m06-24mk
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m06-24mk
m06-24mk.fm Seite 152 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 Arch.Geflügelk., 71 (4). S. 152–161, 2007, ISSN 0003-9098. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart Effects of non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysing enzyme preparations in male and female turkeys fed wheat-based diets Einfluss des Zusatzes von Produkten mit Nicht-Stärk-Polysaccharide spaltenden Enzymen zu Weizen-betonten Rationen für männliche und weibliche Puten Jeannette Boguhn and M. Rodehutscord Manuskript eingegangen am 30. Mai 2006, angenommen am 16. August 2006 Introduction Diets for poultry species are expected to promote the rapid growth of healthy animals by providing highly digestible nutrients, which allow a good feed conversion ratio. Many plant ingredients for poultry diets, e.g. cereals, legumes or oilseed meals, contain compounds such as tannins, trypsin inhibitors or non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which may have negative effects on the birds’ performance (BEDFORD and SCHULZE, 1998). The use of wheat or rye in commercial poultry diets has been limited by their high levels of soluble cell wall NSP, especially pentosans and β-glucanes (CARRÉ and BRILLOUET, 1986; ANTONIOU et al., 1981; CHOCT and ANNISON, 1992). The presence of NSP may lead to increased digesta viscosity, slower digesta passage, restriction in digestion, and a decrease in the performance of poultry (JEROCH et al., 1995). NSP hydrolysing enzymes have been shown to cause a partial depolymerization of non-starch polysaccharides, which reduced their anti-nutritive effects and improved the metabolisable energy (ME) value of the poultry diet (BEDFORD and CLASSEN, 1992; CHOCT et al., 1995). It is now well documented that the growth and feed conversion of broilers can be improved by supplementing their diets with exogenous enzymes containing xylanases (CHOCT et al., 1995; DÄNICKE et al., 1997; MARRON et al., 2001; PRESTON et al., 2001; VELDMAN and VAHL, 1994). Only a few studies have looked into the effect of enzyme supplementation to wheat-based diets in turkeys (BOGUHN et al., 2002; ODETALLAH et al., 2002; SANTOS et al., 2004a; SANTOS et al., 2004b), particularly in females. In several steps, the composition of turkey diets is adjusted to the changes in requirements throughout the entire fattening period. The inclusion rate of wheat and, consequently, the content of NSP can be increased depending on the age of the birds. This increase in substrate makes an effect of enzyme supplementation more likely with increased age. On the other hand, some authors have stated that younger Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany birds are more responsive to enzyme supplements than older birds (PETERSEN et al., 1999; VELDMAN and VAHL, 1994). This reveals a need for examining enzyme effects during the entire growth period of turkeys. Some studies investigated only a certain part of the growth period (MATHLOUTHI et al., 2003; RITZ et al., 1995), while SANTOS et al., (2004b) demonstrated that the effect of enzyme treatment is age-dependent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous NSP hydrolysing enzyme preparations in four subsequent growth trials, with either male or female turkeys under standardised experimental conditions during the entire fattening period. Commercially available and developmental enzyme products were used, but a comparison of product efficiencies was not intended. Material and methods Study design and animal housing Four separate feeding trials were conducted between December 2002 and September 2005. Either male or female B.U.T. Big 6 hybrids1 were fed diets either unsupplemented or supplemented with enzyme products mainly containing endoxylanase activity in a phase feeding program. As detailed in Table 1, the growth period was divided into six and five phases (P1 to P6) running 20 to 22 weeks for male turkeys and 16 weeks for female turkeys. All experiments were conducted in the same animal house at the University Research Centre for Animal Sciences in Merbitz. Ten hatchlings per sex were grouped in pens that were 2 m × 2 m in size. In experiments I and II, 11 pens of males (I) and females (II) were allocated to 1 out of 3 dietary treatments. In experiment III and IV, 17 pens of males (III) and females (IV) were used per treatment. Treatments were evenly distributed in the animal house. During P1 to P3, individual animals that died or had to be culled were replaced by birds that had been fed the respective diet in a separate (non-experimental) pen. Removals during P4, P5 and P6 were not replaced. Based on the size of the pens, the number of birds per pen was reduced to 8 at the beginning of P4, and to 6 at the beginning of P6. The ambient temperature in the animal house was gradually decreased from 36°C on days 1 and 2 to 16°C on day 40. During summer, the climate was largely affected by 1Moorgut Kartzfehn von Kameke OHG, Bösel, Germany. Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2007 m06-24mk.fm Seite 153 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets 153 Table 1. Start and duration of the phases in the four experiments Versuchsbeginn und Einteilung der Phasen für die vier Versuche Experiment Start I II III IV 05.12.2002 06.08.2003 21.04.2004 23.05.2005 Fattening phase P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Duration (in days) 14 21 28 28 28 21 14 21 28 29 22 14 21 26 24 41 1 28 14 21 28 28 21 1 Planned duration: 35 days. P5 was extended by 6 days because P3 and P4 had to be finished earlier than planned due to shortage in feed. outdoor temperatures because the building could not be cooled. Lighting was continuous during the first three days and then reduced until day 12. Afterwards, the daily light period was 16 h with an intensity of approximately 10 lux. Wood shavings or chaffed straw were used as bedding material. Birds had permanent access to drinking water. Diets were available ad libitum from feeder troughs, which were re-filled by hand with pre-weighed amounts as required. All diets were pelleted through a 3-mm die. Steam was applied during pelleting in experiments I and III, but not in experiments II and IV. For P1, pellets were crumbled. Apart from those fed in Experiment IV, all diets contained a coccidiostat during P1 to P4. Birds underwent routine vaccination against Newcastle Disease. No other medical treatment was necessary. Diets and chemical analyses The basal ingredients of all diets were wheat, solvent-extracted soybean meal from dehulled seed, palm oil and fishmeal (Table 2). The dietary inclusion rate of ingredients slightly varied amongst experiments, but largely in between the phases of each experiment. In most diets, rye was considered an additional pentosan source. Free amino acids were included in order to allow an adequate amino acid supply in combination with a maximised cereal inclusion rate. Diets were formulated to contain ME and nutrients at least at the levels recommended by the National Research Council (NRC, 1994). Recommendations given by the breeding company were also considered. In all experiments, treatment 1 served as the control diet without any enzyme supplementation. In the other treatments, diets were supplemented with preparations containing endo-β-1,4-xylanase, and different products were used in the experiments (Table 3). Therefore, an efficiency comparison of products was neither possible, nor intended. The products were either premixed with a small amount of feed before being mixed into the diets, or applied as a liquid product post pelleting. In no case did the temperature of the pellets exceed 90°C. In Experiment II, the same product was applied in two different concentrations. Complete and pelleted diets were analysed for their enzyme activities, and the intended differences in the enzyme levels between treatments were basically confirmed (Table 4). Analysed concentrations of crude nutrients are shown in Table 5 and confirm the similarity of diets amongst treatments within each experiment. Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2007 The crude nutrient concentrations were analysed according to standards applied in Germany (NAUMANN and BASSLER, 1976). Detection of enzyme activity was product-specific. In Experiments I and III, determination of xylanase activity in the two products and all diets was made as endoxylanase units (EXU) according to ENGELEN et al., (1996) and as a thermo stable xylanases unit (TXU) with a modification of this method by DSM, Delft, The Netherlands. In Experiment II, enzyme activity was determined by Biopract GmbH, Berlin, Germany. Results of experiments I to III are expressed as product equivalents, which were calculated on the basis of analysed activities of endo-1,4-β-xylanase. Xylanase activities in Experiment IV were detected by AB Enzymes Oy, Rajamäki, Finland. One xylanase unit (BXU) is defined as the amount of enzyme that produces reducing carbohydrates having a reducing power corresponding to one nmol xylose from birch xylan in one second at pH 5.3 and 50°C. Data registration and statistical analysis On day 1 of the experiments and at the end of each phase, the animals’ body weight (BW) and the amount of feed remaining in the feeder were determined. The average BW gain of birds was determined as the difference in average BW at the end