352 ALVES.cdr

Journal of Coastal Research
1671 - 1675
SI 39
ICS 2004 (Proceedings)
Brazil
ISSN 0749-0208
Carbonate contents of bottom sediments of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil:
their importance for biodiversity
O. F. de S.Alves†; D. Muehe‡ and J. M. L. Dominguez§
† Dep. of Zoology Institute of Biology
Federal University of Bahia,
Salvador, BA
40.170-290, Brazil
[email protected]
‡ Graduate Program in Geography,
Institute of Geoscience, Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
21.941-590, Brazil
[email protected]
§ Graduate Program in Geology,
Institute of Geoscience, Federal
University of Bahia, Salvador, BA,
40.210-340, Brazil
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
ALVES, O. F. de S.; MUEHE, D. and DOMINGUEZ, J. M. L., 2006. Carbonate contents of bottom sediments of
Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil: their importance for biodiversity. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39
(Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), 1671 - 1675. Itajaí, SC, Brazil, ISSN 0749-0208.
Todos os Santos Bay, located on the Brazilian coast between 12º35' to 13º07' S and 38º29' to 38º48' W, has an area of
1086 Km2 and contains a variety of ecosystems. The bay is surrounded by the densest urban development in the state
of Bahia. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the carbonate contents of bottom sediments in this bay and
their importance for the biodiversity of the benthic fauna. Sediment samples were obtained using a van Veen grab,
from 32 stations during 1997. Total carbonate contents ranged from 3.3% in the northern part of the bay, to 99.9%
west of Maré Island, and were higher than 50% at 25% of the stations. The proportion of carbonate decreased with
decreasing grain size. Polychaeta, Mollusca Bivalvia and Crustacea Decapoda all had frequencies of occurrence
above 85%. Biodiversity, considered as the richness of major taxonomic groups, ranged from 3 to 23. The highest
biodiversity values were found in the area between Itaparica Island and the western shore of the bay. In this area,
sediment texture and composition varied widely. The lowest biodiversity values occurred in the northern part of the
bay, where the bottom is muddy with very low carbonate content. Stations with higher biodiversity (richness values
over 50%) had sediments with the highest carbonate contents, a statistically significant relationship. In Todos os
Santos Bay, then, the biodiversity of the macrobenthos increases with increasing structural heterogeneity of the
environment, and carbonate sediments seem to play an important role.
ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Geoecology, benthos, tropics.
INTRODUCTION
The tropical coastal ecosystems of Brazil harbor highly
diverse floras and faunas, but are generally poorly known. This
is especially true for the North and Northeast regions. An
assessment of the state of the art of biodiversity investigations
in Brazil, coordinated by BICUDO and MENEZES, was published
in 1996 by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Brazilian Research
Council, in the "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for
the Assessment of Biodiversity in Plants and Animals".
BRESCOVIT (1999) reviewed certain problems concerning
biodiversity, and called attention to scientific collections of
biological species, a patrimony that has not received enough
attention in Brazil. The geopolitical dimension of biodiversity
was investigated by ALBAGLI (1997), who found that “the
present issue of the loss of biological diversity has, at the same
time, a technological, an ecological and a geopolitical
dimension" (abstract).
Studies on marine benthic communities in tropical
ecosystems are still rare in Brazil. Particularly, the coastal zone
of Bahia State is the largest and least known in the country.
According to LANA et al. (1996), the benthos from the region
between Salvador and Vitória, including Todos os Santos Bay
(TSB), is the least studied as regards both coastal and
continental shelf environments. Despite the social and
economic significance of TSB, there is little published
information concerning its biological diversity. Evaluation of
biodiversity is one of the most important aspects of community
studies (RICKLEFS, 1993).
The research project "Analysis of marine macrobenthic
community structure in relation to sediment and pollution in a
tropical environment (Todos os Santos Bay, BA, Brazil)" aimed
to analyse the sublittoral macrobenthic community structure of
this bay in relation to the environment, using a geoecological
approach. A preliminary survey was made in 1996, when 19
stations were sampled in the central area of the TSB and inAratu
and Itapagipe bays. In 1997, 32 stations were sampled in a
survey that included the entire bay and the adjacent continental
shelf.
The present report describes the carbonate contents in
bottom sediments of TSB and attempts to assess their
importance for the biodiversity of this system.
