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CONSE JO IN T ERN ACION A L DE NUMISM ÁTIC A
I N T E R N AT I O N A L N U M I S M AT I C C O U N C I L
CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE
IN T ER N AT I O N A L ER N UMISM AT IS C H ER R AT
CONSIGLIO INTERNAZIONALE DI NUMISMATICA
Compte Rendu 60 / 2013
Publié par le Secrétariat du Conseil
INTERNATIONAL
NUMISMATIC
COUNCIL
CONSEIL
INTERNATIONAL
DE NUMISMATIQUE
TABLE OF CONTENTS / SOMMAIRE
COMPOSITION DU BUREAU . . ....................................................... 5
STATUTS..................................................................................... 7
CONSTITUTION........................................................................... 9
THE LAW AND PRACTICE REGARDING COIN FINDS
PECUNIA…OLET! Romanian legislation on ancient coin finds
(Cristian Găzdac).......................................................................... 11
Les trouvailles monétaires et la loi en Suisse
(Rahel C. Ackermann – Anne-Francine Auberson).. ......................... 19
LES GRANDS NUMISMATES
Barclay Vincent Head (1844–1914) (N. Keith Rutter) . . .................... 25
Hermann Dannenberg (1824–1905) (Bernd Kluge)......................... 38
COLLECTIONNEURS CÉLÈBRES. . ............................................... 43
Rafael Cervera y Royo (1828–1903) (Gloria Mora)
HISTOIRE DES COLLECTIONS NUMISMATIQUES ET DES
INSTITUTIONS VOUÉES À LA NUMISMATIQUE
Das Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums Basel
(Michael Matzke).......................................................................... 50
Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank
in Frankfurt am Main (Reinhold Walburg)...................................... 65
NÉCROLOGIES
Brita Malmer (1925–2013) (Kenneth Jonsson)................................ 78
MEETING OF THE COMMITTEE
(MESSINA/TAORMINA, MAY 22 TO MAY 24, 2013). . ................... 83
COMPTES DU CONSEIL.............................................................. 84
MEMBRES DU CONSEIL
Institutions.. ................................................................................ 105
Membres honoraires................................................................... 122
5
CO N S E J O IN T ER N AC I O N A L D E N U MISM ÁT IC A
I N T E R N AT I O N A L N U M I S M AT I C C O U N C I L
CONSEIL IN T ERN ATION A L DE NUMISM ATIQUE
I N T E R N AT I O N A L E R N U M I S M AT I S C H E R R AT
CONSIGLIO INTERNA ZIONALE DI NUMISMATIC A
Committee / Bureau
President / Président:
Carmen Arnold-Biucchi
Harvard Art Museums, Division of Asian and Mediterranean Art,
32 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
Tel. +1 617 496 9274, fax +1 617 495 5211
e-mail: [email protected]
Vice-Presidents / Vice-présidents:
J. Donal Bateson
Coin Cabinet, The Hunterian, Glasgow University,
Glasgow G12 8QQ (United Kingdom)
Tel. +44 141 330 4289, fax +44 141 330 3617
Benedikt Zäch
Münzkabinett und Antikensammlung der Stadt Winterthur,
Villa Bühler, Lindstrasse 8, Postfach, CH-8402 Winterthur
(Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera)
Tel. +41 52 2675146, fax +41 52 2676681
Secretary / Secrétaire:
Michael Alram
Münzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Burgring 5, A-1010 Wien (Österreich / Austria)
Tel. +43 1 52524 4201, fax +43 1 52524 4299
Treasurer / Trésorier:
Tuukka Talvio
Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Finland,
P.O. Box 913, FL–00101 Helsinki (Finland)
Tel. +358 40 1286 389
6
MEMBERS
Officers / Membres du bureau:
Maria Caccamo Caltabiano
Cattedra di numismatica greca e romana, Dipartimento di Scienze della
Antichità, Università degli Studi di Messina,
Polo dell’ Annunziata, I-98168 Messina (Italia / Italy)
Tel. +39 090 3503397, fax +39 090 3503889
Sylviane Estiot
HISOMA, UMR 5189 CNRS – Histoire et Sources des Mondes antiques
Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, 7, rue Raulin, F-69365 Lyon
cédex 07 (France)
Tel. +33 9 63 27 41 19, +33 4 72 71 58 00
Pere Pau Ripollès
Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Universitat de València,
Blasco Ibáñez 28, E-46010 València (España / Spain)
Tel. +34 96386 42 42, fax +34 96386 42 42
Bernward Ziegaus
Archäologische Staatssammlung,
Lerchenfeldstrasse 2, D-80538 München (Deutschland / Germany)
Tel. +49 89 21124 449, fax +49 89 21124 401
http://www.inc-cin.org
status
7
STATUTS
du Conseil international de numismatique (CIN)
adoptés le 30 août 2009 à Glasgow
Art. 1.
Objet. Le Conseil international de numismatique (CIN) a pour mission de
promouvoir la numismatique et les sciences qui s’y rapportent en facilitant
la coopération entre individus et institutions dans le domaine de la numismatique et des sciences qui s’y rapportent.
Art. 2.
Membres. Les organismes suivants peuvent devenir membres du CIN:
a. les collections numismatiques publiques,
b. les universités, les organisations, institutions et sociétés numismatiques
sans caractère commercial (locales, nationales et internationales),
c. les Hôtels des monnaies.
Les membres sont admis par le Bureau et doivent payer la cotisation annuelle
fixée par le Bureau. Tout manquement au paiement entraîne l’annulation
d’adhésion. L’adhésion prend effet à partir du paiement de la première
cotisation.
Art. 3.
Membres honoraires. Lors de ses réunions et sur proposition du Bureau, le
CIN peut élire des personnalités comme membres honoraires. Les membres
honoraires ne paient pas de cotisation annuelle mais ont les mêmes droits
que les membres ordinaires.
Art. 4.
Assemblées. Le CIN doit tenir une assemblée générale lors des congrès internationaux de numismatique qui, en principe, ont lieu tous les six ans. Si
aucun congrès international de numismatique n’a lieu dans un délai de sept
ans après le dernier congrès, une assemblée sera obligatoirement convoquée
sur décision du Bureau. Tout membre ordinaire peut désigner un délégué à
l’assemblée générale. Un délégué ne peut représenter plus de trois membres
ordinaires. Les membres qui ne sont pas à jour de cotisation ne peuvent
voter. Les membres honoraires ne votent qu’en personne.
Art. 5.
Bureau. Le Bureau du CIN est composé de neuf membres représentant
dans la mesure du possible chacune des catégories citées à l’article 2. Les
membres du Bureau sont élus lors de l’assemblée générale. Leur fonction
prend fin à l’assemblée générale suivante: ils ne peuvent être réélus qu’une
fois. Le Bureau se réunit au moins une fois par an; il s’organise lui-même,
c’est-à-dire qu’il élit son président et répartit les autres charges. En cas
de mort ou de démission d’un membre, le Bureau a le droit de coopter un
remplaçant jusqu’à l’assemblée générale.
8
status
Art. 6.