and beginning of each phase. Feed consumption per bird was calculated as the total amount of feed consumed by one pen per phase, divided by the number of birds per pen. In case of any elimination of individual animals between regular weighing dates, the amount of feed needed until this day was recorded, and the amount of feed subsequently used was divided by the reduced number of animals. Data were subjected to the glm procedure using the SAS software package for Windows, version 9.1 (2002-2003 SAS Institute Inc., USA). The Tukey test was applied to determine whether treatments were significantly different within each experiment. The chosen level of significance was P≤0.05. Results In Experiment I, turkeys increased their BW from 58 g to nearly 22 kg (Table 6). The final BW was significantly improved by supplementation of the two enzyme products. Male birds in Experiment III, which was conducted during m06-24mk.fm Seite 154 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 154 Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets Table 2. Diet composition in the four experiments (%) and calculated energy and nutrient concentrations Zusammensetzung der Rationen in den vier Versuchen (%) und kalkulierte Energie- und Nährstoffgehalte Composition Wheat Rye Soybean meal, dehulled seed Palm oil Fish meal Free amino acids1 Residue2 ME, MJ/kg Crude protein, % Lysine, % Methionine + Cystine, % Experiment Phase P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV3 36.2 36.7 41.7 41.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 44.0 44.0 43.0 40.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 0.69 0.69 0.95 0.65 5.61 5.11 5.85 5.65 39.0 39.3 51.3 45.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 36.0 36.0 34.0 35.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 4.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 0.65 0.65 0.89 0.65 5.35 5.05 4.81 5.35 44.4 45.0 61.9 51.0 15.0 15.0 10.1 26.0 26.0 24.0 27.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.82 0.82 0.93 0.80 4.78 4.18 4.17 5.10 52.5 52.7 68.7 55.0 15.0 15.0 13.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 20.0 7.0 7.5 7.0 4.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 0.84 0.84 1.07 0.75 5.16 4.46 5.23 4.75 59.6 59.3 54.7 56.3 15.0 15.0 20.0 17.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 15.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.59 0.59 0.83 0.60 4.81 4.11 4.47 4.60 60.8 I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV 11.6 11.6 11.4 11.9 27.0 27.0 27.1 27.5 1.80 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.20 11.9 11.9 12.1 12.0 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.9 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.69 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.08 12.3 12.4 12.7 12.2 20.7 20.7 21.3 21.8 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.62 0.96 0.96 0.96 1.00 12.2 12.6 12.5 12.4 18.5 18.5 18.3 19.1 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.43 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.88 12.2 12.8 12.6 12.6 17.1 17.1 16.6 16.9 0.98 0.98 1.05 1.18 0.81 0.81 0.83 0.77 56.2 20.0 25.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 0.68 0.69 4.52 4.11 12.7 12.9 14.2 14.0 0.85 0.86 0.69 0.70 1 2 L-lysine·HCl, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan MCP, limestone, NaCl, choline chloride, and premix P1 to P4 (for P5 and P6 in parenthesis, per kg): vitamin A 1200000 (800000) IU; vitamin D3 400000 (300000) IU; vitamin E 4000 (4000) mg; vitamin K3 240 (200) mg; vitamin B1 210 (200) mg; vitamin B2 720 (600) mg; vitamin B6 400 (300) mg; vitamin B12 2.3 (2.0) mg; niacin 6.6 (6.0) g; Ca-P-pantothenate 1.4 (1.1) g; folic acid 150 (100) mg; biotine 17.5 (10.5) mg; iron 5.0 (5.0) g; copper 1.0 (1.0) g; zinc 6.0 (6.0) g; manganese 8.0 (8.0) g; cobalt 25 (25) mg; iodine 100 (100) mg; selenium 35 (35) mg; butylhydroxytoluol 7.5 (5.0) g; monensin-sodium (C36H61O11Na, as coccidiostat) 10.0 g 3 without monensin-sodium summertime, reached a final average BW of 19.8 kg. Both the final BW and the BW at the end of P5 were significantly improved due to enzyme supplementation in Experiment III. In experiments II and IV, females reached a final BW of Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2007 m06-24mk.fm Seite 155 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets 155 Table 3. Characterisation of enzyme supplementation in each treatment Charakterisierung der Enzymzusätze in den einzelnen Behandlungen Experiment Treatment Pens Product dosage I 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 11 11 11 11 11 11 17 17 17 17 100 mg/kg 150 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 24 000 BXU/kg of feed II III IV Product name Natugrain® Wheat1,2 Natugrain® Wheat TS1,3 Roxazyme® G2 G4 Roxazyme® G2 G4 Natugrain® Wheat TS1,3 Premix of Econase® XT (new)5 1 Products containing Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany. 2 Minimum activity 56000 EXU/g of product (supplied as granules in P1 to P3 and as liquid in P4 to P6). 