva
xarjebis gadaxdaSi.
ori kvira darCnen parizSi. qaqucas surda, razmelebTan erTad
ecxovra. amitom airCia parizis axlos dasaxlebuli punqti _ virofle
da iq, uzarmazari parkis gverdiT iqiraves erTi didi saxli. umetesobam
muSaoba taqsis mZRolad daiwyo, rac arc ise advili iyo, winaswar unda
CaebarebinaT gamocda, sadac manqanis marTvis codnasTan erTad, parizis
quCebis kargi codnac unda gamoemJRavnebinaT.
qaqucas marjvena xeli stkioda, TiTqmis ver xmarobda. sulxaniSvils
Txova, ufro sworad, daafica, Cveni brZolis istoria aRwere, Senze
kargad vin iciso. MmTavari Wriloba qaqucas filtvSi hqonda, is
gaumizezda da Wleqad eqca. avadmyofoba mZime iyo da karg mkurnalobas
moiTxovda. erTxans moikeTa kidec, sanatoriumSi mkurnalobis Semdeg,
magram sistematiuri mkurnalobis fuli emigrantebs ar hqondaT da
sardlis mdgomareobac TandaTan uaresdeboda.
sanam virofleSi cxovrobda, ar moiSora Seficulebi, erTad unda
viyoTo, arigebda, aTas rames uyveboda. Cveni Zma da damrigebeli iyoo, P_
igonebs aleqsandre kargareTeli. masTan uamravi adamiani modioda,
sanaxavad Tu mosakiTxad. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis imedi asuldgmulebda.
saqarTveloSi ki qaqucas Sesaxeb, mis brZolebsa da Tavganwirvaze
legendebs yvebodnen. misi gmirobis gacocxlebasa da misi SeficulebiT
qveynis
ganTavisuflebaze,
damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos
aRdgenaze
ocnebobdnen. SemdegSi parizel emigrantTa rigebs Sematebuli Telaveli
vano barkalaia yveboda:
erTxel xma gavardnila, viTom qaquca sazRvargareTidan modioda didi
jariT, saqarTvelos gasaTavisufleblad. am xmebs mis (barkalaias)
yuramdec miuRwevia. manac, Turme, arc aciva, arc acxela, daavlo xeli
Tavis fotoaparats, nabads da wavida TurqeTis sazRvrisaken im
gadawyvetilebiT, rom daxvedroda qaqucas da mis jars. rodesac
ganmaTavisuflebeli jarebi moadgebodnen qveyanas, gadaeRo istoriuli
49
fotoebi STamomavlobisaTvis. samwuxarod, es ambavi mxolod xalxis
fantazia da amao imedi gamodga. am dros barkalaia 65 wlis iyo. igi
ukan aRar dabrunebula, komunistur saqarTveloSi cxovrebas parizSi
wasvla da qaqucasTan dakavSireba amjobina. bevri fotosuraTi gadauRo
man qaqucasa da mis biWebs, raTa istorias ar dakargvoda maTi saxeebi.
brZolebiTa da fiqrebiT ganawamebi sardali sul ufro sustdeboda.
meored rom gagzavnes sanatoriumSi, eqimebma xeli Caiqnies, adgilidan
daZvris uflebac aRar misces. iwva palataSi, sadac yofili razmelebi
akiTxavdnen, Zlivs laparakobda, cota eZina da cotas Wamda. vaxtang
RambaSiZes eloda, Zvel megobarsa da eqims, egona is moarCenda. manamde
sulxaniSvils Txova, Cemi oqros Zewkvi da jvari Cem Svils Cautane
saqarTveloSio. es jvari marTlac, ufrosi qaliSvilis, Tamaris iyo.
Tavisi dakargvoda da partizanad gasvlis win Svilis jvari daekida
gulze. morwmune kacs brZolaSi is eguleboda imedad. axla, sikvdilis
win, sizmarSi enaxa qaliSvili, viTom jvars Txovda. gaRviZebulma
Caabara megobars da Txovnac gaumeora. maSin isic uTxra, Cemi neSti
dawviTo. yovelTvis winaaRmdegi iyo micvalebulis dawvis, magram axla
ase
daibara.