Charges. Les charges du Bureau sont la présidence, les deux vice-présidences, le secrétariat, la trésorerie. Les titulaires de ces charges sont élus
immédiatement après l’élection du Bureau et exercent leur charge selon
les vœux du Bureau. Lors du changement de Bureau, le trésorier reste en
charge jusqu’à la fin de l’année civile.
Art. 7.
Fonctions du Bureau. Les fonctions du Bureau comprennent l’admission
de nouveaux membres, la préparation et la publication du budget et des
comptes, la fixation du montant de la cotisation, la diffusion de l’information
aux membres (notamment par le Compte rendu annuel et les Newsletters),
le patronage de travaux individuels, de publications et de conférences de
numismatique, l’organisation du Congrès international et toute autre activité
relative, selon lui, aux objectifs du CIN.
Art. 8.
Finances. Les dépenses d’administration et de publication sont couvertes
par les cotisations annuelles, les dons, les legs, et d’éventuelles subventions.
Art. 9.
Siège. Le siège du CIN se trouve au bureau du président.
Art. 10.
Modifications des statuts. Toute modification des statuts doit être approuvée
à la majorité des deux tiers des votes exprimés à l’assemblée générale. Toute
proposition de modification doit être signifiée aux membres, par écrit, au
moins trois mois avant l’assemblée.
Art. 11.
Dissolution. Le CIN peut être dissout par la majorité des votes exprimés à
l’assemblée générale.
9
Translation
CONSTITUTION
of the International Numismatic Council (INC)
adopted on August 30, 2009 in Glasgow
Art. 1.
Mission. The mission of the INC is to promote numismatics and related
disciplines by facilitating cooperation among individuals and institutions
in the field of numismatics and related disciplines.
Art. 2.
Membership. The following organisations may become members of the INC:
a.Public numismatic collections,
b. Universities, non-commercial numismatic organisations, institutions
and societies (local, national and international),
c. Mints.
Members shall be admitted by the Committee and shall pay an annual
subscription determined by the Committee. Failure to pay the subscription
shall terminate membership. Membership will commence from the date of
payment of the first annual subscription.
Art. 3.
Honorary members. The INC can elect individuals as honorary members at
its Meetings on proposal of the Committee. Honorary members do not pay
the annual subscription but have the same rights as ordinary members.
Art. 4.
Meetings. The INC must hold a General Meeting at each International Numismatic Congress, which in principle takes place every six years. If there
is no International Numismatic Congress within seven years after the last
congress, a Meeting must be organised on a different occasion to be fixed
by the Committee. Each ordinary member may designate one voting delegate to the General Meeting. A delegate may not represent more than three
ordinary members. Members who have not paid their subscription may not
vote. Honorary members may vote only in person.
Art. 5.
Committee. The Committee of the INC consists of nine members if possible
including representatives of each of the categories in article 2. The Committee members shall be elected at the General Meeting. Their term ends at
the next General Meeting; they can be re-elected only once. The Committee
shall meet at least annually. The Committee constitutes itself, i.e. it elects the
10
Constitution
President and distributes other offices. In the event of death or resignation
of a member, the Committee shall have the right to co-opt a replacement
until the General Meeting.
Art. 6.
Officers. The officers of the INC shall be the President, two Vice-Presidents,
the Secretary, the Treasurer. These officers shall be elected immediately
after the election of the Committee and shall serve at the pleasure of the
Committee. When the Committee changes, the Treasurer will remain in
office until the end of the calendar year.
Art. 7.
Duties of the Committee. The duties of the Committee shall include admitting new members; preparing and publishing a budget and fixing the subscription; disseminating information among the membership (particularly
through the annual report, in the Compte rendu, and Newsletters); extending
patronage to particular projects, publications and conferences, organising
the International Numismatic Congress and all other activities consistent,
in the opinion of the Committee, with the mission of the INC.
Art. 8.
Finance. The expenses of administration and publications are covered, by
the annual subscriptions, by gifts, by legacies and grants.
Art. 9.
Seat. The seat of the INC is the office of the President.
Art. 10.
Changes to the Constitution. The constitution may be changed by a two
thirds majority of the votes cast at the General Meeting. Notice of proposed
changes must be given to the members in writing at least three months
prior to the Meeting.
Art. 11.
Dissolution. The INC may be dissolved by a majority of two thirds of the
votes cast at the General Meeting.
11
Cristian Găzdac
PECUNIA…OLET! Romanian legislation on ancient coin finds1
“Form and function are a unity, two sides
of one coin. In order to enhance function,
appropriate form must exist or be created.”
Ida Pauline Rolf
What ancient coinage in Romania represents for world heritage is best
described by E. Oberländer-Târnoveanu, “On an imaginary numismatic
map of the world, Romania, certainly, represents what could be defined at
least as a true Eldorado, if not a real Paradise. As it lies at the great European crossroads and at the confluence of some crucial ancient, mediaeval
and modern political, economic and monetary structures, the country has
yielded a wide range of coin finds rarely encountered on our continent.
The coin finds from Romania illustrate true pages and chapters of a virtual
numismatic encyclopaedia”. 2
For more than 2,000 years the area between the Carpathian Mountains,
the Lower Danube and the Black Sea witnessed the use of ancient coins.
One may think that the Romanian state is the fortunate owner of a rich national heritage. This is only partially true. The last 20 years witnessed major
events that have had a strong impact on the legal status of ownership of
ancient coins. The first step was to claim the return of jewellery confiscated
by the communist regime.
Based on two decrees, no. 210/1960 – on the means of payments in foreign
currency, precious metals and precious stones; and no. 244/1978 – the
right to ownership of precious metals and stones, the communist regime
confiscated a large quantity of objects considered as belonging to the state
and not to individuals (article 16, Decree 244/1978). The two decrees were
repealed through O.U.G. (Government Emergency Ordinance) no. 190/2000
and Law no. 158/2004. This has led to a large series of trials in court as the
former owners or their legitimate heirs sued the state or the National Bank
to return those objects. Only in one case, 21.348 kilos of gold (coins and
1This
work was carried out within the research projects UEFISCSDI PN-II-IDPCE-2012-4-0210 and PN-II-RU-TE 20123-0216.
2http://www.cimec.ro/Numismatica/aur/cd/2.htm
12
Cristian G Ăzdac
jewellery) valued at 214,500 euros were returned to the former owner plus
compensation as they had spent some time in jail for the crime of owning
“precious metals” during communist times. 3
After the fall of communism in Romania in 1989 the national heritage faced
a more dangerous threat – the trafficking of national heritage artefacts
(ancient coins being an important part of this phenomenon).
Furthermore, following the incredible development of metal-detecting techniques and devices, this ‘hobby’ became almost a national issue because
of the impact on the black market of artefacts belonging to the Romanian
national heritage, and even became part of organised crime.
Therefore, legislation regarding ancient coins has also evolved, adapting to
the dangers posed by the smuggling of artefacts.
The main law in this matter in Romania at the moment is “Law no. 182 of
October 25, 2000 regarding the protection of the movable national heritage”.
As soon as coins are declared part of the national heritage they fall under
strict legislation regarding the finding, stealing, trafficking and any other
means by which they do not enter the national heritage domain.
Article 1, § 2 includes in the national heritage repertory “the totality of objects
identified as such, regardless of ownership rights over them, representing
a testimony and an expression of the values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions in continuous evolution; it comprises all the elements resulting from
the interaction, in the course of time, between human and natural agents”.