STUDY AREA
Todos os Santos Bay (12º35' to 13º07' S and 38º29' to 38º48'
W) is the second-largest coastal bay in Brazil, with an area of
1086 km2. The bay's complex ecosystem is surrounded by urban
development; the city of Salvador, the largest urban region in
the state of Bahia, is located at the southern entrance to the bay.
LESSA et al. (2000) analyzed the bottom-sediment
distribution in TSB, and identified five surface-sediment facies,
which were correlated with hydrodynamic-energy distributions
in the bay. LESSA et al. (2000) also treated aspects of geology
and geomorphology, hydrology and oceanography. According
to these authors, the climate is humid-tropical, with a mean air
temperature of 25ºC and a mean rainfall of about 1900 mm/y.
The geological structure of the bay, a graben, was formed with
the major fault systems in the Cretaceous, modified by later
tectonic activity in the Tertiary and Quaternary.
A general characterisation of the tides and tidal circulation of
TSB was published by LESSA et al. (2001), who noted that "the
original average freshwater inflow was two orders of magnitude
smaller than the estimated tidal discharge through the main bay
entrance, and the oceanographic characteristics of the bay, as
indicated by bay salinity measurements, are clearly marine"
(p.245).
Aspects of pollution inside the bay and brief historical
comments on its occupation, as well as past and future prospects
for the bay were discussed by SILVA et al. (1996). Im the same
paper, SILVA et al. noted that Salvador is the most important
touristic center in the Brazilian Northeast. Although at present
only 26% of all sewage produced is properly collected and
treated, the project "Bahia Azul" will increase this proportion to
about 80% and will add a submarine outfall. The authors also
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006
1672
Alves et al.
suggested that models for future regional development should
consider self-sustaining methodologies.
GERMEN et al. (1997) discussed means of managing this
important Brazilian bay. They described the environmental
problems stemming from human occupation, and
recommended the formulation of an environmental
management plan using an integrated approach.
METHODOLOGY
The data presented in this work were collected during
summer and autumn of 1997 in a survey of the entire bay and the
adjacent continental shelf. The survey included a total of 32
stations (Figure 1).
TSB was divided into six areas (Figure 1), designated as
follows: Area N (northern bay); Area M (northeast, between
Maré Island and Frade Island); Area C (central bay, from the
western to the eastern shore); Area I (between Itaparica Island
and the western shore); Area S (between Itaparica Island and the
eastern shore, at the city of Salvador, the main bay entrance) and
Area P (the adjacent continental shelf). The areas were
demarcated according to the physical and chemical
composition and grain size of the sediment, based on the study
by BITTENCOURT et al. (1976).
Water samples were taken with a van Dorn bottle. Sediment
samples were taken with a 0.1m2 van Veen grab. The better to
estimate the diversity of the macrobenthos, supplemental
samples were taken with a rectangular dredge. In the laboratory,
grain size analysis followed the recommendations of SUGUIO
(1973). The sediment samples were first analyzed by wetsieving and pipette methods; then, according to GROSS (1971),
hydrochloric acid was added to the sediment to eliminate the
CaCO3 in each grain size class. The carbonate content of mud
samples was also measured.
Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the 32 sampling
stations.
Two groups of data were analyzed, in order to evaluate
whether the stations with biotic richness exceeding 50%, and
stations with richness less than 50%, differed significantly in
respect to carbonate content. The first group of data refers to the
richness of major taxonomic groups; and the second data group,
to the richness of families of polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and
echinoderms (ALVES, 2002 and ALVES et al., 2006). The T-test
for independent samples from the Statistica Program was used
for the analysis.
RESULTS
The percentage values obtained for total carbonate, in both
sieved fractions (>= 0.062 mm) and mud (< 0.062 mm) ranged
from 3.3% (northern part of the bay) to 99.9% (west of Maré
Island). Sediments at eight stations (25%) had carbonate
contents over 50%. Four of these stations were located in the
area between Itaparica Island and the western shore (Area I),
two near a coral reef that borders the eastern shore of this island
(P2 - P3) and two others located near Frades Island (in the
southern part, C4) and Maré Island (M3).
The pebble fraction was present at 4 stations (12%), ranging
from 0.4 to 32.8%. Carbonate contents at these stations were 0,
42, 76 and 100%, respectively.
