tradiciuli qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRi

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis
departamenti
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis instituti
xaTuna ioseliani
tradiciuli qarTuli
sabrZolo iaraRi
meomris biblioTeka #21
Tbilisi
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ ocdameerTe wigni; seria
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da
a.S.
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.
vaJa kiknaZe
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damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
2
Stabis
Zalebis
rTuli geopolitikuri mdebareobis mqone saqarTvelo, odiTganve
iZulebuli iyo Tavis gadasarCenad gamudmebuli omebi ewarmoebina.
xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze drois mcire monakveTsac ver movZebniT,
romelsac SeiZleba mSvidobianad, omis gareSe Caevlo.
mudmivi
omianoba
TavisTavad
gulisxmobda
did
sabrZolo
gamocdilebas, samxedro saqmis unaklo codnas, safortifikacio qselis
ganviTarebasa
da
saomari
iaraRis
mravalferovnebas,
romelTa
erTobliobis gareSec, saqarTvelo verafriT moaxerxebda im istoriuli
qartexilebisgan gadarCenas, romelTac msoflios mravali xalxi
Seiwira. am viTarebis gamo, qarTveli Camoyalibda, rogorc meomruli
suliskveTebis da samxedro xelovnebis SesaniSnavi mcodne, rasac kargad
grZnobdnen TviTonac da Tavis Tavs ase axasiaTebdnen: `qarTvelni varT
naTesaviT mxnenni, mxedrobiTa
aRzrdilni da maradis Wirveulsa
cxovrebasa Cveulni~ (grigol bakurianis Ze, petriwonis qarTvelTa
monastris tipikoni, XIs.). daviT aRmaSenebelic aseve uwodebda Tavis
Tavsa da eriskacebs: `Cven, mxedrobaTa Sina aRzrdilni~.
omSi gamarjvebis erT-erT ZiriTad pirobas sabrZolo-TavdacviTi
iaraRis mravalferovneba, gamZleoba da srulyofili saxe warmoadgens.
rogorc Cans, iaraRis kultura saqarTveloSi odiTganve maRal doneze
mdgara, rasac istoriul-arqeologiuri wyaroebi gvidastureben.
saomari iaraRi, Tavisi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, or ZiriTad
jgufad iyofa: sabrZolo da TavdacviTi. TiToeuli maTgani, misi
moxmarebisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT, calke klasificirdeba.
qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisa da leqsikologiuri monacemebis
safuZvelze, ivane javaxiSvilma mogvca tradiciuli sabrZolo da
TavdacviTi iaraRis klasifikacia. sabrZolo iaraRi iyofa Semdeg
saxeobebad:
1. saZgerebeli
2. satyorcn-saZgerebeli
3. satyorcni
4. sasroli
5. dasartymeli
6. mkveTr-mkveTebeli
xolo Tavdasacav iaraRebs igi oTx nawilad yofs:
1. Tavsaburavi
2. gulmkerdis sacavi
3. qveda nawilis sacavi
3
4. fari da CelTi
X X X
garda amisa, sabrZolo iaraRi iyofoda samxedro da saqveiTo
iaraRad, romliTac gansxvavebulad iyo aRWurvili cxenosani da qveiTi
meomari. amasTanave, TviTon sabrZolo iaraRic, ornairi iyo –
sadResaswaulo-sazeimo da saomari. sazeimo iaraRi, romelsac ivane
javaxiSvili, wyaroze dayrdnobiT, `gasaCvenos~ uwodebs
Zvirfasi
TvlebiT mokazmuli da figurebiT damSvenebuli iyo. cxadia, am iaraRiT
omSi wasvla gaumarTlebeli iyo da mas mxolod dasamSveneblad
iyenebdnen. aseTive sxvaobaa Tavdasacav iaraRSic; arsebobda rogorc
sakaco, ise sacxeno abjrebi, romliTac cxens aRWurvavdnen, raTa igi
mtrisgan daculi yofiliyo.
am klasifikaciaSi calke ar aris gamoyofili sabrZolo saSualebaTa
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxeoba, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba samtvrevi
iaraRebi daerqvas. saqarTvelos teritoria safortifikacio qseliTaa
dafaruli, rac, cxadia, ganapirobebda cixe-simagreTa rogorc dacvis,
ise aRebis taqtikis, meTodebisa da Sesabamisi iaraRebis ganviTarebas. es
sakiTxi dRemde ar aris gamokvleuli. migvaCnia, rom iaraRTa
klasifikaciaSi, samtvrevi saSualebebi calke jgufad unda iqnas
gamoyofili.
saZgerebeli
saZgerebeli, iaraRis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeobaa, romelsac adamiani
odiTganve iyenebda da sxvadasxva formisa da zomis iyo.
saZgerebeli
iaraRis aRmniSvnel zogad saxelad sulxan-saba laxvars miiCnevs da
CamoTvlis mis saxeobebs: oroli (horoli), gmuri, saTxedi, geoni, Subi,
xiSti, zufani, libandaki. ivane javaxiSvili sulxan-sabas ar eTanxmeba
da Tvlis, rom laxvari konkretuli iaraRis aRmniSvneli termini unda
yofiliyo.
laxvari uZveles werilobiT ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. igi qarTuli sityvaa
da Sedgeba `la` TavsarTisa da `xvra~ zmnisgan, romelic igivea, rac
xvreta; e. i. laxvari iaraRia, romelic xvretda. is sxvadasxva zomis
unda yofiliyo, TandaTan imdenad dapataravebula, rom igi ewodeboda
Subisebur sefiskveris nawilis amosaRebs, romelsac eklesiaSi
iyenebdnen. rogorc Cans, igi imdenad marjve da risxvis damcemi iaraRi
4
yofila, rom qarTvels aqedan nasaxelari zmna `dalaxvra~ da
gamonaTqvami `dalaxvros RmerTmac~ uwarmoebia.
saZgerebeli iaraRis aRmniSvnel erT-erT uZveles terminad qarTul
werilobiT ZeglebSi `horoli~ gvxvdeba. igi Subismagvari saZgerebeli
iaraRi iyo. es termini XII s-Si ukve mwignobrul sityvad qceula da
misi adgili `Subs~ daukavebia, romelsac daviT CubinaSvili arabul,
xolo ivane javaxiSvili _ sparsuli warmomavlobis terminad miiCnevs.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze Subis pirebi adrebrinjaos xanidan gvxvdeba.
isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen formisa da xarisxis mixedviT
(foTliseburpiriani, aliseburpiriani, samkuTxapiriani da a. S.).
Subi Sedgeboda Subis piris, Subis wverisa da tarisgan. rogorc
aRiniSna, mas omSi saZgerebel iaraRad iyenebdnen. xSirad meomrebi masze
sxvadasxva feris almebs abamdnen. SubiT aRWurvil jariskacTa erTeuls
Subosanni erqvaT.
xevsureTSi samgvari formis Subebi scodniaT: xanjliseburi,
wverkuTxa da samwvera, romelTaganac yvelaze saSiSi samwvera Subi
yofila.
arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, antikur periodSi (Zv.
welTaRricxvis VI, ax. welTaRricxvis IV saukuneebi) saqarTveloSi
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli iaraRi Subi yofila, vinaidan yvelaze
didi raodenobiT sxvadasxva saxeobis Subis pirebia aRmoCenili.
am masalis mixedviT Cans, rom qarTvelebi uZvelesi droidan
sxvadasxva saxeobis Subebs iyeneben. rogorc cnobilia, viwropiriani
Subi jaWvis perangis gasarRvevad iyo gankuTvnili da mosaxerxebeli iyo
cxenosanTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. aseTi saxis Subebi yvelaze
masiurad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli.
berZeni istorikosebis monacemebis mixedviT, kolxebs mokle Subebi
hqoniaT, xolo mosxebs da xalibebs (qarTveluri tomebia) _ grZeli.