megobrebi
miuxvdnen,
ratomac,
ferflis
waReba
saqarTveloSi ufro ioli iqneboda, vidre neStis. magram ar dawves,
imedi hqondaT, odesme saqarTvelos miwas daubrunebdnen mis sasiqadulo
Svils. orjer daasaflaves qaquca ColoyaSvili safrangeTSi, jer sentuanis sasaflaoze, Semdeg ki levilSi gadaitanes misi cxedari. mesamedac
mouwia saflavis Secvla. ukve Tavisufal, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi
dabrunda da mTawmindaze daido saSviliSvilo samare. es 2005 wlis 21
noembers moxda. misi saflavic Seemata saqarTvelos wminda savanes.
dimitri yifianis, merab kostavas, zviad gamsaxurdias da sxva gmirebis
gverdiT ganisvena saqarTvelosTvis Tavganwirulma raindma. im dRes,
rodesac didi da ekliani gziT gamovlili misi natanji sxeuli
ubrundeboda samSoblos da kubo mTawmindisaken miikvlevda gzas, TiTqos
gaismoda qaqucas sayvareli Zveli qarTuli simRera. Seficulebi xSirad
agugunebdnen mas da sityvebi, romlebsac simRera Seicavda, TiTqos axla
erTaderTs qaquca ColoyaSvils ekuTvnoda:
vina Tqva saqarTveloze
eg aris, lomi kvdebao,
Cauxta bedis varskvlavi
da aRar amoxtebao...
aq ar mTavrdeba gmiris Tavgadasavali. is saukunod gagrZeldeba da
sxva istoriul gmirobebs daudebs saTaves. misma cxovrebam didi
zneobrivi gakveTili misca qarTvelobas.
gmirebi arian adamianebi, romlebic epoqaluri miznebis dasaxvisa da
ganxorcielebisaTvis ibrZvian, wiraven Tavs, anda mTel TavianT
cxovrebas uZRvnian am saqmes. isini sxvaze Seumcdarad grZnoben ra unda
50
akeTon, qveynisa da erisTvis saWiro swor gzas pouloben. sergo
orjonikiZe, romelic me-11 armias SemouZRva saqarTveloSi, Tavisi drois
`gmiri~ iyo, magram gmirad sazogadoebis mxolod erTi patara jgufis
mier Seracxuli. xalxs is ar miuCnevia gmirad, istoriam misi gza da
saqme erisa da qveynis Ralatad aRiara. qaquca ColoyaSvili ki, romelic
orjonikiZesa da sxva misnairebs daupirispirda, marTali iyo Tavis
brZolaSi da xalxmac maSinve sworad Seafasa misri roli. mebrZol
qaqucas erekle mefes adarebdnen da mis Camomavlad Tvlidnen saxalxo
poetebi. urdoebad miiCnevda xalxi Semosul komunistebs, qaqucas ki am
urdoebisgan damxsnel beladad:
velad gaWrila qaquca,
ColoyaSvilis gvarisa,
gverdSi hyavs bevri vaJkaci,
mtris damyenebi Tvalisa.
ar eSiniaT sikvdilis, Tavi aqvT gadadebuli,
surT saqarTvelo daixsnan, urdoTgan aoxrebuli.
sxva saxalxo mTqmelic qveynis mdgomareobas ukiduresad kritikulad
xedavda da erTaderT mSvelelad qaquca ColoyaSvils miiCnevda:
Seni
Wirime qaqucav, qarTvelT laSqarTa belado,
mtris mogereba gcodnia, gamusvra xeldaxelado...
Semoseulni jalaTni aRar indoben xalxsao,
uZaRlo sofels hxedaven, mitom igdeben Tavsao,
Sen gaCndi Cvenad saSvelad, kaxeTs agroveb jarsao,
oRond gviSvele qaqucav, mogcemT qudzeda kacsao.