The gravel fraction occurred at 13 stations (41%). This
fraction was composed exclusively of carbonate (100%) at 8
stations (25% of the total). Carbonate contents ranged from 17
to 76% at the other stations; i.e., some carbonate was always
present in sediments containing this grain size class. The gravel
fraction of TSB sediments is essentially composed of
carbonate.
Some sand was present in all the samples. At 17 stations
(53%), sand comprised over 50% of the sediment, and at 6 of
these stations carbonate values exceeded 50%. The sand
sediment of TSB was composed of 3.6 to 100% carbonate; the
carbonate exceeded 50% at 11 stations.
The carbonate content in sand sediments decreased with
decreasing grain size. At 11 of the 12 stations where the
sediments contained very coarse sand, the carbonate proportion
was over 50%. Carbonate also predominated at 82% of the
stations with coarse sand, 53% of the stations with medium
sand, 41% of the stations with fine sand and 19% of the stations
with very fine sand.
Mud occurred at 24 stations (75%), comprising over 50% of
the sediment at 13. The carbonate content at the stations where
mud was present ranged from 3.3 to 47%.
The grain size and carbonate content varied in each area of
TSB. In the northern bay (Area N) the sediment was composed
mainly of siliciclastic mud. Two stations in Area M (M1 - M4),
located between Frades and Maré Islands, had a similar
sediment, while stations M2 and M3 in the same area had
heterogeneous sediments that were higher in carbonate. In the
central area, siliciclastic mud predominated at four stations (C1,
C2, C5 and C6). Carbonate was an important constituent in the
area between Itaparica Island and the western shore (Area I).
Carbonate was also important in some stations in areas S
(southern TSB) and P (the adjacent continental shelf).
The fauna included a total of 34 major taxonomic groups,
with Polychaeta, Mollusca Bivalvia and Crustacea Decapoda
occurring at frequencies over 85%. Biodiversity, expressed as
richness of taxonomic groups, ranged from 3 to 23. The highest
values were found in the area between Itaparica Island and the
western shore of the bay, area I (except station I3) and at some
stations in other areas (Table 1).
A total of 80 families of polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and
echinoderms were recorded. Richness values of families (Table
1) ranged from 42 (Station I1) to 5 (Stations N4 and M1).
The stations with richness values over 50% were
significantly different from the others in carbonate content
(Table 2). This result was found for the two groups of data
analyzed, richness of major taxonomic groups and richness of
families (Figure 2). The correlation between these two groups
of data was 0.72 (Pearson's r, p < 0.05).
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006
1673
Carbonate Contents of Bottom Sediments of Todos os Santos Bay
DISCUSSIONAND CONCLUSIONS
Todos os Santos Bay is a tropical shallow marine ecosystem.
During the 1997 survey, the sampling stations ranged from 1.5
to 62 meters in depth, salinity varied from 27 to 36 º/oo, dissolved
oxygen ranged from 5.4 to 10.4 mg/l and the surface-water
temperature varied from 26 to 29ºC. The mean grain size of
bottom sediments ranged from 0.9 to 9.8 phi; most stations
showed standard deviations greater than 1.0, characteristic of
poorly sorted to extremely poorly sorted sediments. These data
were reported by ALVES (2002). The organic content of the
sediment collected was analyzed by MENDES (1999) and ranged
from 0.3 to 12.1%. The highest concentrations of organic
carbon, organic nitrogen and also organic matter were found in
the northern bay and in the channel between Itaparica Island and
the western shore; these high concentrations are probably a
function of the low mobility of these bottoms and of freshwater
discharge from the Paraguaçu River. Moreover, MENDES
(1999) found that the highest C:N ratios in the bay occurred at
the mouth of this river.
Most phyla of marine animals, especially invertebrates,
occur in the bottom sediments of TSB (ALVES, 2000 and 2002).
Preliminary analyses of the distribution of biological diversity,
expressed as richness of taxonomic groups, indicated a pattern
of highest diversity in coarse sediments and carbonate-rich
stations in the study area (ALVES et al., 1999 and ALVES et al.,
2000). Data presented by FIGUEREDO (2000) and ALMEIDA et
al. (2001), studying foraminiferans and bryozoans respectively,
showed that biodiversity increases in coarse sediments.
