docgeografia 7
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geografia 7
d. kereseliZe g. Wanturia m. bliaZe geografia 7 maswavleblis wigni Sinaarsi I Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 II zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi ----------------------------------------------- 6 III erovnuli saswavlo gegma -------------------------------------------------------------- 7 IV meToduri rekomendaciebi maswavlebelTaTvis ---------------------------------- 13 V saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan (Sinaarsisa da misaRwevi Sedegebis ruka) ------------------------------ 24 VI saswavlo masalis wardgenis axsna-ganmartebebi --------------------------------- 28 VII gakveTilis dagegmvis zogadi principebi ----------------------------------------- 30 VIII komentarebi moswavlis wignis sagakveTilo paragrafebze -------------------- 34 IX sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi -------------------------------------------------- 36 X Sefaseba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 XI moswavlis wignSi mocemuli davalebebis pasuxebi ------------------------------ 62 XII moswavlis wignSi mocemuli Semajamebeli samuSaoebis pasuxebi ------------- 72 XII damatebiTi masala --------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 XIII damatebiTi literatura ------------------------------------------------------------ 79 I Sesavali qveynis, sazogadoebis, skolisa da ojaxis movaleobaa iseTi pirovnebisa da moqalaqis aRzrda, romelic aRWurvili iqneba saTanado codniTa da unar-CvevebiT, realizaciisa da TviTdamkvidrebis surviliTa da SesaZleblobebiT. swored am miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmna VII klasis geografiis saxelmZRvanelo. saxelmZRvanelos mTavari mizania, moswavlisaTvis ara mxolod codna-informaciis mowodeba, aramed naswavli masalis gaazreba, im unar-Cvevebis formireba da ganviTareba, rac maT saSualebas miscems, miRebuli codna praqtikulad gamoiyenon. amavdroulad, saxelmZRvanelom unda uzrunvelyos moswavleTa sivrciT-droiTi, analitikuri da sistemuri azrovnebis ganviTareba, maTi patriotuli aRzrda; daexmaros maT aRiqvan samyaro mTlianobaSi da gansazRvron saqarTvelos adgili msoflio procesebSi. geografiis saxelmZRvanelo mimarTulia iseTi miznebis misaRwevad, rogorebicaa moswavleebSi geografiuli, garemosdacviTi da ekonomikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibeba, politikuri kulturis formireba, sakuTari qveynis bunebis mravalferovnebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, maTi Sedareba sxva qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebTan da maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebis dadgena. geografiis VII klasis saxelmZRvanelo moicavs 5 Tavs, romlebSic gaerTianebulia 50-mde Tema. saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi (sagakveTilo Temebi) Seesabameba erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul misaRwev Sedegebsa da indikatorebs. saxelmZRvanelos mTavari SemecnebiTi-saganmanaTleblo funqcia gulisxmobs codnis damoukideblad SeZenis unars. moswavlem unda miiRos msofliosa da mSobliuri qveynis bunebis, mosaxleobis, meurneobisa da sxva mravali sakiTxis Sesaxeb iseTi codna, romelic mas momaval praqtikul saqmianobaSi gamoadgeba, xels Seuwyobs zogadgeografiuli kulturis Camoyalibebas, agreTve garemomcveli samyarosadmi faqizi da pasuxismgebliani damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas. vimedovnebT, rom aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelo iqneba rogorc codnisa da unar-Cvevebis SeZenis saSualeba, aseve umTavres rols Seasrulebs moswavleTa qcevis modelebis formirebis procesSi. e E s ki xels Seuwyobs moswavleebs, rom maT sworad gansazRvron TavianTi adgili bunebriv, socialur da kulturul struqturebSi sxvadasxva – lokalur, regionalur da globaluri doneebze. VII klasis geografiis saxelmZRvanelos axlavs maswavleblis wigni, romlis mizania, maswavleblebs gaacnos saxelmZRvanelos funqcia, gakveTilebis agebis principebi, struqtura da swavlebis interaqtiuri meTodebi; agreTve, Seuqmnas warmodgena gakveTilebis dagegmis nimuSebsa da sagakveTilo scenarebze. maswavleblis wignis umTavresi mizania, daexmaros maswavlebels Tanamedrove gakveTilis dagegmvasa da CatarebaSi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven mier SemoTavazebuli meToduri rekomendaciebi maT Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr SeuZliaT gamoiyenon. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT VII klasSi geografia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iswavleba, kviraSi 2 saaTi. maswavlebels saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, rCeba sarezervo dro, romelsac sxvadasxva aqtivobisa da damoukidebeli muSaobisTvis gamoiyenebs. saxelmZRvanlos teqstur, sagakveTilo nawils erTvis mravalferovani kartografiuli masala (sqematuri rukebi, naxazebi, cxrilebi, diagramebi, sqemebi da sxv.), ilustraciebi (fotosuraTebi, aerofotosuraTebi) da Tematuri masala (saintereso movlenebi, cnobebi, faqtebi, wyaroebi). TiToeul Temas mosdevs savarjiSoebi, davalebebi da sxva aqtivobebi, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili sruldeba gakveTilze, nawili ki gamiznulia saSinao davalebisaTvis. kiTxva-davalebebi da savarjiSoebi xels Seuwyobs moswavleebs, ganaviTaron TavianTi SesaZleblobebi informaciis moZiebisa da damuSavebis kuTxiT, gaxdnen cnobismoyvareni, sakuTar Tavs dausvan SekiTxvebi da sxv. Sedegad moswavleebs CamouyalibdebaT varaudis gamoTqmisa da warmosaxvis, agreTve damoukidebeli da kritikuli azrovnebis unari, aseve informaciis moZiebis, klasificirebis, analizisa da sakuTari azris dasabuTebis unari. vimedovnebT, aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelo xels Seuwyobs moswavleebSi TavianTi qveynisa da mTlianad samyaros mimarT interesis gaRvivebas, istoriuli da geografiuli azrovnebis, aseve samoqalaqo cnobierebis Camoyalibebas. II zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi saqarTveloSi zogadi ganaTlebis sistema miznad isaxavs, Seqmnas xelsayreli pirobebi erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio RirebulebebiT aRWurvili, Tavisufali pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. amasTan erTad, ganaTlebis sistema uviTarebs mozards gonebriv da fizikur unar-Cvevebs, aZlevs saWiro codnas, amkvidrebs jansaRi cxovrebis wess, moswavleebs uyalibebs liberalur da demokratiul Rirebulebebze damyarebul samoqalaqo cnobierebas da exmareba maT ojaxis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe sakuTari ufleba-movaleobebis gacnobierebaSi. saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze mozardma unda SeZlos: a) qveynis interesebis, tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis mimarT sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba: saskolo ganaTlebam unda ganuviTaros mozards unari, rom sworad gansazRvros sakuTari qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi, kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebi, da misces mas sasikeTo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da aqtiuri moqmedebis SesaZlebloba; b) bunebrivi garemo pirobebis SenarCuneba da dacva: mozardma unda icodes, ra bunebriv garemoSi cxovrobs, ra ziani SeiZleba miayenos garemos adamianis ama Tu im moqmedebam, rogor SeinarCunis da daicvas bunebrivi garemo; g) teqnologiuri Tu sxva inteleqtualuri miRwevebis efeqtianad gamoyeneba; informaciis mopoveba, damuSaveba da analizi: dRes, rodesac adamianisaTvis misawvdomia didi moculobisa da sxvadasxva Sinaarsiis informacia, misi efeqtianad gamoyenebis unari sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens. mozards undaESeeZlos ara mxolod informaciis mopoveba, aramed misi Sefasebac Sinaarsis, daniSnulebisa da xarisxis mixedviT, dasaxuli miznebisaTvis misi gamoyenebis formebis gansazRvra; teqnologiuri miRwevebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis, muSaobis, inteleqtualuri Tu sulieri moRvaweobis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad; d) damoukideblad cxovreba, gadawyvetilebis miReba: saskolo ganaTlebam unda ganuviTaros mozards pirad, ojaxur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi damoukidebel gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis unar-Cvevbi; e) iyos Semoqmedi, Tavad Seqmnas Rirebulebebi da ar icxovros mxolod arsebulis xarjze: saskolo ganaTlebam unda uzrunvelyos mozardis im unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba, romelic miscems mas saSualebas, ukve arsebuli gamocdileba da miRwevebi gamoiyenos axali materialuri, inteleqtualuri Tu sulieri Rirebulebbebis Sesaqmnelad; v) sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis uwyveti ganviTareba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da maTi maqsimaluri realizeba, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis sazRvrebs gareTac: saskolo ganaTlebam unda Camouyalibos mozards uwyveti ganviTarebis, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi axali codnisa da Cvevebis damoukideblad SeZenis unari, raTa SeZlos sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da sulieri midrekilebebis adekvaturad gansazRvra da amis mixedviT sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidreba; mozardi mzad unda iyos, arCevani gaakeTos momavali ganaTlebisa da SromiTi saqmianobisaTvis. z) komunikacia individebTan da jgufebTan: saskolo ganaTlebam unda uzrunvelyos, rom sazogadoebis momaval wevrebs ganuviTaros zogadi sakomunikacio unar-Cvevebi ( wera, kiTxva, metyveleba, mosmena), saorganizacio da jgufuri muSaobis Cvevebi, maT Soris imaT, visTvisac saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena mSobliuri ar aris; T) iyos kanonmorCili, toleranti moqalaqe: dRevandel dinamikur, eTnikur da kulturulad mravalferovan samyaroSi sazogadoebis funqcionirebisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens urTierTpativiscemis, urTierTgagebisa da urTierTSemcnebis Cvevebi. skolam unda gamoumuSavos mozards adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da pirovnebis pativiscemis unari, romelsac igi gamoiyenebs sakuTari da sxvisi TviTmyofadobis SesanarCuneblad. mozards unda SeeZlos adamianis arsebiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb miRebuli Teoriuli codnis ganxorcieleba da am principebiT cxovreba. III erovnuli saswavlo gegma sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi VII klasi wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT dro da garemo da eko sivrce nomika ist. geo. VII. 1 moswavles esmis welTaRricxvis sistema; akavSirebs movlenebsa da faqtebs istoriul epoqasTan. ist. geo. VII.2. moswavle informaciis mosapo veblad kiTxulobs sxvadasxva istoriul-geografiul saSualebebs. ist. geo. VII. 3. moswavle gansazRvravs geografiuli obieqte bis da teritoriebis adgilmdebareobas rukaze. ist. geo. VII. 4. moswavle xsnis, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi pirobebi dasaxlebis tipebsa da meurneobis ganviTarebaze. ist. geo. VII. 5. moswavle msje lobs bunebrivi resursebis racionalur da mravalmxriv gamoyenebaze. ist. geo. VII.6. moswavle aanalizebs ekonomikasa da bunebaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresiT gamowveul cvlilebebs. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da politika ist. geo. VII. 7. moswavle axasiaTebs da adarebs ermaneTs gansxvavebul saxel mwifo mmarTvelobis formebs. ist. geo. VII. 8. moswavle msje lobs politikuri moRvawis mniSvnelobaze qveynis istoriaSi. adamiani da kultura da sazogadoeba religia ist. geo. VII.9. moswavle axasiaTebs da adarebs erTmaneTs gansxvavebul socialur struqturebs. ist. geo. VII.10. moswavle msje lobs gansxvavebul kulturebsa da epoqebSi damkvidrebul wesebze, normebsa da kanonebze. ist. geo. VII. 11. moswavle ikvlevs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi pirobebi, socialuri garemo da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi adamianis yofaze. ist. geo. VII. 12. moswavle aanalizebs, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs religias sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebi mimarTuleba: dro da sivrce ist. geo. VII. 1. moswavles esmis welTaRricxvis sistema; akavSirebs istoriul movlenebsa.da faqtebs Sesabamis istoriul epoqebTan. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • istoriul movlenebs gadmoscems qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT; • ufardebs drois erTeulebs erTmaneTs (mag. aTaswleuli _ 10 saukune; saukune _ 100 weli da a. S.); • sworad iyenebs terminebs _ `Zveli era~, `Cven welTaRricxvamde~, `Zveli welTaRricxviT~, `qristes dabadebamde~, `axali era~, `Cveni welTaRricxviT~, `axali welTaRricxviT~; • klasSi jgufuri muSaobisas an individualurad drois xazze (skalaze) aRniSnavs istoriul TariRebs an istoriul periodebs; • gamoTqvams varauds dedamiwis ganviTarebis manZilze momxdari mniSvnelovani movlenebis Tanmimdevrobis (mag. hidrosferos, atmosferos, kontinentebisa da sicocxlis warmoSoba) Sesaxeb da adarebs mas geoqronologiur sqemas. • asaxelebs im saukunesa da aTaswleuls, romelsac miekuTvneba konkretuli TariRi; • adgens cxrils, romelSic saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebul TemebTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan TariRebs alagebs qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT da miakuTvnebs Sesabamis epoqas (winaagraruli, agraruli, industriuli da postindustriuli); mag: Tema III (martivi socialuri jgufebidan Tanamedrove saxelmwifomde) Tema I (Sroma da teqnologiebi) Tema II (yofa da dasaxlebis tipebi) winaagraruli paleoliTi gamoiyenes cecxli zeda paleoliTi _ adamiani cxovrobs gamoqvabulSi 40000 wlis win _ gvarovnuli Temis Camoyalibeba agraruli neoliTi _ miwaTmoqmedebis da mesaqonleobis warmoSoba Zv. w. I aTaswleuli _ daarsda pirveli qalaqi Zv. w. me-3 s-is dasawyisi _ qarTlis samefos Seqmna Tema epoqa Tema IV tinentebis mixedviT sami yvelaze didi da sami yvelaze mcire qveynis (farTobisa da mosaxleobis mixedviT) maxasiaTeblebs; • iyenebs saqarTvelos atlass da axasiaTebs erT-erT samxareo erTeuls (mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, reliefi, hidrografiuli qseli, administraciuli centrebi); • rukis gamoyenebiT gansazRvravs saqarTvelos zogadgeografiul mdebareobas; adarebs msgavsi da gansxvavebuli mdebareobis qveynebs, ajgufebs maT cxrilSi; • atlasis gamoyenebiT avsebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva epoqis (Sua saukuneebi, sabWoTa periodi, dRevandeli) politikur-administraciuli dayofis rukas da adarebs erTmaneTs. ist. geo. VII. 2. moswavle informaciis mosapoveblad kiTxulobs sxvadasxva istoriul-geografiul saSualebebs. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • geografiuli da istoriuli informaciis interpretacias axdens fotoebis, cxrilebis da rukebis gamoyenebiT; • saerTaSoriso simbolikis saSualebiT ganaTavsebs informacias konturul rukebze da sxvadasxva damxmare istoriul-geografiul saSualebebze; • iyenebs dedamiwis saaTobrivi sartylebis rukas da adarebs sakuTari qveynis dros sxva sartylebSi arsebul qveynis dros; • warmosaxviT mogzaurobs dedamiwis garSemo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken an dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken; msjelobs TariRTa cvlis xazis daniSnulebasa da ganlagebis principebze; aseve mogzaurobisas Seqmnil uxerxulobebze da maTi daZlevis saSualebebze. • erTi tipis geografiul saSualebaze mocemul informacias gamoxatavs sxva saxiT (mag.: msoflio rukidan mniSvnelovan mdinareebs ajgufebs cxrilSi kontinentebis mixedviT). ist. geo. VII. 3. moswavle gansazRvravs geografiuli obieqtebis da teritoriebis adgilmdebareobas rukaze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • rukis gamoyenebiT gansazRvravs msoflios da saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani geografiuli obieqtebis koordinatebs; • iyenebs politikur rukas da aRwers pirobiT niSnebs (ferebi, sazRvrebi), romliTac xdeba teritoriebis (saxelmwifofoebi, administraciuli erTeulebi, dedaqalaqebi) aRniSvna politikur rukaze; • rukisa da statistikuri informaciis gamoyenebiT adgens cxrils, sadac ganaTavsebs kon- mimarTuleba: garemo da ekonomika ist. geo. VII. 4. moswavle xsnis, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi pirobebi dasaxlebis tipebsa da meurneobis ganviTarebaze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • klasSi jgufuri muSaobisas akvirdeba arqeologiur da eTnografiul (saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul an moZiebul) masalas da pasuxobs SekiTxvas _ ra saqmianobas eweoda xalxi, romelsac es nivTebi (samosaxlo) ekuTvnoda; • saqarTvelos konturul rukaze aRniSnavs sxvadasxva tipis dasaxlebebs da msjelobs konkretul geografiul garemoSi maTi gaCenis mizezebze (mag. ratom aarseben qalaqebs mdinareebis napirebze); msjelobs sxavdasxva garemoSi mosaxleobis gansaxlebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb (mdinaris xeobebis gaswvriv, zRvis napirebze, udabnoebSi, mTebSi, industriul da agrarul regionebSi); adarebs (ecnoba da aanalizebs dasaxlebuli punqtebis fotosuraTebsa da adgilis gegmebs) maT sakuTar dasaxlebul punqts; • fotosuraTis an rukis gamoyenebiT aRwers sxvadasxva teritoriisTvis damaxasiaTebel peizaJs (mag. tropikuli tyeebi, udabno, stepi da sxva) da akavSirebs mas am qveynis (regionis) sameurneo saqmianobasTan; • klasSi jgufuri muSaobisas fotosuraTebis saSualebiT adarebs sxvadasxva geografiul garemoSi arsebul or samosaxlos da adgens maT Soris gansxvavebas (masala, arqiteqtura); • moipovebs informacias bunebriv-katastrofuli movlenebis (Rvarcofi, zvavi, mewyeri, wyaldidoba da sxva) geografiis Sesaxeb da ajgufebs maT(mag. cxrilis saSualebiT); • statistikuri masalis safuZvelze axasiaTebs msgavsi balianobis or miwisZvras (mag.: spitakis da raWis), msjelobs gansxvavebuli Sedegebis (msxverpli, zarali, bunebis transformacia) mizezebze da ajgufebs cxrilis saSualebiT; • gamoTqvams varauds bunebriv-katastrofuli movlenebisgan SesaZlo Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, adarebs mas saqarTveloSi da sxva qveynebSi damkvidrebul Tavdacvis saSualebebs (mag.: svanuri arqiteqturis Sesabamisoba zvavebTan); • ikvlevs sasoflo-sameurneo bazris asortiments, ajgufebs maT (mag. cxrilis saSualebiT) saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT, gansazRvravs sasoflo-sameurneo tipebs da Sedegebs warmoadgens misTvis sasurveli formiT. ist. geo. VII 5. moswavle moswavle msjelobs bunebrivi resursebis racionalur da mravalmxriv gamoyenebaze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • ajgufebs (baraTebis an cxrilis gamoyenebiT) erTi masalisgan damzadebul sxvadasxva arqeologiur nivTs (mag. Tixisgan mzaddeboda qoTanic da aguric); • ajgufebs (baraTebis an cxrilis gamoyenebiT) bunebriv resursebsa da Sesabamis ekonomikis dargebs; • akavSirebs sayofacxovrebo moxmarebis sagnebs resursis tipTan; • sqemis saSualebiT gamosaxavs resursebis saxecvlilebas mopovebidan moxmarebamde (navTobi _ sawvavi _ eleqtroenergia); • werilobiT gadmoscems, Tu rogor moawyobda misi ojaxi sameurneo cxovrebas adreul epoqaSi mxolod im periodSi arsebuli resursebis gamoye- nebiT; • bunebriv resursebs ganasxvavebs sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblis mixedviT da ajgufebs maT cxrilSi industriuli postindustriuli (amouwuravi da amowurvadi (aRdgenadi, aRudgenadi); • adgens im bunebrivi resursebis nusxas, romlebsac gamoiyenebs misi ojaxi, qalaqi/ sofeli, qveyana; Sesabamisi simbolikis gamoyenebiT mopovebis adgi- lebi daaqvs konturul rukaze; • klasSi jgufuri muSaobis dros axdens CamoTvlili resursebis klasifikacias sxvadasxva niSniT: maTi gamoyenebis mniSvnelobis (pirveladi, meoreuli, naklebad mniSvnelovani, mniSvnelovani) da aTvisebis drois (uZvelesi, Zveli, axali, perspeqtiuli) mixedviT; • klasSi jgufuri muSaobis dros msjelobs CamoTvlili resursebis gamoyenebiT gamowveuli dabinZurebis (Zlier abinZurebs, abinZurebs, naklebad abinZurebs) Sesaxeb; • jgufSi muSaobisas msjelobs meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis mier zogierTi resursis moxmarebis aucileblobisa da intensivobis Sesaxeb da gansazRvravs maTi dazogvis gzebs (mag. wyali da eleqtroenergia). ist. geo. VII. 6. moswavle aanalizebs ekonomikasa da bunebaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresiT gamowveul cvlilebebs. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • klasSi jgufuri an individualuri muSaobisas drois skalaze aRniSnavs sam an oTx ideas (aRmoCenas), romlebmac, misi azriT, gamoiwvies yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ekonomikaSi uZvelesi droidan dRemde da klasis winaSe asabuTebs jgufis arCevans; • wers Temas, romelSic konkretuli magaliTis ganxilvis safuZvelze msjelobs mecnierulteqnikuri progresis rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT mxareebze (mag. atomuri energiis gamoyeneba); • Tanaklaselebis jgufTan erTad irCevs romelime mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas an gamogonebas da misi popularizaciisTvis amzadebs im epoqisTvis efeqtur reklamas (abra, firniSi, broSura, plakati, xmovani Setyobineba an audiorgoli, klipi da a.S.). mimarTuleba: saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da politika ist. geo. VII. 7. moswavle axasiaTebs da adarebs erTmaneTs gansxvavebul saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebs. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • axasiaTebs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formas, teritoriul mowyobasa da politikur reJims; irCevs romelime qveyanas da mis magaliTze CamoTvlis mizezebs, romlebic zegavlenas axdens saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis cvlilebebze; • adarebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formas erT epoqaSi da adgens cxrils, romelSic aRniSnavs maT dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs; mag.: saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma dadebiTi uaryofiTi aTenis demokratia • moipovebs informacias (saxelmZRvanelosa da damatebiTi literaturis saSualebiT) erTerTi qarTveli mefis Sesaxeb da wers Temas, romelSic saubrobs mis mier Catarebuli reformebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze; • cxrilis saSualebiT ajgufebs ori erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli politikuri moRvawis motivacias da miznebs; • adarebs or wyaros, romlebic gansxvavebulad afaseben erTi da imave istoriuli pirovnebis moRvaweobas; xsnis gansxvavbuli interpretaciis mizezebs; • maswavleblis daxmarebiT TanaklaselebTan erTad dgams speqtakls politikur moRvaweze; msjelobs speqtaklSi gadmocemuli istoriuli faqtebis Sesaxeb (mag.: `patara kaxi~). mimarTuleba: adamiani da sazogadoeba ist. geo. VII. 9. moswavle axasiaTebs da adarebs erTmaneTs gansxvavebul socialur struqturebs. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli (saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli da moZiebuli) masalidan gamoyofs im nivTebs, romlebic migvaniSnebs socialur diferenciaciaze; asabuTebs Tavis arCevans; • klasSi jgufuri an individualuri muSaobisas adgens cxrils, romlSic ajgufebs sazogadoebebs da maT mier gamoyenebuli iZulebiTi Sromis sxvadasxva formas; msjelobs rogorc warsulSi, aseve Tanamedrove msoflioSi iZulebiTi Sromis arsebobis mizezebze; • irCevs warsulis romelime sazogadoebis erT-erT socialur fenas da werilobiT aRwers am fenis warmomadgenlis yoveldRiur cxovrebas (mag. glexi _ Sua saukunis evropaSi an mona romis respublikaSi); • maswavleblis mier SeTavazebuli epoqidan asaxelebs warmatebul istoriul pirebs, gansazRvravs maT socialur statuss (mag: mefe, vaWari, monadire, bankiri, miwaTmflobeli, prezidenti, mecnieri da a.S.) da ayalibebs maTi warmatebulobis mizezebs; • TanaklaselebTan erTad monawileobs simulaciur TamaSSi, romelic warmoadgens ekonomikuri urTierTobis erT-erT models (mag: ferma, saxelosno, saamqro, maRazia, banki da a.S.). ist. geo. VII. 10. moswavle msjelobs gansxvavebul kulturebsa da epoqebSi damkvidrebul wesebze, normebsa da kanonebze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • klasSi jgufuri muSaobisas erTmaneTs adarebs sxvadasxva epoqis ori qveynis sakononmdeblo principebs da msjelobs, Tu romeli maTgania misTvis misaRebi (mag. hamurabis kanonebi da romauli kanonmdebloba, SariaTi da Tanamedrove qarTuli kanonmdebloba); • TanaklaselebTan erTad warmoadgens situaciur modelebs, romelTa moraluri da samarTlebrivi Sefasebebi xSirad erTmaneTs ar emTxveva (mag: tyuilis Tqma, mSieri, usaxlkaro bavSvis mier puris moparva, sikvdiliT dasja da a.S.); • sakuTari dakvirvebebidan gamomdinare, msjelobs, Tu ra safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebasa da pirovnebas dausjeloba kanonis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi; • sxva klasebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT TanaklaselebTan erTad SeimuSavebs sakuTari `klasis konstitucias~, adarebs mas maswavleblis mier SemoTavazebul wesebs. spartis oligarqia • jgufTan erTad msjelobs, rogor gaaumjobesebda ojaxis, klasis, skolis Tu dasaxlebis cxovrebas mmarTvelobaSi sakuTari monawileobiT; ist. geo. VII. 8. moswavle msjelobs politikuri moRvawis mniSvnelobaze qveynis istoriaSi. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • klasSi jgufuri muSaobisas an individualurad drois skalaze aRniSnavs, misi azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan oTx (an xuT) politikur moRvawes uZvelesi droidan dRemde da klasis winaSe saubrobs arCevanis mizezebze; mimarTuleba: kultura da religia ist. geo. VII. 11. moswavle ikvlevs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi pirobebi, socialuri garemo da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi adamianis yofaze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • klasSi jgufuri an individualuri muSaobisas irCevs ori gansxvavebuli socialuri struqturis sazogadoebas da adarebs maT zne-Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs (mag. momTabare da agraruli sazogadoeba); • klasSi jgufuri an individualuri muSaobisas ajgufebs soflisa da qalaqis mosaxleobis yofasTan dakavSirebul arqeologiur da eTnografiul sagnebs; asabuTebs Tavis azrs am dajgufebasTan dakavSirebiT; • wers Temas, romelSic adarebs erTsa da imave socialuri fenis warmomadgenlis yofas or sxvadasxva epoqaSi (mag. muSa _ XIX da XX saukuneebSi); 10 11 iranis aqemenianTa monarqia • ufrosebis gamokiTxvis safuZvelze sakuTari ojaxis yofas adarebs Tavisi winaprebis (papa, bebia) cxovrebis wess da adgens cxrils, romelSic CamoTvlis msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas; mag.: msgavseba Cemi ojaxi gansxvaveba winaprebi Cemi ojaxi winaprebi IV meToduri rekomendaciebi maswavlebelTaTvis gakveTilebis warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis aucilebelia klasSi Seiqmnas gulRia, Tavisufali garemo, TanamSromlobisa da kolegialobis atmosfero, sadac yvela azri saintereso, misaRebi da mniSvnelovania, sadac erTmaneTisgan vswavlobT da mTavari mizani monawileoba da TanamSromlobaa. gakveTili unda iyos: * aqtiuri – rac gulisxmobs TiToeuli monawilis maqsimalur gaaqtiurebas. * interaqtiuri – romelic Semoqmedad aqcevs ara marto moswavles, aramed maswavlebelsac; * aseve, ar gamoricxavs tradiciul, leqciur CarTvebsac. individualuri samuSao • mxatvruli literaturidan, an folkloridan, an kinematografiidan, an masmediidan, an yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan moiZiebs informacias saqarTvelos sxvadasxva bunebriv pirobebSi mcxovrebTa yofis Sesaxeb da adarebs erTmaneTs; • maswavleblis daxmarebiT TanaklaselebTan erTad gegmavs da axorcielebs Tavis mSobliur kuTxeSi martiv eTnografiul eqspedicias bunebrivi pirobebisa da mcxovrebTa tradiciebis Sesaswavlad; ist. geo. VII. 12. moswavle aanalizebs, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs religias sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • arqeologiur da eTnografiul (saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli da moZiebuli) masalaze dakvirvebis safuZvelze saubrobs sazogadoebis religiur warmodgenebze; • jgufuri muSaobisas romelime qveynis magaliTze msjelobs religiuri tolerantobis Sesaxeb rogorc warsulSi, aseve dRes; • klasSi diskusiis dros msjelobs, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda religia ojaxur yofaze adre da ra gavlenas axdens igi dRes; • rukaze uCvenebs misTvis cnobili religiebis warmoSobis adgilebs, gavrcelebis dRevandel arealebs da CamoTvlis maTTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan sakulto Zeglebs, simboloebsa Tu tradiciebs; • romelime qveynis religiisa da kulturis Sesaxeb mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze msjelobs, Tu rogor daexmareboda es informacia am qveyanaSi mogzaurobis dros; • TanaklaselebTan erTad mopovebuli eTnografiuli masalis (saxelmZRvanelo, literatura, filmebi, ilustraciebi, sakuTari samgzavro Canawerebi, interviuebi da sxva) safuZvelze saubrobs saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnebebis saojaxo Tu religiuri dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb da avlebs maT Soris paralelebs; • iyenebs statistikur informacias da adgens saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ZiriTadi religiebis amsaxvel rukas; msjelobs saqarTveloSi religiis geografiis ganmsazRvrel istoriul faqtorebze. programis Sinaarsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia mocemuli Sinaarsis safuZvelze: – dro da kalendari – istoriuli da geografiuli garemo – Sroma da teqnologiebi – dasaxlebis tipebi da yofa – gamoqvabulidan caTambjenamde – martivi socialuri jgufebidan Tanamedrove saxelmwifomde – wesebi, kanonebi da marTlmsajuleba – mravalRmerTianobidan erTRmerTianobamde 12 individualuri samuSao xSirad aris sxva aqtivobis fragmenti. is garkveuli pasuxismgeblobiT tvirTavs moswavles, warmoaCens mis pirad damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, xels uwyobs sakuTari azris gamoTqmas, Camoyalibebas, argumentirebul dasabuTebas, kritikul azrovnebas, drois racionalur gamoyenebas. wyvilebi da jgufebi wyvilebi da jgufebSi muSaoba xels uwyobs TanamSromlobis Cvevis gamomuSavebas. am savarjiSoebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebi swavloben erTmaneTis mosmenas, sxvisi azris gaziarebas, kritikul azrovnebasa da Sefasebas, sakuTari azris gamoTqmas, dasabuTebas da a. S. isini eCvevian funqciebis danawilebas, drois racionalur gamoyenebas. gTavazobT wyvilebSi muSaobis wesebs: 1. maswavlebeli klass yofs wyvilebad; 2. klass eZleva saerTo davaleba; 3. moswavleebi samuSaos asruleben wyvilebSi; 4. samuSaos dro gansazRvrulia (samuSaos sirTulis mixedviT); 5. maswavlebeli TviTon anawilebs moswavleebis funqciebs. wyvilebSi muSaobis dros bavSvebs moeTxovebaT yuradRebis koncentracia. isini pasuxismgeblobas grZnoben TavianTi mewyvilis mimarT. wyvilebSi gamomuSavebuli TanamSromlobis Cveva kidev ufro mtkicdeba. Jgufuri samuSaoebis Sesrulebisas gTavazobT wesebs jgufuri muSaobisaTvis: 1. klasi iyofa 4-5 kacian jgufad. 2. klass eZleva saerTo davaleba. SesaZloa, maswavlebelma TiToeul jgufs sxvadasxva davalebac misces. 3. jgufi muSaobs erTi magidis garSemo. 4. samuSao sruldeba erToblivad da jgufi Sesrulebul samuSaos aZlevs erTian formas. 5. jgufi unda muSaobdes SeTanmxebulad, ar unda moxdes konfliqti, ar unda iTrgunebodes arc erTi moswavle. 6. jgufi, romlis wevrebic SeTanxmebulad ver moqmedeben, muSaobas wyvets. 7. jgufis yoveli wevri unda CaerTos saqmianobaSi da maT Tavad unda gadainawilon funqciebi. 8. davaleba sruldeba maswavleblis mier winaswar gansazRvrul droSi (10-15 wT.) TiToeul jgufSi erTi magidis garSemo Tavs iyrian sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da temperamentis moswavleebi: aqtiurebi, pasiurebi, liderebi. xSirad, jgufebSi swored amitom warmoiSveba konfliqti. maswavlebeli sTavazobs gunds konfliqtis mSvidobian mogvarebas. Tu amas gundi ver miaRwevs, anu ver ipovis gamosavals, is samuSao procesidan vardeba. jgufis SerCeva sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba: jgufi SeiZleba SeirCes ise, rom TiToeul maTganSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis bavSvebi gaerTiandnen, SeiZleba cal-calke Sedegs biWebisa da gogonebis gundebi an SeiZleba jgufebis organizeba bavSvebis megobruli damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SesaZlebelia SemTxveviTobis principiT SerCevac, raTa moswavleebi mieCvion nebismier partniorTan urTierTobas. jgufebad danawileba unda moxdes operatiulad (2-3 wT.) SesaZloa maswavlebelma Tavad daadginos jgufis muSaobis wesebi (mag.: lideris arCeva), magram 13 umjobesia muSaobis sistemis Seqmna mTlianad mivandoT bavSvebs (ra Tqma unda, maswavleblis rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT). kargia, Tu jgufi TviTon airCevs, vin waradgens klasis winaSe Tavis namuSevars. maswavlebeli Tvals adevnebs moswavleebis muSaobas, Tumca es imgvarad xdeba, rom bavSvebs ar SeeqmnaT STabeWdileba, TiTqos maswavlebeli maT Tavze adgaT. maswavlebeli ar unda Caerios jgufis muSaobaSi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu jgufi misgan moiTxovs raime ganmartebas, an Seatyobs, rom jgufma arasworad gaigo piroba da maTi muSaoba CixSi Sevida. aqtiuri meTodikebiTa da jgufuri TamaSebiT muSaobisas maswavlebeli ukana planze gadadis. igi gezis mimcemisa da meTvalyuris rols asrulebs da bolomde neitralur wamyvanad rCeba. samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg jgufebi warmoadgenen sakuTar namuSevrebs. prezentaciis dros maswavlebeli kiTxvebs ar usvams da ar awyvetinebs azrs momxsenebels. bolos namuSevrebi SeiZleba gamoikras kedelze an dafaze, maswavlebels winaswar unda hqondes gansazRvuli namuSevrebis Sefasebis forma. sasurvelia, bavSvebma Tavad Seafason sxva jgufis namuSevrebi. prezentaciis msvlelobisas yoveli jgufis mier warmodgenili namuSevari ikvreba dafaze da miewereba jgufis nomeri. sasurvelia, moswavleebma Tavad Seafason erTmaneTis namuSevari: TiToeuli moswavle asaxelebs, misi azriT, saukeTeso jgufur namuSevars (garda sakuTarisa) da asabuTebs ra kriteriumebiT (Camoyalibebuli azri, originaluri gadawyveta, mxatvruli gaformeba, STambeWdavi prezentacia da a.S.) ixelmZRvanela Sefasebisas. yoveli gamomsvlelis azrs maswavlebeli dafaze afiqsirebs _ wers `pluss~ an qulas (10 quliani sistema) saTanado namuSevris qveS. qulebis (plusebis) raodenoba gamoavlens gamarjvebuls, Tumca maswavlebelma aucileblad unda gamoyos TiToeuli jgufis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. Sefasebas SesaZloa win uZRodes mcire diskusia, romlis drosac maswavlebelsa da bavSvebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT SekiTxvebi dausvan TiToeuli jgufis wevrebs. maswavlebelma winaswar unda gansazRvros, ra dro unda daeTmos davalebis Sesrulebas, prezentaciebsa da namuSevrebis Sefasebas. diskusia dRevandel dinamikur, eTnikurad da kulturulad mravalferovan samyaroSi sazogadoebis funqcionirebisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens urTierTpativiscemis, urTierTgagebisa da urTierTSemecnebis Cvevebi. amisTvis mniSvnelovania gvesmodes ra aris diskusia da rogor unda warvmarToT igi. miT umetes, rom axal erovnuli saswavlo gegmebSi Cadebulia sagnobrivi Sedegebi, romelTa misaRwevad maswavleblebs araerTxel mouwevT sagakveTilo procesSi diskusiis gamoyeneba. diskusia aris wamyvansa da msmenelebs Soris codnis, Sexedulebebisa da ideebis sityvieri gacvlis procesi. diskusias sxvanairad msjelobasac uwodeben. saklaso diskusia exmareba moswavleebs sakiTxis Rrma da detalur ganxilvaSi. kerZod, saklaso diskusiis dros iqmneba iseTi atmosfero, sadac moswavleebs SeuZliaT azrebis urTierTgaziareba, axali ideebis gamoTqma, sxvisi azrebis mosmena da gageba, komunikaciis da TviTgamoxatvis unar-Cvevebis gaumjobeseba. kargi diskusia unda iTvaliswinebdes rogorc diskusiis wamyvanis, aseve misi monawileebis komunikaciur unar-Cvevebs, mocemuli sakiTxis codnas, liderobisa da koordinaciis SesaZleblobas , azrebis urTierTgacvlas, jgufis, rogorc mTlianis ganxilvas da Sesabamisad, saWiroebs karg momzadebas. saklaso diskusiis momzadebisas maswavlebelma zustad unda SearCios diskusiis Tema. es gulisxmobs imas, rom diskusiisTvis gankuTvnili Tema iyos sagnis da konkretuli sakiTxis Sesatyvisi. aseve, maswavlebelma saklaso diskusiisTvis unda SearCios Sesabamisi forma (mag. moswavlis prezetnacias mohyveba jgufuri diskusia: moswavleebs micemuli aqvT wasakiTxi masala da amas mohyveba Semajamebeli prezentacia da klasis diskusia) da fizikuri garemo (mag., wreSi jdoma diskusiis TiToeul monawiles aZlevs SesaZleblobas ufro advilad daamyaros komunikacia, didi jgufebi SeiZleba daiyos ufro patara jgufebad da a. S.); diskusiis mimdinareobis dros maswavlebelma unda gaakeTos Semdegi: 1. diskusiis fasilitaciisaTvis Sesabamisi saklaso garemos Seqmna: * diskusiis wesebis Camoyalibeba (azris gamoTqmis wesebi da a. S.); * ZiriTadi Temebis da terminebis zogadi mimoxilva; * diskusiasTan dakavSirebuli molodinebis gamoTqma; * diskusiisTvis sakmarisi drois gamoyofa. 2. monawileobis waxaliseba/xelSewyoba: * moswavleebis dasaintereseblad mastimulirebeli SekiTxvebis dasma; * moTxovna, rom moswavleebma mudmivad Seajamon ganxiluli sakiTxebi; * kiTxvebis momzadeba da moswavleebisaTvis garkveuli drois micema, raTa maT winaswar moamzadon pasuxebi da Semdeg, mTel klasss warudginon. 3. diskusiis warmarTva da daskvnebis Sejameba: * moswavleebis waxaliseba, raTa maT gamoTqvan TavianTi ideebis gamamyarebeli argumentebi; * Cumi/morcxvi moswavlisaTvis specifikuri davalebis micema, rac xels Seuwyobs mis monawileobas, CarTvas diskusiaSi; * ganxiluli sakiTxebis Sejameba da ZiriTadi azrebis Camoyalibeba: moswavleebis ideebis ganmarteba da moswavleebisagan damatebiTi komentarebis moTxovna. `kuTxeebi~ meTodi `kuTxeebi~ gamoiyeneba saklaso diskusiis warmarTvisas, kamaTis provocirebisa da jgufebs Soris paeqrobis gasaCaReblad, ori an meti poziciis arsebobisas. es savarjiSo aqtiurad da xalisianad sruldeba. es meTodi agreTve kargia klasSi teqstebis kiTxvis, leqciis mosmenis, filmis Cvenebis Semdeg STabeWdilebebis Sesafaseblad, gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis dasafi qsireblad. meTodi `kuTxeebi~ moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs, gamoTqvan sakuTari azri da daicvan TavianTi pozicia, agreTve yuradRebiT mousminon sxvebis argumentebs da amis mixedviT, garkveuli msjelobis Semdeg, gaiziaron an ar gaiziaron gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi (Secvalon an ar Secvalon sakuTari pozicia). pedagogi moswavleebs sTavazobs sadiskusio Temas. moswavleebi individualurad irCeven garkveul pozicias da ikaveben saklaso oTaxSi `am poziciisaTvis~ gankuTvnil adgils (SesaZlebelia arCeul iqnes saklaso oTaxis kuTxeebi, merxebi, sadac keTdeba poziciis aRmniSvnelo warwera). dajgufebuli moswavleebi erTmaneTs uziareben TavianT mosazrebebs da iwyeben jgufSi msjelobas, raTa Semdeg daasabuTon TavianTi versia argumentebiT (SesaZlebelia dasabuTeba werilobiT moxdes). moswavleebi unda Seecadon, rac SeiZleba damajerebeli da saintereso iyos prezentacia. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli exmareba jgufebs. moswavleebs SeuZliaT diskusiis msvlelobisas Seicvalon Sexeduleba _ gadaadgildnen erTi kuTxidan meoreSi da im jgufSi gadainacvlon, romlis mosazrebasac axla eTanxmebian. mosmenis da kamaTis dros moswavleebma sasurvelia gaakeTon Canawerebi, rac daexmareba maT poziciis werilobiT gamoxatvasa da dacvaSi. `mozaika~ aqtivoba Sedgeba 4 etapisagan: I etapi: ZiriTadi jgufebis Sedgena da masalis ganawileba klasi iyofa 4-kacian jgufebad. jgufis TiToeul wevrs urigdeba masala, romelic erTi mTliani informaciis (teqstis) raRac nawils Seadgens, da aqvs garkveuli rigiTi nomeri (1, 2, 3, 4). man individualurad 10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi unda daamuSaos igi, Seiswavlos, raTa SeZlos miRebuli informacia sxvasac gadasces. II etapi: eqspertTa jgufebis mier masalis Seswavla am etapze xdeba e. w. `eqspertTa jgufebis~ Camoyalibeba, vinc amuSavebs #1 informacias, erTi- 14 15 andeba magidis irgvliv, romlis rigiTi nomeria 1, visac aqvs informacia 2 # , ikribeba meore magidis garSemo da a. S. aqedan gamomdinare TiToeuli magidis irgvliv aRmoCndebian erTi da igive informaciis mqone moswavleebi oTxive jgufidan, romlebic SemdgomSi gadaiqcevian e. w. `informaciis `eqspertebad~. isini erTad kiTxuloben da kidev erTxel swavloben saerTo masalas, eZeben, am masalis sxvebze gadacemis saukeTeso da efeqtur gzebs, meTodebs, weren gegmas, xazaven sqemebs da a.S. III etapi: ZiriTad jgufSi dabruneba miRebuli codnis gadacemis mizniT moswavleebi brundebian Tav-TavianT ZiriTad jgufebSi da rigiTi nomris dacviT (jer yveba 1 nomeri, Semdeg 2 da a. S.) warudgenen TavianT masalas erTmaneTs. Jgufis mizania misma yvela wevrma srulyofilad aiTvisos TiToeuli wevris `eqspertis~ mier damuSavebuli masala. IV etapi: individualuri da jgufuri pasuxismgebloba, miRebuli codnis Sefaseba. jgufis TiToeuli wevri valdebulia saTanadod aiTvisos Tanagundelebis mier mowodebuli mTeli informacia (mozaikac swored amitom hqvia, nawilebidan _ mTlianisaken). miRebuli codna SeiZleba Semowmdes sxvadasxva gziT (mag., werilobiTi formiT, zepiri TxrobiT, kiTxva-pasuxiT da sxva saxis wardginebiT). rogor momzaddes referati weris procesis Tanmimdevroba da struqtura mravali sagnis Seswavlisas, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis jgufis maswavleblebi Semajamebeli SefasebisTvis xSirad mimarTaven referats. referatSi SeiZleba aRiwerebodes qveyana, an regioni istoriuli TaviseburebebiT, Tavisi geografiuli maxasiaTeblebiT _ bunebrivi pirobebiT, garemosdacviTi da demografiuli problemebiT, meurneobis TaviseburebebiT; SeiZleba referati mieZRvnas problemas, romelic sxvadasxva (lokalur, regionalur da globalur) doneze gamovlindeba. garkveuli vadebis Semdeg, rodesac informacia iqneba moZiebuli, damuSavebuli da Sesabamisad gaformebuli, moswavleebi TavianT naSromebs acnoben Tanaklaselebs. rogor unda daiweros referati ZiriTadi nabijebi Tavdapirvelad, albaT, unda gvesmodes ras niSnavs igi. referati (laT. refero _ gacnobeb) _ es aris mokle, werilobiT, an sajaro moxsenebis formatSi Camoyalibebuli samecniero, an Tematuri naSromi. referatis moculoba klasebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli unda iyos sabazo skolis moswavleebs moeTxovebaT aranakleb 4-5 gverdi naSromis dawera. saSualo safexurze _ 4-5 gverdze meti. aucilebelia moswavleebma icodnen, rom es ar aris konspeqti da amdenad, ar SeiZleba pirvelwyarodan nawilebis kopireba. Tuki miTiTebuli ar aris avtori an wyaro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, aris saSiSroeba sakuTari naazreviT dawerili monakveTebi icnos maswavlebelma da moswavleebis naSromi wyalSi Caiyaros. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom sinamdvileSi moswavlem rTuli, specifikuri samecniero eniT SeZlos azrebis gadmocema. Sesabamisad, moswavleebs unda aswavloT, Tu ras gulisxmobs referati da rogor unda gaarTvan mas Tavi. 1. referatis werisas daamuSaveT wyaroebi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gadmoiweroT; 2. Tuki maincdamainc mogwonT raime monakveTi, maSin ar dagaviwydeT avtoris citireba, wesebis dacviT. 4. movxazavT referatis ZiriTadi nawilis gegmas. TiToeul problemas saWiroa mieZRvnas calke Tavi, ukeTesia Tuki Tavebi daiyofa ufro mcire erTeulebad, paragrafebad; 5. vwerT samuSaos Sav variants, xolo Sesavals vwerT mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ZiriTadi nawili ukve dawerilia, radgan muSaobisas referatis miznebi SeiZleba mcired Seicvalos da xelaxla dasaweri gaxdes; 6. moviZiebT, an vamzadebT Sesabamis TvalsaCinoebebs/ilustraciebs (ruka, foto, grafiki, diagrama, sqema da sxva), romlebSic kargad warmoCindeba Temis ZiriTadi ideebi; TvalsaCinoebebs ar unda hqondes mxolod dekoratiuli datvirTva da ar unda emsaxurebodes mxolod Temis moculobis gazrdas; 7. vakiTxebT Sav samuSaos maswavlebels (Tuki igi amas iTxovs); 8. vbeWdavT, an vaTeTrebT Sesworebul variants da vamzadebT mokle (5-7 wuTian moxsenebas), davurTavT ilustraciebs. referatis struqtura: a) Sesavali _ sadac vxsniT Temis arCevans, mis aqtualobas, movxazavT miznebsa da amocanebs, vaZlevT literaturis mokle mimoxilvas; b) ZiriTadi nawili _ nabij-nabij vxsniT Temas, vadasturebT naTqvams cifrebiT, faqtebiT, an citatebiT. yoveli sturuqturuli erTeuli (Tavi, paragrafi) sruldeba mokle daskvnebiT; g) daskvna _ TemasTan dakavSirebiT vayalibebT zogad daskvnebs, vuaryofT an veTanxmebiT wyaroTa avtorebis poziciebs da gamovTqvamT sakuTar mosazrebas problemebis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT. rodesac referati dasrulebulia, saboloo Strixia _ misi gaformeba. referatis gaformeba: satitulo furceli _ moicavs informacias saswavlo dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb, ewereba sagani/saganTa jgufi, referatis saTauri. Semsruleblisa da maswavleblis vinaoba. satitutlo furcelze numeracia ar daaqvT Sinaarsi _ struqturuli erTeulebis Sinaarsi gverdebis miTiTebiT. samuSaos teqsti _ a) Sesavali, b) ZiriTadi nawili da g) daskvna. aqedan iwyeba gverdebis gadanomvra da masze daismis Sesabamisi cifri 3. literaturis sia _ wyaroebis sruli bibliografiuli monacemebis miTiTebiT. axla, rodesac cnobilia yvela etapi, Temis sirTulidan gamomdinare unda daeTmos vadebi, romelSic amis gakeTeba zedmeti Zalisxmevis gareSe moxerxdeba. mag., Tuki moswavle irCevs sareferatod Temas konkretuli qveynis Sesaxeb, mas SeiZleba mieces erTi kvira, magram, Tuki uwevs paralelebis gavleba romelime or qveyanas Soris, maSin referatisTvis gamoyofili dro unda gaizardos or kviramde. sasurvelia moewyos Sualeduri ganxilva, raTa naSromi ukeTesi gamovides. kriteriumebi, romelTa safuZvelzec fasdeba referati: 1. mizani/Tezisi _ kvlevis Sedegad gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi idea 2. referatis organizeba 3. Sinaarsis koreqtuloba, faqtobrivi saimedooba 4. enobrivi gamarTuloba 5. kvleva riT daviwyoT? referatze muSaobis procesi sworad unda daigegmos. 1. Tema/qveynis/problemis arCeva. damwerisaTvis Tema unda iyos saintereso da aqtualuri; 2. sakuTar Tavs vusvamT kiTxvas: ra problemebs Seexeba es referati, vsaxavT gzebs rogor gadavWriT am problemebs; 3. moviZiebT literaturas Temis garSemo (kargia, Tu periodikasac gamoviyenebT). vakeTebT amonawerebs wyaroebidan da viyenebT Tanamedrove monacemebsac, Tuki xeli migviwvdeba internetze; 16 6. ilustraciebi/TvalsaCinoebebi 7. SeTavazebuli mosazrebis argumentebiTa da magaliTebiT gamyareba 8. daskvnebi jami 17 am SemTxvevaSi me-3 da me-5 kriteriumebi fasdeba 0-2 quliT, xolo yvela danarCni 0 an 1 quliT, maqsimaluri jami aris _ 10 qula. proeqti proeqti _ konkretuli problemis gadaWris an iniciativis ganxorcielebisken mimarTuli mravalferovani samuSao, romelSic warmmarTvelia kvleviTi, SemoqmedebiTi, TanamSromlobisa da sakomunikacio unarebis ganviTareba. proeqti, rogorc meTodi ganaTlebaSi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi Semovida. es meTodi saSualebas iZleoda da iZleva, aqtiuri da mizanmimarTuli swavlisa. moswavleebi mudmivad svamen SekiTxvebs: ratom gvaswavliT ama Tu im sakiTxs? raSi gamomadgeba es codna? maswavleblebs uWirT am kiTxvebze damajerebeli da argumentirebuli pasuxis gacema. am problemis mogvarebaSi maswavlebels daexmareba imis codna, Tu rogor amuSaos moswavleebi saswavlo proeqtze, proeqtze muSaobisas. moswavleebi realuri problemis gadasaWrelad SeZenil codnasa da unar-Cvevebs iyeneben. proeqtiT swavleba iwvevs moswavleTa motivacias da zrdis maTs pasuxismgeblobas. isini xalisiT asruleben samuSaoebs da SeuZliaT xangrZlivad imuSaon dasmul sakiTxebze. sakiTxebs moswavleebi garkveuli drois (erTi an ramdenime kvira) ganmavlobaSi amuSaveben da Semdgom warudgenen mTel klass an ufro farTo auditorias. proeqtebi exmareba mozards realur cxovrebaSi gamoiyenos miRebuli codna da gamocdileba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. proeqtze muSaoba moicavs dagegmvis, kvlevis, praqtikuli aqtivobisa da Sedegebis warmodgenis etapebs arCeuli sakiTxis Sesabamisad. proeqti ganxorcielebulad CaiTvleba, Tuki misi Sedegebi TvalsaCinod da damajereblad, koreqtuli formiT aris warmodgenili (mag., werilobiTi dokumenti, maketi, inscenireba, debatebi, aqcia, Tanmimdevruli RonisZieba da a. S.). maswavlebeli saswavlo proeqtebis mimdinareobisas, konsultantis rols asrulebs, xelmZRvanelobs samuSaoebs, Ziebisa da kvlevis dros aZlevs mimarTulebas. aseve, igi uTiTebs sainformacio wyaroebs. saswavlo proeqtis dagegmvis dros, maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs Semdegs: * ramdenad mniSvnelovania problema, romelic kvlevas iTxovs; * mosalodneli Sedegebi warmoadgendes siaxles (obieqturs an subieqturs); * proeqtze muSaobis dros gamoyenebuli meTodebi emsaxurebodes kvlevas; * arsebobdes arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba, rac moswavleTa pasuixsmgeblobis zrdas iwvevs. proeqti SeiZleba Sesruldes individualurad, wyvilebSi an jgufurad, erTi sagnis farglebSi, ramdenime sagnis farglebSi (saganTa integracia); maswavlebeli-moswavleebi damokidebulebis mxriv SeiZleba gamoiyos sami tipis saswavlo proeqti: 1. maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs SerCeul problemebs, Temebs, saxavs misi gadaWris strategiasa da taqtikas, moswavle ki damoukideblad gadaWris problemas. 