After a general definition the law provides a more specific picture of what
are the categories included in the national heritage:
Article 3
§ 1. The movable national cultural heritage includes objects of exceptional
historical, archaeological, documentary, ethnological, artistic, scientific
and technical, literary, cinematographic, numismatic, philatelic, heraldic,
bibliographic, cartographic and epigraphic value, representing material
evidence for the evolution of the natural environment and for the relation
of humans with it, the potential creativity of mankind and the Romanian
contribution to universal civilization.
Apart from being part of the national heritage as numismatic material,
coins can be regarded as artefacts of the movable national heritage due to
additional features.
3http://www.scj.ro/SC%20rezumate%202005/SC%20r%202268%202005.htm
PECUNIA …OLE T! Romanian legislation on ancient coin finds
13
§ 2.1. The movable national cultural heritage consists of archaeological and
historical-documentary objects, such as:
a) products of archaeological exploration and excavations conducted on
land and under water, tools, pottery, inscriptions, coins, seals, jewellery,
items of clothing or harness, weapons, funerary remains, site materials
that represent archaeological samples for specialised analysis, except for
construction material;
b) items relating to the political, economic, social, military, religious, scientific, artistic, sporting history;
e) objects of archival value;
f) items and documents of numismatic, philatelic, heraldic value: coins,
medals, decorations, badges, registered designs, stamps, flags and banners;
g) epigraphic items;
The judicial importance of the artefacts considered part of the national
heritage is stipulated in Article 4.
According to their historical, archaeological, documentary, ethnological,
artistic, scientific and technical, literary, cinematographic, numismatic,
philatelic, heraldic, bibliographic, cartographic and epigraphic importance,
antiquity or rarity, the objects belonging to the movable national heritage
fall into:
a) the movable national cultural heritage corpus, further referred to as the
thesaurus, consisting of cultural items of exceptional value for humanity;
b) the movable national cultural heritage basic items, further referred to as
basic items, consisting of cultural items of exceptional value for Romania.
Unlike the communist legislation, the new law on the national heritage of
Romania states that the objects belonging to the national heritage can also
be held as private property: “Movable cultural objects may be held as public
or private property by the state or by territorial-administrative entities or
as private property by private bodies or individuals”.4
At the same time, the law already comes with stipulations regarding the
safety of objects belonging to the national heritage:
4
Law 182/200, art. 5, § 1.
14
Cristian G Ăzdac
Article 7
§ 1. The competent authorities have the obligation to act, according to the
legal provisions in force and the international conventions subscribed by
Romania , in order to recover any cultural object that was illegally removed
or appropriated from museums or collections or illegally held abroad;
§ 2. On the basis of a co-operation agreement, the competent authorities
must participate in any joint international operation aiming at prohibiting
and deterring illicit activities of import, export and property transfer of
cultural objects.
At the same time Article 8 states: “The public authorities, owners, bearers
of other rights, as well as bearers of the administrative right to the objects
belonging to the movable national cultural heritage have the obligation to
protect them against any deliberate or perfunctory deeds that can lead to
their degradation, damage, loss, illegal export or mis-appropriation”. 5
In order to avoid any doubt on the provenance of an artefact within the
meaning of national heritage Article 45 stipulates: “Archaeological, epigraphic, numismatic, paleontological or geological objects, discovered in
the context of systematic research for archaeological or geological purposes
or within rescue or preventive archaeological research, as well as those
accidentally discovered, in consequence of any kind of works, performed
on state-owned property, according to article 136 paragraph (3) of the
Romanian Constitution, revised, represent public property, in conformity
with the legal stipulations”.6
Regarding the procedure to adopt when such artefacts – including ancient
coins – are found the same law stipulates: “Individuals having accidentally
discovered objects from the category mentioned in article 45, paragraph
(1) must deliver them, within 72 hours after the discovery, to the mayor of
the territorial-administrative unit that covers the discovery site; the mayor
must inform the provincial public office of the Ministry of Culture about the
objects discovered, within 72 hours, and must take protective and conservation measures; within 10 days the mayor must hand over the objects thus
discovered to the county office for culture and national cultural heritage”.7
At the same time, the law precisely mentions the reward to which the finder
is entitled: “The finders of an accidental discovery, who hand over the objects
5
Law 182/200, art. 8.
6
Law 182/200, art. 45, § 1.
7
Law 182/200, art. 48, § 1, 2, 3.
PECUNIA …OLE T! ROMANIAN LEGISL ATION ON ANCIENT COIN FINDS
15
discovered in compliance with the provisions stipulated under paragraph
(1), are entitled to a pecuniary reward equivalent to 30% of the value of the
object, calculated at the time the reward is granted; if the archaeological
discovery is of exceptional value, a bonus of up to 15 % of the value of the
object may be awarded”.8
The value of this artefact/these artefacts is established by certain categories
of experts: “…licenced experts of the county offices for culture and national
cultural heritage or by other licenced experts”,9 more precisely: “The bodies
that do not possess the expert licence issued by the Ministry of Culture and
Religious Affairs, but possess the technical expert licence issued by other
authorities of the central public administration, may exercise their expertise,
in compliance with the present law, only on the basis of prior accreditation
issued by the National Commission of Museums and Collections”.10
The best example in this regard is the most recent case (Fall 2013) of a coin
hoard discovered in an isolated place by a metal-detectorist. The hoard consists of more than 47,000 Ottoman silver coins (akçe) minted during the reign
of Sultan Murad II (1421–1444). The value of these coins was estimated at
approximately 500,000 Euros. The finder is going to receive 150,000 Euros
plus a 75,000 Euros bonus because of the importance of such a discovery.11
An entire chapter of this law is dedicated to the artefacts belonging to the
national heritage “illegally removed from the territory of Romania”.12 The
first article points out that the Ministry of Culture is entitled to inquire
where the object is, while the next articles and their paragraphs stipulate
that this authority can take, practically, any measures in order to recover
the object(s) for the national heritage: from compensation to requests for
help from other specialized institutions (e.g. police).13
The infringements are stated in chapter IX and article 59 stipulates: “Infringements of the stipulations of the present law imply material, disciplinary, civil or penal penalties”.14
8
Law 182/200, art. 48, § 4.
9
Law 182/200, art. 48, § 5.
10
Law 182/200, art. 51, § 2.
11http://www.gandul.info/reportaj/tezaurul-de-la-golesti-cum-a-descoperit-iulian-un-
roman-cu-spirit-civic-comoara-lui-murad-al-ii-lea-11298952.
12
Law 182/200, chapter VIII2: The restitution of movable cultural objects illegally
removed from Romanian territory.
13
Law 182/200, arts. 5812, 5813, 5814, 5815
14
Law 182/200, art. 59.