Subs, rogorc erT-erT ZiriTad sabrZolo iaraRs, saflavSi
atandnen meomrebs. Aam kuTxiTac, sainteresoa arqeologiuri masala,
romlis mixedviTac Cans, rom es wesi met-naklebad gansxvavdeboda
aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erTi
an, maqsimum ori Subis Cayoleba scodniaT samarxSi, xolo dasavleT
saqarTveloSi meomars Subebs sami mxridan uwyobdnen, Tan ise, rom Subis
pirebi dasavleTisken yofiliyo mimarTuli.
Subi Tavisi daniSnulebisa da formebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva saxisaa.
saqarTveloSi Subis xuTi gansxvavebuli tipia warmodgenili. aqedan,
patara, anu sasroli Subebis Sesaxeb momdevno TavSic gveqneba saubari.
sulxan-sabas mixedviT, saZgerebeli iaraRia agreTve `gmuri~: `gmuri
ars laxvari, pirbrtyeli da bungrZeli, romliTa macxovars ugmires~.
es termini arc erT wyaroSi ar gvxvdeba, Tumca ivane javaxiSvili sabas
cnobas sandod miiCnevs da ganmartavs, rom `gmera da gangmera~ saxel5
zmnebia da sulxan-sabas mier `gmuris~ aRweriloba cxadyofs, rom misi
cnoba sinamdviles unda Seeferebodes.
saZgerebeli iaraRis rigs miekuTvneboda `waTi~, romelic xis
saCxvlets warmoadgenda. saWurvelTa Soris igi mxolod uZveles
ZeglebSi gvxvdeba, xolo VII saukunis Semdeg qreba. XI-XII saukuneebidan
gvxvdeba xiSti, romelic `pirgrZeli laxvari, Zgide maxvili~ iyo.
mogvianebiT man calke mniSvneloba dakarga da cecxlsasroli iaraRis
atributi gaxda.
satyorcn-saZgerebeli iaraRi
sabrZolo iaraRis meore jgufs miekuTvneba satyorcn-saZgerebeli
iaraRebi: mazraki, zufini, saTxedi da geoni. sabas mazraki Subad aqvs
miCneuli, Tumca ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, igi patara isar-xelSubia.
zufani mokle sasroli Subia, romelsac Sestyorcnidnen. mas, amasTanave
ganmkveTelobis didi Zala hqonda, magram vinaidan es termini xSirad ar
gvxvdeba qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, mecnieri mas qarTuli yofacxovrebisTvis ucxo da xanmokle `stumrad~ miiCnevs. Tumca,
aRsaniSnavia, rom arqeologiuri masaliT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze jer
kidev brinjaos xanidan dasturdeba patara Subis pirebis arseboba; isini
xel-Subis pirebad aris miCneuli, rac imasac gulisxmobs, rom es
iaraRc Sesabamisi terminiT eqneboda aRniSnuli.
saTxedi qarTuli terminia da ZiriTadad aRniSnavs gareul Rorze
sanadiro iaraRs, romelic aseve ixmareboda omis dros. igi satyorcneli
Subia. rac Seexeba geons, berZnuli `gesosis~-gan aris warmomdgari da
aseve xelSubis aRmniSvnelia.
satyorcni iaraRi
upirveles sabrZolo saxeobaTa rigs miekuTvneba aseve, satyorcni
iaraRi, romlis yvelaze martivi forma qva iyo. qvas xmarobdnen rogorc
sasrolad, aseve sagorvelad da gzis Casaxergad. qvis satyorcnad
Surduli qarTul laSqarSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. meSurduleni
XI-XIII saukuneebSic ixseniebian.
Surduli uZvelesi iaraRia, romelic advilad xelmisawvdomi da
moxerxebuli iyo, amitomac, farTod gamoiyeneboda. is martivi
konstruqciis iaraRia; orad mokecil bawars Soris qvis Casadebi tyavis
naWeria damagrebuli.
6
arqeologiuri monacemebiT, antikur xanaSi Surduli farTod
yofila gavrcelebuli, rasac adasturebs Zvel naqalaqarebTan da cixesimagreebTan blomad aRmoCenili, 4-6 santimetris diametris mqone,
mrgvali moyvanilobis saSurdule qvebi.
Surduli msubuqad SeiaraRebuli qveiTi laSqris sabrZolo
iaraRadaa miCneuli.
Surduli gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo mTian regionebSi.
xevsurebi mas xis qerqisa da tyavisgan amzadebdnen. cacxvis qerqisgan
dawnavdnen Surdulis or wvers, romelsac SuaSi tyavis an naqsovis
`saqves~ ukeTebdnen, sadac qva Tavsdeboda. ramdenimejer datrialebis
Semdeg, Surdulis erT wvers gauSvebdnen da qvas gaisrodnen.
eTnografiuli masalis Tanaxmad ki, svanebi SurdulTan erTad, qvis
sasrolad zogjer `svanur qudsac~ iyenebdnen.
Semdgom periodSi qvis sasroli manqanebi SemoiRes, romelTac
cixeebis
kedlebis
Sesangrevad
xmarobdnen.
aseT
mowyobilobas
`filakavani~ erqva. sityva qarTulSi arabulidan aris Semosuli.
svaneTSi gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve `laxupar~ _ `Casaxveti~; or
mrgval qvaSi gayrili iyo grZeli mori, romelsac ferdobze
daagorebdnen da mters `Caxvetavdnen.~
sasroli iaraRi
sasroli iaraRis ZiriTad saxeobas mSvild-isari warmoadgenda. igi
yvela Zvel qveyanaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. arqeologebis mier, saqarTvelos
teritoriaze mravlad mopovebuli isris pirebi imaze metyveleben, rom
mas farTod iyenebda uZvelesi mosaxleoba.
qarTveluri tomebis mier, mSvild-isris kargad xmarebis Sesaxeb
cnobebs vxvdebiT Zvel berZnul da romaul wyaroebSi. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia, strabonis (Zveli berZeni geografi) cnoba svanebTan
dakavSirebiT. misi TqmiT, svanebi SesaniSnavi moisreebi arian. isini isris
pirebis mosawamlad xmaroben raRac Sxams, romelic maSinve klavs
adamians da iseTi saSineli suni aqvs, rom am sunisgan itanjebian ara
mxolod daWrilebi, aramed maT siaxloves myofi sxva meomrebic.
mSvild-isars saqarTveloSi gvianobamde ar daukargavs mniSvneloba.
mas cecxlsasrol iaraRTan erTad, qarTul laSqarSi XVII saukunemde
iyenebdnen.
mSvild-isari zomiT da gamoyenebis wesiT gansxvavdeboda. magaliTad,
samxreT
saqarTveloSi
adamianis
simaRlis
mSvild-isrebi
iyo
gavrcelebuli, romlis gamoyenebac mebrZols mxolod fexis daxmarebiT
SeeZlo. mTian regionebSi SedarebiT mcire zomis mSvildebi hqondaT.
