frank rinn - COST FP1101

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FRANK
INGENIEUR- UND SACHVERSTÄNDIGEN-BÜRO
UNTERSUCHUNG
ENTWICKLUNG
BERATUNG
BÄUME, HOLZ, KONSTRUKTIONEN
MESSGERÄTE, SOFTWARE
SEMINAR, SCHULUNG, VORTRAG
RINN
ENGINEERING- AND EXPERT-OFFICE
EXAMINATION
DEVELOPMENT
TREES, TIMBER, CONSTRUCTIONS
MEASUREMENT DEVICES, SOFTWARE
CONSULTATION
SEMINARS, TRAINING, LECTURES
EXPERT REPORT
TECHNICAL INSPECTION OF A NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OHIO, USA
LOCAL TREE EXPERT: MARK HOENIGMAN, BUSY BEE SERVICES, LTD., NOVELTY, OH 44072, USA
2013
__ / __
FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI
HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY
REGISTERED TREE EXPERT
[email protected]
TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234
WWW.RINNTECH.COM
423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA
TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133
[email protected]
FRANK
RINN
TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: NORTHERN RED OAK, OLMSTED-FALLS, OH, USA
2013
2 / 14
CONTENT
Page
1
Assignment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2
Contacts, addresses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3
Inspection and results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4
Summary and conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5
References and further reading.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
[email protected]
TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234
WWW.RINNTECH.COM
TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133
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FRANK
RINN
1
2013
3 / 14
Assignment
Previous inspections showed that the oak has internal decay. The extent of these deteriorations and
their impact on stability and safety had to be assessed in more detail in order to be able to evaluate
both current safety issues as well as the future perspective of this exceptional tree. Because of the
more than regional importance of this ‘Champion-Tree’, a thorough inspection should be carried out
using stress-wave (‘sonic’) tomography (ARBOTOM®), root diagnostics (ARBORADIXTM) and
resistance drilling (with calibrated, thus ‘real’ RESISTOGRAPH® devices).
2
Contacts, addresses
Tree
Tree expert
Inspection
Result
Report
Ohio Champion Trees List:
www.ohiodnr.com/forestry/bigtrees/tabid/4810/Default.aspx
Mark Hoenigman
Tel
(+1) 440 338-3243
Busy Bee Services, Ltd.
Fax
(+1) 440 338-8481
14740 Watt Rd.
Mob (+1) 440 725-9590
Novelty, OH 44072
[email protected]
USA
www.busybeetreemd.com
18. August 2013
explained and presented on site
01. September 2013
[email protected]
TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234
WWW.RINNTECH.COM
TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133
[email protected]
FRANK
RINN
3
2013
4 / 14
Inspection and results
The first visual impression of the oak explains why it may be listed on a Champion Tree List:
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FRANK
RINN
2013
5 / 14
Approximate Crown Sail Area:
Areal picture from GOOGLE: the oak was always
protected from wind coming from West to North
and to North-East (marked green). Since more
than 100 years, a building was nearby.
Due to the topologic site conditions by building
and surrounding trees, the major wind direction
the oak was facing over the last decades, most
likely was South-East.
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WWW.RINNTECH.COM
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FRANK
RINN
2013
6 / 14
Pictures of the main trunk
North:
North-East:
South-East:
South-West:
West:
North-West:
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FRANK
RINN
2013
7 / 14
Sensor-Positions
Sensor 1 in North:
North-East:
East:
South-East:
South:
South:
South-West:
West:
North-West:
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FRANK
RINN
2013
8 / 14
Stress-wave ('sonic') tomogram
The stress-wave (='sonic') tomogram of the
stem base reveals large internal decay area
(red) and strong/intact outer sections (green).
Referring the section modulus calculation, the
detected and displayed deterioration leads to a
relative loss in load-carrying capacity of this
cross-section of about approximately 40%.
Due to the central location of the deterioration,
this loss is nearly symmetrically distributed for
all wind directions.
The green curve indicates that the tree due to
the cross-sectional shape/contour is best
optimized against wind from South-East and the
weakest against wind from West/South-West.
This correlated to the fact that the tree was
always protected against wind from West but
not from South-East.
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FRANK
RINN
2013
9 / 14
The ARBORADIXTM diagram reveals lines in a distance of mostly up to 4 or 5m from the trunk
(.12 to 15 feet). Interestingly, the lines to East and South-East are green, indicating a higher
stress-wave speed (what is mostly related to better root anchorage). On site it was indicated that
in this area, some years ago there was a soil treatment carried out. Obviously, this helped the
tree to build stronger roots into this direction, what, in addition, helps the tree physiologically and
will, as a consequence, support the stem in responsive growth in order to compensate for the
strength loss due to internal deterioration.