2. maswavlebeli svams problemas, moswavle damoukideblad irCevs kvlevis meTodebs da problemis gadaWris gzebs. 3. moswavle gansazRvravs problemas, damoukideblad irCevs kvlevis meTodebsa da problemis gadaWris gzebs. SeiZleba daisaxoT erTi, ori an ramodenime amocana imis gaTvaliswinebiT Tu rogoria Tqveni proeqtis specifika. d) ganxorcielebis gzebi _ gulisxmobs kidev ufro konkretul nabijebs Tqven mier dasmuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad. ganxorcielebis gzebi aris procesi, romelmac unda upasuxos kiTxvebs: 1) `rogor?~ _ rogor ganaxorcielebT Tqveni proeqtis amocanebs? 2) `vin~ _ vin monawileobs Tqveni proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi? Dan ra aris maTi funqciebi proeqtSi? proeqtis Sesrulebis vadebi unda Seicavdes proeqtis droSi ganawilebul msvlelobas. masSi unda aisaxos etapebad dayofili proeqtis Sesasruleblad gasawevi saqmianoba, ganawilebuli dReebis, kvirebis, Tveebis mixedviT proeqtis specifikidan gamomdinare. biujeti biujeti ganacxadis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia. igi unda iyos logikur kavSirSi proeqtis aRweraSi miTiTebul amocanebTan. mosalodneli Sedegebi am nawilSi aRwereT is savaraudo efeqti an mosalodneli Sedegi, rac mohyveba proeqtis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas. monitoringi am nawilSi unda miuTiToT Tu rogori iqneba konkretulad Tqveni proeqtis ganviTarebaze Tvalyuris devnebis (monitoringis) meqanizmi da perioduloba. Sefaseba miuTiTeT is savaraudo kriteriumebi (maCveneblebi), romlebic gansazRvraven Tqveni proeqtis warmatebas. proeqtis Sefasebis kriteriumebi: 1. problemis identificireba; 2. Teoriuli codnis praqtikul saqmianobaSi gamoyeneba; 3. informaciis moZiebis unari; 4. kvlevebis dagegmvisa da Catarebis unari; 5. sazogadoebasTan da Sesabamis samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan urTierTobis unari; 6. jgufis SemoqmedebiTi unari; 7. moZiebuli informaciis klasifikaciisa da interpretaciis unari; 8. kvlevis Sedegebis analizis unari; 9. problemis gadaWris gzebis SeTavazeba; 10. gadawyvetilebebis miReba; 11. warmodgenili namuSevris organizeba; 12. moswavleebis mier Seqmnili TvalsaCinoebebi. prezentacia, rogorc swavlebis meTodi proeqtis aRwera proeqtis aRwera aris misi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili. aRniSnuli punqti sasurvelia daiyos qvepunqtebad, romlebSic gaerTiandeba Semdegi saxis informacia: a) problemis gansazRvra (identifikacia) _ gulisxmobs im konkretuli problemis xazgasmas, romlis sapasuxodac aris mimarTuli Tqveni proeqti. b) mizani _ gulisxmobs farTo, zogad debulebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi miRweva gsurT. poeqtis mizans unda warmoadgendes iseTi sasurveli garemos an pirobebis Seqmna, romelic logikur kavSirSi iqneba (mimarTuli iqneba) zemoT aRweril problemasTan. g) amocanebi _ gulisxmobs konkretul nabijebs miznis misaRwevad. aq unda miuTiToT ra amocanebis gadaWras isaxavT Tqvens proeqtSi miTiTebuli miznis misaRwevad. miznebis misaRwevad prezentacia raime sakiTxis auditoriis winaSe sajaro wardgenis procesia. sagnobrivi standartebis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, moswavleebs mudmivad unda uwevdeT TavianTi moklevadiani Tu grZelvadiani kvlevis klasis winaSe wardgena. prezentaciis mizania, adamianebis garkveul wres (mag. Tanaklaselebs) gaacnos saqmianobis, kvlevis Sedegebi. sasurvelia, moswavleebis mier gakeTebuli prezentacia iyos mokle (araumetes 10-15 wuTisa), azriani da saintereso. kargad momzadebuli Sinaarsis da sxvadasxva TvalsaCinoebis gamoyenebis (flipCarti, masalebi da a.S.) garda, aseve, aucilebelia momxsenebelma gaiTvaliswinos araverbaluri komunikaciis iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa xmis tembri, sxeulis ena-Jestikulacia. prezentaciis mzadebisas saWiroa auditoriis Seswavla, Sesavlis, moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawilis da daskvnis dagegmva, sademonstracio TvalsaCinoebebis SerCeva. Semdeg ki uSualod moxseneba iwereba. maswavle, aseve, unda moemzados SesaZlo SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemadac. 18 19 proeqtis struqtura gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtoric, rom Tuki auditoriisaTvis gasagebad ar iqneba prezentacia warmarTuli, daikargeba misdami interesi. aseve kargad unda iyos dagegmili gamosvlis dro. rac mcirea dro, miT ufro rTulia yvela ZiriTadi ideis warmoCena. moxsenebis momzadebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saSualod momxsenebeli 100 sityvas ambobs wuTSi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom auditoriis interess ganapirobebs gamosvlis pirveli wuTebi. motanili magaliTebi unda iyos adekvaturi. magaliTebi saSualebas iZleva auditoriam ukeT daimaxsovros Tema. ZiriTadi ideebi ar unda iyos bevri (saSualod 3), radgan erTi Temidan meoreze gadasvla auditoriis yuradRebis gafantvas iwvevs. mniSvnelovania gamosvlis dasasrulic. dasasruli unda iyos pozitiuri, an mTavrdebodes SekiTxviT. amiT Tqven aiZulebT auditorias miubrundes ganxilul sakiTxs da dafiqrdes masze. TvalsaCinoebebi auditoriisaTvis gamomsvlelis poziciis erTgvari dadasturebaa da xels uwyobs ZiriTad ideebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas. TvalsaCinoeba SeiZleba iyos ori tipis: teqsturi da grafikuli. isini warmoadgenen moxsenebis mniSvelovan danamats. teqturSi warmoCenili unda iyos mTavari postulatebi, rac auditoriis mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis saSualebas iZleva da advilad amaxsovrebinebs sakiTxs. postulati unda eweros garkveviT, didi SriftiT da ar aRematebodes 4 – 5 xazs. grafikuli SeiZleba iyos sqema,diagrama, cxrili, ruka, foto, naxati. saWiroa, prezentators gamosvlaSi CarTuli hqondes vizualuri masala, ipyrobdes auditoriis yuradRebas, magram ar unda kiTxulobdes masze warwerebs. umjobesia perefrazireba, axsna. prezentatorma winaswar unda Seamzados oTaxi, naxos ra dasWirdeba ilustraciebis gamosakravad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moamzados, markeri da sxva resursi. warmatebuli gamosvlisaTvis saWiroa, damyardes auditoriasTan kontaqti. gamosvlisas gasaTvaliswinebelia xmis tembri, rac auditoriis sididezea damokidebuli. dgoma, Jestebi unda iyos bunebrivi. metyveleba unda iyos gamarTuli da mSvidi, winadadebebi martivi, msjeloba Tanamimdevruli, Tavi unda aaridoT Temidan Temaze gadaxtomas. auditoriis kiTxvebze pasuxebi unda iyos konkretuli. ar aris saWiro pasuxebis Zalian gaSla, radgan SeiZleba auditoriaze kontroli dakargos. Tuki kiTxvebi ar aris, prezentatorma Tavad SeiZleba dasvas savaraudo kiTxva msmenelis nacvlad, amis Semdeg SesaZlebelia sxvac SeuerTdes. kargia, rodesac adamiani flobs prezentaciis warmoebis unars. skolam moswavleebs unda ganuviTaros es unar-Cveva saswavlo wlis manZilze sxvadasxva saganSi, rac gulisxmobs maT mier Seqmnili kvlevis Sedegebis auditoriis winaSe wardgenas. prezentaciis Sesafaseblad maswavlebelma SeiZleba gamoiyenos Semdegi kriteriumebi: • ramdenad saintereso iyo Sesavali nawili; • ramdenad gamokveTilad iyo Camoyalibebuli Tezisebi; • ramdenad damajerebeli iyo argumentacia, magaliTad, gamyarebuli iyo msjeloba konkretuli magaliTebiTa da faqtebiT; • ramdenad Semajamebeli iyo prezentaciis daskvniTi nawili; • ramdenad saintereso da originaluri iyo saprezentacio Tema; • ramdenad daculi iyo msjelobis nawilebs Soris balansi; • ramdenad miipyro prezentatorma auditoriis yuradReba; • ramdenad SesZlo prezentatorma auditoriis yuradRebis SenarCuneba prezentaciis bolomde; • ramdenad mozomili da miznobrivi iyo prezentatoris Jestikulacia da manerebi; • ramdenad sZlia prezentatorma nerviulobis zogad fons; • ramdenad Tamamad da damajereblad gasca man msmenelebis mier dasmul kiTxvebs pasuxi; • ramdenad daicva prezentatorma saprezentacio reglamenti; • ramdenad iyo prezentatori momzadebuli zepiri metyvelebisaTvis, miejaWva Tu ara igi baraTebs, furclebs, masalas; • ramdenad iyenebda prezentatori TvalsaCinoebs. maswavlebelma TiToeuli kriteriumis gaswvriv unda daweros Sesabamisi niSani, procentuli Sesatyvisi, amis Semdeg jamdeba qulebi da gamoiTvleba saSualo ariTmetikuli. SesaZlebelia, maswavlebelma ar gamoiyenos yvela kriteriumi da SearCios maTgan ufro mniSvnelovanebi. igi iniSnavs prezentatoris dadebiT da sust mxareebs. prezentaciis dasrulebis Semdeg ki moswavles eubneba yovelive amis Sesaxeb, pozitiuri kritikis formiT (ix. Sefaseba). auditoriis yuradRebis mobilizebisaTvis maswavlebelma SesaZloa moswavleebs sTxovos TiToeuli prezentatoris Sefaseba specialurad maTTvis gankuTvnili kriteriumebis mixedviT. kriteriumebi SeiZleba iyos Semdegi: • ramdenad saintereso iyo saprezentacio Tema; • ramdenad miipyro prezentatorma Tqveni yuradeba; • ramdenad gagiCinaT prezentaciam kiTxvebis dasmis survili; • ramdenad dagitovaT prezentaciam samomavlod am sakiTxze fiqris survili. 20 21 TamaSebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis baraTebi dayaviT moswavleebi jgufebad. daurigeT jgufebs erTnairi raodenobis baraTebi da sTxoveT, gaixsenon rac SeiZleba meti termini Seswavlili masalidan. mieciT 5 wuTi davalebis Sesasruleblad. drois amowurvis Semdeg SeagroveT baraTebi, gaimarjvebs is jgufi, romelic yvelaze bevr termins Camowers. aurieT baraTebi da daarigeT klasSi. rig-rigobiT sTxoveT moswavleebs ganmarton termini, romelic weria maT baraTze. monaTxrobis monaTxrobi gamoiZaxeT dafasTan sami moswavle. ori maTgani gadis klasidan, xolo erTi rCeba da klasTan erTad ismens informacias, romelsac ukiTxavs maswavlebeli (2-3 abzaci Teoriuli blokidan). moiwvieT klasSi erT-erTi moswavle, romelic gareT icdida da sTxoveT TamaSis pirvel monawiles, mouyves mosmenili. Semdeg moiwvieT bolo, mesame monawile, romelic moismens informacias meore monawilisagan. amis Semdeg xelaxla waikiTxeT teqsti da klasTan erTad SeadareT TamaSis meore monawilis variants. auqcioni I varianti iyideba Sefaseba `10 qula~ an prizi. yovel monawiles SeuZlia `iyidos~ niSani an prizi, anu daasaxelos TemasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri termini. (magaliTad, Tu auqcionis Temaa `saqarTvelos reliefi~, moswavles SeuZlia daasaxelos termini `mTa~), meore moswavle `awevs fass~ da daamatebs axal termins (magaliTad, `qedi~, ‘mwvervali~), mesame moswavles SeuZlia kidev ufro `awios fasi~ axali terminis dasaxelebiT (magaliTad, `eroziuli reliefi~, `karstuli reliefi~ da sxv.). sityvebi ar unda meordebodes. Tu morigi dasaxelebis Semdeg warmoiqneba pauza, maswavlebeli urtyams CaquCs: `karstuli reliefi erTi~, `karstuli reliefi ori~... am dros moswavleebi cdiloben, gaixsenon sxva sityvebi. mogebulia is, vinc bolos asaxelebs termins, anu romlis Semdegac, CaquCis mesame dartymamde veravin ixsenebs axal sityvas. gamarjvebuli monawile iRebs Sefasebas `10 qula~ an prizs. II varianti auqcionis gamocxadebis Semdeg maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs, daiTvalon ‘pirobiTi erTeulebi~, anu furcelze Camoweron yvela termini, romelic ukavSirdeba Temas da daTvalon Camowerili terminebis/sityvebis raodenoba. am davalebis Sesasruleblad moswavleebs eZlevaT garkveuli dro, magaliTad 5 wuTi. 5 wuTis Semdeg iwyeba auqcioni. maswavlebeli sTavazobs klass ‘sawyis fass‘ _ davuSvaT 6 pirobiTi erTeuli. `vis SeuZlia meti?~ _ monawileebi asaxeleben TavianT cifrs (anu Camowerili sityvebis raodenobas). maswavlebeli avlens sam gamarjvebuls, romelTac yvelaze maRali fasi daasaxeles (yvelaze meti sityva aqvT Camowerili). sams virCevT imitom, rom gamarjvebulis namuSevarSi SeiZleba iyos Secdoma an gameoreba, am SemTxvevaSi mowmdeba Semdegi namuSevari. gamarjvebulTa mier Sedgenil terminTa siebi iwereba dafaze. sxva moswavleebi avseben sias, amateben gamotovebul sityvebs. amave dros xdeba zogierTi terminis dazusteba. gamarjvebuli sazeimod jildovdeba SefasebiT `10 qula~ an priziT. Tovlis gunda TamaSSi SeiZleba monawileobdes mTeli klasi. moswavleebs eZlevaT Tema. magaliTad, stiqiuri movlenebi. pirveli monawile asaxelebs erT-erT sakvanZo sityvas TemasTan dakavSirebiT. mag., zvavi. meore imeorebs pirvel sityvas da amatebs azriT dakavSirebul meore sityvas. mag., mTa. Semdegi monawile imeorebs pirveli da meore monawilis mier warmoTqmul sityvebs da amatebs Tavisas. mag., zvavi, mTa, kavkasioni da a. S. bolos warmoiqmneba sityvaTa grZeli rigi. is, vinc akeTebs xangrZliv pauzas, gadis TamaSidan. imarjvebs is, vinc rCeba bolos da sworad CamoTvlis sityvaTa jaWvs. TamaSi Caivlis ufro organizebulad, Tu moTamaSeebs dafasTan moviwvevT da erT xazze davayenebT. is, vinc gava TamaSidan, jdeba adgilze. erT-erT moswavles evaleba dasaxelebuli sityvebis Camowera da Secdomebis dafiqsireba. sasurvelia, rom maswavlebeli am moswavlis gverdiT imyofebodes, radgan amgvarad ufro advilia situaciis kontroli. didaqtikuri funqciis gasaZliereblad pirveli sitya SeiZleba daasaxelos maswavlebelma. es SeiZleba iyos rTulad dasamaxsovrebeli termini, xSirad ganmeorebisas moswavleebi mas ufro advilad daimaxsovreben. sityvaTa jaWvi SeiZleba daiweros dafaze, radgan TamaSis monawileebi dafisken zurgiT dganan. anbani moswavleebi individualurad an wyvilebSi adgenen sityvaTa CamonaTvals Semdegi instruqciis mixedviT. sityvebi unda daiwyos konkretul asoze da ukavSirdebodes gakveTilis Temas. davalebis Sesasruleblad moswavleebs garkveuli dro eZlevaT. drois amowurvis Semdeg maswavlebeli adarebs jgufebis siebs da gamoavlens gamarjvebuls. imarjvebs is, visac yvelaze grZeli sia aqvs, xolo sityvebi mkacrad Seesabameba Temas. maswavlebeli xmamaRla kiTxulobs klasSi saukeTeso CamonaTvals. danarCenebi avseben sakuTar siebs im sityvebiT, romlebic maT daaviwydaT. gaagrZele Txroba am TamaSSi moswavleebi rig-rigobiT, TiTo winadadebiT cdiloben mouyvnen klass ganvlili masala. erTi iwyebs, xolo meore agrZelebs Txrobas. imarjvebs is, visi winadadebac boloa da romlis mere veravin verafers igonebs. es TamaSi SeiZleba gaiTamaSoT wyvilebSi an klasebSi. me vici xuTi... es savarjiSo Zalian hgavs sabavSvo TamaSs _ `me vici xuTi saxeli~. wamyvani ambobs: `me vici saqarTvelos xuTi mwvervali~. sxva moswavleebma unda moifiqron xuTi mwvervali da Seadaron wamyvanis Canafiqrs. imarjvebs is monawile, romelic pirveli daasaxelebs xuT mwvervals saqarTveloSi. Semdeg wamyvani asaxelebs axal gamocanas: `me vici xuTi mdinare~, `me vici xuTi tba~ da a. S. krosvordi TamaSSi monawileobs ori adamiani (an mTeli klasi muSaobs wyvilebSi). saWiroa ujredebiani furceli. cxaddeba dro (vTqvaT, aTi wuTi) da Tema. pirveli sityva iwereba furclis SuaSi horizontalurad an vertikalurad. is unda exebodes aRniSnul Temas da Sedgebodes aranakleb xuTi asosagan, yvela aso iwereba calke ujraSi. Semdeg moswavleebi rigrigobiT weren axal sityvebs (horizontalurad an vertikalurad). yoveli Cawerili sityvisaTvis _ 1 qula. arsebuli sityvebis yovel gadakveTaze _ 2 qula. gaimarjvebs is, vinc yvelaze met qulas moagrovebs. gamoicani termini TamaSis mTavari monawile (wamyvani) gadis saklaso oTaxidan, kalsi ki Caifiqrebs sityvas, romelic Seexeba ganvlil masalas. amis Semdeg mTavar monawiles kvlav iwveven klasSi _ mas klasisaTvis maqsimum aTi kiTxvis dasmis ufleba aqvs, ris Semdegac unda gamoicnos Cafiqrebuli sityva. kiTxvebze pasuxi SeiZleba iyos `ki, ara, nawilobriv~. kiTxvasa da pasuxs Soris Sualedi ar unda aRematebodes erT wuTs. Tu aTi kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg wamyvani ver SeZlebs sityvis gamocnobas, mas sxva monawile Secvlis da klasi axal sityvas Caifiqrebs. wamyvanis Secvlisas klasi asaxelebs Cafiqrebul sityvas. es saSualebas aZlevs maswavlebels, dainaxos moswavlis logikuri azrovnebis SesaZleblobebi. TamaSi moswavleebs aCvevs kiTxvebis sworad dasmas, pasuxebis Sejerebasa da swori daskvnebis gakeTebas. turniri am TamaSisas ori moswavle ejibreba erTmaneTs codnaSi. ganisazRvreba Tema. pirveli moswavle svams kiTxvas mocemul Temaze, meore _ upasuxebs. Tu pasuxi sworia, meore moswavle Tavad svams kiTxvas, romelzedac pirveli monawile pasuxobs. TamaSi grZeldeba manam, sanam ar gaiJRerebs araswori pasuxi, an moswavle ver SeZlebs Tavisi kiTxvis dasmas. gamarjvebulia is, vinc bolos upasuxebs sworad, xolo mis mier dasmuli kiTxva swori pasuxis gareSe darCeba. Tu TamaSi male dasrulda (meore an mesame kiTxvaze), mogebulTan TamaSs agrZelebs sxva moTamaSe. 22 23 24 25 2.13. rukebis mniSvneloba da gamoyeneba (1 sT.) 2.14. sivrce da teritoria (1 sT.) 2.15. geografiuli mdebareoba (1 sT.) 2.16. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba (2 sT.) 2.9. dedamiwis romel wertilSi vimyofebiT? (1 sT.) 2.12. Tanamedrove rukebi (1 sT.) 2.8. gradusTa bade (1 sT.) 2.7. geografiuli informacia (2 sT.) 2.6. rogor wavikiTxoT ruka? ( 2 sT.) 2.11. adgilis gegma (1 sT.) 2.5 masStabi da manZilis gazomva rukasa da globusze (1 sT.) 2.4. rukebis mravalsaxeoba (2 sT.) 2.3. ruka da atlasi (1 sT.) 2.10. rukebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi ( 1 sT.) 3 2.2. rogor iqmneboda ruka? (2 sT.) II Tavi – sivrce da teritoria 2.1. globusi – dedamiwis modeli (1 sT.) 1.5. dedamiwis dReRamuri moZraoba da sasaaTo sartylebi (2 sT) 1.3. sicocxlis warmoSoba da ganviTareba (1.sT.) 1.2. dedamiwis `biografia~ (1.sT) 2 informaciis mosapoveblad kiTxulobs sxvadasxva istoriulgeografiul saSualebas. 1.4. dedamiwis wliuri moZraoba (1.sT) 1 esmis welTaRricxvis sistema; akavSirebs movlenebsa da faqtebs istoriul epoqasTan. I Tavi – geologiuri dro da dedamiwis moZraoba 1.1. geologirui dro (1 sT.) nawilis da Temis dasaxeleba gansazRvravs geografiuli obieqtis da teritoriebis adgilmdebareobas rukaze. xsnis, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi pirobebi dasaxlebis tipebsa da meurneobis ganviTarebaze. 4 msjelobs bunebrivi resursebis racionalur da mravalmxriv gamoyenebaze. 5 aanalizebs ekonomikasa da bunebaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresiT gamowveul cvlilebebs. 6 7 axasiaTebs da adarebs erTmaneTs gansxvavebul saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebs. standartis Sesabamisi Sedegebi Sinaarsisa da misaRwevi Sedegebis ruka msjelobs politikuri moRvawis mniSvnelobaze qveynis istoriaSi. 8 axasiaTebs da adarebs erTmaneTs gansxvavebul socialur struqturebs. 9 10 msjelobs gansxvavebul kulturebsa da epoqebSi damkvidrebul wesebze, normebsa da kanonebze. V saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan ikvlevs, Tu ra gavlenas axdns bunebrivi pirobebi, socialuri garemo da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi adamianis yofaze. 11 12 aanalizebs, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs religias sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. 26 27 4.8. kavSirgabmuloba (1 sT.) 4.9. turizmi (1 sT.) 5.3. dasaxlebis tipebi (1 sT.) 5.4. Tanamedrove qalaqi (2 sT.) 5.5. Tbilisi (1 sT.) 5.2. religiebis geografia (1 sT.) V Tavi – qveynebi da dasaxlebebi 5.1. msoflios qveynebi (1 sT.) 4.7. transporti (1 sT.) 4.10. saqarTvelos meurneoba (1 sT.) 4.6. momsaxurebis sfero (1 sT.) 4.4. saTbob-energetikuli meurneoba da energetikuli wyaroebi (2 sT.) 4.3. mrewveloba (1 sT.) 4.5. soflis meurneoba (1 sT.) 3.10. garemos dacva (2 sT.) 4.2. samecniero-teqnikuri progresi (1 sT.) 3.9. buneba safrTxeSia (2 sT.) 3.8. stiqiuri movlenebis winaaRmdeg (1 sT.) 6 IV Tavi – meurneoba 4.1. Tanamedrove msoflios meurneoba (1 sT.) 3.7. bunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebi (2 sT.) 5 3.6. saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi (1 sT.) 3.5. bunebrivi resursebis klasifikacia (2 sT.) 3.3. bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi (2 sT.) 3.4. teritoria – bunebrivi resursi (1 sT.) 3.2. adamianisa da bunebis urTierToba (1 sT.) 4 3 2 III Tavi – bunebrivi garemo da adamiani 3.1. geografiuli garsi da geografiuli garemo (1 sT.) 2.17. saqarTvelos mxareebi (2 sT.) 1 7 1 9 10 11 12 VI saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebis axsna-ganmarteba rogor davgegmoT gakveTili? sanam gakveTilis dagegmvaze muSaobas daiwyebT, moZebneT standartSi is Sedegebi da indikatorebi, romelzec gadis mocemuli Tema, konkretuli gakveTili (ix. miznebis ruka) da dausviT sakuTar Tavs 2 SekiTxva: 1. rogor mivaRwio sasurvel Sedegs? 2. rogor gavigo, miRweulia Tu ara igi? mizani gakveTilis dagegmvisas, upirveles yovlisa unda ganisazRvros gakveTilis mizani, romelic Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs Sedegs _ anu, maswavlebelma winaswar unda gansazRvros, ras unda miaRwion misma moswavleebma am gakveTilze (gakveTilis konkretuli da perspeqtiuli miznebi). gakveTilis gegmaSi TvalnaTliv unda Candes: * gakveTilis konkretuli miznebi; * gakveTilis perspeqtiuli miznebi; * ras veliT moswavleebisgan? * ra codnasa da unar-Cvevebs SeiZenen isini am gakveTilze? amocanebi miznebis misaRwevad saWiroa garkveuli amocanebis dasaxva. rogoricaa: 1. gakveTilze Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebis gansazRvra; 2 samuSaos Sesrulebis etapebi (dawyeba, damTavreba); 3. miRebuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebis forma; 4. Sefasebis kriteriumebi. aucilebeli pirobebi da resursebi miznebis misaRwevad winaswar unda ganisazRvros, arian Tu ara moswavleebi mzad dagegmili aqtivobebis Casatareblad. maswavlebelma winaswar unda gaTvalos, ra dro da resursebi sWirdeba mas gegmis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis (saxelmZRvanelo, sxvadasxva samecniero Tu SemecnebiTi xasiaTis literatura, samuSao sqemebi, TvalsaCinoebebi, suraTebi, diagramebi, grafikebi, ilustraciebi da sxv.) e. i. unda ganisazRvros: * gakveTilisTvis saWiro masala * Teoriuli da praqtikuli samuSaos ganxorcielebis etapebi gakveTilis aRwera maswavlebelma dawvrilebiT unda aRweros gakveTilis msvleloba, misi calkeuli etapi, aqtivobebi, romelic am gakveTilze sruldeba. (Tu rogor axerxebs maswavlebeli gakveTilis miznebis ganxorcielebas da ZiriTadad, ra aris misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelobani am gakveTilis msvlelobisas). gakveTilis msvleloba: gegmis es nawili gulisxmobs gakveTilis detalur aRweras: sasurvelia maswavlebelma ise aRweros gakveTilis msvleloba, rom kolegam, Tu mas amis survili aqvs, SeZlos SemoTavazebuli sagakveTilo modeliT sargebloba. gegmaSi sasurvelia 3 mniSvnelovani fazis dawvrilebiTi aRwera: 1. Sesavali _ gamowveva anu provocirebis etapi; 2. mTavari aqtivoba _ ZiriTadi nawili, romelic Sinaarsis realizebas, sakiTxis arsSi wvdomas emsaxureba; 3. daskvniTi nawili _ gaazrebis etapi, romlis drosac unda moxdes gakveTilis msvlelobisas ganxiluli Temebis analizi da sinTezi, Sejereba da Sejameba da miRebuli codnis ganmtkiceba. aucilebelia, maswavlebelma winaswar gagegmos, Tu ra dro dasWirdeba gakveTilis TiToeul fazas (gakveTilis droSi ganawileba). 