frank rinn - COST FP1101
Transcrição
frank rinn - COST FP1101
FRANK INGENIEUR- UND SACHVERSTÄNDIGEN-BÜRO UNTERSUCHUNG ENTWICKLUNG BERATUNG BÄUME, HOLZ, KONSTRUKTIONEN MESSGERÄTE, SOFTWARE SEMINAR, SCHULUNG, VORTRAG RINN ENGINEERING- AND EXPERT-OFFICE EXAMINATION DEVELOPMENT TREES, TIMBER, CONSTRUCTIONS MEASUREMENT DEVICES, SOFTWARE CONSULTATION SEMINARS, TRAINING, LECTURES EXPERT REPORT TECHNICAL INSPECTION OF A NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OHIO, USA LOCAL TREE EXPERT: MARK HOENIGMAN, BUSY BEE SERVICES, LTD., NOVELTY, OH 44072, USA 2013 __ / __ FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 2 / 14 CONTENT Page 1 Assignment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Contacts, addresses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Inspection and results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 Summary and conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5 References and further reading.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 1 2013 3 / 14 Assignment Previous inspections showed that the oak has internal decay. The extent of these deteriorations and their impact on stability and safety had to be assessed in more detail in order to be able to evaluate both current safety issues as well as the future perspective of this exceptional tree. Because of the more than regional importance of this ‘Champion-Tree’, a thorough inspection should be carried out using stress-wave (‘sonic’) tomography (ARBOTOM®), root diagnostics (ARBORADIXTM) and resistance drilling (with calibrated, thus ‘real’ RESISTOGRAPH® devices). 2 Contacts, addresses Tree Tree expert Inspection Result Report Ohio Champion Trees List: www.ohiodnr.com/forestry/bigtrees/tabid/4810/Default.aspx Mark Hoenigman Tel (+1) 440 338-3243 Busy Bee Services, Ltd. Fax (+1) 440 338-8481 14740 Watt Rd. Mob (+1) 440 725-9590 Novelty, OH 44072 [email protected] USA www.busybeetreemd.com 18. August 2013 explained and presented on site 01. September 2013 FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 3 2013 4 / 14 Inspection and results The first visual impression of the oak explains why it may be listed on a Champion Tree List: FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 5 / 14 Approximate Crown Sail Area: Areal picture from GOOGLE: the oak was always protected from wind coming from West to North and to North-East (marked green). Since more than 100 years, a building was nearby. Due to the topologic site conditions by building and surrounding trees, the major wind direction the oak was facing over the last decades, most likely was South-East. FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 6 / 14 Pictures of the main trunk North: North-East: South-East: South-West: West: North-West: FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 7 / 14 Sensor-Positions Sensor 1 in North: North-East: East: South-East: South: South: South-West: West: North-West: FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 8 / 14 Stress-wave ('sonic') tomogram The stress-wave (='sonic') tomogram of the stem base reveals large internal decay area (red) and strong/intact outer sections (green). Referring the section modulus calculation, the detected and displayed deterioration leads to a relative loss in load-carrying capacity of this cross-section of about approximately 40%. Due to the central location of the deterioration, this loss is nearly symmetrically distributed for all wind directions. The green curve indicates that the tree due to the cross-sectional shape/contour is best optimized against wind from South-East and the weakest against wind from West/South-West. This correlated to the fact that the tree was always protected against wind from West but not from South-East. FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 9 / 14 The ARBORADIXTM diagram reveals lines in a distance of mostly up to 4 or 5m from the trunk (.12 to 15 feet). Interestingly, the lines to East and South-East are green, indicating a higher stress-wave speed (what is mostly related to better root anchorage). On site it was indicated that in this area, some years ago there was a soil treatment carried out. Obviously, this helped the tree to build stronger roots into this direction, what, in addition, helps the tree physiologically and will, as a consequence, support the stem in responsive growth in order to compensate for the strength loss due to internal deterioration. The extent and color of the Arboradix-lines do not indicate any sign of uprooting danger: FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 10 / 14 Profiles of (linearily calibratable) resistance drillings at/between sensor positions: RESISTOGRAPH(R) profile of a drilling between sensor 2 and 3: RESISTOGRAPH(R) profile of a drilling at sensor 11: RESISTOGRAPH(R) profile of a drilling at sensor 16: The average ring width decreases from approximately 6 to approximately 3mm (. 1/10“) within the last 20 years. The thickness of the remaining intact shell wall (green) ranges between 7 and 14cm (. 