16
Cristian G Ăzdac
Article 60, § 1 presents in 17 sub-paragraphs – letters a–r – situations considered as offences and the level of fines.15 The last can be updated by
Government decree.16
Then the next articles of this law present those cases where infringements
are punishable with prison. The content of most of these articles applies
to ancient coin finds due to their status as artefacts with national heritage
value, archaeological objects and special artefacts. Thus, article 65, § 1,
punishes the production of copies and casts – amongst other counterfeiting
techniques – without “the written approval of the bearer of the administrative right or the owner” with prison from one year to three years or with
a fine.17 The next article, 66, comes with the further stipulation that the
counterfeiting of national heritage artefacts for commercial purposes is
punishable with prison from one to five years.18
In recent decades the trafficking of ancient artefacts (mainly coins) has led
in almost all cases either to the damage or destruction of the objects. Once
this aspect was demonstrated in court, apart from the accusations of trafficking national heritage the offenders were also charged with the stipulations of article 67, § 1–2: “Degrading, destroying or damaging a classified
movable object, as well as impeding any conservation measures intended to
restore such an item are considered to be infractions and shall be punished
with prison for two to seven years; (2) Any attempt in this aspect shall also
be punished”.19
Still, the main articles regarding the punishment for trafficking cultural
goods are articles 69 and 70. Article 69 mentions: “Removing an object
from the territory of a state without an export certificate represents illegal
export and shall be punished with prison from two to seven years. If the action stated in paragraph (1) resulted in the total loss of a classified movable
cultural object, the perpetrator(s) shall be punished with prison from three
to ten years; any attempt in this aspect shall also be punished.”20
If the trafficking is considered permanent, article 70 states: “Any permanent
export of classified movable objects, regardless of bearer of the property
right shall be punished with prison from three to ten years”. Even supplying
information that may lead to all the aspects mentioned above is punishable
15
Law 182/200, art. 60, § 1, letters a–r.
16
Law 182/200, art. 60, § 6.
17
Law 182/200, art. 65, § 1.
18
Law 182/200, art. 66.
19
Law 182/200, art. 65, § 1-2.
20
Law 182/200, art. 69, § 1, 3.
PECUNIA …OLE T! Romanian legislation on ancient coin finds
17
with prison from six months to a year. 21 In all these situations the objects
and tools are confiscated.
As one would expect the activities that lead to removing and/or trafficking
cultural goods, metal-detecting, unauthorized excavations, unauthorized
conservation and restoration work are punished with prison from two to
seven years and the seizure of the artefacts and tools. 22
All these infringements are also included in Government Ordinance 43/2000
and laws 378/2001 and 258/2006 on the protection of archaeological heritage and establishment of archaeological sites as areas of national interest.
Owing to their status as archaeological artefacts coin finds also benefit from
the stipulations of this ordinance.
The law 182/2000 ends with an appendix that specifies which categories
of cultural goods are subject to return and/or recovery. Ancient coins fit in
more than one category:
“1. Archaeological objects older than 100 years, resulting from: archaeological discoveries and excavations, on land or under water; archaeological
sites; archaeological collections;
12. Elements resulting from dismembered artistic, historic or religious
monuments, older than 100 years;
12b. Collections of historical, paleontological, ethnographic or numismatic
interest”. 23
This law has been amended by several legislative acts: the Government
Emergency Ordinance 16/March 27, 2003 and law 488/2006 but the changes
refer to the details and not the basis of the law.
Romanian legislation regarding the protection of national heritage was
expanded especially after the great increase in the trafficking of cultural
goods that occurred in Romania in the 1990s.
The following are some cases of hoards of ancient coins smuggled and recovered, partially recovered or still on the list of wanted objects:
21
Law 182/200, art. 71.
22
Law 182/200, art. 73–75.
23
Law 182/200, appendix.
18
Cristian G Ăzdac
a) the hoard of 3,000 Koson gold coins stolen in August 1996 from the
archaeological site of “Dealul Bodii”;
b) the hoard of 3,600 Lysimachos gold coins stolen in August 1998 from the
archaeological site of “Şesu Căprăreţei”;
c) the hoard of a snake-shaped golden bracelet and 1000 Lysimachos gold
staters stolen in March 1999 from the archaeological site of “Muchea Cetăţii”;
d) the hoard of 2,300 Koson silver coins stolen in 2004 from the archaeological site of “Dealul Bodii”. 24
24
A. Lazăr,“Recovering the past”. On the circumstances of repatriating the Dacian royal
treasures stolen from Sarmizegetusa Regia archeological site, in (eds. A. Lazăr, C.
Găzdac et al.) Fighting the trafficking in cultural goods – recovering the past. [Patrimonium III], Bucharest, 2013, pp. 63–72.
19
Rahel C. Ackermann – Anne-Francine Auberson
Les trouvailles monétaires et la loi en Suisse
L’article 724 du Code civil suisse (CC) règle la façon de traiter les antiquités
à valeur scientifique, sans propriétaire: celles-ci appartiennent au canton
dans lequel elles ont été mises au jour 1. Les inventeurs sont tenus de déclarer
leurs découvertes, mais ont droit à une indemnité équitable, qui ne doit pas
dépasser la valeur des objets.
Le Code civil suisse étant entré en vigueur en 1912, les découvertes antérieures ne sont pas concernées par cette loi. Une partie d’entre elles se
trouvent donc encore en mains privées ou dans les collections de différents
musées.
Comme pour n’importe quel texte juridique, les termes, choisis avec soin,
peuvent être sujets à diverses interprétations qui, dans le cas des trouvailles
monétaires également, peuvent être décisives: que signifie la notion de
«valeur scientifique»? Qu’est-ce qu’une «indemnité équitable»? Ce règlement
se limite-t-il aux seules découvertes archéologiques, ou aussi aux trouvailles
d’habitat provenant de bâtiments encore existants?
Autre particularité: la Suisse étant un pays organisé en structure fédérale,
chacun des 26 cantons et demi-cantons possède ses propres constitution
et pouvoirs législatif, exécutif, judiciaire. Concrètement, l’application de
la Constitution et des lois fédérales est laissée aux autorités cantonales, ce
qui signifie qu’il existe, au niveau régional, de grandes divergences dans
l’application de cet article 724 du Code civil. Les instances archéologiques
cantonales sont également dotées de moyens très différents: alors que la
plupart des cantons bénéficient d’un Service archéologique permanent, avec
du personnel qualifié, d’autres doivent recourir aux Archives de l’État, qui
font office de bureau pour annoncer les découvertes, mais qui ne disposent
d’aucun archéologue pour s’occuper de la documentation, de la conservation, ou encore du suivi des objets.
Les trouvailles monétaires tombent précisément sous le coup des «antiquités» sans propriétaires. Mais à quelle époque doivent-elles remonter pour
détenir une «valeur scientifique»? Cette appréciation évolue grandement au
fil du temps. En Suisse, c’est à partir de la Renaissance que les monnaies
antiques jouissent d’un fort attrait. Quant aux monnaies médiévales, elles
sont perçues comme dignes d’intérêt depuis le XIXe siècle, et dès le milieu
du XXe environ, même des trésors modernes sont, au moins sommaire1
Le droit de propriété du canton est inextinguible.
20
R ahel C . Ackermann – Anne-Francine Auberson
ment, enregistrés avant d’être rendus sans conditions à leurs inventeurs. Ce
n’est qu’au cours des dernières décennies que la Science se focalise sur les
trouvailles d’ensemble et isolées de l’époque moderne, et ceci notamment
grâce aux efforts du Groupe suisse pour l’étude des trouvailles monétaires
(GSETM) fondé en 1985, et de l’Inventaire des trouvailles monétaires suisses (ITMS) créé en 1992, une entreprise affiliée à l’Académie suisse des
sciences humaines (ASSH).
