O novo requisito 25.1302 - Login

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O novo requisito 25.1302
“Sistemas e equipamentos instalados para uso da
tripulação” e sua respectiva AC.
Homero Montandon
ANAC - SAR
São José dos Campos, 28 de Agosto de 2013.
- - - - - - - - - - Anais do 6º Simpósio de Segurança de Voo (SSV 2013) – Direitos Reservados - Página 472 de 1014 - - - - - - - - - -
Objetivo:
• Familiarizar a audiência com o
requisito 25.1302, bem como
seu material interpretativo
TÓPICOS:
• Histórico
• O Requisito 25.1302
• O meio de cumprimento
TÓPICOS:
• Histórico
Segurança dos Meios de Transporte
MEIO DE TRANSPORTE
Óbitos Por Milhão de Passageiros
Automóvel / Ônibus
Transporte Aquático
Ferrovia
Transporte Aéreo Regular
201.3
5.3
3.0
1.0
5
Taxa de acidentes por 1 milhão de voos, nas regiões do mundo
(2000-2007), voos regulares de passageiros e de carga.
Fonte: EASA – Annual Safety Review - 2007.
Causas de acidentes aéreos
Erro humano
67,57%
Falha técnica
20,72%
Mau tempo
5,95%
Sabotagem
3,25%
Outras causas
2,51%
Fonte: Escritório de Registros de Acidentes Aéreos, Genebra – Suíça (2009)
HF HWG: Flight Crew Error/
Flight Crew Performance Considerations in the Flight
Deck Certification Process
Task 1: Review existing material in Part 25, identify
deficiencies and recommend what should be updated
Task 2: Recommend new advisory material
Task 3: Recommend (or plan for) new regulation(s)
Task 4: Recommend an implementation plan
Task 5: Identify implications for qualification and operations
•Subpart A—General
§ 25.1 Applicability.
§ 25.2 Special retroactive requirements.
§ 25.3 Special provisions for ETOPS type design approvals.
§ 25.5 Incorporations by reference.
•Subpart B—Flight
•General
§ 25.21 Proof of compliance.
§.
•.
•.
•Performance
§ 25.101 General.
§ 25.103 Stall speed.
§ 25.105 Takeoff.
§ 25.107 Takeoff speeds.
§ 25.109 Accelerate-stop distance.
§ 25.111 Takeoff path.
§ 25.113 Takeoff distance and takeoff run.
§ 25.115 Takeoff flight path.
§ 25.117 Climb: general.
§ 25.119 Landing climb: All-engines-operating.
§ 25.121 Climb: One-engine-inoperative.
§ 25.123 En route flight paths.
§ 25.125 Landing.
•Controllability and Maneuverability
§ 25.143 General.
§ 25.145 Longitudinal control.
§ 25.147 Directional and lateral control.
§ 25.149 Minimum control speed.
Subpart D—Design and Construction
GENERAL
§ 25.601 General.
§
.
.
PERSONNEL AND CARGO ACCOMMODATIONS
§ 25.771 Pilot compartment.
§ 25.772 Pilot compartment doors.
§ 25.773 Pilot compartment view.
§ 25.775 Windshields and windows.
§ 25.777 Cockpit controls.
§ 25.779 Motion and effect of cockpit controls.
§ 25.781 Cockpit control knob shape.
§ 25.783 Fuselage doors.
§ 25.785 Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses.
§ 25.787 Stowage compartments.
§ 25.789 Retention of items of mass in passenger and
crew compartments and galleys.
§ 25.791 Passenger information signs and placards.
§ 25.793 Floor surfaces.
§ 25.795 Security considerations.
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
§ 25.801 Ditching.
§ 25.803 Emergency evacuation.
§ 25.807 Emergency exits.
.
.
.
•Subpart F—Equipment
•General
25.1301 Function and installation.
25.1302 xxx
25.1303 Flight and navigation instruments.
25.1305 Powerplant instruments.
25.1307 Miscellaneous equipment.
25.1309 Equipment, systems, and installations.
§ 25.1310 Power source capacity and distribution.
§ 25.1316 Electrical and electronic system lightning
protection.
§ 25.1317 High-intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) Protection.
INSTRUMENTS: INSTALLATION
§ 25.1321 Arrangement and visibility.
§ 25.1322 Flightcrew alerting.
§ 25.1323 Airspeed indicating system.
§ 25.1325 Static pressure systems.
§ 25.1326 Pitot heat indication systems.