As discussed above, these results indicate that the
heterogeneous nature and carbonate percentages of the bottom
sediments in TSB seem to play an important role in the
distribution of biodiversity of its benthic communities. The
southern part of the bay, especially between Itaparica Island and
the western shore (Area I), had the highest richness and also the
highest carbonate contents. Contrariwise, the northern bay
(Area N) had low biodiversity, very low carbonate content and
muddy bottoms.
Although the northern bay does not support a diverse fauna,
some carbonate is present in the sediments. LEÃ O (1971)
studied the composition of a shell deposit located near “Ipeba
Laje” in this part of the bay: carbonate content ranged from 42 to
93% at 44 stations (70%) of 63 total samples. This small area
was not surveyed in the present investigation, but its benthic
communities should be analyzed.
The carbonate content of bottom sediments was measured by
BITTENCOURT et al. (1976) and MACEDO (1977) over the entire
TSB. The former work described four well-defined
sedimentary facies; one of the facies was composed of biogenic
deposits (> 50% carbonate) and consisted mainly of corroded
and perforated mollusc shells. In the latter project, the bay was
divided into three parts according to energy action; this research
also concluded that the main recent and relict biodetritic
components are represented by fragments of molluscs and the
alga Halimeda. CORRÊ A and PONZI (1980), in a detailed study
of carbonates in bottom sediments of the western bay, found
values of about 5% in the area influenced by the Paraguaçu
River; the proportion of carbonates increased in the direction of
the sea, reaching percentages higher than 75% in some patches.
Recently, LESSA et al. (2000) re-evaluated sedimentation into
TSB and suggested that at least part of the carbonate sediments
apparently underlying the regressive bay-mud facies may be
autochthonous. COOPER (1992) believed that in marine
environments, most of the sediment carbonate content is
autochthonous.
Research on the carbonate content of marine sediments has
revealed the importance of carbonates to biodiversity patterns
of benthic communities in unconsolidated substrates,
independent of the origin and composition of the carbonate
bottoms. ALVES (1991) studied the associations of molluscs and
echinoderms on the continental shelf off the state of Rio de
Janeiro, from Cabo Frio to Saquarema, and concluded that
"among the variables chosen to characterise the environment,
the discriminant analysis revealed that the percentage of
carbonate, the sorting coefficient, the mean grain size and the
kurtosis of sediment as well as the depth were the most
important in environmental discrimination of the three defined
faunistic associations" (abstract). In the same study, ALVES
found the highest species richness on sandy sediments with
biogenic gravel. According to ABSALÃ O et al. (1999), the
multivariate approach to establish discriminant models of
abiotic environments of communities has not been much used to
Table 1. Data for biotic richness of the major taxonomic groups (S_groups) and of families (S_families), in descending order, and data
for total carbonate content of sediments at the 32 sampling stations. Group 1: S > 50% and Group 2: S < 50% (S = richness).
Group_01
Stations
I5
P2
M3
I2
P3
I1
I4
S7
S3
P5
C4
S2
(N=12)
% Total
S_
Groups Carbonate
23
23
20
18
18
17
17
15
13
13
12
12
93,97
54,80
99,92
71,61
36,11
60,01
53,60
33,46
27,72
86,62
50,07
38,00
Group_02
% Total
S_
Stations Groups Carbonate
M4
C1
S4
P1
N3
S5
S6
N1
M2
C3
C5
S1
P4
N5
I3
N2
N4
C2
C6
M1
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
5
3
17,55
13,84
22,88
35,66
7,72
29,76
4,80
3,34
31,14
24,66
28,57
32,23
5,02
9,51
22,07
5,75
9,66
20,71
28,27
9,89
Group_01
Group_02
% Total
S_
Stations Families Carbonate
% Total
S_
Stations Families Carbonate
I1
I2
P5
I5
M3
P3
S2
M2
S6
C3
I4
C4
P2
42
35
35
32
31
28
27
26
26
25
24
23
23
60,01
71,61
86,62
93,97
99,92
36,11
38,00
31,14
4,80
24,66
53,60
50,07
54,80
(N=13)
S4
S7
S5
S1
S3
P4
M4
C1
C2
P1
N1
C6
N2
N5
I3
C5
N3
N4
M1
(N=19)
(N=20)
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006
21
20
18
17
16
15
12
11
11
11
10
9
8
8
8
7
6
5
5
22,88
33,46
29,76
32,23
27,72
5,02
17,55
13,84
20,71
35,66
3,34
28,27
5,75
9,51
22,07
28,57
7,72
9,66
9,89
1674
Alves et al.