Depuis que les objets de l’époque moderne sont pris en considération, les
recherches relatives aux trouvailles monétaires issues de bâtiments se sont
multipliées, mais, selon les régions, leur traitement diverge encore plus que
pour les découvertes archéologiques. Tandis que, dans certains cantons2,
trouvailles modernes et archéologiques sont traitées sur un pied d’égalité,
dans d’autres, les premières sont laissées aux propriétaires des maisons ou
aux ouvriers, ignorées ou à peine documentées même si elles ont été mises
au jour dans le cadre de recherches menées de manière officielle par les
autorités cantonales.
Aujourd’hui, nous nous inscrivons dans une «best practice» de la numismatique – scientifique, dans le sens où les trouvailles monétaires et les
objets dits para-numismatiques tels que, par exemple, les poids monétaires,
les jetons de compte, ou encore les marques et médailles religieuses, de
toutes époques et même modernes, sont bien documentés (si possible avec
l’indication précise du lieu et des circonstances de la découverte, la détermination numismatique, le poids et la documentation photographique), même
si les autorités cantonales ne font pas valoir leur droit de propriété et que
l’objet lui-même n’est ensuite plus disponible pour la Science. Savoir quels
objets seront conservés dans tel ou tel canton dépend tout d’abord de l’intérêt
(ou du désintérêt !) des responsables. En l’absence de spécialiste sur place
pour se charger des enregistrements de base et examiner ce matériel avec
l’œil du scientifique, il est possible d’appeler à la rescousse, par exemple
l’Inventaire des trouvailles monétaires suisse.
Régulièrement, des trouvailles monétaires considérées comme «peu intéressantes» arrivent à l’ITMS. Des informations sur la situation juridique sont
alors fournies, les monnaies sont enregistrées et signalées aux autorités
2
Voir par ex., pour le canton de Zoug: A. Boschetti-Maradi – S. Doswald – B. Moser,
Bauforschung und Numismatik – Fundmünzen aus Bauuntersuchungen im Kanton
Zug, Revue suisse de numismatique 91, 2012, p. 261–290, pl. 34–47; part. p. 262–265,
pl. 35–37. Études modèles: A.-F. Auberson, Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire
d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe, in: N. Holmes (éd.), Proceedings of the XIVth
International Numismatic Congress Glasgow 2009, vol. II, Glasgow 2011, p. 1360–1368;
A.-F. Auberson, Des monnaies pour raconter Morat, Cahiers d’Archéologie Fribourgeoise 10, 2008, p. 190–215; B. Zäch – R. C. Warburton-Ackermann, Die Münzfunde
aus der Winterthurer Altstadt 1807–1994, in: Archäologie im Kanton Zürich 1993–1994
(Berichte der Kantonsarchäologie 13), Zürich – Egg, 1996, p. 205–242.
Les trouvailles moné taires et la loi en Suisse
21
compétentes, et l’ITMS se positionne en intermédiaire entre instances cantonales et inventeurs. Grâce à sa présence sur Internet et lors de manifestations comme les «Römertage» d’Augst BL, l’ITMS est perçu comme une
structure facile d’accès et sans fonction juridique, ce qui fait que le public
fait plus volontiers appel à ses services.
Autre point de discussion: la question de l’«indemnité équitable». L’idée
de la valeur des objets que se font les inventeurs et les autorités cantonales
est souvent très différente. Dans de nombreux cantons, on verse généralement à l’inventeur, au maximum, la somme qu’il toucherait en vendant leurs
biens dans le commerce – montant au demeurant modeste si l’on se base sur
l’état de conservation de la plupart des trouvailles monétaires de Suisse.
La majorité des découvreurs se satisfont toutefois d’une simple lettre de
remerciements officielle émanant d’autorités compétentes et se réjouissent
d’autant si leur découverte fait l’objet d’un communiqué de presse.
Pour ce qui concerne les privés qui prospectent à l’aide de détecteurs de
métal, la Suisse n’a pas de solution satisfaisante. La vente des appareils
est autorisée, les détectoristes sont tenus d’annoncer immédiatement leurs
découvertes aux autorités compétentes et la prospection est interdite sur les
sites bien connus, qui sont d’ailleurs classés en périmètres archéologiques
protégés. En outre, la plupart des cantons offrent aux intéressés la possibilité
de s’inscrire en tant qu’«éclaireurs» officiels. Ces personnes s’engagent dès
lors à situer précisément, signaler immédiatement et remettre aux autorités
cantonales toutes leurs découvertes. A ce titre et sous conditions, ils sont
mandatés pour explorer, dans le cadre de prospections officielles, certaines
zones pas encore inscrites en périmètre archéologique et menacées par des
projets de construction.
Il arrive parfois que des privés annoncent aux autorités les ramassages effectués durant les dernières années, voire les dernières décennies. Souvent
malheureusement, ils n’en mentionnent qu’une partie, qui plus est avec
des mentions de provenance partielles ne permettant plus de rattacher les
découvertes à un lieu précis. S’ils se montrent prêts à coopérer avec les
autorités et à renoncer dans le futur à toute recherche illégale, ils ne sont
en règle générale pas poursuivis, et on essaye de les impliquer dans les
recherches en tant que prospecteurs.
Il est en revanche impossible d’évaluer l’importance de la zone grise et noire
dans laquelle évoluent les prospecteurs conscients et même fiers d’être dans
l’illégalité. Ces détectoristes essaient par le biais de tiers ou de marchands,
d’entrer anonymement en contact avec les organismes officiels, avant tout
les musées, et de faire ainsi passer leurs trouvailles particulières, moyennant finances, dans le secteur public. Les lieux de découvertes sont alors
dissimulés, le matériel est délibérément mélangé ou attribué à des sites
factices afin, par exemple, de profiter des différences de procédures existant
22
d’un canton à l’autre, qui ont d’ailleurs également été mises en évidence en
Allemagne, d’un land à l’autre.
Dans ces cas, on a également recours à la Loi sur le transfert des biens culturels (LTBC), loi fédérale entrée en vigueur en 2005 et qui ratifie la Convention de l’UNESCO de 1970. Cette loi oblige collectionneurs et marchands
à notamment se procurer des certificats de provenance pour tous les biens
culturels. L’arrêté fixe en outre à au moins SFR 5000.- la valeur estimée de
l’objet pour que l’enregistrement, onéreux, en vaille la peine – nombre de
pièces vendues dans les bourses aux monnaies n’atteignent de loin pas cette
somme et échappent ainsi à tout contrôle. Toutefois, cet arrêté spécifie expressément qu’il n’existe aucune limite de valeur pour le «produit de fouilles
ou de découvertes archéologiques ou paléontologiques»: en l’absence de certificat de provenance et d’autorisation des organes compétents, le commerce
de trouvailles archéologiques est donc prohibé. La loi n’est pas appliquée
rétroactivement, mais seulement à partir de 2005 et depuis lors, bien des
marchands font preuve d’une grande retenue lorsqu’ils se trouvent face à
des objets dans leur état de découverte, ou de provenance incertaine. La
vente de pièces mises au jour illégalement est ainsi devenue plus difficile.