7
mSvild-isars mosaxleoba ZiriTadad TviTon amzadebda. SerCeuli
hqondaT rogorc samSvilde, ise saisre xis jiSebi: dgnali, Sindi,
Txili, maqaca, romlebic ufro moqnili da drekadi iyo. ivane
javaxiSvili `mSvildis~ saxelwodebas Sindidad warmoebulad miiCnevs.
mSvild-isari Sedgeba mSvildisa da isrisgan. mSvildi damuSavebuli
da moRunuli xis toti iyo, romelzec sabeli iyo gabmuli. sabeli
keTdeboda an kanafisgan, an abreSumisgan. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
hqonda isars, romelsac maxvili da wvetiani wveri unda hqonoda; mas
zogjer ukeTdeboda frTebic, romlis saSualebiTac isari ufro
swrafad da zustad midioda mizanSi.
mebrZolebi isrebs saisreSi ilagebdnen, romelsac kaparWi erqva.
svanuri eTnografiuli masala gvaZlevs imis varaudis saSualebas,
rom garda sabrZolo isrebisa, SesaZlebelia hqonodaT cecxlis gasaCeni
isrebic. almodebul isars mtris banakSi isrodnen da cecxls
ukidebdnen iqaurobas.
sasroli iaraRebis jgufSi Sedis, cxadia, cecxlsasroli iaraRi,
romlis gamoCenamac Zirfesvianad Secvala samxedro xelovneba.
denTi Cinelebma jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde aRmoaCines, magram
xangrZlivi drois manZilze mas mxolod foierverkebisTvis iyenebdnen.
denTis gamoyeneba Cinelebisgan arabebma iswavles, romlebic mas
brZolaSi XIII saukunidan iyenebdnen. arabebisgan denTi evropisTvis gaxda
cnobili, sadac XIV saukuneSi pirveli klasikuri cecxlsasroli
iaraRi Seiqmna. saqarTvelo, am periodSi, mZime saSinao da sagareo
mdgomarebis gamo, ver axerxebda sabrZolo Zalebisa da saSualebebis
saWiroebisamebr ganviTarebas, Tumca cecxlsasroli iaraRi qarTul
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi XVI saukunidan Cndeba. am droisaTvis, qarTuli
laSqari, marTalia, ZiriTadad civi iaraRiT iyo aRWurvili, magram
mebrZolTa garkveul raodenobas evropidan Semosuli iaraRi ukve
gaaCnda. magaliTad, XVI saukunis bolos, kaxeTis jarSi xuTasi Tofiani
mebrZoli iricxeboda.
Tofis damzadeba saqarTveloSi XVII saukunidan iwyeba, Tumca
ukeTesi xarisxis iaraRis Semotana, marTalia Znelad, magram mainc
evropidan (ZiriTadad yirimis mxridan) xdeboda, ramac asaxva hpova
folklorSic: xevsurul, fSavur da svanur poeziaSi `yirimula,
yiriml~ Tofis saxelad damkvidrda; aseve xalxuri saxeli Seerqva
(`maJaro~ anu `majari~) ungrul Tofsac, romelic saqarTveloSi
Semodioda.
svaneTSi `yirimulTan~ erTad, Cans, Tofis saxeoba `kuTxa~ iyo
gavrcelebuli, romelic folklorSic farTod aris asaxuli. es iyo
dakuTxuli, xraxnilluliani SaSxana, romelic qaRaldis masriani
vaznebiT iteneboda. am saxeobis Tofi evropaSi XVI saukuneSi gaCnda,
8
xolo jarebSi, masiurad XIX saukunidan gavrcelda. rodis Semodis
aseTi formis Tofebi saqarTveloSi, ucnobia, Tumca misi asaxva
folklorSi imis niSania, rom igi qarTveli mebrZolebisTvis XIX
saukunidanve cnobili unda yofiliyo.
dasartymeli iaraRi
sabrZolo iaraRebSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira dasartymel
iaraRebs. aseTi iaraRebi iyo: laxti, gurzi, kverTxi, maTraxi. laxti
sulxan-sabas mixedviT, `umkveTelo sacemi, saomari~ iaraRi iyo,
romelsac qamarSi (welSi) CarWobils atarebdnen. misive ganmartebiT,
laxtiviT iaraRi iyo `gurzi~ _ `laxtiviT didi, ufrTo~. wyaroebidan
Cans, rom masac laxtiviT iyenebdnen.
ivane javaxiSvili sabrZolo iaraRad miiCnevs kverTxs. sabas
ganmartebiT, `kuerTxi saguemeli joxia.~ eTnografiuli monacemebiTac
dasturdeba, rom joxi tradiciul iaraRs warmoadgenda. svanuri
`mijJra~ amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. `mijJra~ masiuri xis joxia,
romelsac wverze rkinis wveti aqvs gakeTebuli, xolo TavSi Tasmaa
gayrili, romelic majaze ixveva. `mijJra~ rogorc mTaSi sasiarulod,
ise sabrZolodac gamoiyeneboda. igi farTod iyo gamoyenebuli xalxur
orTabrZolebSi. sainteresoa, rom svanurSi arsebobs zmna `lijJmri~,
rac miwolas, mibjenas gulisxmobs. SesaZlebelia, aRniSnuli termini da
zmna Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodes da `mijJra~ swored misi
daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, `misawoli, misabjeni~ saSualeba iyos.
dasartymel iaraRebs maTraxic miekuTvneboda, romelic Semdeg,
mxolod sacxenosno iaraRad gadaiqca. qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebidan
Cans, rom Tavidan igi sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda, romelic
eTnografiul yofaSic SemorCa. maTraxi Sedgeba xis tarisgan, Tasmisgan
da dawnuli tyavis Rvedisgan, romelsac zed rkinis mavTulebi aqvs
daxveuli. maTraxi brZolis dros moxerxebulad gamoiyeneboda da
rogorc Cans, sakmaod saxifaTo iaraRsac warmoadgenda.
mkveTeli iaraRi
sabrZolo Tu sayofacxovrebo TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze moxerxebuli
da saWiro iaraRi, romelsac mniSvneloba cecxlsasroli iaraRis
gamogonebis Semdegac ar daukargavs, mkveTeli, mWreli iaraRia. igi
9
adamianma uZveles droSive gamoigona, ganaviTara da dRemde iyenebs,
rogorc erT-erT aucilebel nivTs.
mkveTeli iaraRis saxeobebs miekuTvneba: xmali, maxvili, xanjali,
daSna, didi dana, satevari, culi.
rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, Zvel droSi yvelaze metad
gavrcelebuli xmali yofila. igi sxvadasxva moyvanilobis iyo da
ramdenime nawilisgan Sedgeboda: piri, kota (xelis mosakidebeli), vada
an jvaredi.
xmlis kotas, Tavs qudi erqva, romelic swori an mokauWebuli iyo.
mis naxvretSi Tasma iyo gayrili, romelic meomars xmlis advilad
dasaWerad, majaze hqonda Semoxveuli.
xmali xarisxiT SeiZleboda an basri da magari, an rbili yofiliyo.
misi es Tviseba feriTac iyo gamoxatuli, Calurjebuli anu `libri~
(libri _ Calurjebuli, ruxi) foladisa saukeTesod da basrad
iTvleboda, xolo `TeTri~ ufro mdare xarisxis iyo. xmali
xevsureTSic `jiSianad~ da `ujiSod~ iyo dayofili. `jiSiani~ xmlebis
rigs `daviTferuli~, `franguli~ da `gordafranguli~ miekuTvneboda,
xolo `ujiSos~ _ `Waruli~, `lekuri~ da sxva.
xmlebi, xarisxis garda, erTmaneTisgan formiT da moyvanilobiTac
gansxvavdeboda. sxvadasxva erebs sxvadasxva formis xmlebi hqondaT.
rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, qarTuli klasikuri xmali swori
formis iyo da mas `Sveti~ erqva. saeklesio mxatvrobidan Cans, rom
aseTi formis xmlebi saqarTveloSi XII saukunemde iyo gavrcelebuli,
xolo XIII saukunidan xmlis forma odnav icvlis saxes da ixreba. es
kargad Cans laSa-giorgis freskebSi: beTaniis monasterSi gamosaxul
ufliswul laSas `Sveti~ xmali artyia, xolo berTubnis mxatvrobaSi,
mefes ukve odnav moxrili xmali uCans.