§ 25.1327 Magnetic direction indicator.
§ 25.1329 Flight guidance system.
§ 25.1331 Instruments using a power supply.
§ 25.1333 Instrument systems.
§ 25.1337 Powerplant instruments.
Subpart G—Operating Limitations and Information
§ 25.1501 General.
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
§ 25.1503 Airspeed limitations: general.
§ 25.1505 Maximum operating limit speed.
§ 25.1507 Maneuvering speed.
§ 25.1511 Flap extended speed.
§ 25.1513 Minimum control speed.
§ 25.1515 Landing gear speeds.
§ 25.1516 Other speed limitations.
§ 25.1517 Rough air speed, VRA .
§ 25.1519 Weight, center of gravity, and weight
distribution.
§ 25.1521 Powerplant limitations.
§ 25.1522 Auxiliary power unit limitations.
§ 25.1523 Minimum flight crew.
§ 25.1525 Kinds of operation.
§ 25.1527 Ambient air temperature and operating altitude.
§ 25.1529 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.
§ 25.1531 Maneuvering flight load factors.
§ 25.1533 Additional operating limitations.
§ 25.1535 ETOPS approval.
MARKINGS AND PLACARDS
§ 25.1541 General.
§ 25.1543 Instrument markings: general.
§ 25.1545 Airspeed limitation information.
§ 25.1547 Magnetic direction indicator.
§ 25.1549 Powerplant and auxiliary power unit
instruments.
.
.
.
Task 1 - Approaches
Complete review of Part 25 Rules and ACs to find
HF deficiencies in regulatory basis: dual
approach
Experience-based - Use Incident/Accident data
Theory-based – Examine existing rules for coverage of
HF topics
Results were integrated to proceed to Task 2
HF Deficiencies in 14 CFR Part 25 – Results of Task 1
- Error resistance/error tolerance in flight deck
- Feedback information requirements
- Autoflight human/machine interface requirements and guidance
- Automation behavior
- Automation philosophy not available from the manufacturers
- Standardization not addressed
- Lack of guidance on pilot information requirements
- Lack of criteria on consistency of flight deck information
- Flight deck controls
- Pilot population characteristics
- Consistency with pilot expectations
- Implication of design on crew workload
- Scenarios for testing
- Definition of “exceptional piloting skill”
HF Deficiencies in 14 CFR Part 25 – Results of Task 1 (continued)
- Controls – all aspects
- Tasks that require controls
- Controls – accessibility and operability
- Consistency among controls
- Distinguishability of controls
- Flight and navigation instruments
- Powerplant instruments
- Interface requirements in response to failures
- Alerting system requirements
- Autopilot & flight director
- Ice protection
- Electronic displays
- Lack of guidance for non-essential systems
Appropriate Regulatory Approaches: Error
Human errors are not equipment failures and cannot be
calculated or controlled the same way
No database of valid probabilities
Dependence of errors
Monitoring/self-correction of errors
Operational consequences difficult to predict
Errors will occur, even with well-designed systems and wellqualified flight crews
Options Considered
1. AC material only
AC would not have very clear or explicit regulatory basis
2. Section-by-section change to the rules
Cumbersome, does not address new technologies
The former JAA already had a rule at that time with an
interim policy (special condition) but it was not
considered satisfactory to the FAA
3. Error-based rule (and corresponding AC)
4. Rule based on design attributes related to error (and
corresponding AC)
RNP
RNAV
VNAV
GLS
LAAS/WAAS
Data link communication
ADS-B
Electronic Flight Bags
Head-up Displays
Enhanced Vision
Synthetic Vision
Weather displays
Alerting for r/w inc
RVSM
Turbulence detection systems
Vertical Situation Displays
Surface map displays
Highway-in-the-sky displays
Traffic displays
Graphical flight planning
Cursor control devices
Multifunction controls
Electronic checklists
Electronic charts
Electronic manuals
Multifunction displays
Night vision goggles
Wireless technologies
Unoccupied air vehicles
TÓPICOS:
• Histórico
14 CFR § 25.1302 Installed Systems and Equipment for Use by the Flight Crew
“Esta seção se aplica a sistemas e equipamentos
instalados destinados ao uso dos membros da
tripulação na operação da aeronave, a partir de
suas posições normais nos assentos da cabine de
voo. O requerente deve demonstrar que estes
sistemas
e
equipamentos
instalados,
individualmente ou em combinação com outros
sistemas e equipamentos, foram projetados de
forma tal que membros de uma tripulação
qualificada e treinada no seu manuseio possa
executar de forma segura todas as tarefas
associadas às funções pretendidas destes
sistemas ou equipamentos. Tais sistemas ou
equipamentos instalados devem cumprir com os
seguintes requisitos:
(a) Os controles da cabine de voo devem ser
instalados de forma a permitir a execução de
todas as tarefas requeridas para operação segura
das funções pretendidas dos equipamentos
correspondentes
e
devem
ser
providas
informações necessárias à tripulação para a
execução de todas as tarefas definidas;
This section applies to installed systems and
equipment intended for flightcrew members’
use in operating the airplane from their
normally seated positions on the flight deck.