Comme dans l’article 724 du Code civil, de nombreuses questions restent ouvertes. Jusqu’à quand, au sein de l’époque moderne, parle-t-on de
«fouilles ou découvertes archéologiques»? Les monnaies issues de bâtiments toujours existants sont-elles également considérées comme telles?
Alors que les trouvailles monétaires antiques et médiévales sont légalement
protégées, les découvertes modernes se trouvent, une fois de plus, dans une
zone juridique grise.
Malgré les règlements fédéraux, la forte divergence dans les législations cantonales, en particulier dans le traitement des découvertes archéologiques,
depuis la réaction à l’annonce de la découverte jusqu’à la publication en
passant par la conservation et l’étude, entraîne une forte inégalité dans l’état
des connaissances suivant les régions. Ainsi les découvertes monétaires du
XIIIe siècle provenant de Suisse centrale étaient-elles, encore récemment,
extrêmement rares. Or, depuis la mise au jour, en prospection, de trois
ensembles dans les cantons de Zoug, Lucerne et Obwald3, le nombre de
trouvailles s’est sensiblement accru.
3
Canton de Zoug, Cham-Oberwilerwald, au moins 51 ex.: S. Doswald, Kanton Zug II
(ITMS 9), Berne 2009, p. 116–120. Canton de Lucerne, Dagmersellen-Gaitschiflüeli,
château fort, 10 ex.: J. Diaz Tabernero, Der Brakteatenfund von der Burgstelle Gaitschiflüeli in Dagmersellen LU, Gazette numismatique suisse 61, 2011, p. 17–20. Canton
d‘Obwald, col du Brünig, au moins 121 ex.: J. Diaz Tabernero, Ein Fund-Ensemble des
13. Jahrhunderts aus dem Kanton Obwalden, Gazette numismatique suisse 64, 2014,
p. 22–24.
Les trouvailles moné taires et la loi en Suisse
23
Cette augmentation est directement liée aux efforts déployés ces dernières
années pour compenser les fortes divergences régionales. D’une part, les
cantons moins bien lotis de Suisse centrale sont pris en charge par leurs voisins, d’autre part, l’année 2013 a vu se réunir au sein d’«Alliance patrimoine»,
quatre associations importantes qui se consacrent à l’archéologie et à la
préservation des biens culturels en Suisse. Ensemble, elles ont désormais le
poids politique nécessaire pour influer au niveau tant fédéral que cantonal.
En parallèle et de concert avec les instances cantonales, des institutions
telles que l’ITMS se chargent d’entretenir le réseau les inventeurs privés,
là où n’existent aucun moyen ou que peu d’intérêt pour les trouvailles monétaires, en particulier pour celles de l’époque moderne.
Liens
Code civil suisse:
www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html
Loi fédérale sur le transfert international des biens culturels :
www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20001408/index.html
Services cantonaux d’archéologie :
www.archaeologie.ch
Groupe suisse pour l’étude des trouvailles monétaires (GSETM) :
www.archaeologie-schweiz.ch/SAF.210.0.html?&L=3
Inventaire des trouvailles monétaires suisse (ITMS) :
www.trouvailles-monetaires.ch
Alliance patrimoine :
www.alliance-patrimoine.ch
24
Code civil suisse
Livre quatrième: Des droits réels > Première partie: De la propriété > Titre
vingtième : De la propriété mobilière > B. Mode d’acquisition > III Choses
trouvées
Art. 724
5. Objets ayant une valeur scientifique
1 Les curiosités naturelles et les antiquités qui n’appartiennent à personne
et qui offrent un intérêt scientifique sont la propriété du canton sur le territoire duquel elles ont été trouvées.
1bis Elles ne peuvent être aliénées sans l’autorisation des autorités cantonales compétentes. Elles ne peuvent faire l’objet d’une prescription acquisitive
ni être acquises de bonne foi. L’action en revendication est imprescriptible.
2 Le propriétaire dans le fonds duquel sont trouvées des choses semblables
est obligé de permettre les fouilles nécessaires, moyennant qu’il soit indemnisé du préjudice causé par ces travaux.
3 L’auteur de la découverte et de même, s’il s’agit d’un trésor, le propriétaire
a droit à une indemnité équitable, qui n’excédera pas la valeur de la chose.
25
N. Keith Rutter
Barclay Vincent Head (1844–1914)1
Barclay Head has long held a central place in my personal numismatic
pantheon, and my interest in his career has developed even more in recent
years while I have been working on the third edition of his great compendium on ancient Greek coinage, Historia Numorum. The first two editions of
this book were published in 1886 and 1911 respectively, and it is a measure
of Head’s achievement that it remains in many parts the standard work on
Greek coinage. My own labours on the third edition have certainly enhanced
my admiration for the scope and depth of Head’s earlier editions, and I
wanted to know more about his wider contribution to the development of
Greek numismatics.
Who, then, was Barclay Vincent Head, and what were his contributions to
numismatic scholarship? Those are of course the starting points for my
enquiry, but I want also to introduce themes that are of wider interest and
concern. How did Head’s work fit into the trends of contemporary classical
and numismatic scholarship? To what extent did he follow trends, to what
extent did he innovate, break new ground? In my investigations so far I have
been fortunate to have had access to a rich source of material in the archives
of the British Museum. 2 This has shed a great deal of light on the “public”
side of Head’s career, and there is almost certainly more archive material
in existence that could further illuminate other aspects of his work, for
example, his international standing as a numismatist. 3 Up to now, however,
I have not tracked down any of the more personal material, letters and so
on, that would give us some insight into what Head himself thought he was
doing. For that we still have to rely on the evidence of his own works, what
he says in them, and the methodologies he adopts.
To begin, then, with the basics of Head’s career. He was born in 1844, in
Ipswich, where he attended the excellent Queen Elizabeth Grammar School
between midsummer 1857 and midsummer 1861. The Head Master of the
1This
is a slightly shortened version of an article already published in DAIS
PHILE� SISTEPHANOS. Studies in Honour of Professor STAFFAN FOGELMARK Presented
on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, 12 April 2004, P. Sandin, M. Wifstrand Schiebe
(edd.), Uppsala 2004, pp. 418–34.
2
I am grateful to Christopher Date and Gary Thorn of the British Museum Central
Archives for showing me the material on Head in their care, and also to Mary Hinton,
Librarian of the Department of Coins and Medals in the BM, for allowing me extended
use of a remarkable scrapbook of reviews and notices of Head’s work.
3
Andrew Burnett informs me that letters from Head (and also from his colleague Reginald Stuart Poole) to Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer are held in Winterthur.
26
N. KEITH RUT TER
school while Head was there was Hubert A. Holden, late Fellow and Tutor of
Trinity College, Cambridge and editor of Aristophanes. So there can be little
doubt that the young Head had a thorough grounding in the Greek and Latin
classics. After leaving school Head pursued his studies for nine months or
so with a private tutor, who had in fact taught him at school. Surprisingly,
perhaps, he did not go on to University, but in October 1862, at the age of
18, he applied to the British Museum, initially, it seems, for a vacancy as an
Assistant in the Department of Printed Books.4
Some documentation survives showing how Head went about applying for
this post, for example, his actual Application Form, dated October 28 1862.