xmali orpirad mWreli iaraRi ar iyo, mas erT mxareze hqonda fxa,
xolo meoreze _ yua, anu gnde. xmali ideboda Tavis budeSi, romelsac
`qarqaSi~ erqva. qarqaSi sparsuli sityva `TarqaSidan~ momdinareobs.
xmlis, SeiZleba iTqvas, amomwuravi da srulyofili daxasiaTeba
sulxan-sabas aqvs mocemuli, romelsac ivane javaxiSvili fasdaudebels
uwodebs: `xrmalica mravalgvarni arian sxvadasxva TemTa qmnilTaebr da
romelica xmali Zveli, grZeli ganxrili, mzeveli, mkveTeli da srulia,
gluvi iyos Tu gamoferdili, anu Rarosani, gorda Tu kaldimi, _ amas
qarTvelni hyvaroben, frangnica eseTsa ... brZenni da gamocdilni,
Rvawlisa mZleni mxedarni saqeburad amas dasdeben, romeli gvarianic
iyos, Zveli da ara RvarWnili, araca sada mciredi simrude hqondes,
arca maRal-dabloba aCndes caxeTaca odeni, libri iyos da ara TeTr,
zomier sigrZiT da sibrtyiTa, ZvalTa da rkinaTa mkveTel da TviT
10
uvnebel, adre ara damblagvel, utal*-unafcxveno, yua-zrqel, gndeswore.~
xmals, Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, qarTul yofasa da
samarTalSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTva hqonda. igi samefo xelisuflebis
erT-erT simbolos warmoadgenda. mefed kurTxevis ritualis erT-erTi
mTavari nawili mefisTvis xmlis Semortyma iyo, romlis uflebac
mxolod samefo karze dawinaurebul feodals hqonda (mefed kurTxevisa
da xmlis Semortymis
ceremonialis amsaxveli erTaderTi freska
mogvepoveba. masze gamosaxulia mefe demetre aRmaSeneblis Zis mefed
kurTxeva svaneTSi _ latalis macxovris eklesiaSi).
samefo darbazis etiketis mixedviT, mefesTan xmlis tarebis ufleba
mxolod piradi dacvis ufross _ sefe-meabjres hqonda. xmals, rogorc
Zalauflebis simbolos, atarebdnen agreTe amirspasalari da amilaxori.
eTnografiuli masaliT dasturdeba, rom vaJisTvis xmlis tarebis
uflebis miniWeba, mis srulwlovanebas, `kacad~ aRiarebas niSnavda. amave
dros,
xmlis
matarebel
adamians
sazogadoebis
winaSe
meti
pasuxismgebloba gaaCnda.
rogorc qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, uZvelesi mkveTeli
iaraRi iyo maxvili. mis did mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs qarTul enaSi
damkvidrebuli gamoTqmebi: Wkuamaxvili, gonebamaxvili, enamaxvili da a.S.
ivane javaxiSvili am sityvaTwarmoebas `laxvarsa da dalaxvros~
kombinacias adarebs. maxvili Zvelad mkveTri da wvetiani iaraRis saxeli
iyo. cxadia, maxvili mWreli da basri iaraRi da, amave dros, farTod
gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo, vinaidan misi Tvisebebis gamomxatveli
frazeologia gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac damkvidrda sxva, arasabrZolo
sferoSi.
maxvili, aseve xelCarTul brZolaSi gamosayenebeli iaraRi iyo. is,
ZiriTadad
orlesuli
iyo,
Tumca
gvxvdeba
calpirgalesilic.
sxvadasxvagvari iyo maxvilebis xarisxi da morTuloba; taris Tavic
sxvadasxvanairi formis ukeTdeboda.
daSna mkveTebeli iaraRis erT-erTi saxeobaa. igi Zveli sparsuli
sityvaa da patara danas niSnavs, romlis damalvac Ceqmis yelSi
SeiZleboda (ase atarebda mas amirani da roca devma gadaylapa, swored
daSniT gamouWra ferdi). daSnas xelCarTuli brZolis dros xmarobdnen.
es termini IX-X saukuneebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da garda
sabrZolo iaraRisa, kalatozis salesav iaraRsac erqva.
ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, es termini mxolod xevsurul
dialeqtSia SemorCenili, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom is svanurSic
farTodaa gavrcelebuli.
dana, romelic dRes sayofacxovrebo nivTs warmoadgens, XII
saukunemde sabrZolo iaraRi iyo. Tumca, Cans, rom danas sameurneo
daniSnulebac Tavidanve eqneboda, rasac eTnografiuli da lingvisturi
11
masalac adasturebs. kerZod, svanuri folkloris mixedviT Cans, rom
svanebi did danas warmatebiT iyenebdnen omSi da es nivTi maTi
aRWurvilobis erT-erT ZiriTad atributs warmoadgenda.
qarTuli yofisTvis erT-erT yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebel
atributs `xanjali~ warmoadgens. is sabrZolo iaraRia, amave dros,
qarTuli klasikuri Cacmulobis aucilebeli elementia da saqarTvelos
yvela kuTxeSia gavrcelebuli.
xanjali//xanjari _ sparsuli sityvaa da XV saukunidan Semodis
qarTul metyvelebaSi. ivane javaxiSvili miiCnevs, rom am iaraRs,
romelic
warmoudgenelia
rom
XV
saukunemde
ar
yofiliyo
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli, manamde maxvili unda rqmeoda.
XVII saukuneSi gvxvdeba termini `satevari~, romelic Tavidan mTel
saqarTveloSi yofila gavcelebuli, Semdeg ki, mxolod dasavleT
saqarTveloSi SemorCenila. sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, satevari qarTuli
terminia da xanjals rqmevia: `xanjali sxvaTa enaa, sagverduli
maxvilia, qarTulad satevari hqvian~.
svanur folklorSi Semonaxulia saintereso termini `xangari~,
romelic xanjlismagvari iaraRi unda yofiliyo. Tumca am terminis
raobisa da sadaurobis Sesaxeb, lingvisturi gamokvleva ar Catarebula.
iaraRebis arsebul klasifikaciaSi arsad ar aris aRniSnuli
uZvelesi da qarTuli kulturisTvis gamorCeulad damaxasiaTebeli
saxeoba _ culi, romelsac Tavidanve orgvari _ sameurneo da sabrZolo
daniSnuleba hqonda.
culi uZvelesi droidan gvxvdeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze, is
Tavisi moyvanilobisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT, ramdenime saxeobad
iyofa, xolo misi ganviTarebis mwvervals ki warmoadgens brinjaos
`kolxuri culi~, romelic gamorCeuli iyo Tavisi formiT, xarisxiT da
maRali mxatvruli doniT.
culi
kolxi
meomrebis
SeiaraRebis
aucilebel
atributs
warmoadgenda. Semdeg, cxadia Secvlili formiT, culi isev gamoiyeneboda
sabrZolo daniSnulebiT, gansakuTrebiT mTian regionebSi, Tumca,
sabolood, mas mxolod sameurneo funqcia darCa.
iaraRis es saxeoba gamoiyeneboda xelCarTuli brZolis dros. Mmis
popularobaze metyvelebs uamravi arqeologiuri masala da saistorio
wyaroebis monacemebi. sainteresoa Zveli welTaRricxvis V saukunis
meomris qandakeba, romlis mixedviTac Cans, Tu rogor atarebdnen
meomrebi sabrZolo culs. am meomars culi marjvena gverdze, tariT
qveviT aqvs Camokidebuli.
sabrZolo iaraRis erT-erT saintereso saxeobas warmoadgens
`saTiTuri~//saceruli, romelic mxolod xevsureTSia gavrcelebuli.
saTiTuri rkinis brtyeli rgolia, romlis gareTa piris rgoli
alesilia anda kbilebiTaa dafaruli. saTiTurebi sxvadasxva formisaa da
12
saxelebic sxvadasxva aqvs: `xveula~, `zurgana~, `maRala~, `Rajia~,
`lesula~, `calkbila~ da sxva. saTiTuri, rogorc es saxelwodebidanac
Cans, TiTze keTdeboda da Cxubis dros gamoiyeneboda. igi Tavisi mWreli
pirisa da kbilanebis meSveobiT, seriozul zians ayenebda adamians.
saTiTuri Sedgeboda kbilebis, kbilis Zirebis, budisa da yuisagan. igi
adgilobriv, xevsuri ostatebis mier mzaddeboda. saTiTuri mxolod
xevsureTSia gavrcelebuli da amitomac, xevsuruli kulturis
elementad aris miCneuli.