28 ganvixiloT TiToeuli etapi cal-calke: Sesavali gakveTilis Sesavali nawili, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba daiwyos wina gakveTilze ganxiluli Temis SexsenebiT (frontaluri kiTxvebiT), am etapze moswavlem unda aRidginos sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informacia, ganvlili masala, romelic TavisTavad xels Seuwyobs moswavlis axali TemisTvis Semzadebas. mTavaria winaswar gqondeT gansazRvruli: * rogor gaacnoT moswavleebs gakveTilis miznebi da amocanebi? * rogor SeZloT moswavleTa yuradRebis koncentracia, mobilizeba da motivacia? * rogor daukavSiroT gakveTilis miznebi moswavleTa interess? ZiriTadi nawili (Sinaarsis realizeba) am etapis amocanaa erTis mxriv `gamowvevis~ etapze gaRvivebuli interesisa da impulsebis SenarCuneba. meores mxriv _ moswavleTa aqtivobis xelSewyoba (diskusiaSi monawileoba, kritikuli analizi, TvalsazrisTa Sepirispirebasa da Sejereba, alternatiuli gzebis Zieba). am etapze mniSvnelovania: * gakveTilis mTavari Temis gansazRvra; * sagakveTilo procesis sainteresod warmarTvisTvis saWiro xerxebisa da meTodebis SerCeva; * moswavleebma SeZlon miRebuli codnis saWiroebisa da mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba. daskvniTi nawili (refleqsia, gaazreba) gakveTilis am nawilSi SeiZleba gamoikveTos ramdenime arsebiTi momenti: gakveTilis am etapze xdeba moswavleTa miRebuli codnisa da informaciis gaazreba da dasabuTeba; sakiTxisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba. Tvalsazrisisa Tu informaciis interpretacia (sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema). moswavle yvelaze ukeT imas imaxsovrebs, rasac misTvis nacnob konteqstSi iTvisebs da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocems da asabuTebs. aRqma maSin aris safuZvliani, rodesac informacia konteqstualur sqemaSi Tavsdeba. am fazis meore amocanaa moswavleTa Soris azrTa jansaRi gacvla-gamocvla. refleqsiis dros diskusiaSi Cabma ara marto diskusiis monawileebs, aramed pasiur msmenelebsac aZlevs saSualebas gaigon, ifiqron da amis safuZvelze CamouyalibdeT, SeeqmnaT sakuTari azri da damokidebuleba ganxiluli sakiTxis irgvliv. garda amisa, es aris cvlilebebisa da rekonceptualizaciis safexuri swavlis procesSi. am stadiaze xdeba axal-axali informaciis integraciis mravalgvar saSualebaTa gacnoba, es ukanaskneli ufro moqnil konstruqciebs migvaaxloebs, romlebic moswavleebma momavalSi SesaZloa ufro praqtikulad da mizanmimarTulad gamoiyenon. garda amisa, gakveTilis daskvniT anu refleqsiis etapze unda ganisazRvros: * Sejamebis ra xerxs mimarTavT gakveTilis bolos? * rogor ganaxorcielebT ukukavSirs moswavleebTan? saSinao davaleba gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli davalebas aZlevs moswavleebs: Sin kidev erTxel gaixsenon, ra gaakeTes am gakveTilze, yuradRebiT gaecnon (waikiTxon) saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul informacias (teqsti,wyaro) da Seasrulon `saSinao davaleba~. 29 VII gakveTilis dagegmva (zogadi principebi) efeqtiani gakveTili rom davgegmoT, aucilebelia, Cveni saswavlo strategia mocemul klasSi moswavleTa swavlis stils SevuTavsoT. maswavleblis saswavlo stretegiaSi igulisxmeba dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad aqtivobebis (operaciebis) momzadebis ostatoba. swavlis stili moswavleebs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs. is axasiaTebs, ra pirobebSi grZnobs TiToeuli moswavle komfortulad Tavs swavlis procesSi. klasSi 25 moswavlidan zogi pragmatistia (ukeT swavlobs dakvirvebiT), zogi Teoretikosi (ukeT swavlobs azrovnebiT, fiqriT), zogi keTebisa da moqmedebis procesSia aqtiuri, zogi warmodgenebisa da aRqmis gziT ukeT swavlobs. gakveTili efeqtiani rom gamovides, yvela moswavlis swavlis stili, interesebi da SesaZleblobebi rac SeiZleba maqsimalurad unda gaviTvaliswinoT. amisaTvis pirvel rigSi swavleba/swavlis ori midgoma SeupirispireT erTmaneTs da naxeT, Tqveni swavlebis stilis am ori mdgomareobidan romeli arCevani ufro Seesabameba. maswavlebeli I midgoma (tradiciuli) II midgoma (aqtiuri) mizani * codnis gacema * unaris, niWis, kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba dvizi * akeTe ise, rogorc me * ifiqre, rogor gaakeTo mrwamsi * me Tqven zemoT vdgevar * me TqvenTan erTad var funqcia * gadavcem codnas * vaswavli azrovnebas da swavlas swavlebis stili * avtoritaruli * demokratiuli urTierToba Cemsa da moswavles Soris * monologi * dialogi swavlebis upiratesi meTodi * informaciuli, mTel klasTan erTdroulad * kvleva-ZiebiTi. wyvilebsa da jgufebSi saswavlo Teoria * biheviorizmi * konstruqtivizmi moswavleTa pozicia * pasiuri, uintereso * aqtiuri, iniciativiani maswavleblisa da * Warbobs maswavleblis moswavleebis saubris xangrZlivoba * Tanabaria an Warbobs moswavlis saklaso dizaini * tradiciuli * saswavlo miznisa Sesabamisad cvalebadi swavlebis sayrdeni * saxelmZRvanelo * saxelmZRvanelo da winaswar SerCeuli saswavlo masalebi Sefaseba * pasuxis `sizustis~ mixedviT * piradi aqtiurobis mixedviT axla gaarCieT, ra gansxvavebaa saswavlo Teoriebs _ biheviorizmsa da konstruqtivizms Soris. biheviorizmi mkacr disciplinasTan, codnis gadacemasTan, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masalis 30 mTeli moculobiT aTvisebasa da savarjiSoebiT SeZenili codnis ganmtkicebasTan asocirdeba. is swavlebisa da damaxsovrebis Teoriaa. konstruqtivizmi swavlisa da azrovnebis Teoriaa da miiCnevs, rom moswavle aqtiurad swavlobs kvleva-Ziebisa da keTebis procesSi da TviTon aSenebs codnas. `nawilebisgan konstruqciis aSeneba~ piradi gamocdilebisa da sxvebTan urTierTobis safuZvelze xdeba. axla is sasicocxlo, zogadi, praqtikuli unarebi CamoTvaleT, romlebic aucileblad unda SesZinos skolam 21-e saukunis axalgazrdas: _ iazrovnos logikurad da kritikulad; _ Caswvdes mimarTebebs sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris; _ masalis damuSavebis, gagebis, analizisa da adekvaturi aRqmis safuZvelze gamoitanos daskvna da miiRos gadawyvetileba; _ dasZlios mavne Cvevebi. icxovros cxovrebis jansaRi wesiT. _ flobdes monacemTa Sedarebis, Segrovebisa da sxvadasxva saxiT warmodgenis xerxebs; _ hqondes TanamSromlobisa da Tanadgomis unari da a. S. axla sqematurad ganvixiloT Tanamedrove gakveTilis struqtura da vawarmooT meTodologiuri gansja: rogor gadavideT swavlebidan swavlaze, maxsovrobidan _ azrovnebaze. gakveTilis struqtura msvlelobis mixedviT Sinaarsis mixedviT etapebi * Sesavali * motivacia (ganwyobis Seqmna) * sakiTxis dasma/warmodgena * aqtivobebi _ mTel klasTan _ individualurad _ wyvilSi _ jgufSi * siRrmiseuli wvdoma * sakiTxis ganviTareba/aTviseba * analizi, Sejameba * gaazreba (refleqsia) * codnis gamoyeneba/integracia rCevebi maswavlebels efeqtiani gakveTilis dasagegmad gakveTilze saswavlo procesis dasagegmad maswavleblis upirvelesi amocana gakveTilis miznis arsis gagebaa. gakveTilis saswavlo miznebi gamoxatavs, ra codna da unarebi unda SeiZinon moswavleebma. ra Sedegs unda miaRwion moswavleebma swavlis procesSi, gansazRvrulia erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi yvela saganSi/sagnobriv jgufSi klasebis mixedviT. Sedegis miRwevas adasturebs Sedegis qvemoT mocemuli indikatorebi. maswavleblis wignSi mocemuli Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka uCvenebs, romeli Sedegis misaRwevad aris saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli paragrafi da romeli indikatorebiT dasturdeba gakveTilis bolos Sedegis miRweva. rodis aris gakveTilis mizani sworad SerCeuli? mizani sworad aris SerCeuli, Tu: * gamomdinareobs sagnobrivi standartis misaRwevi Sedgebidan. * qmnis safuZvels moswavleTa progresis SemowmebisTvis. * exmareba maswavlebels TviTSefasebaSi. * warmoadgens saswavlo savarjiSoebis CarCos. yvelaferi zemoT aRniSnuli miiRweva, rodesac moswavleebi gakveTilze gaakeTeben imas, rasac Txoulobs Sedegebis qvemoT CamoTvlili indikatorebi. Tu maT yuradRebiT CaikiTxavT, naxavT, rom gakveTilis mizani klasikuri samkuTxedis saxiT SegiZliaT warmoidginoT: codna (aRweren, axsnian, CamoTvlian, gaigeben...) unarebi (Seadareben, Seqmnian, gaaanalizeben, gamoikvleven...) 31 ganwyoba-damokidebuleba (Seafaseben, SearCeven, Secvlian...) gakveTilis zogad mizanSi unda Candes, ra codna da unar-Cvevebi unda misceT moswavleebs, specifikurSi ki _ ra konkretuli amocanebi unda ganaviTaroT amisTvis. magaliTad, Tu CaTvliT, rom saswavlo problema fiqrisa da azrovnebis procesSi unda gadawydes Sesabamisi situaciuri amocana an savarjiSo unda SearCioT. masalis vizualizaciisTvis rukebis, grafikebis, naxatebis Seqmna dagWirdebaT, praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis formireba rogorc davalebebis SesrulebiT, ise roluri TamaSebiTa da warmosaxviTi eqsperimentebiT SeiZleba. sakuTari ganwyoba-damokidebulebebis gamosaxatavad moswavles saubris, simReris, keTebis saSualebac unda misceT. zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gakveTilis dagegmvis win maswavlebelma meTodologiuri gansja unda awarmoos: mTavari kiTxva gansjisTvis: ras gaakeTebs bavSvi gakveTilze? swavlobs swavlas? aSenebs codnas? damatebiTi kiTxvebi gansjisTvis: * ra movamzade gakveTilis dawyebis win swavlis ganwyobis Sesa qmnelad? wignSi aris Sesabamisi aqtivoba Tu me unda movZebno? * aqtivobebis dagegmvisas gaviTvaliswino: rac vuTxari, momismina? Tu momismina, gaigo? Tu gaigo, miiRo? Tu miiRo, SeuZlia praqtikulad gamoiyenos? ganwyoba xom ar daikarga? * aris saxelmZRvaneloSi masala, romelic apirobebs mzaobas: a) saxlSi kvlevis gasagrZeleblad? b) axal masalaze gadasasvlelad?Tu ar aris, me riT davexmarebi? kiTxvebi, romlebic daismis swavleba/swavlis axali midgomebiT gakveTilis dagegmvis win, bevria da rTuli. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema skolaSi kolegebTan TanamSromlobiT, azrisa da gamocdilebis gaziarebiT ukeT SeiZleba. gakveTilis mizani gansazRvravs aqtivobebis Sinaarss. aqtivobebis SerCevisas miznis misaRwevad winaswar unda moifiqroT: * romeli/ramdeni aqtivobis Catareba dagWirdebaT da rogori TanmimdevrobiT. * aris Tu ara sawyisi/Sesavali aqtivoba samotivacio, anu moemsaxureba Tu ara igi moswavleTa dainteresebas swavlis procesSi CasarTavad da Seasrulebs Tu ara momdevno aqtivobebTan damakavSirebel rols. * aris Tu ara momdevno aqtivobebi moswavlis swavlaze orientirebuli, ganmaviTarebeli, SemoqmedebiTi. * iZleva Tu ara Semajamebeli aqtivoba saSualebas, gakveTilis bolos Semowmdes moswavleTa progresi da Sefasdes gakveTilis xarisxi (ramdenad miaRwies moswavleebma da maswavleblebma dasaxul miznebs). aqtivobebis SerCevis paralelurad mniSvnelovania moswavleTa organizaciis formis dagegmva da drois ganawileba. saswavlo miznis miRwevis maCvenebeli indikatorebi garkveulwilad migvaniSnebs, rogor vamuSaoT moswavleebi: mTel klasTan, individualurad, wyvilebsa Tu jgufebSi. rac metad SesabamisobaSi iqneba aqtivobis organizaciis forma moswavleTa SesaZleblobebTan da swavlis stilTan, miT realurad SeamowmebT gakveTilze moswavleTa progress da gaanawilebT maT Sesasruleblad gankuTvnil dros. dro TiToeuli aqtivobisTvis winaswar igegmeba, Tumca swavlis procesSic SesaZlebelia SeitanoT masSi cvlilebebi. gansakuTrebiT yuradReba misaqcevia drois ganawileba jgufuri muSaobisTvis, rodesac saWiroa samuSaos dagegmva, monacemebis organizeba da warmodgena. unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom swored jgufuri muSaobisas yalibdeba moswavleebSi TanamSromlobis, piradi da gunduri pasuxismgeblobis, jansaRi konkurenciis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis/dasabuTebis da sxva zogadi unar-Cvevebi. Tu samuSao kvleviTi an SemoqmedebiTia, TiToeuli davalebis SesrulebisTvis gankuTvnili drois gaTvla (ar darCes zedmeti dro an ar daakldes dro) faqtobrivad ganapirobebs miznis miRwevas. gakveTilze swavlis procesis efeqtianad warmarTva SeuZlebelia saswavlo resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. gakveTilis mizani gvikarnaxebs, ra tipis resursiT mivaRwevT Sedegs ukeT: adamianuri (sxva maswavlebeli, sazogadoebis wevri...), sainformacio (saxelmZRvaneloebi, statiebi, samuSao furclebi...), vizualuri (plakatebi, sqemebi, fotoebi, modelebi...) Tu audiovizualuri (kompiuteri, videokamera...). mza resursebze aranakleb efeqturia resursebis Seqmna. resusis moZieba_Seqmna SeiZleba klasSi, skolaSi, lokalur an globalur garemoSi, xolo Seqmnili resursis srulyofa_ganviTareba _ klasSi an gakveTilebis Semdeg skolaSi TanamSromlobiT, 32 gamocdilebis gaziarebiTa da efeqtianobis SemowebiT. ra tipis resursis gamoyenebas_Seqmnas, moZiebas SevZlebT, es gansazRvravs dasagegmi praqtikuli savarjiSoebis CarCos. yvela gakveTils sWirdeba Sefaseba. Sefaseba aris monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvna, romelic daafiqrisebs TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebasa da progress gakveTilis bolos (zogadad: swavlis garkveul etapze). Sefasebis axali sistema efuZneba monitoringisa da Semowmebis procesebs. monitoringSi igulisxmeba TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebasa da progresze mudmivi Tvalyuris devnebisa da faqtebis mogrovebis procesi. monitoringi saWiroa imisTvis, rom maswavlebelma Seiswavlos TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stili, SesaZleblobebi, interesebi, saWiroebebi da Sesabamisad Seitanos cvlilebebi gakveTilis dagegmvaSi. Zalze mniSvnelovania, gakveTilis msvlelobisas kerZo kontaqtebi awarmooT TiToeul moswavlesTan da yuradReba gaunawiloT TiToeuls. Semowmeba aris TiToeuli moswavlis miRwevebisa da progresis (agreTve zogadad swavlis procesis) Sesaxeb monacemebis Segrovebis procesi. risTvis vagrovebT am monacemebs? monacemebis safuZvelze maswavlebeli gamoavlens swavlis xelisSemwyob da xelisSemSlel faqtorebs. Semowmebis Sedegebi faqtobrivad `iZleva~ rCevebs, saSualebebs Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad. pedagogiur praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli Semowmebis xerxebia: dakvirveba, gamokiTxva, konsultacia, saubari, testireba, CaTvla, gamocda. ra formiT mimdinareobs Semowmeba _ zepiri, werilobiTi (komentariT) Tu konkretul situaciaSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb Canaweris warmoebiT, damokidebulia miznis Sinaarsze. Sesabamisad SeirCeva Semowmebis saSualebebi: kiTxvebi, testebi, rveulSi Cawerili monacemebi, namuSevrebis krebulebi, proeqtebi da sxv. arsebiTia, gaviazroT, rom monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze maswavleblis mier moswavlis mimdinare Sefaseba xdeba ara mxolod qulebis dasawerad, aramed TiToeuli moswavlis droSi ganviTarebis misaRwevad, Secdomis gasasworeblad, Sedegis gasaumjobeseblad. aseTi midgomiT droTa ganmavlobaSi TiToeul moswavleSi yalibdeba urTierT da TviTSefasebis unar-Cvevac: moswavle aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas gakveTilis srulyofaSi, problemebis gamoyofasa da Sefasebis kriteriumebis/sqemis SedgenaSi. mocemuli msjelobidan gamomdinareobs gakveTilis dagegmvis aseTi sqema: gakveTilze misaRwevi Sedegebi indikatorebi mizani/miznebi aqtivobebi (organizacia, dro) resursebi (klasisa da TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis) Sefaseba gakveTilis efeqturi dagegmisTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT cxrili, romlis SedgenaSi dagexmarebaT yoveli gakveTilis win da bolos saazrovno unarebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad sakuTari TavisTvis dasmuli kiTxvebi: 1. ra masalas iswavlian, romel qmedebebs Seasruleben moswavleebi, ra Sedegs unda mivaRwio, Sefasebis romeli forma SevarCio? 33 2. rogor vamuSao moswavleebi miznis misaRwevad. ras gavakeTeb me da ras gaakeTeben Cemi moswavleebi? 3. risTvis da visTvis gaakeTeben amas moswavleebi? 4. ratom SevarCie aseTi aqtivobebi? kidev romeli aqtivobebis gamoyeneba SemiZlia? ratom SevarCieT msgavs/gansxvavebuli aqtivobebi me da saxelmZRvanelos avtorma? 5. ra moxdeba, Tu aqtivobebis raodenobas, Tanmimdevrobas Sevcvli da savarjiSoebs azrobrivad gavaerTianeb? riT davasabuTeb Cems arCevans? 6. romel da ramden moswavleze velodebodi Sedegis (miznis) miRwevas da ra miviRe? ra cvlilebebis Setanas mTxovs miRweuli Sedegi (Sefaseba)? saswavlo mizani/miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavleTa organizeba drois ganawileba resursebi Semowmeba/Sefaseba VIII komentarebi moswavlis wignis sagakveTilo paragrafebze VII klasis `geografiis~ moswavlis wigni 5 nawilisagan da 50-mde Temisgan (paragrafisgan) Sedgeba, romlebic gaTvlilia 60 sagakveTilo saaTze. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia rubrikebi: 1. leqsikoni _ sadac ganmartebulia axali terminebi, ucxo sityvebi. 2. kiTxvebi da davalebebi _ romelTa umetesoba sruldeba gakveTilze, xolo nawili moswavleebs eZlevaT saxlSi saSinao davalebis saxiT. 3. es sainteresoa _ am nawilSi moswavleebi gaecnobian damatebiT cnobebs gakveTilSi mocemul masalasTan dakavSirebiT. 4. wyaroebi; 5. Semajamebeli davalebebi _ yvela Tavis bolos moswavleebi muSaoben testebze TviTSefasebisaTvis. 6. danarTebi. TiToeuli sagakveTilo Tema moicavs Sinaarsis realizaciisTvis gankuTvnil teqstebs, ilustraciebs, sqemebs, diagramebs, cxrilebs da istoriul wyaroebs, romlebic gankuTvnilia jgufuri an individualuri samuSaoebisaTvis. Sinaarsi I Tavi geologiuri dro da dedamiwis moZraoba 1.1 geologiuri dro 1.2. dedamiwis `biografia~ 1.3. sicocxlis warmoSoba da ganviTareba 1.4. dedamiwis wliuri moZraoba 1.5. dedamiwis dReRamuri moZraoba da sasaaTo sartylebi II Tavi sivrce da teritoria 2.1. globusi – dedamiwis modeli 2.2. rogor iqmneboda ruka? 2.3. ruka da atlasi 2.4. rukebis mravalsaxeoba 2.5. masStabi da manZilebis gazomva rukasa da globusze 2.6. rogor wavikiTxoT ruka? 2.7. geografiuli informacia 34 2.8. gradusTa bade 2.9. dedamiwis romel wertilSi vimyofebiT? 2.10. rukebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi 2.11. adgilis gegma 2.12. Tanamedrove rukebi 2.13. rukebis mniSvneloba da gamoyeneba 2.14. sivrce da teritoria 2.15. geografiuli mdebareoba 2.16. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba 2.17. saqarTvelos mxareebi III Tavi bunebrivi garemo da adamiani 3.1. geografiuli garsi da geografiuli garemo 3.2. adamianisa da bunebis urTierToba 3.3. bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi, dedamiwis klimaturi sartylebi 3.4. teritoria – bunebrivi resursi 3.5. bunebrivi resursebis klasifikacia 3.6. saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi 3.7. bunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebi 3.8. stiqiuri movlenebis winaaRmdeg 3.9. buneba safrTxeSia 3.10. garemos dacva IV Tavi meurneoba 4.1. Tanamedrove msoflios meurneoba 4.2. samecniero-teqnikuri progresi 4.3. mrewveloba 4.4. saTbob-energetikuli meurneoba da energetikuli wyaroebi 4.5. soflis meurneoba 4.6. momsaxurebis sfero 4.7. transporti 4.8. kavSirgabmuloba 4.9. turizmi 4.10. saqarTvelos meurneoba V Tavi qveynebi da dasaxlebebi 5.1. msoflios qveynebi 5.2. religiebis geografia 5.3. dasaxlebis tipebi 5.4. Tanamedrove qalaqi 5.5. Tbilisi danarTi 1. naxevarsferoebis fizikuri ruka danarTi 2. msoflios politikuri ruka danarTi 3. avstralia danarTi 4. evropis fizikuri ruka danarTi 5. adgilis gegma da pirobiTi niSnebi danarTi 6. saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka danarTi 7. saqarTvelos politikur-administraciuli regionebi danarTi 8. saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli provinciebi danarTi 9. msoflios konturuli ruka danarTi 10. saqarTvelos konturuli ruka danarTi 11. geografiuli informacia 35 IX. sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi Tema 1.2 dedamiwis biografia (1 sT) Sedegi 1. moswavles esmis welTaRricxvis sistema, akavSirebs istoriul movlenebsa da faqtebs Sesabamis istoriul epoqasTan. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: gamoTqvams varauds dedamiwis ganviTarebis manZilze momxdari mniSvnelovani movlenebis (magaliTad, hidrosferos, atmosferos, kontinentebisa da sicocxlis warmoSobis) Sesaxeb da adarebs mas geoqronologiur sqemas. gakveTilis mizani: teqstis analizis Semdeg sTxoveT moswavleebs, Seavson cxrilis meore da mesame ujra. III etapi _ 15 wT. cxrilis Sevsebis semdeg moswavleebi waradgenen Sesrulebul namuSevrebs. erTmaneTs Seadareben dedamiwis Sesaxeb TavianT pirvelad warmodgenebsda axal informacias. adgenen, sad daemTxva isini erTmaneTs da sad _ ara. dasasruls mokled SeajameT gakveTilze Catarebuli aqtivobebi da mieciT maT saSinao davaleba: werilobiT gamoTqvan varaudi dedamiwis zedapirze SesaZlo cvlilebis Sesaxeb (gamoiyenon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli nax. 1.2.3). fasdeba: namuSevris wardgenis unari; sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmisa da daskvis gakeTebis unari; Sedarebis unari; informaciis damuSavebis, analizisa da interpretaciis unari. • geologiuri droisa da welTaRricxvis (geoqronologiis) Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmna; • dedamiwis warmoqmnisa da varaudebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis gacnoba. Tema 1.5 gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebi: • drosa da sivrceSi orientaciis unari; • SemoqmedebiTobis unari; • kavSirebis dadgenis unari; • sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqmis, argumentirebisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis unari. resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, geoqronologiuri cxrili gakveTilis msvleloba: I etapi _ 10 wT. gakveTili iwyeba kiTxvebiT: – ras niSnavs geoqronologia? – ra gansxvavebaa geologiur drosa da istoriul dros Soris? pasuxebis mosmenis Semdeg dayaviT klasi 5 jgufad. TiToeul jgufs daarqviT romelime geologiuri eris saxeli (mag, I jgufs _ kainozouri, II jgufs _ mezozouri, III jgufs _ paleozouri, IV jgufs _ proterozouli, V jgufs _ arqauli) da sTxoveT, aRweron ra mniSvnelovani movlenebi xdeboda `maT~ eraSi. Sedegi 2. moswavle informaciis mosapoveblad kiTxulobs sxvadasxva istoriul-geografiul saSualebebs. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • iyenebs dedamiwis saaTobrivi sartylebis rukas da adarebs sakuTari qveynis dros sxva sartylebSi arsebuli qveynis dros; • warmosaxviT mogzaurobs dedamiwis garSemo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken an dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken; msjelobs TariRTa cvlis xazis daniSnulebisa da ganlagebis principebze; aseve mogzaurobisas Seqmnil uxerxulobebsa da maTi daZlevis saSualebebze. gakveTilis mizani: • dedamiwis sasaaTo sartylebis rukis gacnoba, wakiTxva da informaciis moZieba; • TariRTa cvlis xazis mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba; • dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilas drois gansazRvra. gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebi: • drosa da sivrceSi orientaciis unari; • informaciis moZiebis, gaanalizebisa da gamoyenebis unari; • sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqmis, argumentirebisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis unari. II etapi _ 20 wT. ra vicodi dedamiwis dReRamuri moZraoba da sasaaTo sartylebi (1 sT) ra gavige ra minda vicode resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, dedamiwis sasaaTo sartylebis ruka, globusi, msoflios politikuri ruka gakveTilis msvleloba: I etapi _ provocireba _ 10 wT. hkiTxeT moswavleebs, rogoria maTi warmodgenebi dedamiwis warmoSobis Sesaxeb da pasuxebi SeitaneT cxrilis pirvel grafaSi. Semdeg sTxoveT moswavleebs, waikiTxon teqsti `dedamiwis biografia~. teqstze muSaobis dros gamoiyenon sxvadasxva niSani. mag., rac ician da maTTvis nacnobia, aRniSnon `+~ niSniT, rac axalia _ `-~ niSniT, rac gaugebaria _ `?~ niSniT, xolo Tu meti informacia sWirdebaT _ `~ niSniT. moswavleebs waukiTxeT geografiuli amocana: `2006 wels germaniaSi gamarTuli fexburTis Cempionatis finaluri matCis dasawyisi daniSnuli iyo grinviCis droiT 19 saaTze. a) romel saaTze daiwyeboda matCi berlinSi adgilobrivi droiT? b) romel saaTze daiwyeboda matCis pirdapiri translacia TbilissSi?