Apart from the bare details of his education that I have already summarised,
he mentions only that “I have past (sic) the examination of the University
of Oxford, as a senior candidate, and have been declared an Associate in
Arts.” I need to investigate further what exactly that signifies. I have assumed
above that he was already proficient in Latin and Greek, but what other skills
had he acquired, for example, in modem European languages? There are
in addition several surviving references on his behalf. His Head Master,
for example, comments on his “uniform diligence and good conduct”, and
goes on to say that he “would make an useful officer in any establishment
where punctuality, perseverance and tact are required”. His private tutor
concurs: “He pursued his studies with the most commendable assiduity
and earnestness.” Already the qualities in Head that would be remarked on
and would stand him in good stead in his later scholarly career have been
appreciated: as a scholar, the accuracy of his work and his eye for detail; in
his relations with others, his courtesy and probity.
At some point, either Head or his family must have approached the local
Member of Parliament for advice on the procedures for appointment to the
British Museum. A letter in the BM archive dated August 22 1862 explains
those procedures to the said M.P., Mr. Western Wood. ‘’When vacancies
arise, eligible candidates are sought for, all applications are considered and
examined, and the candidate appearing to possess the best qualifications
undergoes an examination of the Civil Service Commissioners.” The letter
goes on to recommend that Mr. Head should call at the BM, request to see the
Chief Librarian, and ask to have his name inserted in the list of candidates.
The Librarian would inform him of the duties of the post.
There is no further evidence on the circumstances of Head’s initial appointment to the BM, except that in February 1864 he was appointed as a
Second Class Assistant in the Department of Coins and Medals, at a salary
of £150 per annum. The Keeper of Coins and Medals at that time was William Vaux, and one of the three First Class Assistants was Reginald Stuart
4
A separate Department of Coins and Medals was formed in 1861, just before Head was
making enquiries and applying to the BM.
BARCL AY VINCENT HE AD (18 4 4 –1914)
27
Poole. In September 1870 Vaux retired, leaving a vacancy in the Keepership.
By December that year Poole had been appointed Keeper, leaving in turn a
vacancy for the Assistant Keepership. By March in the next year 1871 that
post had been filled by Head.
What had Head done during his first seven years or so at the BM to fit him
for such a post, so young? We are fortunate to have a very full account, from
Head himself, of his activities and the qualifications he had acquired for
the post of Assistant Keeper. We also have a number of letters of reference
on his behalf.
The answer to the question “What had Head done?” can be briefly stated: “A
very great deal in the time available to him.” As Head himself remarked in
his letter of application: “I am fully aware that the time during which I have
been employed by the Trustees is shorter than the term of service which an
Assistant has generally to go through in the Museum before his promotion
to so high a rank.” Head’s work had in fact ranged throughout the entire collection of the Department of Coins and Medals. He summarised his achievements in a letter dated November 5, 1870 and addressed to the Archbishop of
Canterbury, at that time Chairman of the trustees of the BM. “In the Greek,
Medieval and Modern, and English series, almost all the registration and
incorporation of the acquisitions made during the last seven years ... , in
all about 11,000 coins, have been done by me, together with the incorporation of the Imperial Greek series consisting of some 10,000 coins, with that
of the Autonomous coins. I have also worked under Mr. Poole’s direction
upon the Catalogue of Greek Coins, and have carried out a more accurate
arrangement of certain important portions of the Greek series.”
A pause here for comment. Registration of objects and their incorporation
into the existing collections are fundamental to the work of a museum, but
here we have in addition references to the “arrangement” and “cataloguing” of the coins. What is the best way to make known a museum’s collection to the wider scholarly world and to the general public? For the BM’s
collection of Greek coins in the 1870s the answer to that question was a
plan to publish a Catalogue of the Museum’s holdings. Head contributed
to the first two volumes of this massive enterprise, on the Greek coins of
Italy and of Sicily (both in collaboration with R. S. Poole and P. Gardner;
the two volumes appeared in 1873 and 1876 respectively), and by the time
the twenty-seventh volume was published in 1914 he had been responsible
for a further nine volumes: Thrace (1877, with Percy Gardner), Macedonia
(1879), Central Greece (1884), Attica, Megaris and Aegina (1888), Corinth
and her Colonies (1889), Ionia (1892), Caria (1897), Lydia (1902), Phrygia
(1906). All this energetic cataloguing stimulated further activity in Britain (for example, George Macdonald’s Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the
Hunterian Collection, three volumes between 1899 and 1905; S. W. Grose’s
Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Greek Coins, three volumes between
28
N. KEITH RUT TER
1923 and 1929; L. Forrer’s The Weber Collection, three volumes between
1922 and 1929), but attempts to emulate it on the continent petered out after
only a few volumes. The work of Head and his colleagues at the BM is an
inspiration to those who undertake work in order to complete it.
I shall return to the theme of international co-operation or competition, and
also to Head’s work on Greek coinage, but let me first complete my brief
survey of his work in the BM before his appointment as Assistant Keeper
in 1871. In the Roman series he was entrusted with the arrangement and
cataloguing of the brass portion of the Collection of the Bank of England.
He took up the Anglo-Saxon portion of the English series as a special study,
taking particular care over the arrangement and cataloguing of the coins of
Edward the Confessor. In the oriental series he registered and incorporated
a large part of the Chinese and Japanese acquisitions (under the direction
of Dr. Birch) and obtained a good knowledge of Parthian and Bactrian
coins. In the series of English and Foreign medals he was responsible for
the registration and incorporation of all the acquisitions since his initial
appointment, and the chronological arrangement of the Royal Collection,
in all about 6,000 coins.
In addition to and arising from his work in the BM Head had begun to
publish. His first two articles, in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1867 and
1868, were on Anglo-Saxon coins, but the 1868 Chronicle also contained a
contribution on the coinage of Ilion, the first of a long series of articles on
Greek coinage. 5
For all these activities of cataloguing and publication, Head received some
glowing testimonials both to his academic achievements and to his personal qualities. His boss Reginald Stuart Poole summed up his “special
qualifications”: “good knowledge of archaeology and numismatics; practical acquaintance with the collections, especially the Greek and English
series; great accuracy and delicacy of work; knowledge of how labour may
be economized without detriment to the Antiquities Department.” Qualifications that would obviously be valued nowadays too.
Thus it was that Head, at the age of 27/28, was established as Assistant
Keeper to Poole, and ready for the next stage in his career at the British
Museum. He became Keeper in the Department of Coins and Medals on
Poole’s retirement in 1893, and continued in that post until his own retirement in 1906. He died in 1914.
5
The Numismatic Chronicle had started life as the Numismatic Journal in 1836, the year
of the foundation of the Numismatic Society in London (from 1904 the Royal Numismatic Society). In the 1830s and 1840s numismatics had begun to break out from being
a mainly aristocratic preserve, not only in Britain but also on the continent. The Revue
de la numismatique française first appeared in 1836 (from 1838 Revue numismatique),
and the Revue de la numismatique belge in 1842.