The extent and color of the Arboradix-lines do not indicate any sign of uprooting danger:
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FRANK
RINN
2013
10 / 14
Profiles of (linearily calibratable) resistance drillings at/between sensor positions:
RESISTOGRAPH(R) profile of a drilling between sensor 2 and 3:
RESISTOGRAPH(R) profile of a drilling at sensor 11:
RESISTOGRAPH(R) profile of a drilling at sensor 16:
The average ring width decreases from approximately 6 to approximately 3mm (. 1/10“) within the last 20 years. The
thickness of the remaining intact shell wall (green) ranges between 7 and 14cm (. 3“ to 6“). Decay seems to be
progressing outwards on all three inspected spots, however in different speed (due to the slope from intact to decay: the
steeper this slope, the slower decay progresses, commonly). The central part seems to be hollow (purple).
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FRANK
RINN
2013
11 / 14
The stem cross section of the oak suggests that
the current tree developed from several
different trunks or trees, respectively, at least
two, probably more. Assuming two trees as the
origin of the present oak, their radius was
approximately 70cm (North) and 80cm (South).
The ring width as visible in the resistance
drilling profiles dropped down from 6mm to
3mm within the last decade.
Following the typical age trend, ring width
stabilizes on a mostly quite constant level when
the tree matures (and does not grow in height
any more). The following table shows the
maximum estimated age of the corresponding
tree, assuming a certain average ring-width:
Because ring-width usually is significantly bigger
in the centre part of cross sections, these age
estimates are rough upper limits. Regarding
size, location, and species of the tree, an age
estimate of about 150 years seems to be
reasonable in this case.
Independently whether the tree developed from
crafted individual trunks or not, the three major
parts of the stem showing intact wood (North,
East, South) seem to be only weakly connected
between each other.
Thus, the existing crown cables are required
and should be maintained in order to keep the
cross section together to bridge the gap of
mechanical connection in the marked areas at
least.
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WWW.RINNTECH.COM
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FRANK
RINN
2013
12 / 14
According to Mark Hoenigman, an experienced tree expert in the area, such trees typically reach
30m (~90feet) at about 50 years of age.
Assuming the tree(s) did not grow significantly in height since age=50y and the ring width since
then (conservatory assumed) stabilized on one average level of approx. 5mm per year, the trunk
gained breaking safety in this time due to increased girth by about a factor of 20 (because the
load carrying capacity of a cross section depends on the diameter to the power of three).
Thus, in theory (if the wood of a perfectly cylindrical trunk with central decay would be an ideal
isotropic material), a residual shell wall of the current tree of approximately 1% of the radius
would provide the same safety as a centrally rotten cylindrical trunk at the time when maximum
tree height was reached with t/R=1/3. This would mean the tree currently would not need any
treatment or wind load reduction.
But, because wood is not isotropic and many other factors come into place (length and location
of decay), the average residual shell wall thickness should not be significantly smaller than 1/10
of the radius. Thus, approximately 12cm (~5”) are required.
Because the detected decay seems to be progressing faster then the ring width is compensating,
the wind load reduction has to be significant, knowing that this reduces the tree's capability to
defend the fungus. But, old oak trees have the potential to recover even from strong defects
even with a smaller crown.
A step-by-step reduction of finally
approximately this extent would reduce wind
load by about 65%. This amount of reduction is
a consequence of the combination of the
current defects and the prognosis of the future
development of the shell wall based on
resistance drilling profiles. If the wind load will
eventually increase in the future due to sitechanges (i.e. clearances around the tree), the
required amount of reduction has to be reevaluated. In addition to the wind load
reduction, a soil improvement should be carried
out on the West side in the same way as
happened in the East, in order to improve the
anchorage and support by water and nutrition.
A bi-annual visual inspection is required (with and without foliage) in order to detect any
significant changes as soon as possible.
[email protected]
TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234
WWW.RINNTECH.COM
TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133
[email protected]
FRANK
RINN
4
2013
13 / 14
Summary and conclusion
Previous inspections showed that the oak has internal
decay. The extent of these deteriorations and their impact
on stability and safety had to be assessed in more detail in
order to be able to evaluate both current safety issues as
well as the future perspective of this exceptional tree.
Because of the more than regional importance of this
‘Champion-Tree’, a thorough inspection should be carried
out using stress-wave (‘sonic’) tomography (ARBOTOM®),
root diagnostics (ARBORADIXTM) and resistance drilling (with
calibrated, thus ‘real’ RESISTOGRAPH® devices).
The stress-wave tomogram of the stem base reveals large
internal decay area (red) and strong/intact outer sections
(green) leading to a relative loss in load-carrying capacity of
this cross-section of about approximately 40%. Resistance
drilling profiles reveal signs of strong decay extension and
narrowing tree-rings, thus weaker compensatory growth:
The sonic root plate
analysis reveals a
significantly weaker
anchorage on the West
side, where the tree was
always protected from
wind and where no soil
improvement was carried
out.
Recommendation: a step-by-step reduction of this extent (-> wind load reduction ~ 65%) plus
soil improvement on the West side in the same way as happened in the East, in order to improve
the anchorage and support by water and nutrition. Continuos bi-annual visual inspection.
[email protected]
TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234
WWW.RINNTECH.COM
TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133
[email protected]
FRANK
RINN
5
2013
14 / 14
References and further reading
Bräker, O. U. 1981: Der Alterstrend bei Jahrringdichten und
Jahrringbreiten von Nadelhölzern und sein Ausgleich.
Mitteilungen der forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt Wien
142, S. 75-102.
