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Overview
Mobile Devices
Introduction
Categorisation of Mobile Terminals
Lecture 9
Components of Mobile Terminals
Mobile Devices
[Source
e: T-Mobile]
•
•
•
•
Mobile Business I (WS 2007/08)
Prof. Dr. Kai Rannenberg
Accumulators
Display Technologies
Processors, Memory, and Storage
I/O Technologies
Chair of Mobile Business and Multilateral Security
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt a. M.
1
Mobile Business 1 (MB 1), WS 2007/2008, Professur für Mobile Business & Multilateral Security
Worldwide Mobile
Terminal Sales (2006)
Device Manufacturers and Brands
(including some historic ones)

Alcatel
Audiovox
Benefon
BenQ Mobile
Bosch
HTC
LG Electronics
Motorola
NEC
Nokia
Panasonic
Philips
ps

Sagem
Samsung
Sendo
Siemens
Sony Ericsson
Telepong
Telit
Telme
Toshiba
Trium
Windhorst
Xelibri
2
Company
1Q06 Sales
1Q06
Market
Share (%)
1Q05 Sales
1Q05
Market
Share (%)
N ki
Nokia
76 088 4
76,088.4
34 0
34.0
54 960 1
54,960.1
30 4
30.4
Motorola
45,518.6
20.3
30,143.3
16.7
Samsung
28,080.5
12.5
24,479.8
13.5
LG
14,508.5
6.5
11,464.2
6.3
Sony Ericsson
13,599.6
6.1
9,905.8
5.5
BenQ Mobile
7,867.6
3.5
10,209.5
5.7
Others
38,378.2
17.1
39,829.5
21.9
TOTAL
224,041.4
100.0
180,992.2
100.0
In 1.000 Units
Worldwide 23
23,8%
8% increase in sales compared
to 2005
[Gartner2006]
3
4
Evolution of Mobile Devices
Evolution of Mobile Devices
Examples
© Microo
optical
© New York Tim
mes
• Multimedia applications (MP3
(MP3, radio,
radio camera,
camera
video, TV, etc.)
• Possibility to execute 3rd party software
• Data Services (Internet connectivity)
• Short Message Service (SMS)
• Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
• General telephony capabilities

2001
1973
2007
© IBM
Com
mplex
xity
Development of device capabilities
2006
2005
5
Overview
Device Categories
Introduction
Technical characteristics
Use cases
o Functional
F
ti
l completeness
l t
(I
(Is th
the
functionality comparable to a desktop
PC/Laptop?)
o Size of the terminal/device
o Security features
Accumulators
I/O Technologies
Mobile Devices
Categorisation is possible by:
•
•
•
•
6
7
8
Categorisation of Mobile
Terminals
Terminals
Technical Characteristics 1
Hardware independence
•
•
•
•
Lifespan of an application
Independent terminals
Terminals with external communication
Terminals with external security modules
Terminals with external memory
Battery consumption, amount of data, and size of
memory
Data integrity, amount of communication, and costs
Completeness of the functionality for the end
enduser
Operating system − Characteristics
Information / Reaction
Limitations due to device size
Feature Sets
• Memory security, file security, access control
• Security module support, secure I/O, program and
system integrity
Technical Characteristics 2
9
10
Terminals
Use Cases
Applications
Device size
Different requirements for different kinds of
devices:
Small / integrated devices
„Pocket-sized“
„Laptop-sized“
Access to the security module
Number
N
b off
„Switch-ons“ per
day
Data integrity, encryption
Digital signatures
Access control, authentication
Duration of
usage per task
Mobile Phone
PDA
Laptop
Low
?
?
?
Low
High
Based on [Burckhardt2001]
11
12
Overview
Functional Architecture
Mobile Devices
Mobile Device
Introduction
Radio
Link
Radio Interface
User
Interface
Interpreter
Browser /
Interpreter
Operating System
PAN:
Infrared,
Bluetooth,...
Application
pp
Keys,
Browser /
Certificates
s
Accumulators
I/O Technologies
Sec
curity
•
•
•
•
Application
13
Operating System
Smart Card
[Posegga2001]
14
Size of a mobile Device
Accumulators
Charge / Discharge mechanism
The size of a mobile terminal is considerably
determined by its:
• Input Facilities (e.g. keyboard)
• Output Facilities (e.g. display)
Â Separation of components (e.g. display in the
watch, head-mounted-displays)
A
C
+
El
Electrodes
d
A = Anode, C = Cathode
15
16
Accumulators
Accumulators
Technology Overview
Generally, accumulators have a slower development than
other components of a mobile device.

Lead
d acid
id

Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad) – till 1996

Nickel-Metal hybrid (NiMH)
Technology Overview
Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) / Lithium-Polymer (LiPolymer) since 1999
• Gel instead of liquid, thus leak proof shell is not necessary
• Metal
M t l oxide
id electrode
l t d ((-),
) carbon
b
electrode
l t d (+)
• Electrolyte:
o Anorganic: fused salts (Li-Ion)
o Organic: polymers (Li-Polymer)
(Li Polymer)
• Lithium-Ions “shift“ between metal oxide cathode and
carbon anode > Lithium-Swing
• Lithium has little weight
• Minus 40% of voltage lost in a year
• Risk of overheating during charging
•
•
•
•
•
Alkaline electrolyte,
Nickel electrode (+), cadmium electrode (-)
Cadmium is converted into cadmium hydroxide
Memory effect if not discharged completely
Higher weight than today’s complete mobile phones
• First accumulators in Japanese mobile phones
• Early
y accidents: notebooks burnt out,, mobile phones
p
“caught fire” [CorrosionDoc2006] Â Today: Sony batteries
being replaced by Dell and other manufacturers
• Nickel electrode (+),
(+) Titan
Titan-// Lanthanum-Nickel-Electrode
Lanthanum Nickel Electrode (-)
( )
• Inclusion / exclusion of hydrogen atoms
• Smaller memory effect because of no granulation at the
electrodes
Â Overpressure protection,
protection thus “naked”
naked accumulators are
not available.
17
Accumulators
Accumulators
The Memory Effect
Discharge
Charge
Discharge
Technical Specifications
Charge
Type
Incomplete
discharge:
Alkaline
During charging the
total voltage can not
be achieved –
memory effect
Complete
discharge:
The accumulator
regains its total
voltage when
it is charged
18
Cycles *
Charge
time
Discharge per
month
Cost per
kWh
50 (50%)
3-10h
0 3%
0.3%
76 00€
76.00€
NiCd
1500
1h
20%
6.00€
NiMH
300-500
2-4h
30%
14.80€
Li Ion
Li-Ion
500 1000
500-1000
2 4h
2-4h
10%
19 20€
19.20€
Li-Polymer
300-500
2-4h
10%
Lead acid
200-2000
8-16h
5%
6.80€
*) until battery’s maximum capacity is only 80% of the original maximum capacity.
19
20
Accumulators
Processors
Capacities of Accumulators
Mobile
phone
Standby time Talk time
(in h)
(in min)
Accumulator Display
Increase of clock frequency
Nokia 6310
(2001)
408
360
Li-Polymer;
1.100 mAh
Graphic
96 x 65
Nokia N-Gage
(2004)
240
120
Li-Ion;
850 mAh
Color
176 x 208
4.096 colors
MDA pro
(2005)
260
480
Li-Polymer;
1.620 mAh
Touch TFT
640 x 480
65.536 colors
MDA Vario II
(2006)
200
300
Li-Polymer;
Li
Polymer;
1.350 mAh
Touch TFT
320 x 240
65.536 colors
T-Mobile Ameo
(2007)
300
240
Li-Ion;
2200 mAh
Touch TFT
640 x 480
65.536 colors
Apple iPhone
(2007)
250
420
Li-Polymer;
1600 mAh
Ah
Touch TFT
480 x 320
65.536 colors
Decrease of the processor's core voltage
(1995: 3.5 V; 2000: 1.35 V) resulting in:
Â Less heat loss
Â Larger on-die-caches
Power-Management
Â Adjustment with changes in the energy supply
[T-Mobile
2007]
21
Processors
Memory
Overview for Mobile Devices
Logo
Terminal
Mhz
MIPS
ARM7
104
??
MDA
((2002))
Intel StrongARM
206
274
MDA II
(2003)
Intel XScale
400
411
MDA Pro
(2005)
Intel XScale
520
540
Intel CoreDuo
Processor
2.000
< 14.000
Nokia N-Gage
(2004)
Notebook
((2006))
Processor
22
General trade-off between storage on the
server vs. storage on the client
Storage on the client

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Random Access Memory
y (RAM)
(
)
Memory cards
Microdrives
[T-Mobile2007]
23
24
Input/Output (I/O)
Technology Overview
Liquid-Crystal-Displays (LCD)
The LCD technology is
widespread in the market.
• DSTN-Display (Dual Scan Twisted Nematic)
• TFT-Displays (Thin Film Transistor)
• Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)
“Consists of an array of tiny
segments (called pixels) that
can be manipulated to
present information“
Device Input
Examples:
• Dual Scan Twisted Nematic
(DSTN)
• Thin-film
Thin film Transistor (TFT)
Personal Area Networks (PAN)
Example: Dynasheet (Toshiba)
1cm, 200g, 2005
25
Liquid-Crystal-Displays (LCD)
• Passive matrix
• LCD displays with passive control have a relatively
high latency (generally more than 100 ms). This
implies a blurred image with frequently changing
picture elements.
TFT-Displays (Thin Film Transistor)
• Active (transistor for each pixel)
Resolution
Logo
DSTN-Display (Dual Scan Twisted Nematic)
27
26
Mobile phone
Display
Resolution
Colors
Nokia 6310
(2001)
Graphic
96 x 65
none
Siemens S55
(2002)
Color
101 x 80
256
Nokia N-Gage
(2004)
Color
176 x 208
4.096
Samsung E700
(2003)
TFT-Color
160 x 128
65.536
MDA III
(2004)
T h TFT
Touch
320 x 240
65 536
65.536
MDA pro
((2005))
Touch TFT
640 x 480
65.536
T-Mobile Ameo
(2007)
Touch TFT
640 x 480
65.536
Apple
pp iPhone
(2007)
Touch TFT
480 x 320
65.536
[T-Mobile
2007]
28
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)
Polymers can
convert electric
energy
gy to light.
g
Complete layer is
thinner than 500
nm (0.5
thousandth part of
one mm),
mm)
luminosity approx.
100W electric bulb.
180° viewing angle
Advantages of OLED
Relatively low power requirements:
www.opto.com
m.tw
• Because OLED consist of self lighting polymere
molecules no background lighting is necessary.
necessary
• Thus the electric power consumption decreases and
longer usage times become possible.
• Because OLED displays do without additional
background lighting space for extra components can
be saved.
saved
• Thus, the planned PDA models are thinner and
lighter and achieve better color rendering and faster
reaction
i
times.
i
29
Light Emitting Polymer Device
30
Polymers are large molecules widely known
as plastics.
Metallic Counter
Electrode
Light Emitting Polymers are special plastic
materials
t i l that
th t convertt electrical
l t i l power into
i t
visible light.
Thin Plastic
Film of LEP
+
Transparent
Electrode
Emitted light
A thin film of Light Emitting Polymer put
between two electrodes will glow ...
-
Substrate
[Covion2006]
31
32
Because plastic materials are flexible and
robust even non-planar displays
can be manufactured ...
Light Emitting Polymers convert electrical power
into visible light:
electrical
power
p
Light Emitting
Polymer
y
visible light
LEP- Non Planar Displays
p
Light Emitting Polymer Film Transparent
Protective Film
This is related to the fluorescence of polymers where
UV-radiation is converted into visible light:
UV-radiation
Fluorescent
Polymer
visible light
Protective Film
[Covion2006]
[Covion2006]
33
Input/Output (I/O)
Technology Overview
Input
“Standardization
Standardization Battles
Battles”
Excursion “standardization battles”:
QWERTY vs. Dvorak‘s DSK
1868 Christopher Latham Sholes Copyright
(goal: minimum key conflicts)
1873 sale
l off QWERTY to
t E.
E Remington
R
i t
& Sons
S
“Jamming” was a problem until 1979. As a
consequence the ball-shaped
consequence,
ball shaped head technique
was invented.
Device Input
34
35
36
Input
Input
“Standardization
Battles”
De-facto standard, high competition
1936 Dvorak’s Simplified Keyboard (DSK)
Goals:
G l
“Standardization
Battles”
QWERTY is an example for market failure in
the presence of network effects.
• Keys which are used most frequently are close to
each other
• Change of hands well balanced
• Frequent keys preferably with strong fingers
“Worse
Worse standard dominates a better
standard”.
standard
t d d”
d Â What
Wh t is
i th
the better
b tt standard?
t d d?
Further
h
problems:
bl
Lock-in,
k
switching
h
costs
Fact = We all use QWERTY.
Â Unfortunately, the case is not as easy!
Â What did go wrong?
37
Input
Input
“Standardization
Battles”

Often cited US Navy Research Report of 1944 Â DSK
is more efficient than QWERTY.
•
•
•
•

38
Technologies
Currently, the following input solutions for
mobile devices exist:
•
•
•
•
•
No official
ff
l report but
b a falsely
f l l cited
d internall paper ffrom
an officer = Lieutenant Commander August Dvorak!
Critics: Methodological biases: Two test persons of
different age and abilities
Chaos between 108 and 180 hits per minute - Many
contrasting findings
… the QWERTY keyboard appears to be fast enough for
almost
l
t all
ll users. If you are just
j t driving
d i i
about
b t in
i town
t
you do not need a 500 horse-power V8.“ (Poole 1997)
QWERTY-Keyboard
Palm-Graffiti
Tegic T9
Octave
Recognition of handwriting
Things are not as easy as they seem to be!
For more details see: [LiebowMargol1996].
39
40
Input
Input
© Palm © Microsoft © Walk P
PC
QWERTY-Keyboards
41
PALM Graffiti
Handwriting
recognition software
Artificial script,
based on upper-case
characters
Can be drawn blindly
with a stylus on a
touch-sensitive
h
ii
panell
Input
42
Input
Tegic Communications T9
Octave
Characters can be
input by either pen
or button.
T9 (Text on 9 keys) is a
predictive text technology
developed by Tegic
Communications.
Communications
Widely used by: LG,
Samsung, Nokia, Siemens,
Sony Ericsson, Sanyo
Uses a dictionary of words,
which is used to look up all
the possible words,
corresponding to the
sequence of keypresses.
keypresses
Available in 27 languages
[T92006]
43
44
Input/Output (I/O)
Technology Overview
Input
Octave
“reset”
reset
Device Input
©Fiatly
“capital
capital letters
letters”
45
Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
• Bluetooth
Infrared-Transmission

IrDA: Infrared Data Association (1993):
Standardized infrared-protocols
y
serial connection
IrDA Version 1: asynchronous,
up to 115 kbps
Point-to-Point
Protocol-family for various purposes
New specification: up to 4 Mbit/s

Exemplary applications:

Personal environment, short range
Purpose: Connection of devices in short
range, for example PDA and printers.
Replaces cable-connections:
47
46
•
•
•
•
Transmission of mobile business cards
Sales data extraction from cigarette vending machines
p p
Connection between mobile and laptop
Wireless printing
48
Infrared-Transmission
Bluetooth
Frequency range of 2.4 GHz
Attributes:
• Wireless
• Range of up to 10 meters
• Illumination-angle 15°-30°
Si
Simple
l and
d cheap
h
possibility
ibili to set up ad-hoc
d h
networks of limited range (up to 10 meters)
No official standard, but de-facto-standard
Disadvantages:
• Sounding: If the infrared-ray misses the target
• Optical connection required
• Short interruptions
p
of the optical
p
connection,, e.g.
g
between laptop and mobile phone in trains, lead to
complete network-interruption.
Consortium: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia,
Toshiba, etc.
Broadly supported by the industry
49
Popular Bluetooth Applications
Picture transmission
between devices
Wireless communications between
devices (Bluetooth-Headset)
(Bluetooth Headset)
Bluetooth Applications
Connection of periphery-devices (headsets, keyboards,
mice, etc.)
g up
p of ad-hoc networks for spontaneous
p
data
Setting
exchange
Ad-hoc connection of different networks (e.g. laptop Ù
mobile or phone Ù GSM Ù net)
Applications similar to applications based on infrared
technology
gy were overcome
Weaknesses of infrared technology
•
•
•
•
51
50
Increased bandwidth (up to 865.2KBit/s)
No optical connection between devices necessary
Expanded range (up to 10m)
Allows setting up of ad-hoc
ad hoc networks instead of point-topoint to
point connections
52
Literature

[Burckhardt2001] Burckhardt, J. et al. (2001), Pervasive
Computing, München
[CorrosionDoc2006] Corrosion Doctors (2006), Lithium
rechargeable batteries,
batteries www.corrosion
www corrosiondoctors.org/Secondaries/li-rechar.htm, accessed 2006-10-20
[Covion2006] Covion (2006), www.covion.de, accessed 200610-20
[G
[Gartner2006]
2006] G
Gartner Group
G
(2006)
(2006),
www.gartner.com/press_releases/asset_152911_11.html,
accessed 2006-10-20
[LiebowMargol1996] Liebowitz, S. and Margolis S. (1996), The
fable of the keys, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 33, pp.
1 – 25
[Posegga2001] Posegga (2001), WiTness
[T92006] T9 (2006)
(2006), www.t9.com,
t9
accessed
d 2006-10-20
2006 10 20
[T-Mobile2007] T-Mobile Deutschland (2007), www.tmobile.de, accessed 2007-09-20
53