~ 36 37 Tema 2.7 geografiuli informacia (1 sT) sTxoveT moswavleebs, upasuxon SekiTxvebs. maTi pasuxebi CamowereT dafaze daxazul cxrilSi: grinviCis droiT berlinSi TbilisSi adgilobrivi droiT 19 sT. 20 sT. Sedegi 2. moswavle informaciis mosapoveblad kiTxulobs sxvadasxva istoriul-geografiul saSualebas. 22 sT. hkiTxeT moswavleebs, Tu saidan daadgines maT matCis dro berlinsa da TbilisSi. ras niSnavs grinviCis da adgilobrivi dro? II etapi _ teqstze muSaoba, informaciis analizi _ 20 wT. moswavleTa pasuxebis mosmenis Semdeg dayaviT klasi jgufebad da sTxoveT maT, waikiTxon teqsti `dedamiwis dReRamuri moZraoba da sasaaTo sartylebi~. teqstis kiTxvis paralelurad werilobiT upasuxon kiTxvebs, romlebic Tqven dafaze winaswar gaqvT Camowerili da `amoxsnan~ geografiuli amocana: kiTxvebi: 1. ratom ar dgeba Cveni planetis sxvadasxva adgilas dRe da Rame erTdroulad? 2. ra mimarTulebiT brunavs dedamiwa RerZis garSemo? 3. ras ewodeba dRe da Rame? 4. ratom gadaadgildeba 150-iT dedamiwis yoveli wertili 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi? 5. ratom ar gadaadgildeba dedamiwis geografiuli polusebi? 6. ratom iTvlian sasaaTo sartylebs dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT? 7. ra aris sasartyelo dro da adgilobrivi dro? 8. sad gadis TariRTa cvlis xazi da ratom SemoiRes igi? 9. Tu dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT mogzaurobT, saaTis isars win vwevT Tu ukan? ratom? 10. romel sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs saqarTvelo? geografiuli amocana: `fernando magelanis eqspedicia dedamiwis garSemo samogzaurod 1519 wels gaemgzavra da espaneTSi 1522 wels dabrunda. samSobloSi dabrunebuli mezRvaurebi gaocebulebi iyvnen imiT, rom mogzaurobis dros maT 1 dRe dakarges. rogor fiqrobT, ratom moxda ase?~ jgufebi davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg gamarTaven prezentacias. III etapi _ gakveTilis Sefaseba _ 15 wT. kidev erTxel waikiTxeT gakveTilis dasawyisSi mocemuli geografiuli amocana da sTxoveT moswavleebs, sasaaTo sartylebis rukis gamoyenebiT Seamowmon TavianTi pasuxebi. Semdeg sTxoveT, individualurad upasuxon kidev erT kiTxvas _ CamoTvlilTagan amoarCion swori pasuxi. romeli qveynis dedaqalaqSi daiwyeboda pirdapiri teletranslacia adgilobrivi droiT 13 saaTze: a) meqsika (mexiko), b) brazilia (brazilia), g) Cile (santiago) d) argentina (buenos-airesi) gakveTilis bolos SeamowmeT moswavleebis mier Sesrulebuli davaleba da mieciT saSinao davaleba: sasaaTo sartylebis rukis gamoyenebiT daadginon, ra droa beijingSi (pekinSi), tokioSi, vaSingtonSi, londonsa da praRaSi (SeiZleba sxva qalaqebic daamatoT Tqveni survilis mixedviT), Tu TbilisSi 12 saaTia. fasdeba: rukis kiTxvis, informaciis moZiebisa da analizis unari; argumentirebulad msjelobis unari; namuSevrebis wardgenis unari 38 Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: geografiuli da istoriuli informaciis interpretacias axdens cxrilebis, fotoebisa da rukebis gamoyenebiT; erTi tipis geografiul saSualebebze mocemul informacias gamoxatavs sxva saxiT. gakveTilis mizani: geografiuli informaciis sxvadasxva saSualebis gacnoba da maTi gamoyeneba. gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebi: informaciis moZiebis, wakiTxvis, gaanalizebisa da interpretaciis unari; Sedarebis unari; daskvnis gakeTebis unari. resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, sxvadasxva saxis diagramebi, grafikebi, rukebi, cxrilebi gakveTilis msvleloba I etapi _ 10 wT. gakveTilis dawyebamde maswavlebeli klasSi gamofens sxvadasxva saxis vizualur masalas: magaliTad, saqarTvelos fizikur, naxevarsferoebisa da msoflios politikur rukebs, sxvadasxva saxis diagramebs, grafikebs, raime cxrilis nimuSs (mag, evropis qveynebis farTobebi), sxvadasxva landSaftis fotoebs. gakveTili iwyeba maswavleblis kiTxvebiT: – ra saxis TvalsaCinoebebia gamofenili klasSi? – ra saerTo aqvs am TvalsaCinoebebs? (yvela maTgani garkveuli saxis geografiul informacias Seicavs) – ra geografiuli informaciis moZieba, wakiTxva SeiZleba TiToeuli maTganis gamoyenebiT? II etapi _ 20 wT. geografiuli informaciis wakiTxva da analizi. klasi dayaviT 5 jgufad da TiToeul jgufs mieciT davaleba: micemuli sxvadasxva geografiuli saSualebis gamoyenebiT moipovon informacia da moZiebuli informacia gamosaxon sxva saxiT. I jgufs daevaleba, nax. 2.8.1-is mixedviT daadginon: a) rogor icvleboda msoflio mosaxleobis raodenoba saukuneebis mixedviT da warmoadginon cxrilis saxiT. b) romel saukunesa da romel wlebSi moxda mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda? g) rogoria mosaxleobis zrdis prognozi? II jgufs daevaleba, nax. 2.8.2-is mixedviT daadginon: a) romel wlebSi iyo msoflio mosaxleobis Sobadobis koeficienti yvelaze maRali? yvelaze dabali? b) ramdeniT Seicvala Sobadobis koeficienti 1910-2000 wlebSi? III jgufs daevaleba, nax. 2.8.3-is mixedviT daadginon: a) romel regionSia yvelaze meti adamiani dasaqmebuli soflis meurneobaSi? b) romel regionSia yvelaze meti adamiani sxva sferoSi dasaqmebuli? g) kidev ra saxis informaciis moZieba SeiZleba am diagramebis gamoyenebiT? IV jgufs daevaleba, nax. 2.8.4-is mixedviT gansazRvron, ra geografiuli informaciis mopoveba SeiZleba am informaciaze dayrdnobiT da werilobiT daaxasiaTon romelime kontinenti. 39 V jgufs daevaleba, nax. 2.8.5-is gamoyenebiT daadginon: a) dedamiwis romel regionSi cxovrobs yvelaze meti mosaxleoba? b) ratom aris am kartogramaze msoflios qveynebidan mxolod CineTi da indoeTi aRniSnuli? samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg TiToeuli jgufis lideri warmoadgens Sesrulebul namuSevars. III etapi _ 15 wT. gakveTilis bolos mokled SeajameT Catarebuli aqtivobebi, moswavleebs mieciT individualuri samuSao _ TiToeulma moswavlem naxevarsferoebis (an msoflios fizikuri rukis) gamoyenebiT daadginos msoflios 10 mdinaris saxeli da daajgufos isini cxrilSi kontinentebis mixedviT. moswavleTa namuSevrebi maswavlebels Tan miaqvs Sesasworeblad. moswavleebs saxlSi davalebad miecemaT, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli cxrilis mixedviT aagon haeris temperaturis cvlilebis grafiki. fasdeba: informaciis moZiebis, damuSavebisa da interpretaciis unari; namuSvrebis wardgenis unari; komunikaciis unari; daskvnis gakeTebis unari. II etapi _ 20 wT. maswavlebeli atarebs minileqcias geografiuli koordinatebis Sesaxeb. geografiuli grZedisa da ganedis ganmartebis Semdeg klasi iyofa 3 jgufad, TiToeul jgufs eZleva davaleba-amocana geografiul koordinatebze: 1. 1912 wlis 15 aprils im droisaTvis yvelaze swrafi gemi `titaniki~ C.g.430-isa da Dd.g. 500-is gadakveTaze CaiZira. gamoarkvie: a) romel okeaneSi mogzaurobda gemi? b) moiZie damatebiTi informacia `titanikis~ daRupvis Sesaxeb. 2. am kunZuls ramdenime dasaxeleba aqvs: raha-nui, vaihu, magram yvelaze xSirad mas sxva saxeliT moixsenieben. daadgine kunZulis saxelwodeba, Tu misi koordinatebia s.g. 270 da d.g 1090. 3. roman `saidumlo kunZulis~ gmiri sahaero burTiT samogzaurod gaemgzavra. man starti qalaq riCmondidan (aSS) aiRo, romlis koordinatebia C.g.380 da d.g. 780. sabolood igi dausaxlebel kunZulze aRmoCnda, romelsac lonkolni uwoda. linkolnis koordinatebia s.g. 350 da d.g. 1500. aRniSne rukaze wignis gmiris mogzaurobis marSruti da daadgine, ra mimarTulebiT mogzaurobda igi? samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg xdeba namuSevrebis prezentacia. TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgeneli kiTxulobs amocanas da mis `amoxnaxsens~ rukaze aCvenebs. III etapi _ 15 wT. Tema 2.9 dedamiwis romel wertilSi vimyofebiT? (1 sT.) Sedegi 3. moswavle gansazRvravs geografiuli obieqtebisa da teritoriebis adgilmdebareobas rukaze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: rukis gamoyenebiT gansazRvravs msofliosa da saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani geografiuli obieqtis koordinatebs. gakveTilis mizani: sxvadasxva geografiuli obieqtis geografiuli koordinatebisa da adgilmdebareobis dadgena. gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevbi: sivrceSi orientirebis unari; geografiuli saSualebebiT informaciis moZiebis, gaanalizebisa da Sedarebis uanri; TviTSefasebisa da urTierTSefasebis unari. resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, naxevarsferoebis (an msoflios fizikuri) da saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka. gakveTilis bolos TiToeul moswavles eZleva individualuri davaleba: saqarTvelosa da naxevarsferoebis (an msof. fizikuri rukis) rukis gamoyenebiT unda gansazRvron maT mier SerCeuli 2 obieqtis (erTi msofliodan, erTi _ saqarTvelodan) geografiuli koordinatebi. Sesrulebul namuSevrebs moswavleebi erTmaneTs ucvlian da erTmaneTis pasuxebs asworeben. fasdeba: namuSevris wardgenis unari; rukaze muSaobis unari; informaciis moZiebisa da damuSvebis unari Tema 2.16 saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba (1 sT.) Sedegi 3: moswavle gansazRvravs geografiuli obieqtebisa da teritoriebis adgilmdebare obas rukaze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • rukis gamoyenebiT gansazRvravs saqarTvelos zogadgeografiul mdebareobas; adarebs msgavsi da gansxvavebuli mdebareobis qveynebs; ajgufebs maT cxrilSi. gakveTilis mizani: saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis gansazRvra da sxva qveynebTan Sedareba gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevbi: gakveTilis msvleloba I etapi _ 10 wT. gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli dawers dafaze sityvebs: ekvatori, grZedi, ganedi, meridiani, paraleli da sTxovs moswavleebs, ganmarton TiToeuli maTgani. 40 • geografiuli informaciis moZiebis, gaanalizebisa da Sefasebis unari; • Sedarebis unari; • sivrceSi orientaciis unari; 41 • sakuTri mosazrebebis gamoTqmis, argumentirebisa da daskvnebis gamotanis unari. resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, msofliosa da evropis politikuri rukebi, saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis fizikuri da teritoriul-administraciuli dayofis ruka, globusi. gakveTilis msvleloba: I etapi _ 10 wT. gakveTili iwyeba maswavleblis kiTxviT: `sad mdebareobs saqarTvelo?~ moswavleTa pasuxebi fiqsirdeba dafaze. mag., kavkasiaSi, evropaSi, aziaSi, evraziaSi, Savi zRvis piras, samxreT kavkasiaSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi da sxv. Semdeg sTxoveT moswavleebs, imuSaon wyvileSi da msoflios politikuri rukis gamoyenebiT gansazRvron manZili Tbilisidan moskovamde, ankaramde, Teiranamde, baRdadamde, kairomde, venamde, varSavamde, berlinamde, parizamde, ierusalimamde, londonamde (TiToeuli wyvili Tqven mier micemul qalaqamde sazRvravs manZils). davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg moswavleebis pasuxebi SeitaneT winaswar momzadebul cxrilSi, romelic aseT saxes miiRebs: manZili Tbilisidan km sazRvrebze gavatarebT (TurqeTTan da iranTan), maSin saqarTvelo da mTlianad kavkasia evropaSi xvdeba. d) radganac kavkasiaSi ufro evropuli tipis landSaftebi Warbobs (kavkasiis buneba evropul bunebas emsgavseba), amitom saqarTvelo evropaSia. e) istoriis, tradiciebis da religiis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelo evropas ekuTvnis. v) Tu sazRvrebs klimaturi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze gavatarebT, maSin saqarTvelo aziaSi mloxvdeba. III etapi _ 15 wT. sTxoveT moswavleebs, msofliosa da evropis politikuri rukis mixedviT daadginon saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobis msgavsi da gansxvavebuli TiTo-TiTo qveyana. moswavleTa pasuxebis mosmenis Semdeg mieciT maT saSinao davaleba: aRweron saqarTvelos da maT mier dasaxelebuli qveynebis geografiuli mdebareoba Semdegi gegmis mixedviT: 1. romel kontinentze da kontinentis romel nawilSi mdebareobs? 2. romel regionSi mdebareobs? 3. mezobeli qveynebi da maTi dedaqalaqebi; 4. aqvs Tu ara zRvaze gasasvleli? (Tu aqvs, romel zRvaze da rogor ukavSirdeba am zRviT msoflio okeanes?) 5. romel ganedebsa da grZedebSi mdebareobs? 6. farTobi; 7. miaxloebiTi ganfeniloba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken. londoni _ moskovi _ vena _ aRweris Sedegebi warmoadginon cxrilis saxiT: varSava _ berlini _ saqarTvelo parizi _ kairo _ ankara _ Teirani _ baRdadi _ ierusalimi _ sTxoveT moswavleebs, gamoitanon daskvna: saqarTvelo aziis qveynebTan ufro axlosaa Tu evropis? II etapi _ 20 wT. sTxoveT moswavleebs, gaiyon or jgufad. erTi jgufi saqarTvelos evropaSi, xolo meore _ misi aziaSi mdebareobis momxreebad. TiToeul jgufs sTxoveT, gaecnon wyaro 1-s; moniSnon, wyaroSi mocemuli mosazrebebidan maTi poziciis Sesabamisi da, amave dros, Seecadon damatebiT kidev erTi mosazreba moifiqron TavianTi poziciis gasamyareblad. Semdeg moawyveT diskusia: `saqarTvelo – evropaSi Tu aziaSi?~ wyaro 1. a) Tu evropasa da azias Soris sazRvars kuma-maniCis Rrmulze gavatarebT, maSin saqarTvelo aziaSi mdebareobs. b) Cvens eramde me-5 saukuneSi mcxovrebi berZeni istorikosi da geografi herodote, evropasa da azias Soris sazRvars mdinareebze _ rionsa da mtkvarze atarebda. am SexedulebiT, saqarTvelos nawili evropaSi xvdeba, nawili ki aziaSi. g) Tu evropasa da azias Soris sazRvars saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis saxelmwifo 42 msgavsi geografiuli gansxvavebuli geografiu mdebareobis qveyana li mdebareobis qveyana 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 fasdeba: geografiuli informciis moZiebisa da tranformaciis unari; sakuTari poziciebis, argumentirebisa da dacvis unari; daskvnis gakeTebis unari; sxvisi azris mosmenisa da gaTvaliswinebis unari; namuSevris wardgenis unari 43 Tema 3.6 bunebrivi resursebis klasifikacia (2 sT) Sedegi 5. moswavle msjelobs bunebrivi resursebis racionalur da mravalmxriv gamoyenebaze. II etapi _ 20 wT. moswavleebma unda CamoTvalon maT irgvliv arsebuli sagnebi da Seecadon daadginon, romeli bunebrivi resursisganaa isini damzadebuli. mag., merxi _ xe, da sxv. Semdeg maswavleblis TxovniT klasi iyofa jgufebad. maT unda waikiTxon teqsti `bunebrivi Zeglebis klasifikacia~ da teqstis gamoyenebiT Seavson cxrili: amowurvadi resursebi Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • ajgufebs (baraTebis an cxrilis gamoyenebiT) bunebriv resursebsa da Sesabamis ekonomikis dargebs; • akavSirebs sayofacxovrebo moxmarebis sagnebs resursebis tipebTan; • sqemis saSualebiT gamosaxavs resursebis saxecvlilebas mopovebidan moxmarebamde (navTobi _ sawvavi _ eleqtroenergia) • bunebriv resursebs ganasxvavebs sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblis mixedviT da ajgufebs maT cxrilSi (amouwuravi da amowurvadi, aRdgenadi da aRudgeneli); • klasSi jgufuri muSaobis dros axdens CamoTvlili resursebis klasifikacias sxvadasxva niSniT: maTi gamoyenebis mniSvnelobis (pirveladi, meoreuli, naklebad mniSvnelovani, mniSvnelovani) da aTvisebis drois (uZvelesi, Zveli, axali, perspeqtiuli) mixedviT. amouwurvadi resursebi aRdgenadi resursebi aRudgenadi resursebi gamoyene buli resursebi potenciuri resursebi samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg xdeba namuSevris prezentacia. III etapi _ 15 wT. sTxoveT moswavleebs, gaixsenon, romeli bunebrivi resursebi moipoveba maT dasaxlebul adgilas (raioni, mxare) da risTvis gamoiyeneba isini. gakveTilis bolos mokled SeajameT Catarebuli aqtivobebi. gakveTilis mizani: • sxvadasxva saxis bunebrivi resursis gacnoba; • bunebrivi resursebis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblis mixedviT gansxvaveba da klasificireba; • bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis sferoebis gacnoba da kavSirebis dadgena bunebriv resursebsa da Sesabamis ekonomikis dargebs Soris. gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebi: • msgavseba-gansxvavebis dadgenis unari; • klasificirebis unari; • kavSirebis dadgenis unari; • msjelobisa da daskvnis gakeTebis unari; • SemoqmedebiTobis unari; • garemoze pasuxismgelobis unari me-2 saaTi I etapi _ 10 wT. maswavlebeli dafaze wers sxvadasxva sityvas: qvanaxSiri, navTobi, wyali, haeri, tye, aisbergi, rkina, oqro, manganumi da sxv. maswavleblis davalebiT moswavleebma dafaze Camoweril sityvebs Soris unda moZebnon msgavsebis niSnebi da daajgufon isini am niSnebis mixedviT. II etapi _ 30 wT. resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, msofliosa da saqarTvelos sasasrgeblo wiaRiseulis gav rcelebis rukebi. klasi iyofa 4 jgufad da TiToeul jgufs miecema sxvadasxva davaleba: I jgufs evaleba nax. 3.5.2-is mixedviT daadginos, suraTze gamosaxuli TiToeuli bunebrivi resursi rogori tipisaa, meurneobis romel dargSi SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba da risTvis. II jgufs evaleba, CamoTvalon maTTvis cnobili bunebrivi resursebi; gansazRvron, ra saxisaa isini; daalagon gamoyenebisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT (pirveladi, meoreuli, naklebad mniSvnelovani da mniSvnelovani) da Seavson sqema _ `reitinguli skala~. 4 3 2 gakveTilis msvleloba: 1-li saaTi I etapi _ 10 wT. 1 maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gaixsenon, ra aris bunebrivi resursi, ra gansxvaveba da msgavsebaa bunebriv resursebsa da bunebriv pirobebs Soris da Seavson diagrama: bunebrivi resursebi bunebrivi pirobebi 44 (P.S sqemaSi marTkuTxedebis ricxvi damokidebulia CamoTvlili bunebrivi resursebis raodenobaze.) III jgufs evaleba, CamoTvalon maTTvis cnobili bunebrivi resursebi; gansazRvron, ra saxisaa isini, daalagon aTvisebis drois mixedviT (uZvelesi, Zv. ax. perspeqtiuli) da Seavson sqema: 45 IV jgufs evaleba, gaecnos wyaro 1-s _ `sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis istoriidan~. teqstidan gamomdinare, ganviTarebis istoria daakavSiron sasargeblo wiaRiseulis aTvisebisa da gamoyenebis etapebTan da Seavson cxrili: kacobriobis ganviTarebis xana adamianis mier gamoyenebuli sa sargeblo wiaRiseuli adamianis mier damzadebuli nakeTobani • problemis gaazrebis da daskvnis gakeTebis unari; • argumentirebulad msjelobis unari; • garemoze pasuxismgeblobis unari. resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, naxevarsferoebis an msoflios fizikuri ruka, markerebi, qaRaldebi. gakveTilis msvleloba: I etapi _ 5 wT. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg jgufebi axdenen namuSevrebis prezentacias. III etapi _ 5 wT. maswavlebeli dafaze wers sityvebs: `stiqiuri movlenebi~ da sTxovs moswavleebs, CamoTvalon maTTvis nacnobi stiqiuri movlenebi. moswavleebis pasuxebi iwereba dafaze. miwisZvra mokled SeajameT gakveTili da moswavleebs mieciT saSinao davaleba: saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli suraTis ( nax. 3.5.4) mixedviT werilobiT aRweron gza, romelsac gadis romelime bunebrivi resursi (navTobi, xe-tye, rkinis madani, oqros madani, marmarilo an sxv.) mopovebidan momxmareblamde. fasdeba: informaciis damuSavebisa da klasificirebis unari; namuSevrebis wardgenis unari; msjelobis, analizia da daskvnebis gakeTebis uanri; komunikaciis unari Tema 3.8 bunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebi (1 sT.) Sedegi 4. moswavle xsnis, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi pirobebi dasaxlebis tipebsa da meurneobis ganviTarebaze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • moipovebs informacias bunebriv-katastrofuli movlenebis (Rvarcofi, zvavi, mewyeri, wyal didoba da sxva) geografiis Sesaxeb da ajgufebs mas (mag., cxrilis saSualebiT); • statistikuri masalis safuZvelze axasiaTebs msgavsi balianobis or miwisZvras (mag., spitakis da raWis), msjelobs gansxvavebuli Sedegebis (msxverpli, zarali, bunebis transformacia) mizezebze da ajgufebs cxrilis saSualebiT. cunami wyaldidoba da wyalmovardna stiqiuri movlenebi: qvaTacvena zvavi mewyeri qarborbala Rvarcofi II etapi _ 30 wT. klasi dayaviT 8 jgufad. TiToeul jgufs daarqviT romelime stiqiuri movlenis saxeli da mieciT davaleba: aRniSnuli stiqiuri movlenis Sesaxeb teqstisa da wyaroebis gamoyenebiT Seavson sqema: stiqiuri movlena: (ganmarteba) gamomwvevi mizezebi gavrcelebis arealebi Sedegebi Tavidan acilebis SesaZlo gzebi davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg jgufebi axdenen Sesrulebuli samuSaos prezentacias. gakveTilis mizani: • bunebriv-katastrofuli movlenebis gacnoba (warmoqmnis mizezebi, Sedegebi, gavrceleba); • mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena bunebriv pirobebsa da adamianis saqmianobas Soris; • geografiuli informaciis klasificireba. gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevbi: • informaciis moZiebisa da klasificirebis unari; • mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgenis unari; • Sedarebis unari; 46 prezentaciis Semdeg moswavleebs sTxoveT, imuSaon wyvilebSi. gaecnon wyaro 1-s da Seadaron erTmaneTs spitakisa da saCxeris miwisZvra mocemuli gegmis mixedviT: a) balianoba, b) gavrcelebis areali, g) msxverplis raodenoba da zarali, d) axsnan miwisZvris Sedegebs Soris gansxvavebis mizezebi. III etapi _ 10 wT. moswavleTa pasuxebis mosmenis Semdeg mokled SeajameT Catarebuli aqtivobebi da mieciT 47 saSinao davaleba: daadginon: a) moqceulia Tu ara saqarTvelos teritoria romelime seismur sartyelSi? b) romel qveynebSi xdeba xSirad miwisZvrebi da ifrqveva vulkanebi? g) saqarTvelos romeli regionebia moqceuli zvavsaSiS, mewyersaSiS da RvarcofsaSiS maRali riskis zonebSi. fasdeba: informaciis moZiebis, klasifikaciisa da organizebis unari; namuSevris wardgenis unari; msjelobisa da analizis unari; daskvnis gakeTebis unari; komunikaciis unari gakveTilis msvleloba (2 sT.) 1-li saaTi I etapi _ 15 wT. dafaze CamowereT sxvadasxva terimini: navTobi, tye, qvanaxSiri, mze, rkina, oqro, urani, qari, azbesti, bunebrivi airi, torfi, niadagi, manganumi da sxv. sTxoveT moswavleebs, imuSaon wyvilebSi, amoarCion Camoweril sityvbs Soris saTbob-energetikuli resursebi da TiToeuls miuweron gamoyenebis sfero, ekonomikis Sesabamisi dargi. namuSevrebi warmoadginon cxrilis saxiT: saTbob-energetikuli meurneobis dargi resursebi Tema 4.4. saTbob-energetikuli mrewveloba da energetikuli wyaroebi (2 sT.) Sedegi 5. moswavle msjelobs bunebrivi resursebis racionalur gamoyenebaze. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • ajgufebs bunebriv resursebs da Sesabamis ekonomikis dargebs; • jgufSi muSaobisas msjelobs meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis mier zogierTi resursis moxmarebis aucileblobisa da intensivobis Sesaxeb da gansazRvravs maTi dazogvis gzebs (mag., wyali, eleqtroenergia). Sedegi 6. moswavle aanalizebs ekonomikasa da bunebaSi mecnierul-tenikuri progresiT gamowveul cvlilebebs. Sedegi miRweulia, Tu moswavle: • wers Temas, romelSic konkretuli magaliTis ganxilvis safuZvelze msjelobs mecnierulteqnikuri progresis rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT mxareebze (mag., atomuri energiis gamoyeneba). II etapi _ 25 wT. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebi axdenen Sesrulebuli samuSaos prezentacias. Semdeg kiTxuloben teqsts da ecnobian cxrils (nax. 4.4.7) teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg moswavleebi klasSi wriulad dasxdebian. maswavlebeli awvdis maT instruqcias, Tu rogor unda imoqmedon: TiToeul mowavles maswavlebeli mimarTavs romelime saTbob-energetikuli resursis saxeliT da am moswavlem unda isaubros Sesabamisi resursis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze. mag., moswavle N-s Sexvda urani da atomuri energia. is saubrobs, rom urani sasargeblo wiaRiseulia, romelsac atomur eleqtrosadgurSi sawvavad iyeneben. igi didi raodenobiTaa dedamiwaze, xelmisawvdomia, iafia. uranis uaryofiT mxared ki misi aRudgenadoba iTvleba. aseve is, rom atomuri eleqtrosadguris avariebs mZime Sedegebi axlavs Tan. problemaa uranis narCenebis damarxva da sxva. meore moswavles Sexvdeba navTobi, mesames _ wyali da a.S. III etapi _ 5 wT. gakveTlis dasasruls mokled SeajameT Catarebuli aqtivobebi da sTxoveT moswavleebs, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli testi-anketa Seavson mSoblebis daxmarebiT. gakveTilis mizani: saTbob-energetikuli resursebis gacnoba da maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmna. resursebs moxmarebis masStabebis gacnoba da maTi dazogvis gzebis Zieba. gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebi: • kavSir-urTierTobebis dadgenis unari; • problemis gansazRvrisa da misi gadaWris gzebis Ziebis unari; • SemoqmedebiTobis unari; • namuSevris wardgenis unari; • komunikaciis unari; • diskusiisa da szvisi azris mosmenis unari; resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, msofliosa da saqarTvelos sasargeblo wiaRiseulis gav rcelebis rukebi. 