3“ to 6“). Decay seems to be progressing outwards on all three inspected spots, however in different speed (due to the slope from intact to decay: the steeper this slope, the slower decay progresses, commonly). The central part seems to be hollow (purple). FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 11 / 14 The stem cross section of the oak suggests that the current tree developed from several different trunks or trees, respectively, at least two, probably more. Assuming two trees as the origin of the present oak, their radius was approximately 70cm (North) and 80cm (South). The ring width as visible in the resistance drilling profiles dropped down from 6mm to 3mm within the last decade. Following the typical age trend, ring width stabilizes on a mostly quite constant level when the tree matures (and does not grow in height any more). The following table shows the maximum estimated age of the corresponding tree, assuming a certain average ring-width: Because ring-width usually is significantly bigger in the centre part of cross sections, these age estimates are rough upper limits. Regarding size, location, and species of the tree, an age estimate of about 150 years seems to be reasonable in this case. Independently whether the tree developed from crafted individual trunks or not, the three major parts of the stem showing intact wood (North, East, South) seem to be only weakly connected between each other. Thus, the existing crown cables are required and should be maintained in order to keep the cross section together to bridge the gap of mechanical connection in the marked areas at least. FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 2013 12 / 14 According to Mark Hoenigman, an experienced tree expert in the area, such trees typically reach 30m (~90feet) at about 50 years of age. Assuming the tree(s) did not grow significantly in height since age=50y and the ring width since then (conservatory assumed) stabilized on one average level of approx. 5mm per year, the trunk gained breaking safety in this time due to increased girth by about a factor of 20 (because the load carrying capacity of a cross section depends on the diameter to the power of three). Thus, in theory (if the wood of a perfectly cylindrical trunk with central decay would be an ideal isotropic material), a residual shell wall of the current tree of approximately 1% of the radius would provide the same safety as a centrally rotten cylindrical trunk at the time when maximum tree height was reached with t/R=1/3. This would mean the tree currently would not need any treatment or wind load reduction. But, because wood is not isotropic and many other factors come into place (length and location of decay), the average residual shell wall thickness should not be significantly smaller than 1/10 of the radius. Thus, approximately 12cm (~5”) are required. Because the detected decay seems to be progressing faster then the ring width is compensating, the wind load reduction has to be significant, knowing that this reduces the tree's capability to defend the fungus. But, old oak trees have the potential to recover even from strong defects even with a smaller crown. A step-by-step reduction of finally approximately this extent would reduce wind load by about 65%. This amount of reduction is a consequence of the combination of the current defects and the prognosis of the future development of the shell wall based on resistance drilling profiles. If the wind load will eventually increase in the future due to sitechanges (i.e. clearances around the tree), the required amount of reduction has to be reevaluated. In addition to the wind load reduction, a soil improvement should be carried out on the West side in the same way as happened in the East, in order to improve the anchorage and support by water and nutrition. A bi-annual visual inspection is required (with and without foliage) in order to detect any significant changes as soon as possible. FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 4 2013 13 / 14 Summary and conclusion Previous inspections showed that the oak has internal decay. The extent of these deteriorations and their impact on stability and safety had to be assessed in more detail in order to be able to evaluate both current safety issues as well as the future perspective of this exceptional tree. Because of the more than regional importance of this ‘Champion-Tree’, a thorough inspection should be carried out using stress-wave (‘sonic’) tomography (ARBOTOM®), root diagnostics (ARBORADIXTM) and resistance drilling (with calibrated, thus ‘real’ RESISTOGRAPH® devices). The stress-wave tomogram of the stem base reveals large internal decay area (red) and strong/intact outer sections (green) leading to a relative loss in load-carrying capacity of this cross-section of about approximately 40%. Resistance drilling profiles reveal signs of strong decay extension and narrowing tree-rings, thus weaker compensatory growth: The sonic root plate analysis reveals a significantly weaker anchorage on the West side, where the tree was always protected from wind and where no soil improvement was carried out. Recommendation: a step-by-step reduction of this extent (-> wind