Table 2. Results of T-test for independent samples (T0.995 = 2.75 / df = 30). Group 1: S > 50% and Group 2: S < 50%. (S_Groups = richness
of major taxonomic groups and S_Families = richness of families).
S_Families
Carbonate (total)
S_Groups
Carbonate (total)
Mean
Group_1
Mean
Group_2
t-value
df
p
Valid N
Group_1
Valid N
Group_2
Std.Dev.
Group_1
29
54,25
11,47
19,14
9,21
4,96
30
30
0,00000
0,00003
13
13
19
19
5,70
28,16
Mean
Group_1
Mean
Group_2
t-value
df
p
Valid N
Group_1
Valid N
Group_2
Std.Dev.
Group_1
16,75
58,83
8,60
18,15
7,65
6,54
30
30
0,00000
0,00000
12
12
20
20
3,91
24,39
analyze the Brazilian coastal fauna. These authors suggested
that several variables be taken into account, including depth and
such sedimentological variables as a measure of central
tendency, skewness, kurtosis, sorting and percentage of mud;
but they did not mention carbonate content.
According to CLARKE and CRAME (1997), it is important to
better understand the role of spatial heterogeneity in regulating
diversity in marine environments. The present investigation
found that the biodiversity of bottom sediments, evaluated as
the richness of major taxonomic groups and families, reached
the highest levels in samples taken from sediments with highly
variable texture and composition, especially in the area between
Itaparica Island and the western shore of the bay. The lowest
biodiversity values occurred in the northern bay, and were
associated with a muddy bottom with very low carbonate
content and poor water renewal. These results illustrate the
principle that biodiversity increases concurrently with the
structural heterogeneity of the environment, and suggest that
carbonate plays an important role.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
4,99
10,78
1,30
6,82
0,59
0,00
Std.Dev.
F-ratio
p
Group_2 variancs variancs
2,14
10,69
3,35
5,20
0,02
0,00
Paulo C. Paiva (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and the
student Rômulo Barroso); Bryozoa, Facelúcia B. C. Souza
(Federal University of Bahia, and the student Vanessa E. S.
Almeida); Crustacea Gammaridea, Cristiana Serejo (National
Museum of Rio de Janeiro); Cnidaria, Priscila Grohmann
(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro); Ascidiacea, Rosana da
Rocha (Federal University of Paraná); Osteichythes, Paulo R.
D. Lopes (State University of Feira de Santana - Bahia).
LITERATURE CITED
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We are grateful for financial support from the WWF - World
Wildlife Fund / Brazil (Nature and Society Program - Project
075/97); PICDT / UFBA, which provided the first author a
doctoral scholarship from 1996 to 1999); and PIBIC / UFBA,
which provided two undergraduate student scholarships, in
1998 and 1999. The researchers of the Coastal Studies
Laboratory (LEC) of the Centre for Research in Geophysics and
Geology (CPGG) - UFBA; the Salvador Port Authority,
"Capitania dos Portos de Salvador" and the "Estação de
Desmagnetização da Marinha (Itaparica)" of the Brazilian
Navy and "TEMADRE / PETROBRAS" helped with
fieldwork. Several colleagues assisted with taxonomic
identifications: Mollusca, Ricardo S. Absalão (Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro, and the students Rafael Fortes and
Bianca DellaLibera); Echinodermata, Cynthia L. C. Manso
(Phoenix Paleontological Foundation - Sergipe); Polychaeta,
Std.Dev.
F-ratio
p
Group_2 variancs variancs
50
30
50
30
Min - Max
25% - 75%
Median value
10
-10
1
10
-10
2
1
(major taxonomic groups)
2
(families groups)
Figure 2. Box and whisker plots of sediment carbonate content versus richness of major taxonomic groups (left) and richness of families
(right). Group 1: S > 50% and Group 2: S < 50% (S = richness and CA_TOTAL = % total carbonate).
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006
Carbonate Contents of Bottom Sediments of Todos os Santos Bay
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