48 me-2 saaTi I etapi _ 10 wT. sTxoveT moswavleebs, warmoadginon testi-anketis pasuxebi. gamoarkvieT, rogori mdgomareobaa klasis moswavleebs Soris energodazogviTi saqmianobis kuTxiT. II etapi _ 20 wT. dayaviT klasi jgufebad da TiToeul jgufs mieciT davaleba: 1) daadginon qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT energiis wyaroebi, romelsac adamiani iyenebs (adreuli droidan dRemde): atomuri energia, Sinauri cxovelebis kunTebis Zala (mag. cxenis Zala), navTobi, qaris energia, adamianis kunTebis Zala, naxSiri, wylis energia, mzis energia. 2) CamoTvalon eleqtrosadgurebis tipebi da daajgufon isini garemoze zemoqmedebis mixedviT. axsnan, Tu ratom gamoimuSavebs zogi maTgani `ekologiurad sufTa energias~, zogi ki piriqiT. 49 3) ganmarton, Tu rogor esmiT gamoTqmebi: a) energetikuli krizisi, b) energiis wyaroebze kontroli qveynis Zalauflebis sawindaria. namuSevrebis prezentaciis Semdeg isaubreT energetikuli resursebis dazogvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aseve yuradReba gaamaxvileT eleqtrosadgurebis muSaobis ekologiur aspeqtebze. III etapi _ 15 wT. sTxoveT moswavleebs, individualurad imuSaon. CamoTvalon TviTon raSi iyeneben eleqtroenergias da ra wvlili SeuZliaT Seitanon energodazogviT saqmeSi. raSi viyeneb rogor SeiZleba Sevamciro enelqtroenergias misi xarjva X Sefaseba rekomendebuli Sefaseba sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi skolaSi ZiriTadad misaRebia ori tipis Sefaseba: ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli. rodesac maswavlebeli niSans uwers moswavles da mxolod amiT Semoifargleba, es niSani gansazRvravs moswavlis miRwevis dones dasaxul miznebTan mimarTebiT. maSin, rodesac saswavlebeli Sefasebis iseT formas iyenebs, romelic moswavles ara mxolod sakuTari miRwevis donis gansazRvraSi exmareba, aramed ganviTarebaSic _ es ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebaa. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis tipuri formaa komentarebi, romelic trimestris ganmavlobaSi an bolos, an romelime davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg iwereba da romelic aRwers namuSevris Zlier da sust mxareebs da amavdroulad Seicavs rekomendaciebs miRwevebis gaumjobesebis Taobaze. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli xerxia Sefasebis cxrilebis (rubrikebis) gamoyeneba. mniSvnelovania ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mudmivad gamoyeneba swavlis procesSi. rekomendebulia, rom ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis wili saswavlo procesisas ufro meti iyos, vidre ganmsazRvrelis. Sefasebis tipebi da maTi gamoyeneba drois mixedviT ganmsazRvreli Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi gamoakariT oTaxSi. gakveTilis dasasruls sTxoveT moswavleebs, saxlSi werilobiT moamzadon Tema _ atomuri energiis gamoyeneba, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. fasdeba: geografiul saSualebebze muSaobis unari; informaciis damuSavebisa da interpretaciis unari; komunikaciis unari; argumentirebulad msjelobisa da daskvnis gakeTebis unari mimdinare Semajamebeli ganmaviTarebeli yoveldRiuri davalebebis Sesruleba, gakveTilze CarTuloba, proeqtis romelime etapi an sxv. romelSic niSani iwereba. yoveldRiuri davalebebis Sesruleba, gakveTilze CarTuloba, proeqtis romelime etapi an sxv. romelSic avuxsniT moswavles, rogor gaaumjobesos Sedegebi. raime Temis, drois monakveTis, proeqtis bolos miRebuli niSani. raime Temis, drois monakveTis, proeqtis bolos miRebuli sityvieri Sefaseba, komentari, rubrikiT Sefaseba da sxv. sazogadoebriv mecnierebaSi trimestruli niSnis komponentebad SeiZleba SerCeuli iyos: saSinao davaleba - 20% mimdinare saklaso davalebebi - 25% gakveTilze CarTuloba - 15% Semajamebeli davalebebi (sakontrolo, gamocdis testireba, proeqti da sxva) - 30% damatebiTi komponentebi (mag., kvleva, SemoqmedebiToba da sxv.) _ 10%. TiToeuli komponentis mixedviT dgeba Sefasebis doneebi erTidan aTamde, romelic ganmartavs, Tu ra qulebi iwereba sxvadasxva donis mixedviT. rekomendebulia, trimestruli Sefaseba ganmaviTarebeli formiT iyos Sedgenili. sasurvelia komentarebis dawera trimestris bolos yvelasTvis da trimestris SuaSi imisTvis, vinc aucileblad unda gamoasworos sakuTari swavla, raTa trimestruli Sefaseba dadebiTi hqondes. trimestris SuaSi aseve SeiZleba daiweros komentari, Tu moswavlem wina trimestrTan SedarebiT mniSvelovnad gaaumjobesa Tavisi moswreba. amis aRniSvna mniSvnelovan stimuls miscems moswavles imisTvis, rom swavlis xarisxi trimestris bolomde SeinarCunos. aseve gTavazobT Sefasebis ramdenime rubrikas. ar arsebobs universaluri Sefasebis cxrilebi. Tqven SegiZliaT SeitanoT Sesworebebi, daamatoT ar moakloT kriteriumi, gansxvavebuli qulebi mianiWoT da a.S. 50 51 ras iTvaliswinebs TiToeuli nawilis Sefaseba? 1. gakveTilze CarTuloba fasdeba Semdegi kriteriumebiT: ogakveTilis procesis mimarT pozitiuri damokidebuleba o Tanamimdevruloba (mudmivad aris Tu ara mzad gakveTilis msvlelobaSi monawileobis miRebisaTvis) o Tanaklaselis azrisa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos pativiscema o Tanaklaselebis daxmareba o diskusiis Tu problemis gadaWris dros aqtiuri monawileoba o saklaso davalebis dros iniciativis gamoCena o saklaso aqtivobebSi sakuTari qcevisa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos mimarT kritikuli damokidebuleba 2. mimdinare saklaso davalebebi fasdeba Semdegi unar-Cvevebi: o problemis gaazrebis o informaciis mopovebisa da organizebis o kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis dadgenis o komunikaciis o TanamSromlobis o problemis gadaWris o SemoqmedebiTobis o istoriuli drois gagebis o garemoze pasuxismgeblobisa da zrunvis o kvlevis o sivrceSi orientaciis o istoriuli epoqis gancdis o istoriul-geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebisa da Seqmnis o sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis unar-Cvevebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT: o axsnili cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebiTa Tu gamoyenebiT o movlenebisa da procesebis ganxilvisas sakuTari mosazrebis dasabuTebiT o dasmul kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxiT o gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli msjelobiTa da analiziT o dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzis CamoyalibebiT o istoriul-geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiTa da SeqmniT o prezentaciiT o drois limitis dacviT o diskusiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebiTa da argumentebiT o namuSevris organizebis xarisxiT o namuSevris enobrivi gamarTulobiT 3. saSinao davalebebi fasdeba Semdegi unar-Cvevebi: o problemis gaazrebis o informaciis mopovebisa da organizebis o kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis dadgenis o damoukideblad swavlis o TanamSromlobis o problemis gadaWris o SemoqmedebiTobis o istoriuli drois gagebis 52 o o o o o garemoze pasuxismgeblobisa da zrunvis kvlevis sivrceSi orientaciis istoriuli epoqis gancdis istoriul-geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebisa da Seqmnis unar-Cvevebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT: o axsnili cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebiTa Tu gamoyenebiT o movlenebisa da procesebis ganxilvisas sakuTari mosazrebis dasabuTebiT o gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli msjelobiTa da analiziT o dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzis CamoyalibebiT o istoriul-geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiTa da SeqmniT o namuSevris organizebis xarisxiT o namuSevris enobrivi gamarTulobiT 4. Semajamebeli samuSaoebi* fasdeba Semdegi unar-Cvevebi: o problemis gaazrebis o informaciis mopovebisa da organizebis o kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis dadgenis o komunikaciis o kvlevis o problemis gadaWris o SemoqmedebiTobis o sivrceSi orientaciis o istoriuli epoqis gancdisa da interpretaciis o istoriul-geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebisa da Seqmnis o garemoze pasuxismgeblobisa da zrunvis o sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis unar-Cvevebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT: o sakontrolo samuSaoTi o testirebiT o proeqtiT o referatiT o istoriul-geografiuli saSualebis SeqmniT o argumentirebuli TemiT o naSromis prezentaciiT o diskusiiT * Semajamebeli samuSaoebi SeiZleba Sesruldes rogorc zepiri da weriTi, ise Sereuli formiT saswavlo Temis, Temebis blokisa Tu saswavlo procesis garkveuli etapis dasrulebis Semdgom. 5. damatebiTi komponenti maswavlebeli moswavleebTan SeTanxmebiT irCevs Sefasebis damatebiT komponents, romelsac SeiZleba mieniWos araumetes 10% (mag. SemoqmedebiToba, iumori, kvleva, TanamSromloba da sxva). pirvelad maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs kaTedris mier SemuSavebul komponentebs da uxsnis, Tu ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli komponentis mixedviT Sefaseba. igi aseve sTavazobs maT, TviTon daasaxelon sxva damatebiTi komponenti, romelic, maTi azriT, kargi iqneboda, damatebiT aTi procentis farglebSi yofiliyo gamoyenebuliyo. amis Semdeg maswavlebeli da moswavleebi Tanxmdebian Sefasebis erT damatebiT komponentze. isini aseve erTad msjeloben, Tu ra aris arCeuli damatebiTi komponentis arsi da Tu ra doneebi unda gamoiyos am komponentis Sefasebisas. 53 zogadi rekomendaciebi sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis maswavleblebs sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis swavlebisas yvela Sefasebis nawili ganmaviTarebeli da ganmsazRvreli formisaa, rac qulebiT SefasebasTan erTad gulisxmobs miRwevebis gasaumjobesebel komentarebs moswavleebisTvis. trimestruli Sefasebis warmodgenili nimuSi zogadia da SeiZleba miesadagos sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis yvela safexurze swavlebas. Tumca asakobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT da sagnobrivi specifikidan gamomdinare maswavleblebs SeuZliaT TavianTi SexedulebebiT masSi mciredi cvlilebebi Seitanon. Sefasebis sistemis ZiriTadi nawilebSi Semavali unar-Cvevebi yovelTvis erTdroulad ar fasdeba, iseve rogorc miTiTebuli aqtivobebi gakveTilis miznidan gamomdinare SeirCeva. saSinao davalebebis, mimdinare saklaso davalebebis, gakveTilze CarTulobisa da damatebiTi komponentis gamoyenebuli unda iyos ara marto moswavleebis miRwevebis donis gansasazRvrad, aramed emsaxurebodes Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas maswavleblis mier gakeTebuli komentarebiT. unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba xangrZlivi procesia da is ver eteva erT sagakveTilo droSi. SesaZlebelia ramdenime unarze erTdroulad muSaobac, rac SerCeuli Temis da aqtivobis miznidan da mosalodneli Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs. mimdinare Sefasebis nimuSebi mocemulia sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi gansaxorcielebel saswavlo aqtivobebis aRweraSi. qvemoT gTavazobT ramodenime Sefasebis rubrikas. gaiTvaliswineT, rom ar arsebobs universaluri Sefasebis cxrili. sagnobrivi specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tqven SegiZliaT masSi Sesworebebi SeitanoT, daamatoT, an moakloT kriteriumebi, gansxvavebuli wona mianiWoT TiToeul maTgans, sakuTari gamocdilebidan da klasis SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare. nimuSi #2 Sefaseba prezentacia 1-2 3-5 6-7 8-10 aris mcdeloba auditoriis dainteresebis nawilobriv gasagebia da ganmartebas moiTxovs sainteresod aris miwodebuli moZiebuli aqvs dama tebiTi masala, rac mas efeqturs xdis logikurad aris agebuli, SeiniSneba mciredi xarvezebi Tema logikurad aris agebuli, warmodgenili sakiTxebi naTeli da gasagebia dabneulia da gaugebrad saubrobs xSirad Cerdeba da imeorebs erTsa da imaves gamarTuli da gasagebia gamarTuli da gasagebia, ar orWofobs, saubrobs darwmunebiT daskvnebi ar aris gakeTebuli daskvnebi gaumarTavi da ulogikoa logikuria, kargad aris Camoyalibebuli logikuria da kargad aris Camo yalibebuli da originaluri auditoriasTan kontaqti ver amyarebs kontaqts periodulad cdilobs kontaqts grZnobs da amyarebs kontaqts kargad flobs ko munikaciis unars TvalsaCinoebis gamoyeneba ar iyenebs iyenebs mwired iyenebs diagramebsa da cxrilebs iyenebs axal teqnologiebs (maTi arsebobis pirobebSi) pasuxebi audoto riis SekiTxvebze uWirs pasuxis gacema pasuxebi ar aris gamarTuli TiTqmis yvela kiTxvas pasuxobs pasuxobs yvela kiTxvas saintereso Sesavali trafaretuli da uinteresoa Temis gasagebad warmodgena darRveulia logika da bundovania saubari prezentaciis Sefasebis rubrika referatis Sefasebis rubrika nimuSi #1 am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebs TiToeul kriteriumSi eniWeba nuli an erTi qula, saboloo qulis gamosayvanad iTvleba maTi jami, maqsimaluri jami aris aTi qula. saintereso Sesavali (problemis identifikacireba) 1 kvlevebis/naSromis warmoCenis unari SemoqmedebiTi una- 1 ri 1 problemis gadaWris gzebis SeTavazeba 0 Temis gasagebad warmodgena (logikuri jaWvi) 0 saubari (gamarTuloba, tembri) 1 TvalsaCinoebis gamoyeneba 0 auditoriasTan kontaqti 1 informaciis flobis unari (adekvaturi kiTxva-pasuxi) 1 drois limitis dacva 0 jami 6 am SemTxvevaSi me-3 da me-5 kriteriumebi fasdeba 0-2 quliT, xolo yvela danarCeni 0 an 1 quliT. maqsimaluri jami aris aTi qula. 1. mizani/Tezisi _ kvlevis Sedegad gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi idea 1 2. referatis organizeba 1 3. Sinaarsis koreqtuloba, faqtobrivi saimedooba 2 4. enobrivi gamarTuloba 0 5. kvleva 2 6. ilustraciebi/TvalsaCinoebebi 1 7. SeTavazebuli mosazrebis argumentebiTa da magaliTebiT gamyareba 1 8. daskvnebi 1 jami 54 9 55 geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna nimuSi #2 niSani nimuSi #1 1-4 saSualo (5-7) 1. rukis kiTxva _ esaWiroeba miTiTebebi, rogor moipovos saWiro informacia, mopovebuli informacia arasrulia da zogjer uzusto. 2. geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba _ ereva saSualebebis Tematuri daniSnuleba. srulad ver moipovebs da amuSavebs informacias. 3. geografiuli saSualebebis Seqmna _ zogi simbolo ar aris saTanado adgilas datanili da informacia arazustia an ar aris srulad aRqmadi. aqvs saTauri, legenda araa sruli. sanimuSo (8-10) 1. rukis kiTxva _ damoukideblad da srulad moipovebs informacias. 2. geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba _ asxvavebs sxvadasxva tipis saSualebebs Tematikis mixedviT da SeuZlia maTgan saWiro informaciis mopoveba. informaciis Sedareba, ranJireba da interpretireba teqstad an sxva saSualebad. 3. geografiuli saSualebebis Seqmna _ informacia daaqvs saTanado adgilas, simboloebis swori gamoyenebiT, da aqvs saTauri da legendis sxva elementebi. datanili informacia kargad aRqmadia. 8-10 rukis kiTxva, wyaroze muSaoba wakiTxuli informa cia erT an ramdenime elementi sgan Sedgeba esaWiroeba miTiTebebi rogor moipovos saWiro informacia, mopovebuli informacia, arasrulia da zogjer uzusto damoukideblad da sru liad moipovebs informacias geografiuli da istoriuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba uWirs adekvaturi monacemebis Segroveba an misi informacia arasandoa ereva saSualebebis Te maturi daniSnuleba, srulad ver moipovebs da amuSavebs informacias asxvavebs sxvadasxva tipis saSualebebs Tematikis mixedviT da SeuZlia maTgan saWiro informaciis mopoveba. inofrmaciis Sedareba, ranJireba da interpretireba teqstad an sxva saSualebad geografiuli da istoriuli saSualebebis Seqmna simboloebi ZiriTadad uzustodaa datanili da informacia ar aris sando, ara aqvs saTauri da legenda zogi simbolo ar aris saTanado adgilas datanili da informacia arazustia an ar aris sruli, legenda araa sruli informacia daaqvs saTa nado adgilas, simbolo ebis swori gamoyenebiT, daaqvs saTauri da lege ndis sxva elementebi. datanili informacia kargad aRqmadia wyaros mTavari sakiTxis (sakiTxebi) da avtoris miznebis gansazRvra ar cdilobs gansazRvros wyaros mTavari sakiTxi elementaruli (1-4) 1. rukis kiTxva _ wakiTxuli informacia erTi an ramodenime elementebisagan Sedgeba. 2. geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba _ uWirs adekvaturi monacemebis Segroveba an misi informacia arasandoa 3. geografiuli saSualebebis Seqmna _ simboloebi ZiriTadad uzustodaa datanili da informacia ar aris sando. ar aqvs saTauri da legenda 5-7 zogadad, aRwers erTerT sakiTxs, romelsac exeba wyaro gansazRvravs mTavar sakiTxs, esmis avtoris miznebi, gamoaqvs wyarodan meoradi informacia diskusiis rubrikis Sefasebis cxrili III done (8-10 qula) II done (5-7 qula) I done (1-4 qula) mosmena yovelTvis usmens da Tvaly- xSirad usmens da uyurebs iSviTad usmens da urs adevnebs orators orators uyurebs orators saubari mkafiod metyvelebs da uy- metyveleba ZiriTadad gasa metyveleba aramkafioa, urebs msmenelebs gebia, uyurebs msmenelebs msmenelebs uWirT gageba SeuZlia adeqvaturad aRi iSviaTad iyenebs arave araverbaluri qvas da gamoiyenos arave xSirad SeuZlia daamyaros rbalur komunikaciis rbaluri komunikaciis komunikacia araverbaluri kontaqti formebs formebi (TvaliT, JestebiT, gamometyvelebiT, xmiT) monawileoba mcire interesi aqvs. ar uCvenebs interess diskusiis ZiriTadad gamoxatavs interess, komentarebi da gamoxatavs an ver ukavSi Temisadmi saWiro komentare azrebi yovelTvis araa rebs Tavis mosazrebebs biTa da azrebis gamoTqmiT Temis garSemo kooperacia TanamSromlobs TanaklaselebTan, aclis sxvebs azris gamoTqmas da icavs diskusiis wesebs sadiskusio Temas ZiriTadad TanamSromlobs iSviaTad TanamSromlobs TanaklaselebTan, erTveba da icavs diskusiis wesebs sxvis saubarSi, ZiriTadad icavs diskusiis wesebs mosazebreba originaluria mosazrebis gasamyare- mosazreba moklebulia pirobebis da gamyarebulia faqtebiT, blad gamoyenebulia sadao logikur kavSirs saki argumentireba cnebebiT, aris logikuri faqtebi da cnebebi TxTan da ar aris gamya kavSiri sakiTxTan rebuli faqtebiT 56 57 58 kargad organizebuli formati, logikuri gadasvla erTi ideidan meoreze, organizeba zrdis proeqtis efeqturobas mTlianad koreqtuli, faqtebi zusti da mkafio enobrivad gamarTulia, daculia punqtuaciis niSnebi kvleva sworad aris dagegmili, gamoyenebulia araerTi wyaro (avtoritetuli kvlevebi da mopovebuli masalebi savele kvlevidan) da analizi siRrmiseulia mravalferovani, Sinaarsis Sesatyvisi, akuratulad Sesrulebuli Cans jgufis originaloba, siaxle da Taviseburi xedva, rac proeqts sainteresos xdis xdeba mTavari mosazrebebis dakavSireba sxvadasxva sagnebidan miRebul codnasTan, rac miuTiTebs mravali mimarTulebiT jgufis kompetenturobaze daskvnebSi aris siaxle (originaloba), logikuri kavSiri kvlevasTan da Camoyalibebuli mkafiod naTlad Camoyalibebuli proeqtis arsi, mkafio metyveleba, auditoriaze gaTvlili, ZiriTadi ideebia gaSlili, iyenebs TvalsaCinoebebs da pasuxobs yvela kiTxvas gaazrebulia Tanmimdevruloba, organizebis niSnebiT, zogi gadasvla ideebs Soris aris martivi, zogi gaugebari ZiriTadad koreqtulia, zogierTi Seusabamo an mcdari informaciiT enobrivad gamarTuli, mcire SecdomebiT kvleva dagegmilia, magram jgufis potenciali mTlianad ar aris gamoyenebuli, SezRuduli raodenobis wyaroebia gamoyenebuli, analizi misaRebia TvalsaCinoebebis kavSiri SinaarsTan aris, magram erTferovania, gamoiyeneba moZiebuli da jgufis mier Seqmnili zogjer Cans jgufis originaluri azrebi da exmareba proeqtis ukeT warmoCenaSi aris mosazrebebis kavSiri erT an or sagnidan miRebul codnasTan daskvnebi Camoyalibebulia kvlevis adekvaturad, magram ar aris mkafio bundovnad Camoyalibebuli proeqtis arss, iyenebs TvalsaCinoebebs, pasuxobs SekiTxvebis umetesobas sustad organizebuli, ar aris ideebs Soris logikuri jaWvi, rac abnevs mkiTxvels/msmenels gvxvdeba xSiri Seusabamo, mcdari informacia, Seyavs SecdomaSi mkiTxveli/msmeneli enobrivad gaumarTavi, xSiri SecdomebiT kvleva araefeqturadaa dagegmili, gamoyenebuli wyaro ar aris sando, analizi zedapirulia TvalsaCinoebebi xSirad SinaarsTan Seusabamoa, an ar aris jgufis mier Seqmnili mcire SemoqmedebiTi energiis danaxarji jgufis mxridan ar Cans jgufis kompetencia sagnebSi, gvxvdeba faqtebis uzusto interpretireba ar aris Camoyalibebuli daskvnebi efeqturad ar aris warmoCenili proeqtis arsi, uWirs azris Camoyalibeba da pasuxebis gacema, ar aris miznobrivad gamoyenebuli TvalsaCinoebebi 5. kvleva 6. TvalsaCinoebebi 10. prezentacia 9. daskvnebi 8. kavSirebi sagnebTan 7. SemoqmedebiToba 4. enobrivi gamarTuloba 3. Sinaarsis koreqtuloba 2. organizeba kargad gamokveTili miznebi, martivad aRsaqmeli ostaturi 3 qula xdeba erT mizanze fokusireba misaRebi 2 qula ar aris kargad gamokveTili, bundovania 1. mizani elementaruli 1 qula proeqtis Sefasebis ganzogadebuli cxrili (rubrika) maqsimaluri jamuri qulis gayofiT samze moxdeba mogrovili qulebis aTqulian Sefasebaze gadayvana jgufuri muSaobis Sefasebis cxrili am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebs TiToeul kriteriumSi eniWeba nuli an erTi qula da saboloo qulis gamosayvanad iTvleba maTi jami. maqsimaluri jami aris aTi qula. moswavlis saxeli, gvari 1. Sefaseba 5.samecniero aparati** 1 -2 1. saTauri Zalian zogadia 2. Tezisi* 6. enobrivi gamarTuloba gaumarTvia konkretulia konkretulia aradamajere ar aris Camoyalibebuli belia kargadaa Camoyalibebuli kargadaa Camoyalibebuli 3. Sinaarsi gaumarTavia faqtebi da maga liTebi arasakmarisi raodenobiTaa mocemuli faqtebi da magaliTebi kargad ver amyare ben TezisSi Camoya libebul ideas faqtebi da magali Tebi kargad amyare ben TezisSi Camoya libebul ideas 4. daskvna ar aqvs daskvna daskvna arasru lia, aris mxo lod Txroba daskvnaSi mxolod gameorebulia Tezisi daskvnaSi Sejamebulia Tezisi ar aqvs gamarTulia gamarTulia aris enobrivi Secdomebi gamarTulia gamarTulia ar aqvs 3-5 mkafiod ar pasuxobs Temas 59 2. 3. 6-7 4. 5. 6. yvela jgufis wevrs Seaqvs wvlili davalebisTvis Tavis garTmevaSi jgufis wevrebi usmenen erTmaneTs da icaven rigiTobas ucvlian erTmaneTs ideebs da informacias jgufis wevrebi mxolod sakiTxis irgvliv muSaoben jgufis wevrebi kargad TanamSromloben (arcerTi ar warmarTavs diskusias, azris gamoxatvis Tanabari pirobebia Seqmnili) jgufis wevrebi sagnobrivad marTebulad arTmeven Tavs davalebas naSromis prezentaciisas warmoaCenen namuSevris mTavar ideebs arTmeven Tavs kritikul SekiTxvebs prezentaciis dros icaven drois limits saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi qmnian da iyeneben istoriul-geografiul saSualebebs jami Semajamebeli naSromis Sefasebis cxrili1 8 - 10 * naSromis ZiriTadi idea (moswavlis mTavari argumenti anu sakiTxisadmi Tavisi pozicia), romelic naSromis SesavalSive unda iyos AaRniSnuli. ** am SemTxvevaSi sqolioebi da naSromis bolos mocemuli gamoyenebuli literaturis sia. 1 maswavlebels SeuZlia, Seajamos eqvsive kriteriumSi mis mier dawerili qulebi da miRebuli ricxvi gayos eqvsze. am SemTxvevaSi moswavlis naSromi fasdeba miRebuli ricxviT. niSnis gamoyvanisas maswavlebels aseve SeuZlia, romelime kriteriums an kriteriumebs (mag.: meore da mesame kriteriums) mianiWos meti mniSvneloba. codnisa da unar-Cvevebis monitoringisa da Sefasebis sqema amomwuravad ganxilulia sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis mize zebi da axsnilia, Tu ratom aris sa kuTari Sexeduleba swori Temis organizeba Tema kargad aris organizebuli:Sesavali aRZravs mkiTxvelis interess, SesavalSive gadmocemulia Tezisi, aqvs ZiriTadi nawili, romelSic abzacebi kargad aris gamoyofili; aqvs daskvna, romelSic Sejamebulia Temis ZiriTad nawilSi ganxiluli argumentebi enobrivi mxare Tema ar aris organizebuli aris Zalian bevri gramatikuli Secdoma; winada debebi xSirad gaumarTavia Tema organizebulia, magram xandaxan cildeba sakiTxs; xandaxan abzacebi ar aris gamoyofili aris gramatikuli Secdomebi; winadadebebi zogjer ar aris kargad gamarTuli Temas aqvs erTma neTisgan kargad gamijnuli Sesavali, ZiriTadi na wili da daskvna; abzacebi rogorc wesi gamoyofilia aris zogierTi gramatikuli Se cdoma; punqtuacia ar aris yove lTvis daculi ar gvxvdeba gramatikuli Secdomebi; winadadebebi aris kargad gamarTuli; TiTqmis ar aris punqtuaciuri Secdomebi; sityvebi kargad aris SerCeu li; ar vxvdebiT bevr Jargonsa da xatovan gamoTqmas (Footnotes) Sefasebis sqema moswavlis saxeli da gvari 1. amilaxvari givi + + + + + + + + + + 10 2. gamyreliZe nona + + – – + + + + + + 8 3. lemonjava salome – – + + + – + + + + 7 4. samadaSvili natalia + + + + + + + + + – 9 5. xaCiaSvili nino + + + + + – – – + – 6 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 60 klasis moswreba (%) 2 maswavlebels SeuZlia, Seajamos xuTive kriteriumSi mis mier dawerili qulebi da miRebuli ricxvi gayos xuTze. am SemTxvevaSi moswavlis naSromi fasdeba miRebuli ricxviT. maswavlebels niSnis gamoyvanisas aseve SeuZlia, romelime kriteriums an kriteriumebs (mag.: pirvel, meore da mesame kriteriums) mianiWos meti mniSvneloba. 