Tavisi originaluri formisa da daniSnulebidan gamomdinare,
saTiTuris Casma iaraRis romelime jgufSi, rTulia. igi aris rogorc
dasartymeli, aseve mkveTebeli iaraRi, Tumca SesaZlebelia, igi mainc
dasartymeli iaraRebis jgufs mivakuTvnoT.
samtvrevi iaraRebi
rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, calke jgufad unda iyos gamoyofili
cixe-simagreTa asaRebi saSualebebi, romelTac pirobiTad SeiZleba
samtvrevi iaraRebi ewodos. am jgufSi unda moTavsdes filakavanic,
romelic satyorcn iaraRebsaa mikuTvnebuli, vinaidan igi cixesimagreebis asaRebad da zRudeTa Sesamtvrevad ixmareboda. am tipis
iaraRebis arseboba, ZiriTadad svaneTSi dasturdeba, Tumca momavali
kvleva mas, cxadia, danarCen kuTxeebSic gamoavlens.
rogorc eTnografiuli masalidan Cans, svanebi kedlebisa da karebis
Sesamtvrevad xmarobdnen mowyobilobebs, romelTac `jorai~ da `kikber~
ewodebaT.
`jorai~ mozrdili moria, romelsac aTi-TxuTmeti vaJkaci xelebiT
maRla swevs da saxlis karebs an WiSkars Sesamtvrevad amoqanebiT
urtyams.
`jorai~-is
gamoyeneba
simbolurad
dafiqsirebulia
erT-erTi
ritualis, Ó`uRulaSobis~ dros. dResaswaulis meore dRes axalgazrda
kacebi Seikribebian da sofels Camoivlian. yvela mosaxle am droisaTvis
kar-fanjrebs ketavs, xolo axalgazrdebi ZaliT cdiloben SigniT
SeRwevas. Tu karebs verafriT ver SeaReben, aiReben `jorais~ da
urtyamen karebs. sainteresoa, rom am dros saxlebSi mxolod qalebi da
mozardebi unda yofiliyvnen, romlebic wyliTa da sxva saSualebebiT
cdiloben maT mogeriebas. SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, rom am ritualis
safuZveli, iseve rogorc mravali sxva amgvari ritualisa, Zveli yofiTi
realiebi unda iyos.
13
am tipis samtvrev saSualebebs ganekuTvneba agreTve `kikberi~.
`kikberi~ didi xis mori yofila. es mori sam adgilas yofila
gaxvretili, sadac xelis mosakideblad xis ketebi hqonia gayrili. am
ketebs or-ori kaci hkidebda xels da amtvrevdnen kars an kedels.
rogorc enaTmecnierebi Tvlian, am sityvas Semdeg Zalis mniSvnelobac
miuRia.
sainteresoa, rom sityva `kikberi~ odnav saxecvlili gvxvdeba
leCxumur dialeqtSic, sadac is aseve xis mors aRniSnavs. `kakibera~
samzareulo saxlSi Suacecxlis pirdapir, zeviT gadebuli xea,
romelzedac saqvabe hkidia. SesaZlebelia, rom `kikber~ Tavdapirvelad
leCxumSic iseTi daniSnulebisa iyo, rogorc svaneTSi da es sityvac
Zveli qarTulis im terminebsa da iaraRebs miekuTvnebodes, romlebic
saerTo iyo qarTuli samyarosaTvis; an igi leCxumur metyvelebaSi
svanuridan aris Sesuli.
koSkis asaRebad svaneTSi kidev erTi saSualeba iyo gamoyenebuli,
romelsac `laSxiar~ erqva. sakmao simaRleze, erTmaneTze damagrebul
xeebs koSks yvela mxridan Semouwyobdnen da cecxls moukidebdnen,
rasac SeiZleboda koSkis dangreva mohyoloda. termini warmoebulia
sityva `liSxi~-sgan, rac dawvas niSnavs, `laSxiar~ = dasawvavi
saSualeba.
Tavdasacavi iaraRi
omSi Tavdasacav iaraRs sabrZoloze aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda,
amitom isic uZveles droSive Cndeba. wyaroebidan Cans, rom qarTveluri
tomebi Tavidanve atarebdnen xis, selisa da tyavisagan damzadebul
sxvadasxva saxis Tavdacvis saSualebebs.
Tavdasacavi iaraRi, Tavisi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, ramdenime
saxeobad iyofa: 1. Tavsaburavi, 2. gul-mkerdis sacavi, 3. qveda nawilis
sacavi, 4. fari da CelTi.
saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Cans, rom Tavdasacavi saSualebebi
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da sakmaod Camoyalibebul saxesac atarebda.
misi damzadebis teqnologiebs mosaxleobac flobda da iseve, rogorc
sabrZolo iaraRs, saWiro Tavdasacav saSualebebsac Tavadve amzadebda.
rac Seexeba arqeologiur monacemebs, maT mixedviT dasturdeba, rom
antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi Tavdasacavi iaraRebidan gavrcelebuli iyo:
beqTari, muzaradi, fari da wvivsafari.
qarTul enaSi Tavsaburavi saSualebebis aRmniSvnelad, sxvadasxva
dros sxvadasxva terminebi gamoiyeneboda. am terminTa da saganTa yvelaze
sruli ganmartebebi sulxan-sabas moepoveba. igi TavsaburTa zogad
14
saxelad `zuCs~ miiCnevs da masSi aerTianebs sxvadasxva saxeobebs.
Tavsaburavis aRmniSvnel yvelaze Zvel qarTul terminad Cafxuti
gvevlineba. m. andronikaSvili ki am sityvas osur `jaWvis quds~
ukavSirebs da misgan momdinared Tvlis, Tumca Cven ivane javaxiSvilis
mosazreba ufro marTebulad migvaCnia, rasac qarTuli sityvebi _
`Camoifxata,
Camofxatebulic~
unda
adasturebdes.
ratom
aris
SeuZlebeli, rom es termini piriqiT _ osurSi qarTulidan Sesuliyo?