xalxis ndoba da siyvaruli urTules drosa da urTules
mdgomareobaSi Zneli mosapovebelia, magram ColoyaSvilis SemTxvevaSi, es
bunebrivad moxda, saWiro ar gamxdara mis Sesaxeb vinmes propaganda
gaewia, xalxTan misasvleli gza man Tavad gaikvlia, Tavisi saqmiTa da
kacobiT. amaSi yvelaferi uwyobda xels: Camomavloba (misi winaprebi
xom qaqucasaviT Tavganwiruli raindebi iyvnen!), garegnoba (unaklod
qarTuli garegnobis vaJkaci iyo, nebismieri erovnebis adamians rom
moxiblavda), xasiaTi, goneba, swori azrovneba, zneobrivi srulyofileba,
vaJkacoba da uSiSroba, yvelaze maRla samSoblos interesebis dayeneba,
mTavarsardlis, winamZRolis niWi, adamianebze zemoqmedebis moxdenis
unari,
xalxis
SemakavSireblis, gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis
adamianTa Semrigebel-gamaerTianeblis, mtrobis megobrobad gadaqcevis,
siyvarulis, Senebis, momavlis ganWvretis niWi da unari, mimtevebloba
da Seurigebloba erTdroulad... ai, vin iyo qaquca ColoyaSvili. aseTi
srulyofili adamianebi santrelia erSi. patara saqarTvelo swored
imitom gadarCa aTaswleulTa manZilze, rom aseT gmirebs badebda JamiJam, es gmirebi ki mis siZlieres aduRabebdnen, daSlamde misuls
51
xelaxla wamoayenebdnen fexze da momavlisaken winsvlis saSualebas
aZlevdnen Cvens xalxsa da qveyanas.
tanze abjari aisxi, Tavzari daec mtersao,
yinulis nisli daawva fSav-xevsureTis mTebsao.
winaparT droSa aRmarTe, mtris sisxlSi amovlebuli,
Sen Semogxaris qveyana, didi xnis daoblebuli, _
SehRaRadebda xalxi sami wlis manZilze saqarTvelos tyeebsa da
mTebSi lomiviT mebrZolsa da meamboxe gmirs. misma gardacvalebam
ucxoeTSi didi mwuxareba moutana qarTvel xalxs, romelsac kvlav
asuldgmulebda saswaulis imedi, rom qaquca ucxoeTidan jariT
dabrundeboda da ixsnida gveleSapisagan damonebul mis qveyanas:
arwivma mxrebi dauSva, mZimed daxuWa Tvalia,
aRar gvyavs ColoyaSvili, zeciT darekes zaria,
mTebo, itireT cremlebiT, baro, moikal Tavia,
mzeo, dabneldi udrood, kaxeTs Caacvi Savia,
iglovos yvela qarTvelma, ZaZiT Semosos tania...
qaquca ColoyaSvilis brZolisa da Tavdadebis istoria gvaswavlis, ra
aris saWiro Cveni eris Zlierebisa da damoukidebeli qarTuli
saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis. pirvel rigSi, am amocanis ganxorcieleba
moiTxovs qarTveli xalxis erovnul-politikur gaerTianebas. erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi ideali unda gaxdes qarTvelisa da saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi yvela adamianisaTvis upirvelesi da is unda hfaravdes
partiul, kuTxur, wodebriv Tu ragindara interess. amas gvaswavlis
istoriuli gamocdileba. qaquca ColoyaSvilic, ilia WavWavaZis mier
dasaxul am gzas misdevda. winaprebis geziTa da swori mimarTulebiT
mihyavda Tanamedroveni, `bilws ar ekvroda zaviTa~, qveyanas ar anebebda
momxdurT. dangreuli eklesiebi, damwvari xatebi, mxolod im niSniT
daxocili adamianebi, rom maTi winaprebi Tavadebi iyvnen, skolaSi
sakuTaris nacvlad, dampyroblis istoriis swavla, Sens samSoblod
sabWoTa kavSirisa da ara saqarTvelos dasaxeleba, tyuili, romelic
sul unda gemeorebina, _ ai is, rasac ver egueboda qaquca ColoyaSvili,
misi TanamebrZolebi da risTvisac gawires Tavi. sanam is faseulobebi,
ris dacvasac isini emsxverplnen, Zvirfasi iqneba,manamde qaquca
ColoyaSvilis gmiroba da sabrZolo istoriac magaliTad darCeba
qarTveli axalgazrdobisaTvis.
mTawmindaze akiafebuli ciskris varskvlavi ki Tavdadebuli gmiris,
ca-firuz,
xmeleT-zurmuxtze
usazRvrod
Seyvarebuli
qaquca
ColoyaSvilis saflavs sxivebs iseve uxvad daafens, rogorc aqamde
hfenda aq gansvenebul qarTvelTa winaprebis Rirseul saflavebze.