60 qulebi konkretul rukaze muSaoba sawinaaRmdego ar aris naxsenebi naxsenebia sawina ganxilulia sawi mosazrebis arc erTi sawinaaRm aRmdego mosaz- naaRmdego mosa ganxilva dego mosazreba reba, magram ar zrebis mizezebi, aris axsnili igi magram ar aris ax snili, Tu ratom aris sakuTari Se xeduleba swori qvemoT mocemuli sqema mxolod nimuSia, romelic saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli meore Tavis `sivrce da teritoriis~ Seswavlis Semdeg Catarebuli Semajamebeli gakveTilis an testebis Semdeg ivseba. msgavsi sqemebi VII klasis standartis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavad SegiZliaT SeqmnaT, rac xels SegiwyobT moswavleTa rogorc ganmaviTarebeli, ise ganmsazRvreli SefasebisaTvis. amave dros TvalsaCinod dainaxavT Tqven mier miRweul Sedegsac: Tqveni muSaobis Zlier da sust mxareebs. mdebareobis Sedareba aris argumentebi, Tezisi gamyarebulia romlebic amyare argumentebiTa da ben Teziss, magram magaliTebiT ar aris moyvanili Sesabamisi maga liTebi geografiuli informaciis interpretacia Tezisi kargadaa Camoyalibebuli geografiuli informaciis moZieba Tezis gamyareba ar aris argumente- aris erTi an ori argumentebiTa bi da magaliTebi argumenti, magram damagaliTebiT isini ar amyareben Teziss Tezisi kargadaa Camoyalibebuli VII klasis moswavleTa geografiis codnisa da unar-Cvevebis monitoringisa da SefasebisaTvis maswavleblebs did daxmarebas gauwevs qvemoT mocemuli Sefasebis cxrili. aRniSnuli forma SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT rogorc TiToeul Semajamebel gakveTilze, aseve nebismier sagakveTilo procesSi trimestrisa da saswavlo wlis bolos. Sefasebis mocemuli sqema TvalsaCino warmodgenas giqmniT klasSi TiToeuli moswavlis mier miRweul Sedegze, rac Tqveni misaRwevi Sedegis ZiriTadi indikatoria. simaRlis gansazRvra Tezisi aris bundovani 8-10 siRrmeebis gansazRvra 6-7 ganfenilobis gansazRvra ar aris Tezisi 3-5 mimarTulebis gansazRvra Tezisi 1-2 obieqtis moZebna koordinatebiT niSani koordinatebis gansazRvra argumentirebuli geografiuli Temis Sefasebis cxrili 2 61 XI moswavlis wignSi mocemuli davalebebis pasuxebi 1. 1. geologiuri dro gv. 6. dedamiwis warmoSoba 4, 6 mlrd. wylis win daiwyo. pirveli organizmebi-erTujredianebi, daaxloebiT 2,5 mlrd. wlis win, anu arqaul eraSi warmoiqmnen. paleozour eraSi pirveli mcenareebi, Tevzebi da xmelTze mcxovrebi organizmebi gaCnda. mezozour eras dinozavrebis eras uwodeben, xolo kainoziur eraSi, anTropogenul periodSi gaCnda adamiani. gv.7 1. yvelaze Zveli era arqaulia da igi 1000 mln. weliwads grZeldeboda. 2. geologiur droSi yvelaze xangrZlivia proteroziuli era, romelic 2000 ln. weliwads grZeldeboda. 3. yvelaze met periodad (6 periodad) paleozouri era iyofa. 4. Tevzebi da qvewarmavlebi paleozour eraSi, xolo frinvelebi – mezozour eraSi gaCndnen. gv. 8 1. „paleo“ niSnavs Zvels, „mezos“ – saSualos, „neo“ – axals da „anTropos“ – adamians. 2. yvelaze mniSvnelovania kainozouri era. kerZod, misi bolo periodi anTropogenuli, anu meoTxeuli periodi, roca gaCnda adamiani. 3. geologiuri dro ufro xangrZlivia da igi istoriul drosac moicavs. geologiuri dro dedamiwis warmoqmnidan iwyeba da dRemde grZeldeba, xolo istoriuli dro adamianis gaCenidan. 4. 4 mlrd. wlis win, savaraudod, dedamiwa iqneboda usicocxlo, cxeli, sadac mudmivad moqmedebdnen vulkanebi. ar iyo warmoqmnili hidrosfero da atmosfero, Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda cocxali organizmebi. 1. 2. dedamiwis „biografia“ gv. 10 1. Tanamedrove kontinentebia: CrdiloeTi amerika, samxreTi amerika, afrika, antarqtida, avstralia, evropa da azia. 2. isini daaxloebiT 65 mln. wlis win Camoyalibda. 3. kontinentebis formirebis procesi daaxloebiT 225 mln. weli grZeldeboda. 4. lavrazia aerTianebda evropas, aziasa da CrdiloeT amerikas, xolo gondvana – samxreT amerikas, afrikas, avstraliasa da antarqtidas. 5. a) pangea arsebobda paleozour eraSi. b) igi or nawilad paleozour eraSi daiSala. g) Tanamedrove kontinentebi kainozour eraSi warmoiqmnen. gv. 10 2. momavalSi, dedamiwis zedapirze, savaraudod, Tanamedrove kontinentebi kidev ufro daSordebian erTmaneTs dreifis Sedegad. 1. 3. sicocxlis warmoSoba da ganviTareba gv. 12 1. pirveli cocxali arsebebi, momwvano-lurji wyalmcenareebi proterozoul eraSi gaCndnen. 2. dedamiwis warmoSobidan sicocxlis gaCenamde daaxloebiT 1-2 mlrd. weli gavida. 3. giganturi cxovelebi mezozour eraSi cxovroben. 4. adamianis gaCena. 62 1. 4. dedamiwis wliuri moZraoba gv. 13 1. 22 ivniss CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi yvelaze grZeli dRe da mokle Ramea, 22 dekembers ki – yvelaze mokle dRe da grZeli Rame. 23 dekembersa da 21 marts dRe-Rame tolia. 2. 22 dekembers mze zenitSia samxreT tropikze da am dros samxreT naxevarsferoSi zafxulia. gv. 14 1. dedamiwaze arsebobs adgilebi, sadac sezonebi ar icvleba. mag., polarul raionebSi mudmivi zamTaria (arqtika da antarqtida), xolo ekvatoris siaxloves – mudmivi zafxuli. es dedamiwis sferuli formiTa da misi RerZis orbitis sibrtyisadmi daxrilobiTaa gamowveuli. 2. dedamiwis zedapiri yvelgan erTi da imave raodenobis siTbos da sinaTles miiRebda da yvelgan erTnairi klimati iqneboda. 1. 5. dedamiwis dReRamuri moZraoba da sasaaTo sartylebi gv.15 1. roca dedamiwis erT nawilSi dRea, meoreSi am dros Ramea. 2. ara, radgan mze ar moZraobs, dedamiwa brunavs mzisa da Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis gar Semo. gv. 16 1. drois aTvlis gaadvilebis mizniT. 2. saaTis isars win vwevT. 3. saqarTvelo da Tbilisi mesame sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs. 4. droSi sxvaoba 6 saaTia. ufro adre tokioSi Tendeba. 5. Tu TbilisSi 13 saaTia, am dros beijingSi (pekinSia) 18 saaTia, tokioSi – 19 saaTia, vaSingtonSi – dilis 5 saaTia, londonSi – 10 saaTia, praRaSi ki – 11 saaTi. 6. mizanSewonilia, rom erT qveyanaSi yvelgan erTi da igive dro iyos. gv. 17 1. TariRTa cvlis xazi gadis me-12 sasaaTo sartyelze da 1800-ian meridianze. 2. dRe-Ramis aTvlaSi gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad. 3. mosaxleobas problemebi rom ar Seqmnoda drois aTvlisas. 4. Tu sxva sasaaTo sartyelSi gadavdivarT, maSin saaTis isars win an ukan vwevT. 5. magelanis eqspediciam dedamiwis garSemo mogzaurobisas TariRTa cvlis xazi gadakveTa. 2. 1. globusi – dedamiwis modeli gv. 22 1. dedamiwas „geodi“ misi formis gamo uwodes. 2. dedamiwis sferiulobis gamo igi mzis sxivebiT araTanabrad Tbeba da naTdeba, amis gamo mis zedapirze sxvadasxva klimaturi sartyeli da bunebrivi zonebia. gv. 23 1. globusze kargad Cans dedamiwis forma da amitom ufro zustad, damaxinjebebis gareSea gadmocemuli kontinentebis, okeaneebis da sxv. geografiuli obieqtebis moxazuloba da mdebareoba. 2. globusze SeuZlebelia mTeli dedamiwis zedapiris danaxva. 2. 2. rogor iqmneboda ruka? gv. 24 1. a) Zveli berZnebi kargad icnoben Zveli qveynis nawilebs – evropasa da azias; b) TiTqmis 63 Tanarad; g) evropasa, azias da afrikis nawils, romelsac libias uwodebdnen; d) berZenTa azriT, maTTvis cnobili qveynis nawilebi sxvadasxva okeaneTi iyo garSemortymuli. e) k. ierne – k. irlandia, herkulesis svetebi – gibraltaris srute, pontos evqsiniosi – Savi zRva, k. taprobani – k. Sri-lanka. 2. eratosTenem „geografia“ imitom uwoda am mecnierebas, rom misi azriT, dedamiwa oikumenasTan anu adamianebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebTan erTad jer kidev dausaxlebel da auTvisebel teritoriebsac moicavda. gv. 25 a) kontinentebi: evrazia, afrika, amerika. okeaneebi: wynari, atlantis, indoeTis. b) TiTqmis Tanabari; g) XVI saukuneSi cnobili jer kidev ar iyo antarqtida, avstralia, CrdiloeT yinulovani okeane; d) evrazia da afrika. gv. 26 a) xmelTaSua da Savi zRvebi: b) sanapiro xazi didi danawevrebiT gamoirCeva; g) mimarTulebebsa da manZilebs or punqts Soris; d) pirobiTi aRniSvnebiT, SinaarsiTa da sxv. gv. 27 1. eratosTenes, ptolemeosisa da merkatoris rukebze aRniSnuli iyo maTi Tanamedrove samyaro, dasaxlebuli adgilebi, sanapiro xazi. maTze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna da srulyofili gaxda Semdgomi rukebi. 2. 3. ruka da atlasi gv. 29 a) msoflio politikuri rukis mixedviT SeiZleba davadginoT msoflios qveynebi kontinentebis mixedviT, maTi dedaqalaqebi, romel qveyanas romeli saxelmwifo esazRvreba, aqvs Tu ara zRvaze gasasvleli da sxv. gv. 20 1. gvinea – afrika, meqsika – Crd. amerika, indoeTi – azia, Cile – samx. amerika, monako – evropa, sudani – afrika, venesuela – samx. amerika, albaneTi – evropa, siria – azia. 5. azia – everesti – 8848 m. evropa – ialbuzi – 5642 m. avstralia – kosciuSko – 2228 m. afrika – kilimanjaro – 5895 m. Crd. amerika – mak-kinli – 6194 m. samx. amerika – akon-kagua – 6959 m. 4. a) avstralia; b) CrdiloeT yinulovani okeane mdebareobs CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi, antarqtida – samxreT naxevarsferoSi; d) afrika mdebareobs CrdiloeT da samxreT, aseve ZiriTadi nawili – aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi, samxreT amerika – CrdiloeT, samxreT da dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; da) wynari da atlantis okeaneebi. 5. a) dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken; b) aRmosavleT nawilSi; g) samxreT nawilSi. 6. aSS – CrdiloeT da dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; argentina – samxreT da dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; iaponia – CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi; safrangeTi – CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi; avstralia – samxreT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi; saqarTvelo – CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi; CineTi – CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi; brazilia – samxreT da dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; norvegia – CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi; kenia – samxreT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi. 2. 5. masStabi da manZilebis gazomva rukasa da globusze gv. 34 a) masStabis mixedviT es rukebi msxvilmasStabiania; b) pirvel rukaze teritoria Semcirebulia 10 000-jer, meoreze – 25 000-jer, xolo mesameze – 50 000-jer. gv. 35 1. xazovani masStabis saSualebiT manZilis gazomva ufro zustadaa SesaZlebeli. 2. a) 1:200 000 – 1 sm-Si – 2 km. b) 1:9 000 000 – 1 sm-Si – 90 km. g) 1 : 50 000 000 – 1 sm-Si – 500 km. d) 1 sm-Si – 400 km – 1:40 000 000 e) 1 sm-Si – 5 km. – 1:500 000 v) 1 sm-Si – 25 km. – 1:2500 000 4. a) 1) 1:200 000; 2) 1:700 000; b) 1) 1:83 000 000; 2) 1:1 000 000. gv. 35 1. rukaze, globussa da gegmaze manZilis gasazomad; 2. 1:5 000; 1:10 000; 1:50 000; 1:500 000; 1:1 000 000; 1:12 000 000; 1:120 000 000. 3. TianeTsa da Jebots Soris manZili 1:100 000 rukaze 2 sm iqneba. 4. manZili Tbilisidan sanqt-peterburgamze 29250 km-ia. 5. 33,25 km. 6. 40 sm. 2. 4. rukebis mravalsaxeoba gv. 32 a) Tematuri; b) 13 klimaturi sartyeli; g) zomieri da subtropikuli klimaturi sartylebis sazRvarze; d) bulgareTi, italiis CrdiloeTi, aSS-is nawili, CineTisa da iaponiis nawilebi. gv. 33 1. msxvilmasStabian rukaze; 2. naxevarsferoebis ruka Sinaarsis mixedviT aris zogadgeografiuli, masStabis mixedviT – wvrilmasStabiani, daniSnulebis mixedviT – saswavlo. 3. wvrilmasStabiani rukebia: 1:150 000 000; 1:2 5000 000; 1:35 000 000; 1:7 5000 000; saSualomasStabiani rkuebia: 1:500 000; 1:200 000. msxvilmasStabiani rukebia: 1:5000; 1:2500; 1:7 500; 1:1 000. 64 2. 7. geografiuli informacia gv. 40 a) msoflio mosaxleoba 1600 wlidan 2000 wlamde 0,5 mlrd kacidan 6 mlrd kacamde gaizarda; b) mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda dafiqsirda 1900 wlidan 2000 wlamde (XX-XXI s.s.-Si); g) prognozis mixedviT mosaxleobis raodenoba kvlav gaizrdeba, Tumca ara mkveTrad. gv. 40 a) Sobadobis koeficienti yvelaze maRali iyo 1910 wels 30% da yvelaze dabali – 1980 wels, daaxloebiT 17%; b) 1910-2000 wlebSi Sobadobis koeficienti Semcirda, daaxloebiT 12%. 65 gv. 41 a) soflis meurneobaSi yvelaze meti adamiani, 45% dasaqmebulia afrikaSi; b) sxva sferoSi yvelaze meti adamiani dasaqmebulia CrdiloeT amerikaSi; g) wriuli diagramis saSualebiT SeiZleba davadginoT sakvebi produqciis warmoeba msoflios regionebis mixedviT. gv. 42 afrikis farTobia 29,2 mln. kv. km. da igi mTeli dedamiwis xmeleTis 20%-s Seadgens. afrikis mosaxleoba 840 mln. kacia, rac mTeli dedamiwis mosaxleobis 12%-s Seadgens. afrikis sanapiro sigrZe 30,5 aTasi km-ia. kontinentis saSualo simaRle 750 m-ia. afrikis umaRlesi mwvervalia mTa kilimanjaro, romlis simaRlea 58950 m, xolo yvelaze dabali adgilia asalis tba, romelic zRvis donidan 153 m-ze mdebareobs. gv. 42 3. a) yvelaze meti mosaxleoba aziaSi cxovrobs; b) CineTi da indoeTi imitom aris aRniSnuli, rom am qveynebSi 1 mlrd-ze meti adamiani cxovrobs. 2. 8. gradusTa bade gv. 43 1. TiToeul naxevarsferoSi manZili ekvatoridan polusamde 900-s Sedgens. 2. saqarTvelo CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs. 3. ara. gv. 44 1. 400-iani paralelis gaswvriv mogzaurobisas. 2. a punqti, romelic 45-e paralelze mdebareobs, Tanabrada daSorebuli ekvatoridan da polusebidan, xolo b punqti – ekvatorTan ufro axlos mdebareobs. maTi adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb ver vityviT, Tu romel naxevarsferoebSi mdebareoben isini. gv. 44 1. eratosTenes rukaze meridianebi da paralelebi swori xazebiT aris gamosaxuli. 2. merkatoris rukaze gradusTa bade wrexazebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. 3. a punqti, radganac 25-e paraleli ekvatorTan ufro axlosaa. 6. ufro aRmosavleTiT a punqtia, radganac 35-e meridiani ufro aRmosavleTiTaa. 2. 12. Tanamedrove rukebi gv. 53 a) rukaze naCvenebia xmelTaSuazRvispireTis, Savi zRvisa da kaspiis zRvebis mimdebare regioni. b) evropis samxreTi nawili. pirines, apeninis, balkaneTis, yirimisa da mcire aziis naxevarkunZulebi; xmelTaSua, Savi, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebi; bosforis, dardanelisa da gibraltaris sruteebi; kunZulebi sicilia, sardinia, korsika, malta, kviprosi. 2. 14. sivrce da teritoria gv. 58 1. adamianma geosivrcis is nawili aiTvisa, sadac misi cxovrebisa da saqmianobisaTvis xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebia. 2. geosivrce samganzomilebiania da igi sam nawils – xmeleTs, wyalsa da sahaero sivrces moicavs; tertoria sivrcisgan gansxvavebiT organzomilebiania da igi xmeleTs da masze arsebul Sida wylebs moicavs. 3. germniis teritoriaTa 1937-2000 wlebSi ramdenjerme Seicvala, rac upirvelesad politikuri movlenebiT (ori msoflio omiT) iyo gamowveuli. 2. 15. geografiuli mdebareoba gv. 60 a) aralis zRvis piras navsadgurebi mdebareobda, romlebmac zRvis farTobis Semcirebis gamo TavianTi funqcia dakarges. Sesabamisad, mosaxleoba, romlebic TefzWeras misdevda an am portebSi iyo dasaqmebuli, iZulebuli gaxdeboda, saqmianobis sfero Seecvala. b) aralis zRvis garSemo buneba mniSvnelovnad Seicvleboda. gv. 60 2. qveynisaTvis metad xelsayrelia, Tu mas aqvs zRvaze gasasvleli da hyavs bevri mezobeli. es faqtorebi xels Seuwyobs mas ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. 2. 16. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba gv. 61 saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebia: TurqeTi – ankara, somxeTi – erevani, azerbaijani – baqo, ruseTis federacia – moskovi. 2. 9. dedamiwis romel wertilSi vimyofebiT? gv. 45 ar arsebobs, radganac ganedis maqsimaluri sidide 900-ia, xolo grZedis – 1800. gv. 46 2 a) atlantis okeaneSi. 2. 11. adgilis gegma gv. 51 1. gegmas 2. afrikis gegmis, iseve rogorc Tbilisis rukis Sedgena ar SeiZleba. 4. a) gegmac da rukac, orive teritoriis Semcirebuli gamosaxulebaa; b) globusi dedamiwis modelia da amitom masze manZilis gazomva ufro zustad SeiZleba. gv. 62 a) kavkasioni saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi gareSe mtrebisgan damcavi bariers rols asrulebda. b) kavkasioni, rogorc bunebrivi barieri kvlav mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. magaliTad, igi xels uSlis CrdiloeTidan civi haeris masebis SemoWras. gv. 63 2. manZili Tbilisidan aziis qveynebis dedaqalaqamde ufro mcirea, vidre evropis qveynebis dedaqalaqebamde. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo ufro aziaSi mdebareobs, vidre evropaSi. 2. 17. saqarTvelos mxareebi gv. 64 kaxeTi – Telavi, qvemo qarTli – rusTavi, Sida qarTli – gori, mcxeTa-mTianeTi – mcxeTa, samcxe-javaxeTi – axalcixe, imereTi – quTaisi, raWa-leCxumi – qvemo svaneTi – ambrolauri, samegrelo – zemo svaneTi – zugdidi, guria – ozurgeTi, aWara – baTumi, afxazeTi – soxumi. 66 67 gv. 67 xevi, mTiuleTi, gudamayari, fSavi da xevsureTi – mcxeTa-mTianeTis samxareo erTeulis SemadgenlobaSia; TuSeTi – kaxeTs ekuTvnis, xolo svaneTi gayofilia orad – zemo da qvemo svaneTad. pirveli – samegrelo – zemo svaneTis samxareo erTeulis, xolo meore – raWa-leWxumi – qvemo svaneTis SemadganlobaSia. 3. 1. geografiuli garsi da geografiuli garemo gv. 77 1. dedamiwis „biografiidan“ gamomdinare, savaraudod jer liTosfero warmoiqmna, xolo Semdeg atmosfero, hidrosfero da bolos biosfero. 2. geografiuli garsis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebebia: mTlianoba – geografiuli garsis yoveli komponenti (reliefi, niadagebi, wylebi da a. S.) arsebobs da sakuTari kanonebis mixedviT viTardeba, magram arc erTi maTgani ar viTardeba izolirebulad _ ise, rom an TviTon ar moqmedebdes sxva komponentze, an ar ganicdides maT zegavlenas. es urTierTzemoqmedeba qmnis mTlian sistemas. amitom, erTi romelime komponentis cvlilebam SeiZleba sxva danarCenebis cvlileba gamoiwvios. nivTierebaTa brunva uwyveti, erTiani procesia rogorc cocxali, ise aracocxal bunebas Soris. mag. atmosferos cirkulacia, hidrosferoSi wylis brunva, biologiuri wrebrunva da a. S. ritmuloba – movlenaTa ganmeorebadobaa drosa da sivrceSi. mag.: dReRamuri da sezonuri ritmebi, aseve gamyinvarebisa da daTbobis periodebi da sxv. zonaluroba – bunebis yvela komponentisa da mTliani kompleqsis kanonzomieri cvla ekvatoridan polusebisaken an piriqiT, aseve simaRlisa (mTebSi) da siRrmis (okeaneSi) mixedviT. mag.: bunebrivi zonebis (taiga, stepebi, savanebi da a. S.) ganlageba da cvlileba dedamiwaze. gv. 84-85 a) dedamiwaze 13 klimaturi sartyelia; b) q. iakobhavani mdebareobs subarqtikul klimatur sartyelSi, q. manuasi – ekvatoruli, q. Tbilisi – zomier da q. salahai – tropikul klimatur sartyelSi. 3. 4. terioria – bunebrivi resursi gv. 86 a) udidesi qveynebia: brazilia, argentina, peru. b) patara qveynebia: surinami, urugvai, gaiana. gv. 87 a) kompaqturi teritoria aqvT CexeTs, Sveicarias, avstrias da sxv. b) gawelili konfiguracia aqvT Ciles, vietnams, koreas, iaponias da sxv. 3. 5. bunebrivi resursebis klasifikacia gv. 89 1. marmarilo – samSeneblo saqmeSi, oqro – saiuveliro saqmeSi, manqanaTmSeneblobaSi; xe-tye – celuloza-qaRaldis mrewvelobaSi, avejis dasamzadeblad, sawvavad; qvanaxSiri – sawvavad; qviSa – mSeneblobaSi; wyali – sarwyavad, eleqtroenergiis misaRebad; niadagi – soflis meurneobaSi. 3. 7 bunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebi 3. 2. adamianisa da bunebis urTierToba gv. 79 1. tyes udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs dedamiwaze. mas „Jangbadis fabrikas“ uwodeben, radganac igi atmosferos JangbadiT amaragebs. tyes aseve niadagdacviTi, wyalSenaxviTi, rekreaciuli da sxv. daniSnuleba gaaCnia. tyeebis gaCexvis Sedegad irRveva ekosistemebis wonasworoba, aqtiurdeba stiqiuri movlenebi (zvavi, erozia, mewyeri da sxv.) da sxv. 2. i. vernadskis azriT, adamianis garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebi imdenad Zlieria da iseTi cvlilebebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios, romelic geologiuri Zalebisa da stiqiuri movlenebis Sedegad gamowveul cvlilebebs utoldeba. gv. 80 1. a) adamianma bunebaSi arsebuli TiTqmis yvela kanoni gamoiyena Tavis sasargeblod. b) sazogadoeba, buneba g) bunebriv garemos udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis sacxovrebeli adgilis SerCevisas. adamiani odiTganve cdilobda, iseTi adgilebi SeerCia sacxovreblad, sadac xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi iqneboda. mag.: igi cdilobda wyalTan, tyesTan axlos dasaxlebuliyo da sxv. Zveladac da Tanamedrove etapzec qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done garkveulwilad damokidebuli iyo im bunebriv garemoze, sadac is mdebareobda. mag.: mTebsa da sxva bunebriv barierebs didi mniSvneloba hqonda am qveynis Tavdacvis saqmeSi; ama Tu im qveynis bunebrivi resursebis, maT Soris sasargeblo wiaRiseulis maragi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda mis dawinaurebasa da ganviTarebas. 3.3. bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi gv. 83 1. tye, zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebi, klimati, reliefi. 3. bunebrivi pirobebi: mTa, mdinare, tye, Waobi, klimati, niadagi. bunebrivi resursebi: qvanaxSiri, navTobi, bunebrivi airi, mineraluri wyali, tye, oqro, rkina, spilenZi, wyali, niadagi. 68 gv. 94 1. a) alpur-himalauri seismuri sartyeli iwyeba afrikaSi, atlasis mTebidan, moicavs alpebs, karpatebs, kavkasionis da sxv. mTebs da mTavrdeba himalais mTebSi. wynarokeanuri seismuri sartyeli aziis aRmosavleTiT wynari okeanis sanapiros miuyveba. b) saqarTvelo moqceulia albur-himalaur sartyelSi; g) miwisZvrebisa da moqmedi vulkanebis gvarcelebis arealebi ZiriTadad erTmaneTs emTxveva. 2. miwisZvrebi xSiria iaponiaSi, CineTSi, saqarTveloSi da a. S. vulkanebis amofrqveva xSiria italiaSi, xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebze, iaponiaSi da sxv. gv. 98 a) mewyersaSiSi Zlier maRali riskis zonaSi mdebareoben svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi, mTiani aWara, mcxeTa-mTianeTis mTiani nawili, zemo imereTi; b) usafrTxo zonaSia guria, zRvispira aWara, samegrelo, kaxeTi, Sida da qvemo qarTli. gv. 100 1. stiqiuri movlenebi moulodnelad atydeba Tavs qveynebs da mosaxleobas da didi zarali da msxverpli axlavs Tan. 3.8. stiqiuri movlenebis winaaRmdeg gv.102 1. saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze xSiria zvavebi, qvaTacvena, mcenareebis Camowola. maTgan Tavdacvis mizniT gvirabebi da sxva sainJinro nagebobebia agebuli. 3. cunamebis umravlesoba wynar okeaneSi warmoiqmneba. 3.9. buneba safrTxeSia gv. 103 navTobis apkebi ZiriTadad Cndeba atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebSi; afrikis, evropis, aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis napirebTan. 69 gv. 104 1. atmosferoSi gogirdis Jangi da azotis Jangi ifrqveva inglisidan, germaniidan, espaneTidan. 2. iq sadac xSiria mJava wvimebi, haeris xarisxi Zalian cudia. 4. 