3 Minimum activity 5600 TXU/g of product (supplied as granules in Exp. III P1 and as liquid in all other diets of treatment 2 in Exp. III and of treatment 3 in Exp. I). 4 Product containing an enzyme complex derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Basel, Switzerland). The main enzyme activities in this complex are: Endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), minimum activity 8000 U/g of product Endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6), minimum activity 18000 U/g of product Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), minimum activity 26000 U/g of product. 5 Developmental product containing Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), AB Enzymes GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. Table 4. Analysed enzyme activity in the rations for each fattening phase Gemessene Enzymaktivitäten in den Rationen für die einzelnen Mastphasen Experiment Treatment I1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 II1 III1 IV mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg BXU/kg BXU/kg Fattening phase P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 n.d. 64 148 n.d. 32 58 n.d. 75 n.d. 29100 n.d. 100 170 n.d. 45 77 n.d. 91 n.d. 26400 n.d. 90 154 n.d. 46 86 n.d. 96 n.d. 28700 n.d. 98 157 n.d. 52 67 n.d. 102 n.d. 25100 n.d. 96 161 n.d. 72 148 n.d. 57 70 n.d. 93 n.d. 25100 n.d. 94 n.d.: Not detectable. 1 Calculated on the basis of analysed activities of Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase. approximately 11 kg after 16 weeks. A significant enzyme effect on the final BW was detected in Experiment IV. The final BW was also higher in the enzyme-supplemented treatments in Experiment II, but these differences were not significant. In Experiment I, daily BW gain in the individual phases was not significantly different, but calculated for the total experimental period BW gain was significantly improved by 2.6% by the enzyme supplementation (Table 7). In Experiment III, daily BW gain was significantly improved by enzyme supplementation in P5 and P6 as well as in the whole experimental period (by 4.0%). With the female turkeys in Experiment II, a significant treatment effect was detected in P3 and P5. BW gain in the whole experimental peArch.Geflügelk. 4/2007 riod was higher in the enzyme supplemented treatments by 1.0 and 1.6%, but these differences were not statistically significant. In Experiment IV, the differences in BW gain for individual phases were not significant except for P1, but calculated for the total experimental period the BW gain was significantly improved by 1.5% by the enzyme supplementation. The daily feed intake of male turkeys increased from approximately 30 g in P1 to about 660 g in P5 and P6 in Experiment I (Table 8). In Experiment III, the level of intake was lower in phases P4 to P6. The overall level of feed intake was, as expected, lower in females than in males. Significant treatment effects on feed intake were detected only in Experiment IV, and the intake calculated for the m06-24mk.fm Seite 156 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 156 Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets Table 5. Results of chemical analysis of the diets for each fattening phase (means of treatments within each experiment, in g/kg dry matter) Ergebnisse der chemischen Analyse der Rationen für die einzelnen Mastphasen (Mittelwerte der Behandlungen innerhalb eines Experimentes, in g/kg Trockensubstanz) Experiment Phase P1 P2 I II III IV 911 915 911 917 918 920 928 920 I II III IV 305 325 322 268 283 278 286 276 I II III IV 63.0 57.6 48.2 45.9 56.5 54.3 45.7 35.5 I II III IV 87.6 90.8 88.5 63.4 89.0 99.9 97.3 66.3 whole experimental period was by 2.6% reduced in the enzyme supplemented treatment of this experiment. The feed conversion ratio (g BW gain/g feed) continuously decreased depending on the age of birds (Table 9). In at least 4 phases of all the 4 experiments, the BW gain/feed ratio was higher in the enzyme-supplemented treatments. These differences were statistically significant in 3 and 4 phases of Experiment I and III, and in 1 phase and 4 phases of Experiment II and IV, respectively. The cumulative BW gain/feed ratio of males, calculated for the entire experimental period, was significantly improved due to enzyme supplementation by 5.0 and 3.7% in Experiments I and III, respectively (Figure 1). For females, the cumulative BW gain/feed ratio was 3.3% higher in treatment 3 than in the control treatment of Experiment II, and 4.0% higher in the enzyme-supplemented treatment of Experiment IV. The latter difference was statistically significant. Discussion The present studies showed beneficial effects when different xylanase-containing products were included in diets for turkeys. To the knowledge of the authors studies on this subject with female turkeys were not published. Data from the present studies show that an NSP hydrolysing enzyme supplementation to wheat-based diets has positive effects on the performance of both male and female turkeys. Regardless of the differences in the growth pattern of male and female turkeys, the feed conversion was improved for both sexes that were fed the supplemented diet in comparison to the control diet. The cumulative BW gain/feed ratio was improved by approximately 3 to 5% in all experiments. Wheat, rye and triticale contain a relatively high concentration of NSP con- P3 P4 Organic matter 933 935 930 922 Crude protein 238 215 249 213 249 211 245 216 Crude fibre 66.4 34.5 57.1 63.0 56.1 55.0 41.6 52.2 Crude fat 97.1 95.0 102.8 120.4 103.6 105.2 65.5 69.8 930 930 939 917 P5 P6 939 944 937 924 944 949 - 185 182 190 199 157 157 - 54.7 51.2 52.6 53.2 50.9 31.0 - 108.8 103.7 97.7 76.1 93.5 91.4 - sisting mainly of arabinoxylans and some β-glucans (ANNI1991; ANTONIOU et al., 1981; FLORES et al., 1994). Two models have been proposed for the antinutritive role of soluble NSP (BEDFORD and MORGAN, 1996). First, the arabinoxylans, which are components of the endosperm cell wall, are considered to affect the digestion of other nutrients. Second, these NSP dissolve in the intestine and cause increased digesta viscosity, as well as a reduced rate of nutrient absorption. Supplementation of grain-based poultry diets with enzymes may reduce these antinutritional problems (ACAMOVIC, 2001), which is confirmed with regard to turkeys by the present data. The supplementation of wheat-based diets for turkeys with a NSP hydrolysing enzyme preparation led to significant reduction in viscosity of digesta from the ileum (GÜNAL et al., 2004; SANTOS et al., 2004a). Results of the present study indicate that the older the birds grow, the higher the effects are (Figure 2). Likewise, this is the effect of increasing substrate concentration in the diets due to the increased inclusion of wheat and rye. In broilers, digesta viscosity declined with increasing age (PETERSEN et al., 1999), suggesting that supplementing an enzyme is most effective in young birds (VELDMAN and VAHL, 1994). This may result from the developing microbial activity, because a major effect of NSP is to encourage bacterial growth in the caeca (MATHLOUTHI et al., 2002). Therefore, the viscosity could be decreased through an increase of the microflora population with age (BEDFORD and MORGAN, 1996). Although this development might be similar in turkeys, it has different consequences. As turkeys’ growth period is longer than that of broilers and their diets contain more cereal grains in the end phases, the enzyme products were particularly efficient in older birds. The effect of NSP hydrolysing enzyme supplementation on performance appears to depend on the dose of pentosans (BEDFORD and CLASSEN, 1992). SANTOS et al. (2004b) SON, Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2007 m06-24mk.fm Seite 157 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets 157 Table 6. Body weight of turkeys at the beginning of the experiment, and at the start and end of each phase (means and SD) Lebendmasse der Puten zu Versuchsbeginn und am Anfang und Ende der einzelnen Phasen (Mittelwerte und s) Experiment Sex Treatment at start g end of P1 g end of P2 kg end of P3 kg start of P4 kg end of P4 kg end of P5 kg start of P6 kg end of P6 kg 1 I1 Male 2 3 58.3 1.2 396 26.3 1.89 0.13 5.86 0.24 6.05 0.25 11.69 0.46 17.35 0.50 17.47 0.54 21.30 0.61 58.1 1.1 396 27.0 1.84 0.07 5.99 0.41 6.18 0.41 12.15 0.74 17.60 0.93 17.74 0.92 21.86* 0.71 58.4 1.1 401 18.5 1.88 0.08 6.03 0.29 6.18 0.30 11.92 0.54 17.55 0.48 17.75 0.41 21.94* 0.48 1 II1 Female 2 III2 Male IV2 Female 3 1 2 1 2 59.9 1.2 384 29.6 1.60 0.07 4.66 0.15 4.77 0.15 8.40 0.28 10.84 0.31 59.9 3.2 380 18.0 1.63 0.08 4.58 0.09 4.71 0.07 8.32 0.15 10.95 0.14 59.6 1.3 386 17.9 1.64 0.07 4.66 0.13 4.78 0.14 8.37 0.26 11.03 0.33 62.8 1.6 361 14.6 2.02 0.06 6.27 0.19 6.45 0.18 11.64 0.48 16.42 0.85 16.64 0.72 19.41 0.93 62.9 1.2 366 16.6 2.05 0.07 6.31 0.19 6.48 0.19 11.62 0.32 17.07* 0.54 17.04 0.63 20.20* 0.80 64.1 1.7 312 8.4 1.54 0.05 5.02 0.15 5.10 0.16 9.03 0.19 11.06 0.22 63.9 1.4 305* 10.9 1.55 0.05 5.10 0.20 