Gere, J. M. and Timoshenko, S. P., 1997, Mechanics of
Materials, PWS Publishing Company.
Kaczka R, Malik I, Owczarek P, Gärtner H, Helle G, Heinrich
I (eds.) (2009): TRACE - Tree Rings in Archaeology,
Climatology and Ecology, Vol. 7: Proceedings of the
DENDROSYMPOSIUM 2008, April 27th–30th 2008,
Zakopane, Poland. GFZ. Potsdam, Scientific Technical
Report STR 09/03, Potsdam, p. 205-210.
Mattheck, Claus und Breloer, Helge 1994: The body
language of trees. A handbook for failure analysis. Research
for Amenity trees No. 4, HMSO Publications Centre. London
1994. ISBN 0-11-753067-0.
Niklas, Karl J., Spatz, Hanns-Christof 2012: Plant Physics.
Univ of Chicago Press. ISBN-10: 0226586324.
Rinn, F. 1988: A new method for measuring tree-ring
density parameters. Physics diploma thesis, Institute for
Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, 85pp.
Rinn, F. 1990: Device for material testing, especially wood,
by drill resistance measurements. German Patent 4122494.
Rinn, F., Becker, B., Kromer, B. 1990: Density Profiles of
Conifers and Deciduous Trees. Proceedings
Lund-Symposium on Tree Rings and Environment, Lund
University.
Rinn, F. 1993: Catalogue of relative density profiles of trees,
poles and timber derived from RESISTOGRAPH
micro-drillings. Proc. 9th int. meeting non-destructive
testing, Madison 1993.
Rinn, F. 1994: Resistographic visualization of tree ring
density variations. International Conference Tree Rings and
Environment. Tucson, AZ, 1994. Printed in: Radiocarbon
1996, pp. 871-878.
Rinn, F. 1994: One minute pole inspection with
RESISTOGRAPH micro drillings. Proc. Int. Conf. on wood
poles and piles. Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA, March 1994.
Rinn, F. 1994: Resistographic inspection of building timber.
Proc. Pacific Timber Engineering Conference. Gold Coast,
Australia, July 1994.
Rinn, F., Schweingruber F.-H., Schär, E. 1996:
RESISTOGRAPH and X-Ray Density Charts of Wood.
Comparative Evaluation of Drill Resistance Profiles and
X-Ray Density Charts of Different Wood Species.
Holzforschung Vol. 50 (1996) pp. 303-311.
Radiocarbon 1996: 871-878.
Rinn, F. 2011: Basic Aspects of Mechanical Stability of Tree
Cross –Sections. Arborist News Feb 2011, pp. 52-54.
Rinn, F 2012: Basics of typical resistance-drilling profiles.
Western Arborist. Winter 2012.
Rinn, F. 2013: Detecting Fungal Decay in Palm Stems by
Resistance Drilling. Florida Arborist. Part I: Spring 2013. Part
II: Summer 2013.
Rinn, F. 2013: Shell-wall thickness and breaking safety of
mature trees. Western Arborist. Fall 2013.
Spatz, H.-CH., Bruechert, F. 2000: Basic Biomechanics of
Self-Supporting Plants: Wind loads and gravitational loads
on a Norway spruce tree. Forest Ecology and Management,
135, 33-44 (2000).
Spatz, Hanns–Christof; Niklas, Karl J.: Modes of failure in
tubular plant organs. Am. J. Bot. February 2013.
Telewski, F. W. and Jaffe M. J. 1981.
Thigmomorphogenesis: Changes in the morphology and
chemical composition induced by mechanical perturbation in
six month old Pinus taeda seedlings. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research 11:380-387.
Telewski, F.W. 1995: Wind Induced Physiological and
Developmental Responses in Trees. IN: "Wind and Trees".
M.P. Coutts and J. Grace, eds. pp. 237-263. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Telewski, F . W . , Gardner, B.A., White, G., and
Plovanich-Jones, A. 1997. Wind flow around multi-storey
buildings and its influence on tree growth. IN: Plant
Biomechanics 1997: Conference Proceedings, 7-12
September 1997, The University of Reading, UK. Vol. I pp.
185-192.
Young, G. H. F., J. C. Demmler, B. E. Gunnarson, A. J.
Kirchhefer, N. J. Loader, D. McCarroll: Age trends in tree
ring growth and isotopic archives: A case study of Pinus
sylvestris L. from northwestern Norway. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles. 05/2013; ISBN: 0886-6236.
White, John 1998: Estimating the Age of Large and Veteran
Trees in Britain. Forestry Commission. Edinburgh.
Winnistorfer, Paul M., Wimmer, Rupert 1995: Application of
a drill resistance technique for density profile measurement
in wood composite panels. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 45,
No. 6, p. 90-93, June 1995.
Rinn, F. 1996. Resistographic visualization of tree-ring
density variations. In: J.S. Dean, D.M. Meko, and T.W.
Swetnam, eds., Tree Rings, Environment, and Humanity.
[email protected]
TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234
WWW.RINNTECH.COM
TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133
[email protected]

frank rinn - COST FP1101

Transcrição

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