Cafxutis paralelurad gvxvdeba `CaCqani~, romlis warmomavlobac
gaurkvevelia. amave mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba terminebi zaradi, muzaradi
da Cabalaxi. muzaradi zaradisgan aris warmoebuli. Tavis mxriv, es
termini Zveli sparsulisagan arabuls SeuTvisebia.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis monacemebs, aqac metnaklebad erTnairi suraTi gvaqvs, Tumca svanur folklorSi
Tavsaburavis mniSvnelobiT, ZiriTadad `zuCi~ (zurCi) ixmareba, xolo
xevsurulSi _ `CaCqani~ da `zaradi.~
sabas ganmartebiT, Tavsaburavi xuTi saxeobisa iyo da erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeboda.
romelsac
Tavze
dasaxuri
rkina
kvercxiseburi
moyvanilobisa hqonda, xolo win da ukan grZlad zaradi (naqsovi rkina)
hqonda Semovlebuli, `zuCi~ ewodeboda (masve zogjer uwodebdnen
muzarads); `zuCis~ msgavs Tavdasaxurs, romelsac zaradi ar hqonda
Semovlebuli, magram hqonda cxviris dasafarebeli rkina _ sacxvire,
Cafxuti erqva. Txemze rkinis mTliani dasafarebeli da ukan (kisris
mxares) mcire zaradSemovlebuli CaCqani iyo, xolo mTlianad jaWvisagan
moqsovil Tavsaburavs, erTiani rkinis nawilis gareSe, Cabalaxi erqva.
xevsureTSi gavrcelebuli Tavsaburavi (CaCqani) ori nawilisagan
Sedgeboda: `CaCqanis jami~, romelic rkinis kopebiT iyo morTuli da
jamidan CamoSvebuli rkinis bade, romelsac xevsurebic zarads uwodeben.
zaradi mTlianad faravda saxes, mas `saTvalurebi~ hqonda, saidanac
molaSqre ixedeboda.
rkinis Tavsaburavis SigniT, meomari Tavze ixuravda nabdis quds an
Caifenda `sadebs~, raTa dartymis Sedegad Tavi ar stkenoda. Tavidan
aseTive daniSnuleba hqonda SeTavsebuli svanur qudsac, romelsac
meomari `zurCis~ qveS ixuravda.
jaWvi meomris Tavdasacavi umTavresi saSualeba iyo. swored mis
simtkicesa da maRal xarisxze iyo umeteswilad damokidebuli meomris
usafrTxoeba.
Tu rodis da sad gaCnda Tavdapirvelad jaWvis (rkinis) javSani,
gamorkveuli ar aris, Tumca saqarTvelos teritoriaze mravlad aris
aRmoCenili Zveli welTaRricxvis droindeli javSnis nawilebi (brinjao,
spilenZi), romlebic gansxvavebuli formebiT xasiaTdebian (vani,
TrialeTi, kldeeTi, enguris SesarTavis samxreTi da a. S.), rac imis
15
utyuari dasturia, rom Tavdasacavi saSualebis es saxeoba qarTvelur
tomebSi Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis II naxevridan ukve Cndeba.
sayuradReboa isic, rom ruseTSi jaWvi X saukunidan vrceldeba da
savaraudod, dasavleT evropaSi, jaWvis perangs aRmosavleTisa da
SavizRvispireTis gavleniT, aseve mxolod jvarosnuli laSqrobebis
Semdgom periodSi gavrcelebulad Tvlian.
jaWvis perangi adgilobrivi warmoebis rom iyo da saqarTveloSi
misi damzadebs teqnologia Semdgom periodSic rom maRal doneze idga,
amas
werilobiTi,
arqeologiuri
da
eTnografiuli
masalebic
adasturebs. muzeumebSi mravlad aris daculi javSnis fragmentebi da
sxvadasxva
nawilebi.
ganTqmuli
yofila
gudamayruli
Cabalaxi,
SabalxeTuri jaWvi, xolo svanuri sabuTi _ `jafariZeebis sasisxlo
sigeli~, am mxriv, fasdaudebel informacias Seicavs. aq moxseniebulia
sxvadasxva saxeobis 300 jaWvis perangi, romelic svanebma sisxlis
safasurSi gadaixades. cxadia, rom ara javSnis adgilze warmoeba (razec
metyvelebs agreTve jaWvis perangebis konkretuli saxeldebebi maTi
damzadebis mixedviT, magaliTad: samanqanuri da zeidali), es patara
kuTxe verafriT ver moaxerxebda amdeni jaWvis perangis gadaxdas.
jaWvis perangis saxeobaze, mis Tvisebebsa da saxelwodebebze,
dawvrilebiTi informacia isev sulxan-sabas moepoveba. misive cnobiT,
rkinis perangebis aRmniSvnel zogad terminad `javSani~ ixmareboda,
romelic xuTi gvaris yofila: samanqani, zeidali, xosroani, qirifqa da
jabala. es saxeobebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda sxvadasxva niSnebiT:
fareSovani da ufareSo, nikartovani, gadagrexiT Znelad gadasatexi,
mrgval da brtyel Tvaliani, basrTvliani, RarRarovani da a.S. iqve,
sabas mocemuli aqvs, Tu rogori unda iyos kargi abjari: `grZeli da
farTo, jaWvisTvali razmad da razmad dawyobili iyos, fareS-Svenieri
da Znelad gasaxsneli, notioobaSi gvian dagesldes (e. i. dasveldes, x.
i.), yrili ara hqondes, kalTidam SedevnebiT usxo* da usxosi iyos,
mkerdTa, beWTa da RliaTa uzrqelesi* da miyrili iyos.~
ivane javaxiSvilis samarTliani SeniSvniT, sulxan-sabas iqve aqvs
miTiTebuli javSnis kidev erTi saxeoba Torni, romelic `tansacvamia
rkinis jaWviviT, magram ars mTeli rkina polotiki* tanTCasacmeli.~
Torni mTliani foladisagan an spilenZisagan gakeTebuli safari iyo,
romelic orad ixsneboda da ikvreboda, an iyo xuTnawilovani
erTmaneTze gadabmuli javSani, romelic danarCenebisgan swored am
mTlianobiT gansxvavdeboda.
rogorc aRiniSna, javSnis damzadeba saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi
scodniaT, ris dasadastureblad davimowmebT xevsurul da svanur
eTnografiul da folklorul monacemebs.
16
xevsuruli jaWvis perangi ZiriTadad fareSianad da ufareSod
iyofoda. igi Camodis `sawelemde da mklavebze idayvebamde~. jaWvi,
CaCqanTan erTad, xevsuri meomris aucilebel Tavdasacav iaraRs
warmoadgenda. rac Seexeba svaneTs, folkloruli monacemebiT, aqauri
SeiaraReba moicavs: `abjars, zurCs, heSnavirs (samklauri) da samuxleebs
(`leqTuilir~).” abjari anu rkinis perangi, aq ZiriTadad samanqanuri da
zedaluri saxis yofila gavrcelebuli. jaWvis perangis nawili iyo
agreTve `qaSqani _ javSnis samxariRlie~, romelic mxarsa da iRlias
icavda.
calke elementebs warmoadgenda mklavis dasafari saSualeba,
romelic javSnis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. sabas mis saxelad `xelnavi~
aqvs moyvanili: Ã`xelnavi _ saomari samklave~. `samklave~ erqva
xevsuruli javSnis nawilsac, romelic idayvidan majamde faravda
mklavs. samklave Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: 1. samklave, 2. samajuri. eseni
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia `WikuTi~ (girgolebi _ patara rgolebi).
samklaves aqvs `Rvedebi~, riTac igi mklavze magrdeba.
`xelnavi~ anu samklave svanuri abjris aucilebel atributadac
gvevlineba. mas svanurad `xeSnaJir~ hqvia. svanuri Tavdasacavi iaraRis
Semadgenloba kargad Cans erT-erT leqsSi:
`tanze Cavicvam abjars,
Tavze davixurav zuCs,
mklavebze movicvam begTars.~
Cans, rom `xeSnaJir~, rogorc fonetikurad ise semantikuradac,
xelnavis analogiuri formaa.
xevsuruli abjris SemadgenlobaSi warmodgenilia `safuxari~, xelis
mtevnis dasafari jaWvis TaTmani (safuxari _ xelsacvami). sabrZolo
xelTaTmanis gareTa mxare jaWviT iyo dafaruli, Sida ki _ qsovliT
gamokruli.
javSnis gareT xSirad icvamdnen saomar samosels, romelsac sabas
ganmatebiT, `ialmagi~ (almagi) hqvia: `almagi samoseli ars jaWvTa
garegan sacmeli~.
sxeulis qveda nawilis dasacavad gamoyenebuli iyo samuxle da
sabarkuli.
samuxle polotiki, romelsac `sayirmuza“, ewodeboda muxlis
dasafari nawilia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom polotiki mTlian rkinas
hqvia, aRmoCndeba, rom meomrebi muxlis dasafarad erTian samuxles
xmarobdnen.
samuxles
iyenebdnen
agreTve
svanebi,
romlebsac
`leqvTiliar~ erqva.