load reduction ~ 65%) plus soil improvement on the West side in the same way as happened in the East, in order to improve the anchorage and support by water and nutrition. Continuos bi-annual visual inspection. FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected] FRANK RINN TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA 5 2013 14 / 14 References and further reading Bräker, O. U. 1981: Der Alterstrend bei Jahrringdichten und Jahrringbreiten von Nadelhölzern und sein Ausgleich. Mitteilungen der forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt Wien 142, S. 75-102. Gere, J. M. and Timoshenko, S. P., 1997, Mechanics of Materials, PWS Publishing Company. Kaczka R, Malik I, Owczarek P, Gärtner H, Helle G, Heinrich I (eds.) (2009): TRACE - Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology, Vol. 7: Proceedings of the DENDROSYMPOSIUM 2008, April 27th–30th 2008, Zakopane, Poland. GFZ. Potsdam, Scientific Technical Report STR 09/03, Potsdam, p. 205-210. Mattheck, Claus und Breloer, Helge 1994: The body language of trees. A handbook for failure analysis. Research for Amenity trees No. 4, HMSO Publications Centre. London 1994. ISBN 0-11-753067-0. Niklas, Karl J., Spatz, Hanns-Christof 2012: Plant Physics. Univ of Chicago Press. ISBN-10: 0226586324. Rinn, F. 1988: A new method for measuring tree-ring density parameters. Physics diploma thesis, Institute for Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, 85pp. Rinn, F. 1990: Device for material testing, especially wood, by drill resistance measurements. German Patent 4122494. Rinn, F., Becker, B., Kromer, B. 1990: Density Profiles of Conifers and Deciduous Trees. Proceedings Lund-Symposium on Tree Rings and Environment, Lund University. Rinn, F. 1993: Catalogue of relative density profiles of trees, poles and timber derived from RESISTOGRAPH micro-drillings. Proc. 9th int. meeting non-destructive testing, Madison 1993. Rinn, F. 1994: Resistographic visualization of tree ring density variations. International Conference Tree Rings and Environment. Tucson, AZ, 1994. Printed in: Radiocarbon 1996, pp. 871-878. Rinn, F. 1994: One minute pole inspection with RESISTOGRAPH micro drillings. Proc. Int. Conf. on wood poles and piles. Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA, March 1994. Rinn, F. 1994: Resistographic inspection of building timber. Proc. Pacific Timber Engineering Conference. Gold Coast, Australia, July 1994. Rinn, F., Schweingruber F.-H., Schär, E. 1996: RESISTOGRAPH and X-Ray Density Charts of Wood. Comparative Evaluation of Drill Resistance Profiles and X-Ray Density Charts of Different Wood Species. Holzforschung Vol. 50 (1996) pp. 303-311. Radiocarbon 1996: 871-878. Rinn, F. 2011: Basic Aspects of Mechanical Stability of Tree Cross –Sections. Arborist News Feb 2011, pp. 52-54. Rinn, F 2012: Basics of typical resistance-drilling profiles. Western Arborist. Winter 2012. Rinn, F. 2013: Detecting Fungal Decay in Palm Stems by Resistance Drilling. Florida Arborist. Part I: Spring 2013. Part II: Summer 2013. Rinn, F. 2013: Shell-wall thickness and breaking safety of mature trees. Western Arborist. Fall 2013. Spatz, H.-CH., Bruechert, F. 2000: Basic Biomechanics of Self-Supporting Plants: Wind loads and gravitational loads on a Norway spruce tree. Forest Ecology and Management, 135, 33-44 (2000). Spatz, Hanns–Christof; Niklas, Karl J.: Modes of failure in tubular plant organs. Am. J. Bot. February 2013. Telewski, F. W. and Jaffe M. J. 1981. Thigmomorphogenesis: Changes in the morphology and chemical composition induced by mechanical perturbation in six month old Pinus taeda seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11:380-387. Telewski, F.W. 1995: Wind Induced Physiological and Developmental Responses in Trees. IN: "Wind and Trees". M.P. Coutts and J. Grace, eds. pp. 237-263. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Telewski, F . W . , Gardner, B.A., White, G., and Plovanich-Jones, A. 1997. Wind flow around multi-storey buildings and its influence on tree growth. IN: Plant Biomechanics 1997: Conference Proceedings, 7-12 September 1997, The University of Reading, UK. Vol. I pp. 185-192. Young, G. H. F., J. C. Demmler, B. E. Gunnarson, A. J. Kirchhefer, N. J. Loader, D. McCarroll: Age trends in tree ring growth and isotopic archives: A case study of Pinus sylvestris L. from northwestern Norway. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 05/2013; ISBN: 0886-6236. White, John 1998: Estimating the Age of Large and Veteran Trees in Britain. Forestry Commission. Edinburgh. Winnistorfer, Paul M., Wimmer, Rupert 1995: Application of a drill resistance technique for density profile measurement in wood composite panels. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 45, No. 6, p. 90-93, June 1995. Rinn, F. 1996. Resistographic visualization of tree-ring density variations. In: J.S. Dean, D.M. Meko, and T.W. Swetnam, eds., Tree Rings, Environment, and Humanity. FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected] TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM 423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected]