II nawili. buneba da meurneoba

II nawili. buneba da meurneoba
2.1. geografiuli garsi da geografiuli garemo
geografiuli garsi
geografiuli garsi rTuli warmonaqmnia,
romelic Sedgeba mWidrod urTierTdakavSire­
buli aracocxali (abioturi) da cocxali
(bioturi) nawilisagan. geografiul garsSi
aracocxal nawils liTosfero, atmosfero
da hidrosfero warmoadgens, xolo cocxals
_ biosfero. amJamad geografiuli garsis um­
niSvnelovanes nawi­lad adamianTa sazogadoebac
ganixileba, romelic noosferod iwodeba. am­
rigad, geografiuli garsi is arealia, sadac
erTmaneTs ukavSir­deba liTosfero, atmos­
fero, hidrosfero, bio­sfe­ro da noosfero.
geografiuli garsis gavrcelebaze sxva­
dasxvagvari Sexeduleba arsebobs. geografTa
umravlesoba iziarebs azrs, rom dedamiwaze
misi sisqe (vertikaluri gavr­celeba) ZiriTa­
dad emTxveva biosferos anu cocxali orga­
nizmebis ZiriTadi nawilis gavrcelebas. am
TvalsazrisiT geografiuli garsis sisqe 3540 km-ia, radgan cocxali organizmebis
ZiriTadi nawili gvxvdeba dedamiwis qerqis
zeda fenaSi, msoflio okeaneSi, xmeleTis
zedapirze da atmosferos qveda fenaSi ozo­
nis sferos CaTvliT (30 km simaRlemde).
geografiul garsSi yvelaze srulyofilad
biosfero, hidrosfero da noosferoa moq­
ceuli. liTosfero da atmosfero ki mxolod
mis periferiul nawilSia (liTosfero _ qve­
da, atmosfero _ zeda) warmodgenili.
leqsikoni
geografiuli garemo – geografiuli garsis
nawili, sadac cxovrobs da saqmianobs adamiani.
civilizacia – garkveuli droisTvis mowinave
qveynebis ganviTarebis done.
komponenti _ risame Semadgeneli nawili.
termini _ sityva, romelic gadmogvcems raimes
arss.
geografiul garsSi misi Semadgeneli na­
wi­lebi sxvadasxvagvari formiT gvxvdeba. ma­
ga­liTad, liTosferos geografiul Tavise­
burebebze warmodgenas ZiriTadad gviqmnis
reliefi da geologiuri agebuleba, atmos­
feroze _ hava, hidrosferoze _ xmeleTis
wylebi da msoflio okeane, biosferoze _
mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro. adamiani
Tavisi saqmianobiT saxes ucvlis bunebriv
garemos _ iTvisebs kosmoss da gadaadgil­
deba atmosferoSi, aSenebs qalaqebsa da sof­
nax. 2.1.2. geografiuli garsis
vertikaluri agebuleba.
nax.2.1.1.
geografiuli
garsis gavrceleba.
lebs, saavtomobilo gvirabebsa da magistra­
lebs, wyalsacavebsa da arxebs, moipovebs wia­
Riseuls, Cexavs tyeebsa da amuSavebs niadags,
amravlebs Sinaur pirutyvs da kulturul
mcenareulobas. amgvarad, adamiani gardaqmnis
reliefsa da havas, wylebsa da cocxal sa­
myaros anu mTel geografiul garss.
41
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
bunebrivi garemo mravali aTasi wlis man­
Zilze ganicdida da ganicdis adamianis zemoq­
medebas, ris Sedegadac msoflios umetes re­
gionebSi, gansakuTrebiT vakeebsa da dabal
mTebSi, mkveTrad Seicvala misi pirveladi iersaxe. amgvari viTarebis gamo amJamad bunebrivi
garemos nacvlad gamoiyeneba termini: geo­
grafiuli garemo an ubralod _ garemo. igi,
garda geografiisa, sxva mecnierebis (ekolo­
gia, biologia, istoria da sxv.) Seswavlis
saganicaa.
kiTxvebi
1. romeli nawilebisagan Sedgeba geografiuli garsi?
2. ra gviqmnis warmodgenas biosferos geografi­
ul Taviseburebebze?
3. rogor da ratom ucvlis adamiani saxes bune­
briv garemos?
davaleba
SeadgineT geografiuli garsis vertikaluri age­
bulebis sqema, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba
adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis masStabebi.
geografiuli garemo
geografiul garemoSi urTierT­
dakavSirebulia, rogorc bunebrivi,
ise xelovnuri garemos komponen­
tebi. geografiuli garsis xan­
grZlivi
ganviTarebis
manZilze
(daaxloebiT 2.5 mlrd weliwadi)
gansakuTrebuli urTierTkavSirebiT
bunebrivi garemos komponentebi gamo­
ir­Ceva. magaliTad, siTbosa da tenis
ganawileba ganapirobebs, rogorc
wylebis da cocxali samyaros, ise
niadagebis gavrce­lebis Tavisebure­
bebs. cnobilia, rom sakmarisi siTbo
da teni xels uwyobs mcenareulo­
bis ganviTarebas, nayofieri niadagebis Camo­
yalibebas, qmnis xelSemwyob pirobebs sof­
lis meurneobisTvis da, Sesabamisad, adamianis
yofa-cxovrebisTvis.
adamiani yofa-cxovrebisTvis xelsayrel
garemos mudam irCevda _ misTvis gansa­
kuTrebiT mimzidveli iyo vakeebi da dablo­
bebi, Tbili da teniani hava, mdinareTa
Walebi da xeobebi, nayofieri niadagebi,
uxvi mcenareuli da cxovelTa samyaro,
soflis meurneobisTvis da vaWrobisTvis
xelsayreli adgilebi. cnobilia, rom kaco­
briobis `akvani~ ekvatorul sartyelSi
`dairwa~, xolo civilizaciebi jer tropi­
kul da subtropikul, mogvianebiT ki zom­
ier sartylebSi ganviTarda.
dadgenilia isic, rom mcenareulobis ga­
nadgurebam ganapiroba siTbosa da tenis
cvalebadoba, niadagebis nayofierebis da­
kargva da, Sesabamisad, msoflios araerTi
civilizaciis gadaSeneba. amJamad sazogadoe­
bisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebuleba sa­
42
nax.2.1.3. garemos gamoyenebis formebi.
SiS masStabebs Rebulobs. adamianma imdenad
gardaqmna bunebrivi garemo, rom msoflios
ukve awuxebs atmosferos da wylebis dabin­
Zu­reba, udabnoebis zrda, sxvadasxva wiaRi­
seulis gamoleva, adamianis sakvebis xarisx­
is gauareseba, saSiSi daavadebebis farTo
gavrceleba. amgvari viTareba sagangaSoa, ris
gamoc aucilebelia jansaRi geografiuli
garemos SenarCunebisTvis brZola.
adamiani da garemo ganuyofelia. rac
ufro jansaRia geografiuli garemo da rac
nax.2.1.4. mcxeTis midamoebi. xedi jvris monastridan.
ufro metadaa masSi bunebrivi garemos el­ ia misi sicocxle, miT ufro janmrTelia
ementebi SenarCunebuli, miT ufro ukeTesad STamomavloba.
grZnobs Tavs adamiani, miT ufro xangrZliv­
davaleba
kiTxvebi
1. ras niSnavs geografiuli garemo da riTi gan­
sxavdeba igi geografiuli garsisgan?
2. romel sartylebSi ganviTarda msoflio civi­
lizaciebi?
3. ratom Rebulobs saSiS formebs adamianis da
bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis masStabebi?
1. daaxasiaTeT msoflioSi (nax.2.1.3.-is mixedviT)
garemos gamoyenebis Taviseburebani da gamoyaviT
aTvisebiT gamorCeuli arealebi.
2. ganixileT mcxeTis midamoebis (nax.2.1.4.-is
mixedviT) aTvisebis Taviseburebani da gamoyaviT
bunebrivi da xelovnuri garemo.
geografiuli garemo da sazogadoebis ganviTareba
sazogadoebis ganviTareba ZiriTadad ram­
denime faqtors ukavSirdeba, romelTagan
erT-erTi da umniSvnelovanesia geografiuli
faqtori. masSi igulisxmeba, rogorc geo­
grafiuli mdebareoba, ise bunebrivi pirobebi
da resursebi. cnobilia, rom araerTi qveynis
mosaxleoba aTaswleulebis manZilze misdev­
da qvis xanis primitiul meurneobas imis
gamo, rom mas ar gaaCnda liTonuri wiaRi­
seulis sabadoebi da Sesabamisad, misi gamoy­
enebis tradiciebi. momTabare da mecxoveleo­
bis mimdevari xalxebis sameurneo ganviTa­
reba aswleulebis manZilze ukavSirdeba mTis
da zamTris saZovrebis arsebobas da a.S.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze adamiani uxso­
es sainteresoa:
amerika ar miekuTvneba im adgils, sadac war­
moiSva kacobrioba. Soreul warsulSi, rodesac
uZvelesi xalxebi swavlobdnen nadirobas, cecxlis
mopovebas, sacxovreblis mowyobas da TandaTan ika­
vebdnen afrikis, evropis da aziis teritoriebs,
amerikis tyeebsa da stepebSi mxolod cxovelebi
da frinvelebi binadrobdnen.
pirveli adamianebi aq 25-30 aTasi wlis win
movidnen. maSin beringis srute ar arsebobda da
azias amerikasTan saxmeleTo gza akavSirebda. ro­
gorc Cans, aq pirvelad monadireTa mcire jgufi
gadavida, romlebic TandaTan miiwevdnen samxre­
Tisken. daaxloebiT 20 aTasi wlis win adamianma
meqsikis Tanamedrove teritorias miaRwia, xolo
10 aTasi wlis win _ cecxlovan miwas.
amerikeli indielebis samflobelo tyiani teri­
toriebis CrdiloeT sazRvridan iwyeboda. Ata­
paskebs ekavaT misi dasavleTi nawili, algolkinebs
ki _ aRmosavleTi. isini Tavs irCendnen nadirobiT,
frinvelTa rewviT, meTevzeobiTa da SemgroveblobiT.
TevzWeris tradiciebiT gamoirCeodnen zaidebi da
tlinkinebi, romlebic wynari okeanis sanapiroze
cxovrobdnen. tyeebidan samxreTiT binadrobdnen
vari droidan cxovrobs da saqmianobs. qa­
rTvelebi mTaTaSoris barSi ZiriTadad mi­
waTmoqmedebas misdevdnen, mTebSi ki mesaqon­
leobas. msoflioSia cnobilia CvenSi gamo­
yvanili sxvadasxva jiSis xorbali, yurZeni
da xili. sadReisod saqarTvelos terito­
riis 1/4 mTlianad saxecvlilia.
amJamad ganviTarebuli qveynebi TiTqmis
aRaraa damokidebuli sakuTar bunebriv pi­
robebsa da resursebze. miuxedavad amisa,
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare so­
cialur-ekonomikuri
procesebi
mniS­
vnelovanwilad ukavSirdeba mudmivad mzard
moTxovnas bunebriv resursebze da jansaR
sacxovrebel garemoze.
nax.2.1.5. eskimosi.
irokezebi, romlebic miwaTmoqmedebas misdevdnen.
amJamindeli meqsikis, gvatemalis, hondurasisa da
salvadoris teritoriebze mcxovrebma indielebma
(actekisa da maias tomebi) araerTi kul­turuli
jiSi gamoiyvanes. araerTi mcenare; maT Soris karto­
fili, simindi, kakao da kauCuki amerikidan gav­
rcelda msoflioSi.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT eskimosis sacxovrebeli garemo, Cacmuloba,
bina da Sromis iaraRebi. daukavSireT isini erTmaneTs.
43
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
2.2. geografiuli komponentebi da kompleqsebi
leqsikoni
mTis qanebi _ erTgvarovani (mag­
muri, danaleqi da metamorfuli)
warmoSobis bunebrivi sxeuli, rom­
liTac agebulia liTosfero.
reliefi _ dedamiwis zedapiris
bunebrivi ier-saxe.
kontinenti _ xme­le­Tis vrceli ma­
sivi, ro­melic garSemorty­mulia
wyliT.
terasebi _ xmeleTze bunebrivi an
xelovnuri warmoSobis kibisebri
teritoriebi.
nax.2.2.1. dedamiwis reliefi.
liTosfero da reliefis
geografiuli mniSvneloba
2/3) da mTebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv sxvadasx­
vagvar erTeulebad iyofa. vakeebi da mTebi
liTosfero geografiuli garsis umniS­ warmodgenilia rogorc xmeleTze, ise msoflio
vnelovanesi nawilia. igi moicavs dedamiwis okeanis fskerze. kontinentebidan yvelaze
qerqs da mimdebare mantias. liTosfero ori `maRali~ antarqtidaa, romlis saSualo si­
saxisaa: kontinenturi da okeanuri. konti­ maRle aris 2040 m zRvis donidan. Semdeg
nenturi nawili, romelic maqsimaluri sis­ modis afrika (750 m) da evrazia (600 m). saqa­
qisaa (100 km-ze meti), sami ZiriTadi fenisa­ rTvelo mTiani qveyanaa, romlis saSualo si­
gan Sedgeba. zeda fenas qmnis danaleqi qa­ maRle zR.d. 1250 metria.
nebi, romelsac jer bazalturi, xolo Sem­
ukanasknel periodSi dedamiwis zedapirs,
deg granituli qanebi mosdevs. okeanuri sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad, aqtiurad gar­
nawili, romelic 50 km-mde sisqisaa, Sedgeba daqmnis adamiani. amJamad xmeleTis TiTqmis
mxolod danaleqi da bazalturi fenisagan.
erTi mesamedi uWiravs dasaxlebul punqtebs,
liTosfero 100-ze meti qimiuri elemen­ xelovnur wyals­at­e­v­e­bsa da terasebs, saxnavtis­gan Sedgeba, romelTagan raodenobiT Jan­g­ saTess, satransporto magistralebsa da wia­
ba­di, siliciumi, alumini da rkina gamoirCe­ Riseulis sabadoebs. reliefis ganviTarebis
­
va. adamianma ramdenime aTasi wlis win dai­ da gamoyenebis geografiuli Taviseburebebis
wyo maTi mopoveba da gamoyeneba, rac amJamad Seswavla geografiis mniSvnelovani amocanaa.
did masStabebs aRwevs.
liTosferos zedapiri uswormasworoa, rac
misi ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriiTaa gan­
pirobebuli. masze aseulobiT mili­oni wlis
manZilze moqmedebs rogorc Sinagani (miwisZ­
vrebis da vulkanebis saxiT), ise garegani (mzis
energia, wylebi, qarebi da sxv.) Zalebi. amgvari
moqmedebis Sedegad Camoyalibda reliefis ori
ZiriTadi forma: vakeebi (xmeleTis TiTqmis
nax.2.2.3. miwisZvris Sedegebi. iaponia
kiTxvebi
nax. 2.2.2. liTosferos agebuleba
44
1. ramdeni saxisaa liTosfero?
2. risi moqmedebis Sedegad Camoyalibda reliefis
formebi?
3. ratom da rogor gardaqmnis adamiani reliefs?
davaleba
1. ganixileT msoflio reliefis ganawilebis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (nax.2.2.1-is mixedviT) da konti­
nentebis mixedviT gamoyaviT misi ZiriTadi formebi.
2. aRwereT miwisZvris Sedeegebi (nax.2.2.3-is mixedviT).
atmosfero da havis
geografiuli mniSvneloba
atmosfero haeris garsia, romliTac
dedamiwa aseulobiT kilometrzea garSe­
mortymuli. igi ramdenime fenisagan Sedgeba,
romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani tropos­
feroa. troposferos sisqe saSualod 8-16
km-ia. miuxedavad amisa, igi maqsimaluri sim­
kvriviT xasiaTdeba, radgan masSi warmodge­
nilia haeris ZiriTadi nawili. troposfer­
os SedgenilobaSia Jangbadi, mis farglebSi
yalibdeba amindi, cxovrobs da saqmianobs
adamiani, viTardeba yvela cocxali arseba.
nax.2.2.4. atmosferos agebuleba.
atmosferoSi simaRlis matebasTan erTad
haeris temperatura 5-60-iT mcirdeba yovel
kilometrze, Tumca 25 km-dan kvlav matu­
lobs 1-20-iT. varaudoben, rom temperaturis
zrdaze moqmedebs ozonis sfero, romelic
20 _ 30 km-zea warmodgenili atmosferoSi.
Tumca ozonis sferos umTavresi daniSnule­
ba mzis ultraiisferi gamosxivebis Sekave­
baa, riTac sicocxle unarCundeba cocxal
organizmebs. atmosferos zeda sazRvarze
temperatura +20000 aRemateba.
atmosfero umniSvnelovanes rols asru­
lebs geografiul gasSi _ icavs cocxal
organizmebs gamosxivebisagan, STanTqavs da
ganabnevs mzis radiacias, inarCunebs siTbos,
qmnis aminds.
hava ama Tu im adgilis umniSvnelovanesi
maxasiaTebelia. misi dadgena aTwleulebis
manZilze amindis Taviseburebebze mudmivi
dakvirvebis meSveobiT moxerxda. rogorc
havis, ise amindis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia:
nax.2.2.5. grigalis Sedegebi. tropikuli sartyeli.
haeris temperatura, naleqebi, aorTqleba,
haeris sinotive, wneva, qari da sxv. hava
araerT geografiul faqtorzea damokidebu­
li, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: geografiu­
li mdebareoba (ganedis mixedviT), xmeleTi­
sa da wylis ganawileba (wyalTan siaxlovis
an daSorebis mixedviT), qvefenili zedapir­
is Tavisebureba (arekvlis anu albedos
mixedviT) da adgilis simaRle.
hava uSualod moqmedebs wylisa da cocx­
ali organizmebis geografiul ganawilebaze,
bunebrivi komponentebis formirebaze, ada­
mianis sacxovrebel garemoze, mis saqmiano­
baze da tradiciebze. adamiani, sameurneo
saqmianobiT, garkveulwilad gardaqmnis ha­
vas. magaliTad, sameurneo saqmianobis Sede­
gad, atmosferoSi didi raodenobiT xvdeba
sxvadasxva minarevebi da mtveri. didi qa­
laqebi ukve `siTbur kunZulebad~ iwodeba,
radgan maTi saSualowliuri temperatura
2-3 gradusiT aRemateba gareubnebisas.
kiTxvebi
1. riTi gamoirCeva troposfero?
2. ra rols asrulebs atmosfero geografiul
garsSi?
3. romeli maCveneblebiT axasiaTeben havas da
aminds?
davaleba
1. aRwereT grigalis Sedegebi (nax.2.2.5-is mixedviT).
45
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
hidrosfero da wylis
geografiuli mniSvneloba
hidrosfero wylis garsia, romelic geo­
grafiul garsSi warmodgenilia okeaneebisa
da zRvebis, xmeleTis da miwisqveSa wylebis,
wylis orTqlisa da myinvarebis saxiT. geo­
grafiul garsSi wyali sam agregatul mdgo­
mareobaSi (Txevadi, myari da orTqlis sa­
xiT) da mudmiv brunvaSi imyofeba. aorTq­le­
bis Sedegad wylis orTqliT mudmivad ivse­
ba atmosferuli tenis maragi, rac naleqebis
saxiT, aseve mudmivad, ubrundeba okeaneebsa
da xmeleTs.
wyali mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs geo­
grafiul garsSi. zRvis wyalSi gaxsnilia
yvela is qimiuri elementi, romelic cn­o­
bilia dedamiwaze. maTgan ZiriTadia: Jangbadi
(85,8%), wyalbadi (10,67%), qlori (2%)
da natriumi (1,07%). misi monawileobiT
mimdinareobs araerTi geografiuli procesi
(aorTqleba, gamofitva, nivTierebisa da en­
ergiis cvla) da viTardeba reliefi (mdi­
nari wylis, myinvarebis moqmedeba). msoflio
okeaneSi sicocxle duRs _ masSi binadrobs
cxovelTa 160 aTasze meti da wyalmcena­
reTa 100 aTasze meti saxeoba.
wylis gareSe warmoudgenelia sicocxle.
igi nebismieri cocxali organizmis Semad­
genlobaSia. wyali aqtiurad gamoiyeneba
mrewve­lobasa da soflis meurneobaSi, ris
gamoc yovelwliurad izrdeba wylis
resursebis moxmarebis masStabebi.
saqarTvelo mdidaria wylis resursebiT.
misi saerTo raodenobaa 61 km3, rac kavka­
siis analogiuri maCveneblis 2/3-ze metia.
CvenTan wylis resursebis udidesi nawili
nax.2.2.7. wyaldidoba md. misurize. aSS.
(80%) dasavleT saqarTveloze modis, rac
naleqebis did raodenobas ukavSirdeba. sa­
qar­Tve­loSi 26 aTasze meti mdinare, aTaso­
biT mtknari da mineraluri wyaro, ramde­ni­
me aseuli tba da myinvari, aTeulobiT wyal­
sacavi da sarwyavi sistemaa. Cveni qveyana
sazRvao saxelmwifoa, rasac udidesi sa­
transporto, ekonomikuri da rekreaciuli
mniSvneloba aqvs.
nax.2.2.8. Jinvalis wyalsacavi.
kiTxvebi
1. ra daniSnuleba aqvs wyals geografiul gars­
Si?
2. romel dargebSi gamoiyeneba wyali didi raode­
nobiT?
3. romeli regioni gamoirCeva saqarTveloSi wy­
lis resursebiT da ra aris amis mizezi?
davaleba
nax.2.2.6. mdinari wylis moqmedeba.
46
1.. aRwereT mdinaris wylis moqmedebis da wyal­
didobis Sedegebi (nax.2.2.6-7-is mixedviT).
2. daadgineT, ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sede­
gebi mosdevs wyalsacavebis Seqmnas (nax.2.2.8-is
mixedviT).
biosfero da cocxali organizmebis geografiuli mniSvneloba
biosfero cocxali organizmebis erTo­
bliobaa, romelic farTodaa gavrcelebuli
geografiul garsSi. igi warmodgenilia
mcenareulobis, cxovelTa samyaros da mik­
roorganizmebis saxiT. biosferos ZiriTadi
nawili liTosferosa da hidrosferos zeda,
agreTve atmosferos qveda nawilSi cxov­
robs. liTosferoSi mikroorganizmebi 3 km
siRrmezec gvxvdeba, xolo atmosferoSi _
ozo­nis sferomde. cocxali organizmebis
ganviTarebisTvis araerTi elementia saWiro,
gansakuTrebiT ki Jangbadi da naxSirbadi
(iReben atmosferodan), wyali da wyalbadi
(iReben hidrosferodan), azoti da fosfo­
ri (iReben liTosferodan).
dedamiwaze cocxal organizmTa Soris
saxeobaTa saerTo rao­de­no­b­iT (10 milioni)
gamoirCevian mwerebi (2/3), Semdeg modian
sokoebi (1/7) da baqteriebi (1/10). msofli­
oSi umaRlesi mcenareebisa da xerxem­
lianebis saxeobaTa sa­e­rTo raodenoba 300
aTass aRemateba. umaRles mcenareTa saxeo­
bebis saerTo raodenobiT msoflioSi pirvel
adgilzea brazilia (55 aTasi), ZuZumwov­
rebis mixedviT _ meqsika (450 saxeoba),
frin­velebis raodenobiT _ kolumbia (1685
saxeoba), qvewarmavlebiT _ avstralia (788
nax.2.2.10. wiflnari. saguramo-ialnos qedi.
saxeoba), amfibiebiT _ kolumbia (585 saxe­
oba), mtkna­ri wylis TevzebiT ki _ amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi (828 saxeoba).
msoflioSi cocxali organizmebis adgi­
lobrivi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
saxeobebiT gamoirCeva avstralia (90%),
axali zela­n­d­ia (85%) da kunZuli madagas­
kari (70%). Aamgvari maCvenebliT (8%) saq­
arTvelos msoflioSi 56-e, xolo evropaSi
me-5 adgili (espaneTis, sabe­rZ­neTis, itali­
isa da bulgareTis Semdeg) ukavia.
saqarTvelos tyeebSi 400-mde saxeobis
xe-mcenaresa da buCqs iT­v­l­ian. tyeebSi
yvelaze gavrcelebulia wifeli (TiTqmis
naxevari), muxa (10,5%), soWi (8,5%), rcxi­
la (6,6%), naZvi (5,8%) da sxv.
biosfero aTaswleulebis manZilze gan­
icdis adamianis zemoqmedebas. amis Sedegad
_ ukve gadaSenda aseulobiT saxeobis cxove­
li da mcenare. gansakuTrebiT `cud dReSia~
tyeebi, romlis farTobi mTel msoflioSi
ukanaskneli 2 saukunis manZilze ganaxevr­
da.
kiTxvebi
1. rogori gavrcelebisaa biosfero?
2. romeli qveynebi gamoirCevian coc­xali orga­
nizmebis saxeobebis mixedviT?
davaleba
nax.2.2.9. baobabis `xeivani~. afrika.
SeadgineT saqarTvelos tyeebSi gavr­celebuli
mcenareulobis xvedriTi wi­lis wriuli diagrama.
47
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
es sainteresoa:
• mTaTaSorisi qvabulebi adgilobrivi havis
formirebas uwyobs xels. SemozRuduli da Cad­
ablebuli sivrce zamTarSi civi haeris ma­sebis
`Cadgomis~ arealia. magaliTad, CrdiloeT naxe­
varsferos yvelaze civ adgilze _ oimiakonis
RrmulSi, zamTarSi 150-iT ufro dabali haeris
temperatura fiq­sirdeba (-680C), vidre jomolung­
maze.
• ialbuzi evropis umaRlesi mwvervalia. mas
sparselebi albors uwodebdnen, balyarelebi mingiTaus, yabardoelebi _ oSxomaxos an kuska-mafos
(bednierebis momtans), rusul literaturaSi igi
Sat-gorad moixsenieboda (amJamad elbrusi). ial­
buzi kavkasionis gverdiT qedze, mis centralur
nawilSia warmodgenili. igi ormwvervaliani vul­
kanuri konusia, romlis diametri 15-18km-s aRwevs.
dasavleT mwvervalis simaRle 5642 metria, xolo
aRmosavleTis _ 5592 metri.
• amindis prognozirebis ramdenime done (peri­
odi) arsebobs, ro­melTagan yvelaze arazusti
grZelvadiani pro­gn­ozia. cnobilia: Zalze mokleva­
diani (uaxloesi saaTebisTvis), moklevadiani (24-72
saaTamde), saSualovadiani (3 dRidan 6 dRemde,
zogjer 10 dRemdec) da grZelvadiani (mimdinare
Tvis, momavali Tvis, momdevno sezonis) prognoze­
bi.
• atmosferoSi swrafad izrdeba mtvris raode­
noba. igi bolo asi wlis manZilze 20%-iT gaiz­
arda da xels uSlis mzis sx­ivebis dedamiwis zeda­
piramde miRwevas. gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo SeiZleba
gaxdes ul­traiisferi sxivebis SemoRwevis Semci­
reba, rac ase aucilebelia cocxali organizmebi­
saTvis.
• mcenareuloba Cveulebriv viTardeba dadebiTi
temperaturisas, isic +300C - mde. Tu­mca calkeu­
li saxeobebi cxovroben eqstremalur pirobebSic.
magaliTad, zo­gierTi wyalmcenare izrdeba cxel
geizerebTan da wylebTan (sadac te­mperatura
+930C-mdea), zogi ki polarul sartyelSi (_320Cmde).
• sxvadasxva jiSis xemcenareebs sicocxlis sx­
vadasxva xangrZlivoba axasiaTebT. muxa cocxlobs
1000, aryis xe _ 100, xolo verxvi 60 wlam­de.
amerikaSi aRmoCenilia xeebi, romlebic 3000 wel­
ze mets iTvlian. ame­r­ikuli baobabebi 5000 wlam­
dec cocxlobs. magram esec araa yvelaze xa­
ndazmuli xe. kanaris kunZulebis jgufSi aris
kunZuli tenerifi, sadac ma­Ral mTebze izrdeba
ucnauri formis xe sqeli ReroTi da didi fu­
RuroTi. misi simaRlea 23 m, garSemoweriloba 15
m. mezRvaurebs, rom­lebmac 1402 wels aRmoaCines k.
tenerifi, es xe maSinac aseTive beberi naxes. adgi­
lobrivi mcxovrebni mas wminda xed Tvlidnen da
Tayvans sce­m­d­nen. 1810 wels xis wveris nawili
moglija grigalma. botanikosebi Tv­lian, rom esaa
msoflioSi yvelaze xandazmuli xe _ igi daaxloe­
biT 6000 wlisaa. asakisa da ucnauri formis gamo
mas drakonis xe uwodes.
• adamianma ramdenime wamiT SeiZleba gauZlos
+1600C temperaturas im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki haeris
SefardebiTi sinotive araarsebiTi, umni­Sv­nelo
iqneba. amgvari cda sakuTar Tavze Caitares ing­
liselma mecnierebma. aseve dadginda, rom +1040C
temp­eraturas adamiani 24 wuTs, +930C-s _ 33
wuTs, xolo +710C temperaturas 1 saaTs uZlebs.
is minimaluri temperatura ki, romelSic adamianma
SeZlo Za­lze mcire xniT yofna, _ 890C-is tolia.
arada, adamianis sxeuli -210C-mde gac­i­vebas uZlebs
(uCerdeba guli), xolo uecari sikvdili -240Cisas dgeba.
• msoflios regionebi erTmaneTisagan araerTi
niSniT gansxvavdeba. zogan soflis meurneobis gan­
viTarebisTvis arasakmarisi siTboa, zogan ki ara­
sakmarisi teni. dedamiwaze mxolod tropikebi iT­
vleba kulturul mcenareTa `samoTxed~. Tumca
aRniSnul zonaSi aris teritoriebi, sadac zom­
ieri sartylis bevri kultura (xorbali, karto­
fili, kombosto, vaSli, msxali) saerTod ver xar­
obs. ufro metic, afrikis mTel rig raionebSi,
Zalze rTulia mecxoveleobis ganviTarebac. amgvari
viTareba ukavSirdeba iseT mwerebs, romelTa nak­
beni cxovelis daRupvas iwvevs. amis gamo, tropi­
kuli sartylis mcxovrebTa garkveuli nawili Sim­
Silobs, zogi ki ganicdis naxSirwylebis, cilebisa
da cximebis mudmiv naklebobas.
nax.2.2.11. ekvatori. afrika
davaleba
CamowereT msoflios is qveynebi, romlebzec gadis ekvatori, tropikebi da polaruli wreebi
48
2.3. zogadi geografiuli kanonzomierebebi
leqsikoni
nax.2.3.1. xmeleTis da msoflio okeanis temperaturis
geografiuli ganawileba (wiTeli da Ria lurji _ maRa­
li, yviTeli da lurji _ saSualo, mwvane da iasamnis­
feri _ dabali).
geografiul garsSi mWidrodaa urTierT­
dakavSirebuli misi Semadgeneli nawilebi _
liTosfero, atmosfero, hidrosfero da
biosfero _ imdenad mWidrod, rom erTis
cvla ganapirobebs danarCenebis gardaqmnas.
mniSvnelobis da urTierTkavSirebis mixed­­
viT isini SeiZleba ganvalagoT Sem­degi Tan­
mimdevrobiT: L (liTosfero) ⇒ A (atmos­
fero) ⇒ H (hid­rosfero) ⇒ B (biosfero).
rac ufro marjvnivaa mocemul sqemaSi geo­
grafiuli kom­po­nen­ti, miT ufro metadaa
damokidebuli masze momdevno. magaliTad,
reliefis (liTosferos) cvlas myisierad
mohyveba havis, wylebisa da cocxali sa­
myaros cvlileba. wylebis Semcireba an
mateba swrafad aisaxeba cocxal organizme­
bze (biosferoze), SedarebiT naklebad _
havaze (atmosferoze), xolo umniSvnelod
_ reliefze (liTosferoze).
klimaturi sartyeli _ geografiuli garsis
msxvi­li erTeulebi, romlebic gamoiyofa haeris
temperaturis zogadi Taviseburebebis mixedviT.
cnobilia cxeli, zomieri da civi klimaturi
sartyeli.
geografiuli sartyeli _ klimaturi sartylis
nawili, romelic gamoiyofa haeris tempera­turisa
da naleqebis zogadi Taviseburebebis mixedviT.
bunebrivi zona _ geografiuli sartylis nawili,
romelic xasiaTdeba erTgvarovani bunebrivi gare­
moTi (ZiriTadad haviT da cocxali samyaroTi).
sqema _ martivi naxazi, romelic gviCvenebs raimes
urTierTdamokidebulebas.
ritmika _ erTi da igive movlenis mudmivi ganmeo­
rebadoba.
geografiuli garsis Semadgeneli nawi­
lebis urTierTkavSirebi garkveuli kanonzo­
mierebebiT xasiaTdeba. maTgan ZiriTadia: er­
Tianoba, ritmuloba da zonaloba (rogorc
ganeduri, ise simaRlebrivi).
kiTxvebi
ra gansxvavebaa klimatur sartylebs, geografi­
ul sartylebsa da bunebriv zonebs Soris?
davaleba
1. daukavSireT erTmaneTs xmeleTisa da msoflio
okeanis
temperaturis
zogadi
maxasiaTeblebi
(nax.2.3.1.-is mixedviT) mzis dacemis kuTxes (tropikebs,
polarul wreebs an geografiul ganedebs).
2. ipoveT msoflios fizikur rukaze mwvervali
akonkagua da gansazRvreT misi geografiuli maxa­
siaTeblebi.
3. aRwereT mwverval akonkaguas da misi mimdebare
teritoriis bunebrivi garemo (daukavSireT erT­
maneTs adgilis simaRle, reliefis formebi da
mcenareuloba).
erTianoba
nax.2.3.2. akonkagua, samxreTi amerika.
geografiuli garsi erTiani warmonaqmnia,
sadac mis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris mud­
mivad mimdinareobs nivTierebisa da energiis
gacvlis procesi. magaliTad, mzidan mosu­
li energiiT Tbeba dedamiwis zedapiri da
wyali, icvleba haeris temperatura, aqti­
urdebian cocxali organizmebi da a.S. at­
mosferoSi arsebuli Jangbadi moixmareba
49
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
kiTxvebi
1. riTi xasiaTdeba geografiuli garsis Semad­
geneli nawilebis urTierTkavSirebi?
2. romelia ZiriTadi geografiuli kanonzomierebebi?
3. rogori procesi mimdinareobs geografiuli
garsis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris?
davaleba
nax.2.3.3. bunebaSi wylis brunvis sqema.
cocxali organizmebis mier, misive monaw­
ileobiT iqmneba wyali. wyali gvxvdeba ara
marto cocxal organizmebSi, aramed niadagsa
da atmosferoSic. aorTqlebuli wyali xvde­
ba atmosferoSi, gadaitaneba qaris meSveobiT
da naleqebis saxiT kvlav ubrundeba dedami­
wis zedapirs. mdinari wyali xsnis qimiur
nivTierebebs, Slis, aitivnarebs da gadaaadg­
ilebs reliefis qanebs. wyalSi gaxsnili qi­
miuri nivTierebebi gadaitaneba erTi adgili­
dan meoreze, ileqeba niadagSi da moixmareba
cocxali organizmebis mier. cocxali orga­
nizmebis kvdomis Sedegad niadags ubrundeba
moxmarebuli qimiuri nivTierebebi da a.S. am­
rigad, geografiul garsSi nivTiereba da en­
ergia mudmiv brunvaSia, rac ganapirobebs mis
erTianobas.
adamiani aqtiurad ereva nivTierebisa da
energiis cvlis procesSi _ gardaqmnis
dedamiwis zedapirs (siTbos miRebas da ga­
nawilebas), moipovebs wiaRiseuls, aSrobs
Waobebs, qmnis wyalsacavebs, mimarTulebas
ucvlis mdinareebs, anagvianebs garemos sayo­
facxovrebo da samrewvelo narCenebiT,
anadgurebs bunebriv mcenareulobas da
cxovelTa samyaros, qmnis axal qimiur niv­
Tierebebs da sxv. bunebriv garemos sul
ufro da ufro uWirs, gardaqmnas masSi mox­
vedrili ucxo nivTierebebi (plastmasebi,
zeTebi, saRebavebi, rezina da sxv.), ris ga­
moc garemos dabinZureba msoflio proble­
mad iqca. amgvari viTareba safrTxes uqmnis
geografiuli garsis milionobiT wlis man­
Zilze Camoyalibebul erTianobas, rasac ga­
mousworebeli Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves.
50
1. aRwereT geografiul garsSi wylis gadaadgi­le­
bis sqema (nax.2.3.3-is mixedviT).
2. CamoTvaleT meurneobis is dargebi, sadac moix­
mareba wyali.
3. daasaxeleT is nivTierebebi, romlebic SeiZle­
ba moxvdes wyalSi adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad.
4. CamowereT is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac SeiZleba
mohyves vakeebsa da mTebSi wyalsacavebis Seqmnas.
nax.2.3.4. sayofacxovrebo narCeni garemosTvis
`ucxo~ da miuRebelia.
ritmuloba
ritmuloba geografiuli garsis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi kanonzomierebaa. ritmuloba
TvalsaCinoa im SemTxvevaSi, Tu geografiul
garemoSi mimdinare procesebi mudmivad meor­
deba. magaliTad, dedamiwa ritmulad brunavs
Tavisi RerZis (dRe-Ramuri ritmika) da mzis
garSemo (wliuri ritmika). ritmuli xasiaTi
aqvs wlis droebis (sezonebis) monacvleobas,
dRisa da Ramis temperaturas, wyaldidobas
da wyalmcirobas, cocxali samyaros aqtivo­
bas, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobas da a.S.
davaleba
1. daukavSireT erTmaneTs wlis droebis ritmika da
cocxali samyaros aqtiuri (pasiuri) periodebi.
2. SeadgineT cxrili, sadac erTis mxriv Camowerili
iqneba wlis sezonebi, xolo meores mxriv _ sezonebis
Sesabamisi adamianis sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba.
3. SeafaseT da gamoyaviT adamianis saqmianobis aqtiuri
da pasiuri periodebi wlis sezonebis mixedviT.
nax.2.3.5. naleqebis ganawileba dedamiwaze.
zonaloba
zonaloba geografiuli garsis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi kanonzomierebaa. igi Ziri­
Tadad ganpirobebulia, rogorc siTbos, ise
na­leqebis ganawilebiT. cnobilia, rom de­
damiwis zedapirze mzidan miRebuli siTbos
raodenoba damokidebulia mzis dacemis
kuTxeze anu geografiul ganedze. rac ufro
Sveulad ecema mzis sxivi dedamiwas, miT
ufro met siTbos Rebulobs igi. amis gamoa,
rom siTbos raodenoba TandaTan klebulobs
ekvatoridan polusebisaken. geografiul
gars­Si zonaloba ramdenime saxiTaa warmod­
genili. yvelaze masStaburia klimaturi
sartylebi, romlebic iyofa geografiul
sartylebad, xolo geografiuli sartylebi
bu­nebriv zonebad.
siTbos raodenobis klebas niadagebis,
mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaros Sesabamis­
ad, bunebrivi zonis cvlileba mosdevs.
amgvari cvlileba TvalsaCinoa vrcel va­
keebze. bunebrivi zonebis cvla kargadaa
gamoxatuli mTebSic, sadac haeris temper­
aturis Semcireba aRiniSneba simaRlis mate­
basTan erTad.
kiTxvebi
1. ra SemTxvevaSia TvalsaCino ritmuloba?
2. riTia ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli geografiuli zonaloba?
3. ras ukavSirdeba mTebSi bunebrivi zonebis cvla?
davaleba
1. daukavSireT erTmaneTs dedamiwaze temperaturis (nax.2.3.1) da na­
leqebis (2.3.5.) ganawilebis geografiuli Taviseburebani.
2. warmoaCineT is geografiuli faqtorebi, romlebmac SesaZloa imoqm­
edos naleqebis ganawilebaze.
3. gamoyaviT wylis resursebiT mdidari da Raribi regionebi msoflio­
Si (nax.2.3.5 -is mixedviT).
es sainteresoa:
yovelwliurad geografi­
ul garsSi 1 mln km3 wyali
brunavs. brunvis siCqare gansx­
vavdeba geografiuli obi­
eqtebis mixedviT. magaliTad,
atmosferoSi wylis orTqli
9 dReSi icvleba, mdinareebSi
wyali – 15 dReSi, WaobebSi –
5 weliwadSi, tbebSi – 17, mi­
wisqveSa wylebSi – 1500,
xolo antarqtidis myinvarebSi
– 15 000 weliwadSi erTxel.
51
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
2.4. geografiuli zonaloba
Crdilo polaruli wre
CrdiloeTi
amerika
azia
evropa
ekvatori
wynari
okeane
afrika
wynari
okeane
indoeTis
okeane
samxreTi
amerika
avstralia
antarqtida
samxreTi polaruli wre
arqtikuli (antarqtikuli)
tropikuli
subarqtikuli
subekvatoruli
zomieri
ekvatoruli
nax.2.4.1. geografiuli sartylebi
zonaloba geografiul garsSi umTavresad
ukavSirdeba mzis dacemis kuTxes, da Sesabam­
isad, temperaturis cvlas. dadgenilia, rom
haeris saSualowliuri temperatura ganede­
bze yoveli erTi gradusiT gadaadgilebisas
icvleba 0.50-iT. ganedebis mixedviT siTbos
cvla aisaxeba yvela geografiul komponen­
tze, gansakuTrebiT cocxal organizmebze da
niadagebze. amgvari cvlis Sedegad yalibdeba
ara marto havis, mcenareulobisa da niad­
agebis ganeduri zonaloba, aramed mosaxleo­
bis sameurneo saqmianobis, maT Soris mSene­
blobis, Cacmis Tu kvebis tradiciebi. yovel
bunebriv zonaSi mosaxleoba misdevs soflis
meurneobis aswleulebis manZilze Camoyali­
bebul, tradiciul tips.
geografiul garsSi zonaloba sxvadasxva
masStabiT anu sxvadasxva donezea warmodge­
nili. yvelaze masStaburia klimaturi sar­
tylebis zonaloba. geografiul garsSi
cnobilia 5 klimaturi sartyeli, romle­
bic mxolod siTbos ganawilebis mixedviT
gamoiyofa. maT Soris sazRvari tropikebsa
da polarul wreebze gadis.
kiTxvebi
1. ras ukavSirdeba geografiuli zonaloba?
2. romeli tipis zonalobaa geografiul garsSi
yvelaze masStaburi?
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT im kontinentebis nawilebi (nax.
2.4.1-is gamoyenebiT), romelsac moicavs subtrop­
ikul sartyeli
2. daadgineT avstraliaSi warmodgenili geo­
grafiuli sartylebis raodenoba da maTi ga­
nawilebis geografiuli Taviseburebani.
52
subtropikuli
leqsikoni
azonaloba _ zonalobis sapir­
ispiro movlena _ bunebis mov­
lenebis an bunebrivi zonebis is­
eTi gavrceleba, romelic araa
kavSirSi mocemuli adgilis geo­
grafiul TaviseburebebTan. mag­
aliTad, zonaloba meridianebis
an adgilis simaRlis mixedviT.
tradicia _ istoriulad Camoy­
alibebuli
wes-Cveulebebi,
adaT-wesebi, Sexedulebebi.
kriteriumi _ raimes sazomi,
niSan-Tviseba.
klimaturi sartylebi, Tavis mxriv, geo­
grafiul sartylebad iyofa. maTi gamoyofis
ZiriTadi kriteriumi, garda siTbosi, na­
leqebis ganawilebaa. cnobilia 7 tipis geo­
grafiuli sartyeli. maTgan 4 ZiriTadia,
xolo 3 _ gardamavali.
ZiriTadi geografiuli sartylebia:
• ekvatoruli (daaxloebiT C.g.10 da s.
g.100 Soris);
• tropikuli (orive naxevarsferoSi, da­
ax­loebiT C.g. da s.g. 20-300 Soris);
• zomieri (orive naxevarsferoSi, daax­
loebiT C.g. da s.g.40-600 Soris);
• arqtikuli da antarqtikuli (orive
naxevarsferoSi, daaxloebiT C.g. da s.g.70900 Soris).
gardamavali geografiuli sartylebia:
• subekvatoruli (orive naxevarsferoSi,
daaxloebiT C.g. da s.g. 10-200 Soris);
• subtropikuli (orive naxevarsferoSi,
daaxloebiT C.g. da s.g.30-400 Soris);
• subarqtikuli da subantarqtikuli
(ori­­ve naxevarsferoSi, daaxloebiT C.g. da
s.g.60 -700 Soris);
geografiuli sartylebi, Tavis mxriv,
bunebriv zonebad iyofa. maTi gavrceleba
ukavSirdeba, rogorc siTbosa da tenis, ise
niadagebisa da cocxali organizmebis gane­
dur ganawilebas. geografiul garsSi gamoi­
yofa 13 tipis bunebrivi zona, kerZod:
• ekvatorul sartyelSi _ teniani ekva­
toruli tyeebis bunebrivi zona;
• subekvatorul sartyelSi _ cvalebad­
teniani subekvatoruli tyeebis bunebrivi
zona;
• tropikul sartyelSi _ sa­
vanebisa da naTeli tyeebis bunebri­
vi zona;
• subtropikul sartyelSi _
maradmwvane tyeebisa da buCq­narebis
bunebrivi zona;
• zomier sartyelSi _ naxevradud­
abnoebisa da udabnoebis, stepebis
(preriebis), tyestepis, farTofoT­
lovani tyeebis, Sereuli tyeebis da
wiwvovani tyeebis bunebrivi zona;
• subarqtikul sartyelSi _ ty­
etundrisa da tundris bunebrivi
zona;
• arqtikul (antarqtikul) sarty­
elSi _ arqtikuli (antarqtikuli)
udabnnoebis bunebrivi zona.
nax.2.4.2. naleqebis ganawileba, mm
kiTxvebi
1. romelia ZiriTadi da gardamavali geo­
grafiuli sartyeli?
2. ramdeni bunebrivi zonaa warmodgenili
zomier sartyelSi?
nax.2.4.3. haeris saSualo temperatura, 0C
davaleba
1. gaaanalizeT msoflioSi naleqebis ganawilebis Taviseburebani (nax. 2.4.2-is mixedviT) da gamoyaviT
misi didi (mcire) raodenobiT gamorCeuli regionebi.
2. gaaanalizeT msoflioSi haeris temperaturis ganawilebis Taviseburebani (nax. 2.4.3-is mixedviT) da
gamoyaviT misi mravalferovnebiT gamorCeuli regionebi.
3. warmoaCineT CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentze naleqebisa da temperaturis ganawilebis geografiuli
Taviseburebani.
kuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa okeanuri wylis zeda
_ 100 metrian fenaSi anu iq, sadac maqsi­
malurad aRwevs siTbo da sinaTle.
msoflio okeaneSi ramdenime bunebrivi
zona gamoiyofa, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
nax.2.4.4. teniani ekvatoruli tyeebi. amazonia. brazilia.
zonaloba msoflio okeaneSi
msoflio okeaneSi ganedebis mixedviT,
zedapiruli wylis temperaturisa da sinaT­
lis SeRwevadobis mixedviT,
kargadaa
gamoxatuli okeaneebis zonaloba. igi gansa­
nax.2.4.5. marjnis zRvis samyaro.
53
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
wylis temperaturiT, naleqebiT, marilia­
nobiT da sicocxlis ganviTarebis Tavise­
burebebiT gansxvavdeba, kerZod:
• yinulovani zRvebis zona – warmodge­
nilia C.g. 700-idan CrdiloeTiT da s.g.700dan samxreTiT;
• zomieri zona – warmodgenilia C.g. da
s.g. 500-700 Soris;
• pasaturi dinebebis zona – warmodge­
nilia C.g. da s.g. 50-500 Soris;
• marjnis zRvebis zona – warmodgenilia
C.g. da s.g. 50 Soris.
kiTxvebi
1. ramdeni da romeli bunebrivi zona gamoiyofa
msoflio okeaneSi?
2. riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan msoflio
okeanis zonebi?
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT kilimanjaros da atakamas geo­
grafiuli maxasiaTeblebi da daadgineT maTi mde­
bareoba klimaturi da geografiuli sartylebis
mixedviT.
2. daaxasiaTeT kilimanjaros mimdebare garemo da
bunebrivi zonalobis Taviseburebani.
azonaloba
geografiuli garsisTvis damaxasiaTebe­
lia azonaluri movlenebic, rac ukavSird­
eba bunebrivi zonebis ara ganedur, aramed
nax.2.4.7. udabno atakama. Cile.
meridianul an vertikalur ganawilebas.
mTebSi azonalobis ZiriTadi mizezi haeris
temperaturis simaRlebrivi cvlilebaa. maga­
liTad, akonkaguas mwvervali, romelic geo­
grafiulad cxel klimatur sartyelSia
warmodgenili, mudmivi TovliTaa dafaru­
li.
vakeebze azonalobis gamomwvevi mizezi
okeanuri dinebebis siaxlovea, romlebic
praqtikulad cvlian mimdebare teritoriis
havas. azonalobis TvalsaCino gamovlinebaa
CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentze bunebrivi
zonebis meridianuli ganlageba, rac golf­
strimis Tbil dinebas ukavSirdeba. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas araerTi okeanis sanapiro
zolSi warmodgenil udabnoebze (magali­
Tad, atakama wynari okeanis sanapiroze
samxreT amerikaSi, xolo namibi _ atlantis
okeanis sanapiroze afrikaSi), rac civ dine­
bebs ukavSirdeba.
es sainteresoa:
geografiul sartyelTa Soris yvelaze didi
farTobi zomiers ukavia (38 mln km2 anu xmeleTis
25,7%), yvelaze mcire _ ekvatoruls (8,5 mln
km2 anu 5,7%). Tuki igive maCvenebels ga­nvixilavT
bunebrivi zonebisTvis, aRmoCndeba, rom yvelaze
vrceli te­ritoriebi ukavia zomieri da sub­
tropikuli sartylis tyeebiT warmodgenil bune­
briv zonebs (52 mln km2 anu xmeleTis 35,2%).
yvelaze mcire farTobi ki ded­amiwaze tyetun­
dris bunebriv zonas ukavia (4,5 mln km2 anu
xmeleTis 3%).
nax.2.4.6. kilimanjaro. afrika.
54
2.5. arqtikuli (antarqtikuli) sartyeli
_ arqtikuli (antarqtikuli) udabnoebi.
subarqtikuli sartyeli _ tundra, tyetundra
leqsikoni
vegetacia _ mce­
naris zrda-gan­
viTareba.
fauna _ cxo­
velTa samyaro.
nax.2.5.1.
bunebrivi zonebi.
arqtikuli (antarqtikuli) udabnoebis zona
arqtikuli (antarqtikuli) udabnoebis
bunebrivi zona warmodgenilia CrdiloeT
da samxreT polaruli wris SigniT, arqti­
kul (antarqtikul) sartyelSi, CrdiloeT
yinulovani okeanis da antarqtidis konti­
nentis teritoria vrceldeba, ZiriTadad
CrdiloeT da samxreT ganedis 700-dan 900
farglebSi. bunebrivi zona warmodgenilia
evraziis (ruseTi) da CrdiloeT amerikis
(kanada, aSS) ukidures CrdiloeT, kunZu­
lovan nawilSi da kunZul grenlandiis
(dania) udides nawilze.
bunebriv zonebs Soris aq haeris yvelaze
dabali temperaturaa. igi ganpirobebulia
nax.2.5.3. arqtikuli udabno. CrdiloeT norvegia.
gvxvde­ba niadagi, xolo mcenareuloba xav­se­
bi­sa da mRierebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. iS­
vi­aTia balaxovnebi. cxovelTa samyarodan vx­
vdebiT TeTr daTvs, xarverZs, CrdiloeTis
irems (amerikaSi cnobilia karibus saxe­liT),
yarsaRs, selaps, pingvins (antarqtidaSi).
okeanis wyali mdidaria TevziT, ris gamoc
bunebriv zonaSi bevria frinvelTa Tavmoyris
adgilebi, e.w. `frinvelTa bazrebi~.
arqtikuli (antarqtikuli) udabnoebis
bunebrivi zona TiTqmis dausaxlebelia. mo­
saxleobis ZiriTadi saqmianoba meirmeoba da
meTevzeobaa.
nax.2.5.2. arqtikuli udabno. grenlandia (aerofotosuraTi).
mzis dacemis dabali kuTxiT da maRali
RrublianobiT.
dabali
temperaturebis
0
0
(zafxulSi 0 +5 mde, zamTarSi -150-700)
gamo TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi devs
Tovlis mZlavri saburveli. Zalze mcirea
aorTqleba, naleqebis raodenoba ki 250 300 mm ar aRemateba. naleqebi ZiriTadad
Tovlis saxiT modis. praqtikulad ar
nax.2.5.4. `frinvelTa bazari~. Toliebi. CrdiloeT kanada.
55
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
kiTxvebi
davaleba
1. sad vrceldeba arqtikuli udabnoebis bune­
brivi zona?
2. ra ganapirobebs arqtikul udabnoebSi haeris
dabal temperaturas?
3. ras niSnavs `frinvelTa bazari~?
gaaanalizeT msoflios fizikuri rukis daxmare­
biT arqtikuli udabnoebis bunebrivi zonis gavr­
ce­lebis Taviseburebani da CamowereT is kunZule­
bi, sadac warmodgenilia es bunebrivi zona
tundris zona
tundris bunebrivi zona warmodgenilia
evraziis da CrdiloeT amerikis CrdiloeT
nawilSi, agreTve kunZul grenladiis sana­
piro zolSi. tundra mcire fragmentebis
saxiT samxreT amerikis ukidures samxreT
(cecxlovan miwaze) da antarqtidis Crdil­
oeT nawilSic gvxvdeba.
aq haeris uTbilesi Tvis (ivlisis) tem­
peraturaa +50+120, ucivesis -100-350. TiTq­
mis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi devs Tovli,
ris gamoc aorTqleba umniSvneloa. naleqebis
raodenoba (300-400 mm) aRemateba aorTqle­
bas, rac Waobebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
naleqebi umeteswilad Tovlis saxiT modis.
gvxvdeba mcire simZlavris (sisqis) niadagi.
nax.2.5.6. tundra. CrdiloeTis iremi. ruseTi.
(ixvi, bati da sxv.) binadrobs.
mkacri bunebrivi pirobebis gamo, tundris
bunebrivi zona ZiriTadad dausaxlebelia. mo­
saxleoba mcire zomis dasaxlebul punqtebSi
da mdinareTa xeobebSi cxovrobs. maTi ZiriTa­
di saqmianoba meirmeoba, monadireoba da meTe­
vzeobaa. mcire portebi, romlebic TevzmWer
gemebs emsaxurebian, ganlagebulia huZonis
yuris, labradoris naxevarkunZulis (kanada),
grenlandiis (dania) da alaskis (aSS) sana­
piro zolSi.
nax.2.5.5. tundris bunebrivi zona.
mcenareulobaSi ki, xavsebsa da mRierebTan
erTad, gvxvdeba balaxeuloba da dabaltani­
ani buCqnarebi (juja aryi, tirifi, fiWvi,
mocvi da sxv.). tundraSi savegetacio peri­
odi 2-3 Tves grZeldeba, rac arasakmarisia
xeebisa da kulturuli mcenareebis ganviTa­
rebisaTvis.
cxovelTa samyaro SedarebiT
mravalferovania. aq gvxvdeba rogorc arqti­
kuli udabnoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxove­
lebi, ise tundris mgeli, polaruli gno­
li, CrdiloeTis gnoli da bu, calkeuli
mRrnelebi da sxv. vxvdebiT `frinvelTa baz­
rebsac~, sadac bevri gadamfreni frinveli
56
nax.2.5.7. meTevzeTa dasaxleba tundraSi. grenlandiis
dasavleTi sanapiro.
kiTxvebi
1. sad vrceldeba tundris bunebrivi zona?
2. rogori klimaturi maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCeva
tundra?
3. sad cxovrobs mosaxleoba tundraSi?
davaleba
1. aRwereT tundris bunebrivi garemo (nax.2.5.5-is
da 2.5.6-is gamoyenebiT).
2. CamowereT is mizezebi, rac ganapirobebs meTevzeTa
dasaxlebaSi (nax.2.5.7) Senobebis mravalferovnebas.
tyetundris zona
tyetundris bunebrivi zona warmodge­
nilia evraziis da
CrdiloeT amerikis
CrdiloeT nawilSi, skandinaviis saxelmwi­
foebis, ruseTis, kanadis da aSS-s terito­
riebze. igi gardamavali bunebrivi zonaa
tundrasa da wiwviani tyeebis bunebriv
zonebs Soris, ris gamoc aq warmodgenilia
orivesTvis damaxasiaTebeli bunebrivi gare­
mos elementebi.
haeris uTbilesi Tvis (ivlisis) temper­
aturaa +100+140, ucivesis -100-300. na­
leqebis raodenoba, xasiaTi da aorTqlebis
maCveneblebi TiTqmis igivea, rac tundraSi.
Tumca siTbos matebasTan erTad SedarebiT
ukeTesi pirobebia mcenareulobis ganviTa­
rebisaTvis, rac saboloo jamSi niadagis
Camoyalibebasac uwyobs xels. niadags axasi­
aTebs maradi mzraloba _ masSi wyali mud­
mivad gayinulia. tyetundraSi, tundris
mcenareulobasTan erTad, tanbrecili da
meCxeri tyeebi, Waobebi da mdeloebia war­
modgenili. aq gvxvdeba naZvi, lariqsi, aryi,
verxvi, tirifi. xemcenareulobis simaRle
ar aRemateba 7-8 metrs. tyetundraSi savege­
tacio periodi 3-3,5 Tve grZeldeba, rac
sakmarisia mdinareTa xeobebSi baRCeulis
zogierTi saxeobis mosayvanad. cxovelTa
samyaroSi Cndeba iseTi saxeobebi, rogori­
caa mura daTvi, sindiofala, yaryumi, Taxvi
da sxv. Zvirfasbewviani cxovelebi.
tyetundris bunebriv zonaSi mudmivi
dasaxlebebi cotaa. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi
saqmianoba meirmeoba da monadireobaa. miuxe­
davad araxelsayreli garemosi, aq cxovro­
ben eskimosebi, aleutelebi, CuqCebi, ko­
riakebi, indielebis calkeuli tomebi da
sxva xalxebi.
nax.2.5.9. tyetundra. aleutis kunZulebi.
kiTxvebi
1. sad vrceldeba tyetundris bunebrivi zona?
2. ra axasiaTebs tyetundris niadagebs?
3. romeli xalxebi cxovroben tyetundraSi?
davaleba
nax.2.5.8. tyetundra. skandinaviis naxevarkunZuli.
norvegia.
1. aRwereT tundris bunebrivi garemo (nax.2.5.8-is
da 2.5.9-is gamoyenebiT).
2. SeadgineT cxrili, sadac warmodgenili iqneba arq­
tikuli da subarqtikuli bunebrivi zonebi da maTi
Sesabamisi: klimaturi maxasiaTeblebi, mcenareuloba
da cxovelTa samyaro, adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba.
3. moiZieT msoflios fizikur rukaze aleutis
kunZulebi da daadgineT misi geografiuli Ta­
viseburebani.
57
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
2.6. zomieri sartyeli.
wiwvovani da Sereuli tyis bunebrivi zona
leqsikoni
dominanti _
ZiriTadi, gaba­
tonebuli.
amplituda _ sxva­
oba or maCveneb­
els Soris.
degradacia _ gau­
areseba, daqveiTeba.
nax.2.6.1. wiwvovani
tyeebis bunebrivi
zona.
zomieri sartyeli bunebrivi zonebis mra­
valferovnebiT gamoirCeva _ aq eqvsi tipis
bunebrivi zonaa warmodgenili. maT ganedur
(zonalur) monacvleobas siTbosa da tenis
maCveneblebis cvla ganapirobebs. zomieri
sartylis CrdiloeT nawilSi wiwvovani tye­
ebia gavrcelebuli, romelic samxreTiT
jer Sereuli, Semdgom ki farTofoTlovani
tyeebiT icvleba. kidev ufro samxreTiT,
naleqebis raodenobis klebis Sedegad, tyis
mcenareulobas uWirs ganviTareba. amis gamo,
farTofoTlovan tyeebs jer tyestepebi,
Semdgom ki stepebi, naxevradudabnoebi da
udabnoebi mosdevs.
wiwvovani tyeebis bunebrivi zona
nax.2.6.2. taiga. cimbiri. ruseTi.
wiwvovani tyeebis bunebrivi zona taigis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, romelic farTo­
daa gavrcelebuli evraziis CrdiloeT
nawilSi. muqwiwvovnebs uzarmazari sivrce
ukaviaT CrdiloeT amerikaSic. bunebriv zo­
naSi, garda muqwiwvovnebisa (naZvi da soWi),
gvxvdeba fiWvi, kedari, aryi da sxv.
wiwvovani tyeebis bunebriv zonas axasi­
aTebs grili zafxuli da xangrZlivi civi
zamTari. rogorc zamTris, ise zafxulis tem­
peraturebi, bunebrivi zonis didi ganfenilo­
bis gamo, xasiaTdeba didi amplitudiT. ivli­
sis temperatura meryeobs +120+200, xolo
58
ianvris -100-500 Soris. am bunebriv zonaSi
(ruseTi, cimbiri, oimiakonis Rrmuli) dafiq­
sirda yvelaze dabali temperatura (-710)
CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi. didi amplitudiT
xasiaTdeba naleqebic. misi raodenoba kanadis
aRmo­savleT da evraziis Crdilo-dasavleT
nawilSi 600 mm, xolo kontinentis siRrmeSi
(cimbirSi) _ 300 mm-ia. aorTqlebis dabali
maCveneblebis gamo, xSiria mdinareebis qseli
da Waobebi. aq miedineba iseTi mdinareebi, ro­
goricaa enisei, lena, makenzi da sxv. maT didi
satransporto mniSvneloba aqvT.
nax.2.6.3. fiWvnarebi. Tergis xeoba.
taigaSi niadagebi maradi mzralobiT xas­
iaTdeba, ris gamoc ver xerxdeba misi gamo­
yeneba. cxovelTa samyaro ar gamoirCeva mra­
valferovnebiT, rac maTi ganviTarebisTvis
SezRuduli garemo pirobebiTaa ganpirobebu­
li. rTuli klimaturi pirobebis gamo gavr­
celebulia Zvirfasbewviani cxovelebi (on­
datra, maCvzRarbi, siasamuri da sxv.). maT
didi sarewao mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. soflis
meurneoba sustadaa ganviTarebuli. ZiriTa­
dad misdeven mebostneobas, meTevzeobas,
xil-kenkris
Segrovebas,
memarcvleobas
(Wvavi, qeri).
kiTxvebi
1. romel teritoriebs moicavs taiga?
2. ras niSnavs _ temperaturis amplituda da ro­
gor iangariSeba igi?
3. ratom ar gamoirCeva taigis cxovelTa samyaro
mravalferovnebiT?
davaleba
1. aRwereT taigis gavrcelebis geografiuli Ta­
viseburebani
2. daadgineT da SeafaseT fineTis da qalaq vanku­
veris geografiuli mdebareobis Taviseburebani.
3. aRwereT fiWvis gavrcelebis Taviseburebani Ter­
gis xeobaSi.
dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi
muqwiwvovani da fiWvnari tyeebi gvxdeba sa­
Sualo mTebSi, zR.d. 1600-2200 m farg­
lebSi. fiWvnarebi sakmaod did farTobebzea
warmodgenili abasTumnisa da borjomis
midamoebSi. muqwiwvovan tyeebs saqarTvelos
tyiani teritoriis 1/6 ukavia. xSirad,
maRal mTebSi saZovrebis gafarToebis mizniT
adamiani anadgurebs muqwiwvianebs.
muqwiwvovani tyeebis gavrcelebis are­
alebi jansaRi garemoTi xasiaTdeba. saqarT­
veloSi cnobilia ramdenime kurorti (Sovi,
abasTumani, sairme, riwa da sxv.), sadac
araerTi daavadeba inkurneba.
nax.2.6.4. vankuveri. kanada
taigaSi mudmivi mosaxleoba mxolod mdi­
nareTa xeobebSi gvxvdeba. aq cxovroben
rusebi, Svedebi, norvegielebi, finelebi,
karelielebi, indielebi da sxva xalxebi.
nax.2.6.5. wiwvovani tyeebis saxecvlili garemo. fineTi.
nax.2.6.6. muqwiwviani tyeebis degradacia. SavSeTis qedi.
59
saqarTvelos da msoflios geografia
Sereuli tyeebis bunebrivi zona
Sereuli tyeebis bunebrivi zona gavrcele­
bulia evraziaSi, CrdiloeT da
samxreT
amerikaSi, axal zelandiasa da kunZul tasma­
niaze. igi gardamavalia wiwvovani da farTo­
foTlovani tyeebis bunebriv zonebs Soris.
bunebriv zonas axasiaTebs SedarebiT Tbi­
li zafxuli da civi zamTari. ivlisis tem­
peratura aRwevs +200-s, xolo ianvris -50150-s Soris meryeobs. naleqebis raodenoba
sakmaod maRalia da 1000 mm-s aRwevs. na­
leqebi da aorTqleba TiTqmis Tanabaria,
ris gamoc tenis siWarbe mxolod calkeuli
adgilebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
aq mcenareuloba ZiriTadad muqwiwvovanfarTofoTlovania. farTofoTlovani mcena­
reuloba (nekerCxali, verxvi, cacxvi, muxa,
wabli, wifeli da sxv.) erTian koromebs
qmnis naZvTan da fiWvTan.
Sereuli tyeebis cxovelTa samyaro gaci­
nax.2.6.8. Sereuli tyeebis aTviseba. axali zelandia.
lebiT mravalferovania taigasTan Sedare­
biT. aq gvxvdeba gareuli Rori, kurdReli,
saqarTveloSi Sereuli tyeebi ZiriTadad
iremi, Sveli, Taxvi, frinvelis bevri saxe­
naZviT, soWiT da wifliT iqmneba. isini
oba.
gavrcelebulia saSualo mTebSi, zR.d. 14001800 m farglebSi. aq ianvris saSualo tem­
peratura -3-70-ia, xolo ivlisis +14+160.
ar SeiniSneba tenis deficiti, radgan aRin­
iSneba naleqebis sakmaod didi raodenoba
(1000 mm meti). Sereuli tyeebisTvis dam­
axasiaTebelia tyis yomrali niada­gebi.
Sereuli tyeebis zona TiTqmis mTli­
anadaa aTvisebuli evropasa da CrdiloeT
amerikaSi. aq cxovroben germanelebi, po­
lonelebi, rusebi, belorusebi, latviele­
bi, litvelebi, estonelebi da sxv. xalxe­
bi.
kiTxvebi
1. riTi gansxvavdeba Sereuli tyeebis klimaturi
maCveneblebi taigisagan?
2. romeli farTofoTlovani saxeobebi gvxvdeba
Sereul tyeSi?
3. romeli xalxebi cxovroben Sereuli tyeebis
bunebriv zonaSi?
davaleba
nax.2.6.7. Sereuli tye. apalaCebi, aSS.
60
CamowereT da SeadareT taigis da Sereuli tyee­
bis bunebrivi zonis klimaturi maxasiaTeblebi.