`sabarkuli~ gvxvdeba `vefxistyaosansa~ da `SahnavazianSi~. rogorc
TviT terminidanac Cans, `sabarkuli~ barklis safar nawils unda
rqmeoda.
17
daaxloebiT amave daniSnulebis elements Seicavs xevsuruli abjari,
romelsac `saCerne~ ewodeba. igi nawarmoebia sityvisgan `Cerani~
(xevsurulad wvivis Zvali). `saCerne~ meomris wvivs faravda, modioda
TeZodan da koWamde grZeldeboda, jaWvisgan iyo moqsovili da
gadakerebuli iyo Sarvalze. iaraRis mkvlevari guram gasitaSvili mas
xevsuruli abjris Tavisebur elements uwodebs, Tumca Cveni azriT, is
`sabarkulis~ msgavsia da saerTo qarTuli abjris maxasiaTebelia.
Tavdasacavi iaraRis aucilebel atributs warmoadgens fari,
romelsac uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen qarTveluri tomebi.
Tavidan gamoiyeneboda dawnuli, xis, tyavis an tyavgadakruli
farebi. qarTveluri tomebi, ZiriTadad patara mrgvali formis farebs
iyenebdnen. maT Soris mxolod iberielebis Sesaxeb aris cnoba, rom maT
didi zomis farebi hqondaT. brinjaos uZvelesi fari, romelic
saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili, Zv. w. XII-IX saukuneebs miekuTvneba. aseTi
formis farebi aq XVII saukunemde gamoiyeneboda. mrgvali formis fari,
mecnierTa mier, ZiriTadad, cxenosnobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, vinaidan is
msubuqi da patara zomisaa, mxedrisTvis ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo.
faris damzadeba yvela kuTxeSi icodnen, ZiriTadad mzaddeboda xeze
tyavgadkruli farebi, romelTac zed rkinis salteebi ukeTdeboda.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi farisTvis saWiro tyavs Savad Rebavdnen,
ris gamoc maT `Savfarosnebad~ (`yarayalRanebi~) moixseniebdnen.
qarTuli mrgvali formis fari masalis da damzadebis teqnikis
mixedviT, SeiZleba daiyos oTx jgufad: xis farebi anda tyavgadakruli
wnuli farebi, tyavis farebi, kombinirebuli (tyavis fari, rkinis
salteebiT SeWedili) da rkinis farebi.
fars hqonda tyavis sakidi, romliTac is meomris mxarze iyo
gadakidebuli. ukana mxares ki, xelis Casakidebeli (sabRuji) hqonda.
xevsurebi Cveulebrivi mrgvali faris garda, xmarobdnen e. w. `ubis
fars~, romelsac ubeSi, marcxena mxares, gulis dasacavad idebdnen.
sainteresoa, rom abjris gamoyenebamde mkerdis (gulis) msgavsi dasacavi
saSualeba bevr Zvel xalxSi gamoiyeneboda, rac xevsurebis mier`ubis
faris~ saxiT gvianobamde iqna Semonaxuli.
mrgvali formis farebis garda, qarTvelebi iyenebdnen agreTve
ovalur da didi zomis farebsac, rasac `delamfari~ erqva. `delamfari~
naxsenebia xalxur poeziasa da TqmulebebSi.
farTan erTad, sabas Tavdasacav iaraRad naxsenebi aqvs `CelTi~,
romelsac ganmartavs, rogorc brtyel maxvils. Tumca, ivane javaxiSvili
am cnobas Secdomad miiCnevs da Tvlis, rom `CelTi~ fariviT (oTxkuTxa)
iaraRi iyo.
iaraRis tarebas Sesabamisi wesebi gaaCnda. mSvidobianobis dros,
samefo jaris iaraRi zaradxanaSi inaxeboda samxedro droSasTan erTad
da mas mxolod brZolis dawyebis win gadascemdnen meomrebs. rac Seexeba
18
mosaxleobaSi
arsebul
iaraRs,
mSvidobianobis
dros
sruli
aRWurvilobis tareba ar iyo rekomendebuli, amitomac ZiriTadi
SeiaraReba ojaxebSi iyo Senaxuli. rogorc ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavs,
iaraRis masiurad tarebis wesi mxolod gvian, mZime saSinao-sagareo
mdgomareobis dros damkvidrda, roca mosaxleoba iZulebuli iyo Tavad
daecva Tavi mosalodneli Tu moulodneli safrTxisgan. Tumca, amave
dros, qarTul yofaSi arsebobda Zvirfasi, sazeimo xasiaTis msubuqi
iaraRis tarebis wesi, rac qarTuli Cacmulobis organul nawils
warmoadgenda (qamar-xanjali).
uZvelesi droidan gavrcelebuli iyo sabrZolo saxeobis erT-erTi
saxeoba, sabrZolo etli, romlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva
versiebia gavrcelebuli. is ar iTvleba tradiciul qarTul sabrZolo
saxeobad, Tumca arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT dasturdeba, rom
sabrZolo etli antikur saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli saxeoba iyo da,
ZiriTadad, xelmisawvdomi mxolod samxedro aristokratiisTvis iyo.
X X X
sakiTxis Sesaswavlad didi mniSvneloba aqvs iaraRis amsaxvel
qarTvelur terminologias, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda da
ZiriTadad, im erebTan xangrZlivi urTierTobebiT iyo ganpirobebuli,
visTanac qarTvelebs omebis warmoeba uxdebodaT.
sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRis aRmniSvneli uZvelesi qarTuli
terminebi iyo saWurveli da Wuri, romelnic droTa ganmavlobaSi
gandevnili iqna xmarebidan da maT Caenacvla abjari, romelsac ivane
javaxiSvili ucxoenovan terminad miiCnevda da werda, rom `misi Ziri da
etimologia arsad Cans da sadauroba gamosarkvevia~. rac Seexeba
periods, Tu rodis moxda `abjris~ damkvidreba qarTul enaSi, ivane
javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad `IX-X saukuneebis ZeglebSi abjaric da
saWurvelic gvxvdeba, XII saukuneSi ukve abjari imarjvebs, xolo
saWurveli TandaTan qreba da mwignobrul sityvad xdeba~.
mzia andronikaSvilis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, `qarTuli abjrisTvis
amosaval formad unda miviCnioT sparsuli `abajar~, rac `iaraRs,
instruments, mowyobilobas~ niSnavs. mas agreTve miaCnia, rom abjari
Tumca pirvelad `moqcevaiÁ qarTlisaSi~ gvxvdeba, magram qarTul enaSi
Semosuli ufro adre, arSakiduli periodis bolos unda iyos.
termini `abjari~ saba orbelianTan asea ganmartebuli: `abjari-ese
zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa saWurvelTa da ufrosad sacvamTa jaWvTa~.