52
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ∗
aleqsandre
batoniSvili
_
erekle
II-is
vaJi,
erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri, ebrZoda ruseTs da mis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi iyenebda Crdilo kavkasiel musulmanebs, aseve _
sparseTis
mmarTvelebs.
gardaicvala
sparseTSi,
dasaflavebulia
TeiranSi.
aleqsandre da simon voroncovebi _ rusi grafebi, romlebic
imyofebodnen ruseTis imperator aleqsandre pirvelis `saidumlo
sabWoSi~, iyvnen liberal-demokrati moazrovneebi.
aleqsandre pirveli _ ruseTis imperatori 1801-1825 w.w. mis dros
moxda saqarTvelos aneqsia ruseTis mier
aneqsia _ laTinuri `aneqsio~, SeerTeba, niSnavs erTi saxelmwifos mier
sxva qveynis teritoriis Tavis saxelmwifosTan ZaliT SeerTebas,
dapyrobas.
biZina ColoyaSvili _ saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri XVII saukuneSi,
ibrZoda sparsi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, xelmZRvanelobda 1659 wlis
kaxeTis ajanyebas.
dragunTa polki _ cxenosani jari, romelic gaTavaliswinebuli iyo
qveiTad da cxendacxen sabrZolvelad. aseTi jari arsebobda mefis
ruseTSi.
erTa liga _ saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic Seiqmna I msoflio
omis Semdeg, 1919 wels da miznad isaxavda mSvidobis SenarCunebas mTel
msoflioSi. saqarTvelos damoukidebelma respublikam ver moaxerxa am
organizaciaSi gawevrianeba.
erovnuli gvardia _ arsebobda damoukidebel saqarTveloSi (1918-1821
w.w.). is, ZiriTadad, mmarTveli partiis erTgul da partiuli niSniT
Seqmnil jars warmoadgenda.
ianovski kirile petres Ze _ kavkasiaSi ganaTlebis sistemis
xelmZRvaneli, daakanona rusuli ganaTlebis sistema, ebrZoda qarTul
enas.
ingiloebi _ saingilos mkvidrni. termini niSnavs axladmoqceuls,
ukavSirdeba Zveli hereTis mkvidrTa ZaliT gamahmadianebas XVII-XVIII
53
saukuneebSi. amJamad saingilo azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSia. ingiloTa
nawili qarTul enaze metyvelebs, nawils ki _ dakrguli aqvs erovneba.
irakli wereTeli _ (1881-1959), cnobili social-demokrati, menSeviki,
ruseTis `droebiTi mTavrobis~ wevri, amierkavkasiis seimisa da
saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis parlamentis wevri, cnobili
qarTveli mwerlis, giorgi wereTlis vaJi da niko nikolaZis disSvili.
`kamandari~ _ meTauri
katkovi _ rusuli reaqciuli gazeTis `moskovskie vedomostis~
redaqtori. gaakritika qarTveli xalxi erovnuli grZnobebisaTvis,
kerZod, qarTul TeatrSi dadgmuli speqtakli, daviT erisTavis
`samSoblo~, rodesac scenaze qarTuli droSa gamoitanes da mayurebeli
atirda. mas mwvave pasuxi ilia WavWavaZem gasca.
kosmopolituri _ momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan, rac niSnavs
msoflio moqalaqes. kosmopolitia adamiani, romelic Tavis Tavs ar
akuTvnebs arcerT erovnebas. es ideologia uaryofs erovnul
TviTmyofadobas da suverenitets, qadagebs samSoblosadmi da erovnuli
kulturisadmi gulgrilobas da ayenebs msoflio saxelmwifos Seqmnis
ideas.
lazareTi _ samxedro saavadmyofo, ixsneboda omebis dros, an arsebobda
samxedro nawilTan.
maRaroskari _ sofeli fSavSi
mixeil simonis Ze voroncovi _
amierkavkasiaSi
1844-1854
w.w.
keTilganwyobiT saqarTvelos mimarT.
ruseTis moxele, mefisnacvali
gamoirCeoda
gansakuTrebuli
noe Jordania _ qarTveli social-demokrati, menSeviki, damoukidbeli
saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomare. daibada 1868 wels, gardaicvala
1953
wels
safrangeTSi,
dasaflavebulia
levilis
qarTvelTa
sasaflaoze.
noe ramiSvili _ 91881-1930) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
(191801921) mTavrobis pirveli Tavmjdomare (Semdeg am postze igi
Secvala noe Jordaniam, ramiSvili ki gaxda Sinagan saqmeTa ministri. mas
rkinis ministrs uwodebdnen Seuvalobisa da principulobis gamo).