1. Tanamedrove msoflios meurneoba gv. 121 materialuri da aramaterialuri dargebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia. materialuri sferos dargebis mier warmoebuli produqcia momxmareblamde da danaSaulebis adgilamde swored aramaterialuri warmoebis sferos dargebis saSualebiT aRwevs. gv. 121 1. materialuri warmoebis sferos dargebi qmnian sxvadasxva saxis produqcias, xolo aramaterialuri sferos dargebi – ara. 2. sasargeblo wiaRiseuli aucilebelia meurneobis iseTi dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis, rogoricaa energetika, metalurgia, qimiuri mrewveloba da sxv. 3. soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT ki memcenareoba didad aris damokidebuli bunebriv pirobebze. nidagi, siTbosa da tenis raodenoba gansazRvravs ama Tu im mcenaris mosavlianobas, savegetacio periods da a. S. 4. mesameuli dargebi, ZiriTadad, momxmarebels emsaxureba da amitom maT momsaxureobis sferos dargebs uwodeben. 4. 3. mrewveloba gv. 125 2. damamuSavebeli mrewvelobis dargebi nedleulad, rogorc bunebriv resursebs, ise mopovebiT mrewvelobis mier warmoebul produqciasac iyeneben. gv. 127 3. mrewvelobis dargebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis principi. metalurgiul saqmianobas (sxvadasxva liTonebis gamodnoba) adamiani uZvelesi droidan eweoda. sasuqebis warmoeba qimiuri mrewvelobis dargia da mogvianebiT ganviTarda. 4. 5. soflis meurneoba gv. 134 1. klimatur pirobebzea damokidebuli sxvadasxva sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis moyvana; swored siTbosa da tenis raodenoba ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva mcenaris svegetacio periods. 2. kvebis, msubuqi, qimiuri mrewveloba. gv. 136 2. reliefma, klimatma. 4. 7. transporti gv. 141 1. britaneTsa da evropas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs gvirabi, romelic la-manSis srutis qveS gadis. gv. 142 1. qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba da bunebrivi pirobebi, aseve mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebi. 2. milsadeni transportiT gadaaqvT navTobi, bunebrivi airi. 4. 9. turizmi gv. 147 1. qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri situaciis, adamianebis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da a. S. 2. turizmis sferoSi ar iqmneba materialuri produqcia da am dargSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi momsaxurebis sxvadasxva saxeebs sTavazoben damsveneblebs. 4. 10. saqarTvelos meurneoba gv. 149 1. soflis meurneoba – ZiriTadad saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare. 2. citrusebi da simindi ufro siTbosa da tenis moyvaruli mcenareebia, amitom maTi gavrcelebis areali dasavleT saqarTveloa, sadac subtropikuli havaa. 4. 4. saTbob-energetikuli mrewveloba da energetikuli wyaroebi gv. 129 2. aRmoCenil iqna navTobis axali sabadoebi. amasTan navTobis mopoveba da , transportireba bevrad iafi da mosaxerxebelia, vidre sxva sawvavis. aseve gaizarda meurneobis sxvadaxsva dargebis mier navTobze da navTobproduqtebze moTxovnileba. gv. 130 1. mrewvelobis yvela dargi, aseve adamianis cxovreba da saqmianoba warmoudgenelia eleqtroenergetikis gareSe. 4. hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba mdinareebze da maTze Seqmnili wyalsacavebze xdeba, xolo Tboeleqtrosadgurebis ageba, ZiriTadad, saTbob-energetikuli resursebis mopovebis adgilebTanaa mizanSewonili. gv. 132 1. adamianis kunTebis Zala, Sinauri cxovelebis kunTebis Zala, naxSiri, wylis energia, navTobi, atomuri energia, mzis energia. 70 5.2. religiebis geografia gv. 156 1. msoflio da erovnul religiebad dayofis safuZveli maTi gavrcelebis arealebis masStabebia. gv.156 1. saqarTvelosSi sxvadasxva religiis gavrceleba da geografia ganpirobebulia Cveni qveynis istoriuli warsuliT: ucxo tomebis Camosaxleba, sxva erovnebisa da religiuri mrwamsis mqone adamianebis migracia, xSiri omebi da sxv. aseve mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa qarTveli kacis tolerantobam da Semwynareblurma xasiaTma. 2. grigoriani da kaTolike qristianebi cxovroben samcxe-javaxeTSi, muslimebi – qvemo qarTlsa da aWaraSi. gv.157 2. warmoSobis adgilebi `gadalaxa~ da sxva regionebsa da qveynebSi gavrcelda qristianoba, islami, budizmi, induizmi; xolo iudaizmi, konfucianizmi da sxva provinciuli religiebi ver gascda warmoSobis adgils. 71 XII moswavlis wignSi mocemuli Semajamebeli samuSaoebis pasuxebi Semajamebeli samuSao I I 1. 2. 9; 6; 4 3; 4; 1; 5 2 3 4 a 6 V 1. sanapiro zolis sigrZiT: jvris, sionis, walkis, Tbilisisa da algeTis wyalsacavebi. 2. wylis sarkis farTobis mixedviT: algeTis, sionis, Tbilisis, jvrisa da walkis wyalsacavebi. 3. jvris, algeTis, sionis, Tbilisisa da walkis wyalsacavebi. g III 3 4 1 5 2 IV 1 _ b; 2 _ a; 3 _ e; 4 _ d; 5 _ g. V 3; 1; 2 b 5 II III 1. erTi da imave manZilis gavla mouwevs, radgan yvela meridianis sigrZe Tanabaria. 2. 600-iani paralelis gaswvriv mogzaurobisas, ragdan paralelis sigrZe ekvatoridan polusebisaken TandaTan mcirdeba. 3. ar arsebobs, radgan grZedis maqsimaluri zRvari 900-ia. 5. 80 km. 6. a) 1 sm-Si 250 km. b) 1 sm-Si 5 km. g) 1 sm-Si 2,5 km. d) 1 sm-Si 0,5 km. II 1 Semajamebeli samuSao II VI saTamaSo sqemis, `labirinTis~ gadaadgilebis marSruti ase gamoiyureba: 1 - 6 - 7 - 3 - 8 -12 - 13 - 9 - 4 - 5 -10 -15 -19 -20 araswori mtkicebulebebi weria 1, 5, 12, 15 ujrebSi. Semajamebeli samuSao III II 1. dilis 9 saaTia. 2. pekinSi 19 saaTia. 3. madridSi 17 saaTia. 4. dilis 4 saaTia. 5. TariRTa cvlis xazze saRamos 8 saaTia. 6. me-5 sasaaTo sartyelSi. 7. 2 saaTi. 1 _ a; 2 _ d; 3 _ g; 4 _ g; 5 _ g; 6 _ b; 7 _ a; 8 _ a; 9 _ a; 10 _ d. III b, d, e, v. IV 1 1 a 2 3 4 5 d 8 e 72 7 b g 6 73 XII damatebiTi masala 2 1 2 5 6 mzis energia adamianis samsaxurSi g d 4 a b 3 3 1 a 2 3 4 5 6 b g d Semajamebeli samuSao IV II 1; 4; 6; 7; 8 III 1 _ 2; 8; 7; 5; 3 2 _ 4; 6; 2; 9 IV 1 1 2 3 5 6 a b 4 g d 2 1 3 4 a 5 6 b g 2 7 8 74 mzis energiis gamoyenebis problema didi xania dgas mecnierebis winaSe, radganac mze energiis dauSreteli wyaroa. rodesac dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi energetikulma krizisma ifeTqa, kacobriobam pirvelad igrZno, rom wiaRiseuli saTbobis maragi amouwuravi rodia da saWiroa energiis axali wyaroebis Zebna. amasTan erTad, ukanasknel wlebSi Zalze gamwvavda sakiTxi garemos dacvis Sesaxeb. mecnierebma gamoTqves azri bunebis mosalodneli katastrofis safrTxis Sesaxeb. am varaudis safuZveli isaa, rom miwis wiaRidan mopovebuli saTbobis wvis Sedegad atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis koncentracia (dagroveba) TandaTan izrdeba, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios saerTo gaTboba da polaruli yinulis gadnoba. warmoiSva meore varaudic: warmoebis, transportis, energetikuli danadgarebisa da dedamiwis qanebis gamofitviT gamowveuli mtveris myari nawilakebis raodenobrivi zrda atmosferoSi Seamcirebs dedamiwis zedapiramde miRweuli mzis energiis raodenobas. Tu dedamiwis temperatura Seicvleba Tundac 10-iT, es sruliad sakmarisi iqneba dedamiwis zedapirze izoTermebis (haeris erTnairi saSualo temperaturis adgilTa SemaerTebeli xazebi rukaze) 260 kilometriT gadasaadgileblad. Seicvleba raionebis ganeduri mdebareoba. amitom kacobriobis winaSe dadga mzis energiis gamoyenebis sakiTxi. igi energiis uaRresad sufTa saxes warmoadgens. misi gamoyenebiT garemo ar gaWuWyiandeba da Cveni planetis siTburi balansi ar dairRveva. mzis energiis wyaro praqtikulad amouwuravia. dedamiwa Rebulobs udidesi simZlavris sxivur nakads. ase magaliTad, dedamiwa erT wamSi mzisgan Rebulobs 1,76 – 1024 erc energias. es energia siTbod rom gveqcia, gautoldeboda 12 000 milion t. qvanaxSiris wvis Sedegad gamoyofil siTbos raodenobas. amdenad, am kolosaluri energiis Tundac mcire nawilis praqtikul gamoyenebas udidesi saxalxo sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvs. arada, mzis yoveli gamouyenebeli sxivi dakargulia. mzis energiis gamoyeneba warmoebs specialuri danadgarebiT _ helioaparatebiT. helioaparatebis gamoyeneba ki SesaZlebelia saxalxo meurneobis mraval dargSi: gaTbobisaTvis, cxeli wylis momaragebisaTvis, haeris kondicirebisa (sawarmoo da sazogadoebriv sadgomebSi garkveuli klimaturi pirobebis dacva) da soflis meurneobaSi produqtebis SrobisaTvis _ wylis gasamtknareblad da a.S. cxelwyalmomaragebis sistemam mzis brtyeli koleqtorebis safuZvelze farTo gavrceleba hpova israelSi, avstraliaSi, iaponiaSi, samxreT amerikasa da aSS-Si. evropaSi moqmedebs sakmaod didi eqsperimentuli danadgarebi saxlebis gaTbobisaTvis, wylis SeTbobisa da sacurao auzebisaTvis. mzis gaTbobis kargad daproeqtebul sistemas SeuZlia daakmayofilos Tboenergiis wliuri moTxovnilebis 50-70 procenti. safrangeTSi mzis energiam gansakuTrebiT farTo gamoyeneba hpova cxelwyalmomaragebis sistemaSi. araxelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis miuxedavad, mzis energiis gamoyenebis problembiT dainteresdnen germaniis federaciul respublikaSi. q. kiolnSi 1977 wlidan muSaobs Ria sacurao auzi, romlis gaTbobis da cxeli wyliT momaragebis sistema mzis energies iyenebs. aq dadgmulia evropaSi yvelaze didi farTobis (1500 kvadratuli metri) mqone mzis koleqtori. mzis energiam farTo gamoyeneba hpova rogorc energetikaSi, ise soflis meurneobaSi. kaliforniis (aSS) StatSi aSenda eqsperimentuli Tboeleqtrocentrali, romelic muSaobs mzis energiiT. sadgurze dayenebuli 1500 sarke koncentracias ukeTebs mzis sxivebs 86 metrian cilindrul koSkze. iq ki Tboenergia orTqlis turbiniT eleqtroenergiad gardaiqmneba. yirimSi funqcionirebs mzeze momuSave eleqtrosadguris, romlis simZlavre 5 mg kvt-ia da wliurad 5,8 milion kilovatsaaTYeleqtroenergias gamoimuSavebs. winaswari monacemebiT igi mogvcems 2000 75 tps-is (tona pirobiTi saTbobi) ekonomias. sazRvargareTis praqtikidan cnobilia, rom mzis samtknareblebi farTod gamoiyeneba avstraliasa da saberZneTSi, egeosis zRvis kunZulebze. maTi mwarmoebluroba ayvanilia 17-20 aTas litramde dRe-RameSi. mzis energia farTod gamoiyeneba medicinaSi. cnobilia mzis samkurnalo refleqtorebi, romlebic patara sarkeebisgan Sedgeba da romelTagan areklili mzis aTinaTebi Tavmoyrilia erT adgilze. Zlier koncentrirebuli (mogroveba, Tavmoyra) mzis sinaTlis mokle impulsebi efeqturia sxvadasxva daavadebis samkurnalod. am aparatis avtorma zuxSanma am meodis moqmedeba Tavdapirvelad ixvebis kvercxebis winainkubaciur dasxivebisa da simindis Teslis gasaTbobad gamoiyena. am dros mozardis (wiwilebis) wona 10,5 proceniT matulobs, simindis mosavali ki 1215 procentiT gaizarda. bostneuli kulturebis Teslis dasxivebisas mosavali matulobs 20-30 procentiT, bambisa 7-10 procentiT, amasTan erTad umjobesdeba mosavlis xarisxic, izrdeba maTSi cilebis, Saqris, aminomJavebis da a. S. Semadgenloba. stiqiuri ubedurebebiT gamowveuli zaralis gadasafaravi xarjebia. kacobriobisaTvis yvelaze didi zianis motana SeuZlia wyaldidobebs (40 %), tropikul ciklonebs (20 %), miwisZvrebs (15 %), gvalvas (15 %). garda amisa, aranakleb ziansa da adamianTa mravalricxovan msxverpls iwvevs grigali, yinvebi, didTovloba, mewyeri, zvavi. tbebis dedofali riwis tbis Crdilo-dasavleTiT xmeleTSi sakmaod Rrmad SeWrili ube mdebareobs. am ubeSi riwis mexuTe Senakadi Caedineba. tbis eqvsi Senakadidan yvelaze grZeli da wyaluxvia mdinare laSifse, romelic kavkasionis Txemis maxloblad iRebs saTaves. laSifses auzSi mdebareobs silamaziTa da mineraluri wylebiT cnobili kurorti avadxara. Tvalwarmtacia laSifses xeoba. mis saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebi dRevandeli nakrZalebis Tu erovnuli parkebis prototipebi Soreul istoriul epoqebSic arsebobda. uZveles xelnawerebSi daculia cnobebi Zveli babilonis, indoeTis, saberZneTis `sakulto narkZalebis~ Sesaxeb. herodotes mixedviT, Zvel egvipteSi arsebobda wyalsatevebi wminda cxovelebisaTvis da maT xelmyofs mkacri sasjeli moeloda. ikrZaleboda wminda yvavilebis mowyveta, wminda tyeebSi fexis Sedgmac ki. Cvens qveyanaSi, dRemde Semonaxulia e.w xatis tyeebi. Sua saukuneebSi nakrZalebi, ZiriTadad samonadireo faunis SenarCunebis mizniT iqmneboda. XVI-XVIII ss-Si evropaSi daculi tyis 300-mde ubani arsebobda. maTi umetesoba mefeTa da feodalTa sakuTreba iyo. zogierTi nakrZali, mewyerTsaSiSroebis Tavidan asacilebladac arsebobda. mxolod XIX s-is miwuruls, roca adamianma gaiazra misi sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad cxovelTa da mcenareTa sxvadasxva saxeobebis gadaSenebis katastrofuli siswrafe, daiwyo zrunva SedarebiT xeluxlebeli bunebrivi raionebis SesanarCuneblad. 1872 wels aSS-s kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, daarsda msoflioSi pirveli _ ieloustounis saTaveSi ramdenime firuzisferi myinvaruli warmoSobis tbaa. mdinare avadxaras erT-erT Senakads gzignas _ sakmaod mozrdili da gemrieli kalmaxiT cnobili Rrma mzis tba asazrdoebs. riwis warmoSobis Sesaxeb mravali legenda Tu Tqmuleba arsebobs. erT-erTi aseTia: mdinare laSifses xeobaSi qvrivi qali ricxa cxovrobda. erT mSvenier dRes ricxa wavida TavadTan bavSvebisaTvis puris saTxovnelad, magram Tavadma ricxa upurod gamoistumra. maSin ise xmamaRla dawyevla ricxam Tavadi, rom iqve mdebare fSegiSxas mTa orad gaiyo. naxevari Camoiqca da Tavadi Tavisi karmidamoTi qveS Caitana. nazvavma mdinare laSifses gza gadauRoba, Seaguba igi da gaCnda tba. sxva legendebic analogiuria da maTSi fSegiSxas Camongrevazea laparaki. ukanasknelma samecniero eqspediciam, romelmac tbis warmoSobis Sesaxeb xalxuri legendis simarTle daamtkica, gansazRvra misi asaki. igi daaxloebiT 300 wlisaa. Tavis warmoSobas tba Zlier miwisZvras unda umadlodes, romlis Sedegadac Camoiqca mTa fSegiSxa. Camoqcevis Sedegad warmoSobilma lodebma mdinare laSifses xeobamde miaRwia da 100 metrze maRali kaSxaliT gadaRoba igi. mTis Camoqcevas, miwisZvris garda, imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom fSegiSxas kirqviani masivi dacxriluli iyo napralebiTa da karstuli siRruveebiT, romelTa warmoSoba kirqvebSi dResac intensiurad mimdinareobs. kirqvebisagan agebuli mTis analogiuri Camoqceva am ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaTac moxda, ris Sedegad warmoiSva amtyelis tba (1891 w.). riwis tbis sigrZea 2,5 kilometri, sigane 270 metridan 670 metramde, siRrmiT ver Seedreba verc vrceli faravani da verc boboqari tabawyuri, verc yelis tba da verc riwis umcrosi Zma _ amtyeli. civi wylebi SeaqvT mis tbaSi mis Senakadebs, magram wylis zedapiri zafxulSi 18-20 gradusamde mainc Tbeba, siRrmeSi ki temperatura swrafad ecema da fskeris maxloblad 4,5_5,0 gradusamde Camodis. civi wylis gamo uyvars igi forejebian kalmaxs, romelic tbaSic da mis SenakadebSic sakmaod bevria, sxva Tevzs aq verc naxavT. erovnuli parki, ris Semdegdac daculma teritoriebma SeiZines erovnuli, saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba. XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi msoflioSi sul 19 erovnuli parki arsebobda. isini erTi mxriv, bunebis dacvis, xolo meore mxriv bunebiT `tkbobis~, mis wiaRSi dasvenebis mizniT iqmnebodnen, rogorc es aRniSnuli iyo ieloustounis parkis daarsebisadmi miZRvnil deklaraciaSi. Semdeg wlebSi daculi teritoriebis erovnuli sistemebis Seqmnas da gafarToebas gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo xeli bunebis dacvis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis Seqmnam. erTerTi maTgania bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi (WWF). XX s-is miwuruls, daZabulma ekologiurma situaciam, gamoiwvia samecniero interesis gamZafreba bunebis xeluxlebeli, `etalonuri~ teritoriebis mimarT. Cvens epoqaSi daculi teritoriebi warmoadgenen farTomasStabiani samecniero kvlevebis arenas, amasTan mniSvnelovan rols asruleben msoflio ekonomikaSi. sxvadasxva gamoTvlebiT, maT amJamad xmeleTis 1,6 _ 2,0% uWiravT. saqarTveloSi bunebis dacvis tradiciebs mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. Zvel qarTul xelnawerebSi saintereso cnobebia Semonaxuli bunebis calkeuli obieqtebis samarTlebrivi dacvis Sesaxeb. Tamar mefis sigelebSi moxseniebuli `tyis mcvelni~, msgavsi Tanamdebobis arsebobis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs xelmwifis karis garigebac (XIV saukune). vaxtan I-is dros arsebobda e.w. yoruRebu, anu ama Tu im mizniT daculi teritoriebi _ `sanadiro alagebi~. aseT adgilebSi akrZaluli iyo xis Wra, frinvelebis, gansakuTrebiT ki mtacebelTa budeebis moSla, nadiroba. ioane bagrationis sjuldebaSi (qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis proeqti, XVIII saukune) vkiTxulobT: ` agreTve iyo sanadiroTa tyeTa da mindorTa ufrosi kaci. samefo sanadiroebi adgilni amas ebaros. uamisod vervin inadirebdis iqi...~ saqarTveloSi pirveli nakrZali, am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT, 1912 wels daarsda lagodexSi. 1950 wlamde nakrZalebis raodenoba sakmaod gaizarda. Semdeg ki maT, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakmaod dramatuli bedi moelodaT: 1951 wels gaauqmes saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela nakrZali. `represias~ riwis tba zRvis donidan 884 metrze mdebareobs. misgan gamoedineba mdinare iufSara, romelic naxevari kilometris Semdeg dedamiwis wiaRSi ikargeba da ori kilometris gavlis Semdeg isev zedapirze amodis da mdinare bzifs uerTdeba. riwas, rogorc silamaziT, ise turistebis raodenobiT mxolod erTi _ lagodexis nakrZali gadaurCa. 1957-59 wlebSi isini TandaTan aRadgines, magram 1961 wels kvlav moxda zogierTi maTganis likvidacia. Telavi-yvarlis (9800 ha), tyibulis wablis (1400 ha), Tafaravnis (2400 ha), naRvarevis (300 ha), pontos muxisa da kidev ramdenime nakrZali msoflioSi badali ara hyavs. yovelwliurad mas or milionze meti turisti stumrobs. stiqiuri zarali stiqiuri ubedurebiT gamowveuli msoflio ekonomikuri zarali yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 30 miliard dolars Seadgens. aqedan 20 miliardi uSualod danakargze modis, 10 miliardi ki aRudgeneli darCa, xolo sxvebi TandaTan kvlav Seiqmna 1966 da 1976 wlebSi. saqarTveloSi, amJamad 16 nakrZali, 2 erovnuli parki, 6 aRkveTili da 2 mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis teritoria arsebobs. TiToeul maTganSi Taviseburi bunebrivi landSaftia daculi, romelTa mTlianobisa da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas didi mecnieruli, saganmanaTleblo da praqtikuli miznebi aqvs. 76 77 1990 wlidan bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis (WWF) xelSewyobiT saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs daculi teritoriebis axali sistemis Camoyalibeba. qveyanaSi daculi teritoriebis arsebobis samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 1996 wels miRebuli kanoni `daculi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb~. magram, bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: social-ekonomikur krizisSi myofi qveynisaTvis zedmeti fufuneba xom ar aris axali daculi teritoriebis Seqmnaze fiqri? daculi teritoriebis organizeba xom ar Seamcirebs qveynis ekonomikur potencials? axali tipis daculi teritoriebis (erovnuli parkebis) daarseba niSnavs ara mis amoRebas sameurneo gamoyenebis sferodan, aramed am teritoriaze arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis tradiciuli, utilitaruli gamoyenebis SezRudvas. xdeba bunebaTsargeblobis formebis arsebiTi cvlileba. es ubani erTveba axal, gansakuTrebul sameurneo ciklSi, social-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT ufro rentabelurSi, vidre tradiciuli meurneobaa, radgan uzrunvelyofs mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebas. kapitaldabandebebis done aseT ubnebSi sakmaod mcirea, xolo miRebuli efeqti friad mniSvnelovani. erovnul parkSi nakrZalisagan gansxvavebiT, garemos dacva-SenarCunebasTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba turizmisa da rekreaciis ganviTareba amaRlebs mxaris prestiJs, xels uwyobs adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis saintereso da momgebiani dargebis ganviTarebas, qmnis sazogadoebis yvela wevris gaaqtivebisa da TviTgamovlenis SesaZleblobas. saTuTi, frTxili bunebaTsargebloba aranakleb rTulia, vidre meurneobis romelime dargis warmatebiT gaZRola, magram amasTanave Zalian momgebianicaa. magaliTad, bunebis wiaRSi dasvenebis organizacia mravali qveynis ekonomikis erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebad iqca. es dargi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis, sadac Semosavali saerTaSoriso turizmidan erovnuli biujetis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. amitom msoflios mraval qveyanaSi ama Tu im raionis ekonomikuri potencialis Sefasebisas ukve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mimzidvelobis maCvenebels anu veluri landSaftebisa da istoriuli RirsSesaniSnaobebis arsebobas. ekosistemebis SefasebiT amerikaSi erovnuli parkis organizebisaTvis daxarjul yovel 1 dolars 10-15 dolari mogeba moaqvs. `Cvens qveyanaSi mopovebuli almasebi mxolod pirobiTi faseulobebia, xolo teritoriebi, sadac veluri bunebaa SemorCenili, Cveni WeSmariti ganZia~, _ ase miaCniaT samxreT afrikis respublikaSi da arc Tu usafuZvlod. iq arsebul 17 erovnul parks qveynisaTvis yovelwliurad milionobiT Semosavali moaqvs. iaponelma specialistebma Seiswavles ra zogierTi tyis masivi, gamoitanes daskvna, rom maTi gamoyeneba rekreaciis mizniT 6-jer ufro momgebiani iqneba, vidre moWra da masalad gayidva. aSS-Si analogiuri gamoTvlebi Caatares makedoniis tye parkisaTvis (virjiniis Stati). upiratesoba, ra Tqma unda, rekreacias mianiWes, radgan mas 15-jer meti mogebis motana SeeZlo. arsebobs sxva monacemebic daculi teritoriebis ekonomikuri efeqturobis Sesaxeb, romlebic tyeebis udides wyalgamwmend, niadagdamcav da klimatis maregulirebel rols asaxaven. magaliTad, zogierTi amerikeli mkvlevari, 1 heqtari farTofoTlovani tyis haeris gamwmend rols weliwadSi 25 800 dolarad afasebs. erTi xis dReRamuri aorTqlebisas StainTqmeba 250 aTasi kkal siTbo, rac eqvivalenturia 10 kondicioneris muSaobisa 20 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. 1 heqtari tyis wyalgamwmendi funqcia weliwadSi 1000 dolaradaa Sefasebuli. magram rac ar unda didi iyos daculi teritoriis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba, igi ver Seedreba XIII damatebiTi literatura 1. t. gvalia, `geografiuli faqtorisa da qarTuli kulturis urTierTmimarTebis zogierTi sakiTxi~. Tsu. Tb., 1991. 2. S. gogatiSvili, `saqarTvelos ssr fizikuri geografiis qrestomaTia~. `ganaTleba~. Tb., 1986. 3. i. maTureli, `vaxuSti bagrationis kartografiuli memkvidreoba~. `saqarTvelo~. Tb., 1990. 4. al. muranovi, `planetis cisferi Tvalebi~. `nakaduli~. Tb., 1989. 5. gaeros modelireba _ monawilis wignidan `saqarTvelos gaeros asociacia~. Tb., 2006. 6. m. ardia, g.margvelani, `msoflios bunebrivi resursebi~. Tsu. Tb., 1998. 7. saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis awmyo da momavali. WWF. Tb., 1997. 8. qen vebsteri, `gadaxede, Tqvi uari, Seamcire~. British Counuil Tb., 2007. 9. v. jaoSvili, `saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri geografia~. Tsu. Tb., 1996. 10. d. qoCiaSvili, `saqarTvelos geografia~. Tb., 2003. 11. `saqarTvelos geografia~. Tsu soxumis filiali. saqarTvelos geografiis kaTedra. Tb., 1999. 12. `saqarTvelos geografia~. Tsu, saqarTvelos geografiis kaTedra., n.elizbaraSvili, l.maWavariani da sxv. Tb., 2000. 13. `saqarTvelos geografia~. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, vaxuSti bagrationis saxelobis geografiis instituti. I da II nawili. `mecniereba~, Tb., 2000. 14. m. bliaZe, d. kereseliZe, n. elizbaraSvili, `geografia~ (cnobari). Tb., 2001. 15. www.wikipedia.org 16. www.unece.org 17. www.environmenthouse.ch 18. www.atlapedia.com 19. www.nationalgeographic.com 20. www.google.com 21. www.ecolex.org 22. www.usborne-quicklinks.com 23. www.geosite.com mis socialur da ekologiur rols. adamians xom bunebis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. amitom unda davicvaT Cveni qveynis es udidesi saganZuri, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi momaval Taobebs legendebi Tu SemorCebaT saqarTvelos Tvalwarmtac bunebaze. 78 79
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