`abjari – saWurveli, iaraRi~ (i. abulaZe); `abjari-Zveli samxedro
saWurveli, iaraRi~ (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni). rogorc
vxedavT, yvela ZiriTad leqsikonSi abjars erTnairi ganmarteba aqvs, igi
19
zogadi saxelia sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRisa, rogorc jaWv-javSanis,
ise saWrel-sakveTelis. ivane javaxiSvili, romelmac am kuTxiT
safuZvlianad gamoikvlia qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi, im daskvnamde
mivida, rom `abjari~ zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone cneba iyo, xmalic
`abjrad~ yofila miCneuli da es sityva XVIII saukunemde iqna daculi,
ris Semdegac igi adgils uTmobs Turqul termins `iaraRi~, romelic
XV saukunidanaa cnobili da XVIII saukunidan ukve sabolood
mkvidrdeba.
es
termini
Tanamedrove
samxedro
xelovnebaSic
ualternativoa.
iaraRis aRmniSvneli terminologiis Sesaswavlad, mniSvnelovania
qarTvelur enaTa monacemebic. svanurSi termini `abjari~ (folklorisa
da werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemebi) swored iseTive mniSvnelobiT
gvxvdeba, rogorc is sulxan-sabasTan aris ganmartebuli. `abjari~ aq
ZiriTadad, tanze Casacmel jaWvis perangs niSnavs, Tumca zogjer
krebsiTi mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. es ki srulad Seesabameba `abjris~
sabaseul ganmartebas: `abjari ese zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa
saWurvelTa da ufrosad sacvamTa jaWvTa~. sainteresoa, rom svanur
folklorSi iaraRis zogad, krebsiT terminad dasturdeba `aveji~,
romelic `abjris~ paralelurad ixmareba da ufro farTo mniSvneloba
gaaCnia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sityva `iaraRis~ Sinaarsis matarebelia.
rasac qarTul enaSi `abjari~ moicavda mTlianobaSi, is svanur
metyvelebaSic (iseve, rogorc qarTulSi), rogorc Cans, Semdgom
danawevrda: `abjari~ ufro jaWv-perangs gulisxmobs, xolo danarCen
sabrZolo iaraRs termini `aveji~ gamoxatavs.
aveji arabuli sityvaa: `havaiju~ da niSnavs saWiro sagans, nivTs~
(g. wereTeli). igi SedarebiT gvian Semosuli Cans qarTul enaSi,
radganac Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi, maT Soris `vefxistyaosanSic~,
ar gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki, misi mniSvneloba aseTia: `aveji –
binis mosawyobi skami, magida da sxva; samkauli, oTaxis mosawyobmosarTavi nivTebi~ (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni). asevea igi
ganmartebuli saba orbelianis leqsikonSi: `aveji-ese ars saxlis iaraRi
da WurWeli, ragindra~, xolo svanur enaSi am terminma sabrZolo
iaraRis mniSvneloba SeiZina, rac ufro axlos dgas am sityvis arabul
mniSvnelobasTanac, sadac is saWiro sagansa da nivTs niSnavda. TiTqmis
analogiuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia am leqsemas raWul da leCxumur
metyvelebaSi.
X X X
samxedro wes-CveulebaTa da iaraRis tarebis kultura, rogorc
qarTul laSqarSi, ise ubralo mosaxleobaSi maRal doneze idga.
20
mxedruli unarebis swavlebas vaJisTvis ojaxi pataraobidanve iwyebda,
xolo 15-16 wlidan mas ukve namdvili iaraRis tarebis ufleba eZleoda.
yvela kuTxeSi ganviTarebuli iyo sabrZolo wesebisa da iaraRis
gamoyenebis swavlebis kultura, rac farikaoba-xmalaobaSi (keWnaoba),
orTabrZola-Widaobebis (xridoli) sxvadasxva saxeobebSi gamoixateboda.
meomruli Cvevebis gamomuSaveba-daxvewas agreTve uamravi sabavSo
TamaSobebi da nadirobis rTuli Cveuleba emsaxureboda.
qarTul SeiaraRebaSi sabrZolo da Tavdasacavi iaraRis TiTqmis
yvela saxeobaa warmodgenili, rac uZvelesi droidan omis sawarmoeblad
gamoiyeneboda. amave dros, qarTuli SeiaraReba Seicavs adgilobrivi
warmoSobis Tavisebur elementebsac, rac iaraRis maRal kulturaze
metyvelebs.
amasTanave, gamoCnda, rom sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRi uZveles
periodsa da Sua saukuneebSi, ufro metad maRalxarisxovani iyo da
Sesabamisi periodis moTxovnebs sruliad akmayofilebda. cecxlsasroli
iaraRis gaCenis Semdeg, viTareba Zireulad icvleba: Tu manamde, iaraRis
TiTqmis sruli Semadgenloba, ZiriTadad adgilze iwarmoeboda, Tanac
maRali xarisxis, cecxlsasroli iaraRis importi mTlianad ucxoeTidan
xdeba. amgvarad, saqarTvelo, misTvis erT-erT yvelaze mZime periodSi,
mTlianad sxvaze damokidebuli xdeba. viTareba XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi
odnav icvleba: adgilze xdeba Tofebis awyoba da gamarTva, Cndeba
saartilerio danadgarebi, Tumca es mTlian suraTs ver cvlis. amdenad,
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, iaraRis warmoebisa da xmarebis maRali
kulturis mqone qveyana, faqtobrivad mTlianad eTiSeba am sferos da
axali tipis iaraRis SeqmnaSi monawileobas ver iRebs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maRal doneze ganviTarebuli sabrZoloTavdacviTi iaraRi, misi mravalferovneba da maRali xarisxi, samxedro
CveulebaTa maRali kultura da meomruli xasiaTi, erTobliobaSi
ganapirobebda gamocdili, didi tradiciebis mqone Zlieri mebrZolis
Camoyalibebas, romelic warmatebulad icavda Tavis qveyanas. amdenad,
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelo uZvelesi da didi sabrZolo
tradiciebis qveyanaa, romelmac Tavisi wvlili Seitana msoflio
samxedro xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
21
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *
polotiki _ foladi, mTliani rkina.
tali _ namsxvrevi, natexi; e. i. unamsxvrevo.
uzsqelesi _ sqeli.
usxo _ wvrilze odnav sqeli.
22
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:
• abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.
• m.
andronikaSvili,
narkvevebi
iranul-qarTuli
enobrivi
urTierTobidan, Tb., 1966.
• g. anCabaZe, samxedro istoria, Tb., 2002.
• g. gasitaSvili, xevsuruli abjari, mse, IX, 1957.
• Tofuria, qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2002.
• x. ioseliani, samxedro saqmis istoriidan svaneTSi, istoriuleTnografiuli YZiebani, IV, Tb., 2002.
• x. ioseliani, sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRis amsaxveli terminebi
svanur enaSi, istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani, IV, Tb., 2002.
• l. saxarova, uZvelesi sabrZolo iaraRis istoriisTvis, macne,
istoriis seria, Tb., 1973, #3.
• svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1991.
• svanuri poezia, Tb., 1939.
• svanuri prozauli teqstebi, balsqvemouri kilo, II, Tb., 1975.
• svanuri prozauli teqstebi, laSxuri kilo, Tb., 1979.
• sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I, Tb., 1991.
• sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II, Tb., 1993.
• qarTlis cxovreba, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, t. I, gv. 357,
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955.
• qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., 1938.
• qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1950.
• al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984.
• k. ColoyaSvili, qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRebi, fari, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XVIII.
• g. wereTeli, arabuli qrestomaTia leqsikoniTurT, Tb, 2000.
• iv. javaxiSvili, masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis
istoriisaTvis, III-IV, Tb. 1962.
• x. ioseliani, svaneTis eTnografiuli dRiuri (xelnaweri).
23
qamar-xanjali (mestiis
mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi)
Tofebi, xanjali (mestiis
24
mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi)
mSvildi da isrebi (mestiis
mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi)
fari (mestiis
mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi)
25
Tofebi, dambaCebi, xmlebi, sapirwamleebi
(mestiis mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi)
farebi, isrebi, mSvildebi
(mestiis
26
mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi)
jaWvis perangi (mestiis
mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi)
erekle II-is xmali Telavis muzeumSi
27