54
imyofeboda emigraciaSi. 1930 wels mokles parizSi, dasaflavebulia
levilSi.
okupacia _
saxelmwifos
dakavebas.
momdinareobs
SeiaraRebuli
laTinuri sityvidan da niSnavs erTi
Zalebis mier sxva qveynis teritoriis
revkomi _ revoluciuri komiteti.
sabandari _ saTibis patara bululi mTaSi
sarayamiSi _ adgili centralur TurqeTSi
server beg aTabagi _ gamusulmanebuli qarTveli, e.w. samahmadiano
saqarTvelos (ase uwodebdnen TurqeTSi moqceul qarTul teritoriebs)
warmomadgeneli, gvarad jayeli. I msoflio omis Semdeg saTaveSi edga
`yarsis respublikis~ Seqmnas, surda am respublikaSi Turqebisagan
dapyrobili da gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebis gaerTianeba.
solomon
zaldastaniSvili
_
(1891-1941)1921-1924
wlebis
antikomunisturi moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, iyo samxedro
piri, polkovniki, erobnul-demokratiuli, damoukideblobis komitetisa
da samxedro centris wevri, 1924 wlis ajanyebis aqtiuri monawile.
cxovrobda safrangeTSi, gardaicvala rumineTSi.
spiridon WavWavaZe _ samxedro centri xelmZRvaneli, generali,
daniSnuli iyo 1924 wlis 29 agvistos ajanyebis sardlad, qaquca
ColoyaSvilTan erTad wavida emigraciaSi safrangeTSi.
totalitaruli _ totalitarulia reJimi, rodesac myardeba aSkara
memarjvene Tu memarcxene diqtatura.
fxa _kldis wveti
Salva amirejibi _ (1887-1943), erovnul-demokrati, damoukideblobis
komitetis wevri, monawileobda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolebSi.
cnobili poeti, iyo cnobili qarTveli msaxiobis, veriko anjafariZis
meuRle. 1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg wavida emigraciaSi.
Samili _ daRestnis imami (sulieri meTauri,) aseve beladi daRestnis
omisa, romelic mimarTuli iyo ruseTis gabatonebis winaaRmdeg
kavkasiaSi (1834-1859). 1859 wels tyved Caigdes aul RunibTan da
55
ruseTSi waiyvanes. misi TxovniT, meqaSi wasvlis ufleba misces, gzaSi
gardaicvala.
`Ceka“
_ gansakuTrebuli sagamoZiebo komiteti, rusuli sityvebis
`Чрезвичайнный комитет“ dasawyisisgan aris Sedgenili. es organizacia
daundoblad ebrZoda sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi kritikulad ganwyobil
pirebs.
wiTlebi _ ase erqvaT bolSevik-komunistebs, radgan maTi droSa wiTeli,
sisxlisferi iyo.
56
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:
• arseniZe r. _ ajanyeba saqarTveloSi; parizi, 1964
• bendianiSvili al. _ erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi (1801-1921),
Tbilisi, 1980
• beniZe v. _ 1924 wlis ajanyeba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1991
• gvazava G. _ saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia, pariZi,
1928
• grZeliZe r. _ 1924 wlis saxalxo ajanyeba saqarTveloSi,
Tbilisi, 1992
• zaldastaniSvili s. _ saqarTvelos 1924 wlis amboxeba, pariziTbilisi, 1989
• kaxiani m. _ menSevikuri gamosvlebis Sedegebi da gakveTilebi,
Tbilisi, 1924
• kirTaZe n. _ 1924 wlis ajanyeba saqarTveloSi, quTaisi, 1996
• krebuli _ qaquca ColoyaSvili, Semdgeneli guram SaraZe, Tbilisi,
1989
• krebuli _ samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebul gmirTa xsovna, qarTvel
mxedarTa kavSiris damfuZnebel sainiciativo jgufis gamocema,
stambuli, 1923
• lorTqifaniZe gr. _ fiqrebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi, 1995
• lomaSvili f. _ qarTuli emigraciis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1965
• naTmelaZe m., dauSvili a. _ saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria,
Tbilisi, 2004
• nacvliSvili p. _ saqarTvelos miwa, Tbilisi, 1994
• orjonikiZeE s. _ menSevikebis agentura saqarTveloSi, tfilisi,
1924
• sulaqveliZe k. _ ra moxda? (vin da rogor moawyo agvistos
ajanyeba), Tbilisi, 1927
• sulxaniSvili al. _ mogonebebi SeficulTa razmze, gamomcemloba
`artanuji~, Tbilisi, 2007
• surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p. _ saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990,
Tbilisi, 1991
57