The applicant must show that these systems
and installed equipment, individually and in
combination with other such systems and
equipment, are designed so that qualified
flightcrew members trained in their use can
safely perform all of the tasks associated with
the systems’ and equipment’s intended
functions. Such installed equipment and
systems must meet the following requirements:
(a) Flight deck controls must be installed to allow
accomplishment of all the tasks required to
safely perform the equipment’s intended
function, and information must be provided to
the flightcrew that is necessary to accomplish
the defined tasks.
(b) Os controles e informações disponibilizados
na cabine para uso da tripulação devem:
1) Ser providos de uma forma clara e sem
ambiquidade, com uma resolução e precisão
apropriada à tarefa;
2) Ser acessível e utilizável pela tripulação de
uma forma consistente com a urgência,
freqüência e duração da tarefa; e
3) Possibilitar alerta à tripulação, se é necessário
alerta para uma operação segura, dos efeitos na
aeronave ou seus sistemas resultantes das ações
da tripulação.
(b) Flight deck controls and information intended for
the flightcrew’s use must:
(1) Be provided in a clear and unambiguous manner
at a resolution and precision appropriate to the
task;
(2) Be accessible and usable by the flightcrew in a
manner consistent with the urgency, frequency,
and duration of their tasks; and
(3) Enable flightcrew awareness, if awareness is
required for safe operation, of the effects on
the airplane or systems resulting from
flightcrew actions.
(c) Os comportamentos operacionalmente
relevantes dos equipamentos instalados devem
ser:
1) Previsíveis e sem ambiguidade; e
2) Projetados de forma a permitir que a
tripulação interfira de uma forma apropriada
à tarefa.
(c) Operationally-relevant behavior of the installed
equipment must be:
(1) Predictable and unambiguous; and
(2) Designed to enable the flightcrew to intervene in
a manner appropriate to the task.
(d) Dentro do praticável, os equipamentos
instalados devem incorporar meios de permitir à
tripulação gerenciar os erros resultantes dos
tipos de interações da tripulação com estes
equipamentos que possam ser razoavelmente
esperados de ocorrer em serviço. Este parágrafo
não se aplica a nenhum dos seguintes casos:
(1) Erros relacionados à habilidade de
controle manual da aeronave;
(2)Erros resultantes de decisões, ações ou
omissões com intenção maliciosa;
(3) Erros que surgiram de decisões
negligentes, ações ou omissões refletindo um
desrespeito substancial pela segurança; e
(4) Erros resultantes de atos ou ameaças de
violência, incluindo ações tomadas sob coerção.”
(d) To the extent practicable, installed equipment
must incorporate means to enable the
flightcrew to manage errors resulting from the
kinds of flightcrew interactions with the
equipment that can be reasonably expected in
service. This paragraph does not apply to any of
the following:
(1) Skill-related errors associated with manual
control of the airplane;
(2) Errors that result from decisions, actions, or
omissions committed with malicious intent;
(3) Errors arising from a crewmember’s reckless
decisions, actions, or omissions reflecting a
substantial disregard for safety; and
(4) Errors resulting from acts or threats of violence,
including actions taken under duress.
TÓPICOS:
• Histórico
Advisory Circular 25.1302 - 1
Advisory Circular
Developed AC to be used by any Applicant to show compliance
to the rule
Section 1 – 4 provide the scope and background leading to a
process for certification
Section 5 provides information that present the design
compliance objectives
Section 6 contains the test and evaluation methods used from
past certification programs
Requirements Related to this AC
Part 25
Requirements
25.771(a)
25.771(c)
25.773
25.777(a)
25.777(b)
25.777(c)
25.1301(a)
General topic
Relevant material in this AC
Pilot compartment - Unreasonable concentration or
fatigue
•
•
•
•
Pilot compartment - Equipment controllable from
•
either pilot seat
•
Pilot compartment view
•
Cockpit controls - Location of cockpit controls
•
•
Cockpit controls - Direction of movement of cockpit
•
controls
•
Cockpit controls - Full and unrestricted movement of
•
controls
•
Equipment function and installation - Intended function •
of installed systems
•
•
•
•
Flightcrew Error Management,
subchapter 5-7.