5.19 0.18 9.13 0.19 11.22* 0.19 1 n = 11 2 n = 17 * Means are significantly different from the unsupplemented control treatment within an experiment according to the Tukey test (P<0.05). Table 7. Average daily body weight gain (g/d) of turkeys (means and SD) Mittlere Tageszunahme (g/Tag) der Puten (Mittelwerte und s) Experiment Sex Treatment P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P1 to end 1 24.1 1.8 71.1 5.1 142 8.5 202 15.9 202 12.3 182 11.0 152 4.4 I1 Male 2 24.1 1.9 68.8 2.4 148 13.5 213 20.2 195 25.2 197 30.4 156* 5.0 3 24.5 1.3 70.5 3.0 148 8.2 205 14.3 201 11.3 200 17.6 156* 3.4 1 II1 Female 2 III2 Male 3 23.2 2.1 57.9 2.3 109 3.4 125 5.9 110 10.9 22.9 1.4 59.4 3.1 105* 3.7 125 6.3 121* 4.6 23.3 1.2 59.7 2.8 108 3.6 124 5.9 121* 7.7 94.7 2.7 95.6 1.2 96.2 2.9 1 21.3 1.0 78.9 2.4 164 6.2 216 15.7 117 12.5 99 16.4 126 6.0 IV2 Female 2 21.7 1.2 80.1 2.9 164 5.8 214 10.2 133* 16.7 113* 22.6 131* 6.5 1 17.7 0.5 58.4 2.2 124 5.9 140 7.6 96.9 9.1 17.2* 0.8 59.1 1.9 127 6.8 141 7.2 99.8 7.8 98.1 2.0 99.6* 1.7 1 n=11 2 n=17 * Means are significantly different from the unsupplemented control treatment within an experiment according to the Tukey test assumed that a low level of an endoxylanase is insufficient to degrade a high inclusion level of NSP present in wheat. Other authors attributed this to an inappropriate enzyme Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2007 2 (P<0.05). for the type of grain involved (FRIESEN et al., 1992). No conclusions with regard to the optimal enzyme level in turkey diets or the optimal enzyme to substrate ratio can be m06-24mk.fm Seite 158 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 158 Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets Table 8. Average feed consumption (g/d) of turkeys (means and SD) Mittlere Futteraufnahme (g/Tag) der Puten (Mittelwerte und s) Experiment Sex Treatment P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P1 to end 1 32.2 2.1 104 5.1 281 12.0 529 35.7 689 51.4 660 22.2 418 17.1 I1 Male 2 32.0 2.3 101 7.7 276 21.4 521 35.6 645 41.2 671 53.3 408 15.0 3 32.6 1.4 101 4.5 275 15.3 525 37.8 665 34.8 654 32.8 410 16.6 1 II1 Female 2 III2 Male 3 29.6 1.7 93.6 5.0 213 8.6 401 16.9 447 18.7 29.3 1.1 95.6 5.1 211 4.0 405 17.3 454 18.3 29.2 1.1 95.2 3.6 210 8.0 386 17.2 448 20.4 262 8.6 264 8.0 257 8.2 1 IV2 Female 2 27.7 1.0 111 2.8 289 10.3 485 26.0 431 25.1 430 52.5 335 16.2 27.6 1.4 110 4.0 288 9.8 473 15.4 441 20.2 446 44.2 338 10.7 1 2 26.1* 1.1 85.9* 2.6 247 11.3 416 19.1 431 21.8 27.5 0.7 88.4 1.7 251 15.7 425 14.1 446 22.5 266* 8.1 273 8.1 1 n=11 2 n=17 * Means are significantly different from the unsupplemented control treatment within an experiment according to the Tukey test (P<0.05). Table 9. Feed conversion ratio (g BW gain/g feed) of turkeys in each phase (means and SD) Futterverwertung (g Lebendmassezunahme/g Futter) der Puten in den einzelnen Phasen (Mittelwerte und s) Experiment Sex Treatment P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 1 0.75 0.023 0.68 0.046 0.50 0.026 0.38 0.013 0.29 0.032 0.28 0.017 I1 Male 2 0.75 0.022 0.68 0.040 0.53* 0.016 0.41* 0.043 0.30 0.035 0.29 0.030 3 0.75 0.023 0.69 0.013 0.54* 0.016 0.39 0.018 0.30 0.021 0.30* 0.026 1 0.78 0.034 0.62 0.027 0.51 0.025 0.31 0.016 0.25 0.021 II1 Female 2 0.78 0.030 0.62 0.016 0.50 0.024 0.31 0.010 0.27* 0.011 III2 Male 3 0.80 0.020 0.63 0.017 0.51 0.019 0.32 0.007 0.27* 0.011 1 0.77 0.029 0.71 0.019 0.57 0.010 0.45 0.019 0.27 0.022 0.23 0.029 IV2 Female 2 0.78* 0.018 0.73* 0.014 0.57 0.011 0.45 0.024 0.30* 0.028 0.25* 0.034 1 0.64 0.020 0.66 0.032 0.50 0.019 0.33 0.022 0.22 0.019 2 0.66* 0.013 0.69* 0.023 0.51* 0.023 0.34 0.016 0.23* 0.016 1 n=11 2 n=17 * Means are significantly different from the unsupplemented control treatment within an experiment according to the Tukey test (P<0.05). drawn from the present experiments. In Experiment II, there were no effects in growth and feed conversion by doubling the enzyme amount from 50 to 100 mg/kg and only one product level was used in the other experiments. A commercial preparation of xylanase and β-glucanase applied to wheat and wheat/barley-based diets for young turkeys caused an optimal growth performance and feed efficiency at a level of 20 mg/kg; no additional benefit was obtained with an enzyme concentration of 30 mg/kg (MATHLOUTHI et al., 2003). The negative correlation be- tween the diet’s NSP content and its nutritive value (ANNIindicates that it is possible to predict the amount of enzymes to be added to the diet (CHOCT, 2001). However, the diets contain plant ingredients with a high chemical complexity and carbohydrate variability (BEDFORD and SCHULZE, 1998; CARRÉ and BRILLOUET, 1986), making it difficult to predict the response to various types of supplemented enzymes. In order to develop an enzyme product, more detailed analyses of structural changes and more information about the SON, 1991; STEENFELDT, 2001) Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2007 m06-24mk.fm Seite 159 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets 0.38* 0.38* 0.36 0.35 0.30 0.00 Treatment: 1 2 3 Ex periment I Ma le turk eys 0.40 0.39* 0.37 Fe ed conversion ra tio ( P1 to P5, g body weight gain/ g feed) Feed conver sion rat io ( P1 to P6, g body weight gain/ g feed) 0.40 0.36 0.37 0.38* 0.36 0.35 0.30 0.00 2 1 E xperiment II I 0.36 1 2 3 Ex periment II Female turk eys 2 1 Ex periment IV % * means are significantly diff erent from the unsupplemented control treatment within a experiment according Tukey-test (P <0.05) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 I II III IV P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 animals’ intestinal mechanisms are necessary (BEDFORD, 2000). Males in experiments I and III grew distinctly different. While growth rate was slightly higher in Experiment III than in I during P2 to P4, it was much lower in P5 and P6 (Table 7). Differences in feed intake in P5 and P6 can be considered the main reason for the differences in growth. Additionally, the BW gain/feed ratio in P6 was lower in Experiment III than in Experiment I, which may have its reason in the longer duration of P6 (4 weeks in Experiment III and 3 weeks in Experiment I). While Experiment I was finished in May, Experiment III lasted until September and P5 and P6 felt into the hottest period of the year. We assume that the low level of feed intake was a response of the birds to the high temperature. Turkeys did not show any signs of sickness, and chemical analysis of the diets did not give any indication that this was a diet-induced phenomenon. To avoid environmental and animal welfare problems and to reduce productivity losses, the control of excreta moisture has become a priority in today’s modern poultry industry (BEDFORD and MORGAN, 1996). Excreta moisture and bedding appearance were not evaluated in these studies, but enzyme supplementation had a positive effect on the appearance of the bedding material in a previous study with a similar design (BOGUHN et al., 2002). This is in line with a reduction in turkey digesta viscosity caused by supplementation of a NSP hydrolysing enzyme preparation (GÜNAL et al., 2004; SANTOS et al., 2004a). In other studies, no changes in performance parameters were observed at Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2007 159 P6 Figure 1. Mean feed conversion ratio (g body weight gain/g feed) of turkeys during the respective experiment (means and SD) Mittlere Futterverwertung (g Lebendmassezunahme/g Futter) der Puten während des jeweiligen Versuches (Mittelwerte und s) Figure 2. Difference in gain/feed ratio for each phase (P1 to P6) in the enzyme supplemented treatments of experiments I to IV in relation to the respective unsupplemented control (%; calculated from Table 9) Veränderung in der Futterverwertung in den einzelnen Phasen der Versuche I bis IV, jeweils in Relation zur unsupplementierten Kontrolle (%, basierend auf den Daten aus Tabelle 9) all (MCNAB et al., 1996; RITZ et al., 1995). However, results of some recently published experiments demonstrated marginal improvements in performance parameters of turkeys fed diets with supplemented enzymes (GROßER et al., 1996; ODETALLAH et al., 2002; SANTOS et al., 2004a; SANTOS et al., 2004b). As in the present study, the enzyme preparations significantly improved the feed conversion between 3 and 6% as compared to each control treatment (BOGUHN et al., 2002; MATHLOUTHI et al., 2003), particularly during the finishing fattening phases. Because in the last half of the growth phase more than 80% of the total turkey feed is used, the application of endoxylanases in turkey diets based on wheat and rye is a promising tool to improve feed conversion. Summary In four separate feeding trials, male or female B.U.T. Big 6 turkeys were fed diets either unsupplemented or supplemented with enzyme products mainly containing endoxylanase activity in a common phase feeding program. The growth period was divided into six and five phases running 20 to 22 weeks for male turkeys, and 16 weeks for female turkeys. Inclusion of wheat as a basal component of the diets varied between 36% in P1 and 61% in P6. In most diets, rye was included as an additional pentosan source. All diets were formulated according to the respective recommendation for nutrient concentration and ME. Body m06-24mk.fm Seite 160 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10 160 Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets weight and feed intake were determined at the end of each phase and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. The supplementation of the enzyme products significantly improved the body weight gain in three of the four experiments in a range between 1.5 and 4.0%. At the end of the experiments turkeys weighed approximately 22 (males) and 11 kg (females). A significant effect of enzyme supplementation on feed consumption was detected only in one experiment. The feed conversion ratio was higher by 3.3 to 5.0% in male and female birds fed the enzyme supplemented diets in comparison with the control groups. The effect of enzyme supplementation on feed conversion ratio became more pronounced with increasing inclusion of wheat plus rye in the diet and was significant in regard to the total experimental period in three out of the four experiments. In conclusion, the supplementation of diets based on wheat and including some rye with endoxylanases or mixtures of endoxylanase and β-glucanase improves growth and efficiency of feed conversion in turkeys. Key words Turkey, enzymes, xylanase, wheat-based diet, non-starch polysaccharide Zusammenfassung Einfluss des Zusatzes von Produkten mit Nicht-Stärke-Polysaccharide spaltenden Enzymen zu Weizen-betonten Rationen für männliche und weibliche Puten Männliche oder weibliche Puten der Herkunft B.U.T. Big 6 wurden in vier separaten Fütterungsversuchen nach einem üblichen Phasenfütterungsprogramm mit Futtermischungen mit oder ohne Zusatz NSP-spaltender Enzyme (überwiegend Endoxylanase) gefüttert. Die Mastperiode war in sechs bzw. fünf Phasen unterteilt und betrug 20 bis 22 Wochen für die männlichen bzw. 16 Wochen für die weiblichen Tiere. Der Anteil von Weizen als Hauptkomponente in den Rationen lag zwischen 36% in P1 und 61% in P6. In den meisten Rationen wurde Roggen als weitere Pentosan-Quelle zugesetzt. Alle Futtermischungen waren in ihrer Nährstoffkonzentration und der ME nach den bestehenden Empfehlungen ausgeglichen. Am Ende einer jeden Mastphase wurde die Lebendmasse und der Futterverbrauch bestimmt und die Futterverwertung berechnet. Der Zusatz von NSP-spaltenden Enzymen führte in drei der vier Versuche zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Lebendmassezunahme über die gesamte Mastperiode von 1,5 bis 4,0%. Die männlichen und weiblichen Tiere erreichten am Ende der Mast im Mittel eine Lebendmasse von etwa 22 und etwa 11 kg. Ein signifikanter Einfluss auf den Futterverzehr wurde in einem der vier Versuche beobachtet. Die männlichen und weiblichen Tiere der Varianten mit Enzymzusatz benötigten weniger Futter pro kg Lebendmassezunahme als die Kontrolltiere (3,3 bis 5,0%). Dieser Effekt wurde mit zunehmenden Mischungsanteilen von Weizen plus Roggen deutlicher und war über den gesamten Versuchszeitraum betrachtet in drei von vier Versuchen signifikant. Es wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass der Zusatz von Xylanasen oder Mischungen aus Xylanase und β-Glucanase zu Weizen-betonten Rationen und bei Einsatz von Roggen die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum verbessern kann. Demnach können Weizen und Roggen bei Nutzung eines geeigneten Enzympräparates in der Fütterung von männlichen und weiblichen Puten eingesetzt werden. Stichworte Puten, Enzyme, Xylanase, Weizen-betonte Ration, NichtStärke Polysaccharide References ACAMOVIC, T., 2001: Commercial application of enzyme technology for poultry production. World's Poult. Sci. J. 57, 225-242. ANNISON, G., 1991: Relationship between the levels of soluble nonstarch polysaccharides and the apparent metabolizable energy of wheats assayed in broiler chickens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39, 1252-1256. ANTONIOU, T., R.R. 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EDENS 2004a: Dietary pentosanase supplementation of diets containing different qualities of wheat on growth performance and metabolizable energy of turkey poults. Intern. J. Poult. Sci. 3, 33-45. SANTOS, A.A., P.R. FERKET, J.L. GRIMES and F.W. EDENS 2004b: Dietary supplementation of endoxylanases and phospholipase for turkeys fed wheat-based rations. Intern. J. Poult. Sci. 2, 20-32. STEENFELDT, S., 2001: The dietary effect of different wheat cultivars for broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 42, 595-609. VELDMAN, A. and H.A. VAHL, 1994: Xylanase in broiler diets with differences in characteristics and content of wheat. Br. Poult. Sci. 35, 537- 550. Correspondence: Prof. Dr. Markus Rodehutscord, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Emil-Abderhalden-Str. 26, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany; E-mail: [email protected]