Integration, subchapter 5-8.
Controls, subchapter 5-4.
System Behavior, subchapter 5-6.
subchapter 5-7.
Presentation of Information, subchapter
5-5.
25.1302
Installed systems and equipment for use by the
flightcrew - Flightcrew error
25.1303
25.1309(a)
25.1523
Flight and navigation instruments
Equipment, systems, and installations - Intended
function of required equipment under foreseeable
operating conditions
•
Provide warning for unsafe operation and enable
crew to take corrective action.
•
System design for minimizing flightcrew errors
which could create additional hazards
Instrument arrangement and visibility
Warning, caution, and advisory lights
Flight guidance system - Autopilot, flight director, and
autothrust
Minimum flightcrew
25.1543(b)
Instrument markings - Visibility
25.1549
Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments
25.1309(c)
25.1321
25.1322
25.1329
25.1555 (a)
Part 25 Appendix D
Control markings
Criteria for determining minimum flightcrew
•
subchapter 5-7.
•
•
Controls, subchapter 5-4
•
5-5.
•
•
•
•
•
5-5.
subchapter 5-7.
•
•
•
•
5-5.
subchapter 5-7.
•
•
•
•
Process
Identify systems, components and features in terms of degree
of novelty, complexity, and integration
List of selected systems, components and features (including
their intended functions and relevant flight crew tasks)
Selected systems, components and features that require
usual MoC and those that require more elaborated MoC
because section 5 guidance material is not applicable
List of MoC for selected design features documented in a
certification plan (From Section 6)
A. Systems,
components
& features
1. Evaluate
systems,
components,
& features
vs. crew
tasks.
Criteria: relation
to intended
function &
associated flight
crew tasks.
B. Systems,
components, &
features that
involve flightcrew
interaction
2. Identify
degrees of
novelty,
complexity,
and
Integration.
Criteria: levels
of novelty,
complexity,
integration.
C. Intended
functions &
associated
flightcrew
tasks for
each system,
component, &
feature
3. Determine
applicability of
requirements to
systems,
components, and
features and
which aspects of
the design
require
substantiation.
Criteria: applicability
of requirements to
systems, components
and features.
D. List of
requirements
applicable to each
system,
component, and
feature requiring
usual or more
thorough means of
compliance
4. Select
appropriate
means of
compliance.
E. Documented
matrix of means of
compliance for
each combination
of requirement
vs. system,
component, and
feature in D
Criteria: maturity, past
certification experience,
and degree of novelty,
complexity, integration.
Section 5
Contains Certification Objectives
– Key Human Factors guidance:
Controls
Displays
System Behavior
Error
Integration
Section 5 - Controls
Distinguishable & Predictable
Labeling
Accessibility
Usability
Adequacy of feedback
Error Mitigation
Section 5 - Displays
Clear and unambiguous presentation of information
Quantitative display of information
Color
Symbologie
Section 5 – System Behavior
Function Allocation
Functional Behavior
Controls and Displays for automated system
Section 5 – Error Management
Error Detection
Error Recovery
Error Effects
Precluding Errors or Their Effects
Section 5 - Integration
Consistency
Consistency Tradeoffs
Flight Deck Environment
Integration-Related Workload and Error
Section 6 - General Means of Compliance
Statement of Similarity
Design Description
Calculation/Analysis
Evaluations
Demonstrations
Test
Selection of the Means of Compliance
Considerations for choosing appropriate MOCs
Design feature and/or tasks to be evaluated have
been identified in Section 4
Determine if an evaluation, demonstration or a
test is needed to prove compliance
Discussion and agreement with the Authority *
TÓPICOS:
• Histórico
Dúvidas?
Objetivo:
• Familiarizar a audiência com o
requisito 25.1302, bem como
seu material interpretativo
Superintendência de Aeronavegabilidade - SAR
e-mail: [email protected]
Telefone: (12) 3797-2643 Homero Montandon
• OBRIGADO!
Errors will occur, even with well-designed
systems and well-qualified flight crews

O novo requisito 25.1302 - Login

Transcrição

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