29
How might one characterize Head’s achievement in and contribution to
his chosen field of Greek numismatics? We can begin to explore that question under three headings: first, his cataloguing activities, to which some
reference has already been made; secondly, his studies of individual mints
and their relationship to the cataloguing activity; and thirdly, his massive
overview of Greek coinage, Historia Numorum, referred to earlier and still
the first port of call if one wants to check a reference to a coin that one
doesn’t know.
First, the cataloguing. In this area of activity Head participated in and contributed to the beginning and then the development of a new, ambitious and
ultimately successful enterprise, that of publishing the British Museum’s
holdings of Greek coins. But why catalogue? And once one has decided to
embark on the task, how does one present the catalogue of one’s chosen
part of the surviving material evidence of antiquity to the wider scholarly
community and public? What to include, what to leave out?
From some points of view, cataloguing and the reasons for it might seem to
be a relatively straightforward business. A reviewer of BMC Central Greece
(1884) stated the objective in general terms: he was pleased to see evidence
that national institutions were realizing their “duties to science and to the
public”; scholars were being informed about the objects they were studying, and the public was being given access to material in a public collection.
Another reviewer, of BMC Ionia (1892) spelled out in more detail what such
access might entail: “By the assistance of these illustrations, with the descriptions, tables and maps, even students who are unable to visit collections
may acquire very valuable information on the subject of Hellenic coinage,
and the more favourably situated may with advantage prepare themselves
here for that examination of the objects themselves which is indispensable
for the true numismatist.” A third reviewer (of BMC Corinth (1889)) had in
mind the needs of a specific group of individuals, namely the collectors of
coins: “[the volume] is well adapted to assist collectors in the identification
of coins. The weight, size, device and inscriptions of each piece are given
with autotypes of about half of them.”
But how does one present one’s material most effectively? It depends what
one is trying to do of course, and that can introduce complexities. Even at
a formal level ideas obviously change and develop over time. The published
series of BM Catalogues of Greek Coins started with Italy in 1873, and finished
with Cyrenaica in 1927. During that period of more than 50 years, details of
the presentation changed in response to a variety of factors: among them, the
experience of the editors, the amount of material available to catalogue, the
perceived needs of readers and technical developments such as photography.
The fundamental characteristics of the BM Catalogues were apparent in the
very first one, Italy (1873), and were remarked on by a succession of review-
30
N. KEITH RUT TER
ers: the careful and accurate recording of the coins, with a note in each case
of the metal, weight and diameter. From the start there were several Indexes,
which did not change fundamentally in content over the years: geographical,
types, remarkable symbols, names of magistrates and engravers, remarkable
inscriptions and legends. In the course of time a number of additional formal
features were included. Macedonia (1879) was the first of the volumes to open
with a substantial Introduction of 63 pp., treating the subject historically
and geographically; it was also the first volume to contain a map, with the
names of the different cities underlined in different colours to represent the
different weight standards in use. In subsequent volumes maps were not
always included (the next of Head’s volumes to include one was Ionia (1892),
but Introductions became a standard feature, on the whole increasing in
length and complexity as time went on. Following Macedonia with its 63 pp.,
Caria (1897) had 93 pp. and Lydia (1902) had 133 pp. Photographic plates
appeared for the first time in Central Greece (1884), when there were 24,
and the number of plates gradually increased over time: Head’s final BMC,
Phrygia, the twenty-fifth volume in the whole series, had 53 plates. Adequate
illustration of the material assumed increasing importance.
It might be added here that Head was fortunate to have the means at his
disposal to increase the number and enhance the significance of the objects
that he was cataloguing. This fact, and its implications, are referred to in
the comment of one of the reviewers of the first edition of Historia Numorum: “It is indispensable – if the scientific usefulness and accuracy of the
catalogues are not to be impaired – that the Keeper of Coins should have
funds sufficient to enable him to make his series better worth cataloguing.”
In at least one instance there is clear evidence of Head’s awareness of this
aspect of his work. In a review of Phrygia (1906), R. Weil described how in
1873 Henri Waddington, the well-known French archaeologist and diplomat
with a special interest in the numismatics of Asia Minor, advised Head not
to undertake the cataloguing of the Phrygian section until that hitherto so
little considered section had been extended in proportion to its importance.
Head took that advice seriously and built up the BM’s collection of Phrygian
coins. In 1873 the Phrygian section in the BM contained about 700 coins,
as opposed to the 1686 referred to in Mionnet’s Description des Médailles.
BMC Phrygia embraces 2,148 coins.
The writer of one of Head’s obituaries summed up his cataloguing activities as follows: “The work of cataloguing thoroughly suited Head. He had
unlimited patience, an excellent talent for comparison, a sense of style in
art, and a great love of historic research” (Num. Chron. 1914: 250). That
last quality, the love of historical research and the perspicacity to see how
great could be the contribution of numismatics to our understanding of the
ancient world, was applied also in another of Head’s activities: his series
of studies of individual mints. I illustrate the point with a few remarks
about his study of one mint, that of Syracuse. His History of the Coinage of
31
Syracuse was published in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1874, was quickly
turned into a book, and the book equally quickly sold out. The nature of
its contribution was immediately recognized, not only in Britain but also
abroad: the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres awarded it
its Prix de Numismatique.
So what did Head do with Syracuse? His fundamental contribution was to
treat the whole of the coinage of Syracuse from a historical point of view,
dividing the coinage of the city into fifteen periods based on a few landmarks
of securely dated coins, and assigning to each period the coins of all metals,
gold, silver and bronze, whenever internal evidence or analogy allowed it.
For the first time the Syracusan series was thus arranged in chronological
sequence and treated as a whole from a historical point of view; the coins
were now historical documents. And last but by no means least, the woodcuts that had hitherto been employed to illustrate numismatic books were
abandoned, and for the first time a numismatic book was illustrated with
fourteen plates by the then new autotype method, a version of the collotype
process of photomechanical printing, with which it is sometimes equated.
In this process, a colloid, for example, gelatine, was spread on a glass plate,
the negative juxtaposed to it, and light then applied. The print was made
off the gelatine sheet.6 This technical innovation, enabling the provision
of clear and accurate illustrations of the coins, revolutionised their study.
Head’s Syracuse received rave reviews when it was first published, and the
passage of time has not lessened its significance. Yet one puzzling feature
of its methodology is its neglect of hoard evidence for helping to establish
the dating of the successive phases of the coinage. Already in the eighteenth
century, studies by Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer and by Joseph Pellerin had set
high standards of hoard publication, and both men had worked with Greek
coins.7 Their work was not equalled until well into the nineteenth century,
but it was the Roman series, rather than the Greek, that witnessed the
greatest advances in the study of hoards, and in particular their application
to the problems of dating a coinage. Mommsen’s Geschichte des römischen
Münzwesens (1860) has been characterized as “epoch-making” in its employment of hoard evidence, among other things to arrange the different
issues of Roman republican coinage in chronological order.8 The book was
published a year or two before Head was embarking on his own career as
a numismatist, but its lessons appear to have had no immediate impact on
the methodologies he applied to the study of Greek coins.
6
I am grateful to Brooks Levy for technical information about the autotype process.
7P.
Kinns, “Two eighteenth-century studies of Greek coin hoards: Bayer and Pellerin”,
in M. H. Crawford et al. (eds.), Medals and Coins from Bude to Mommsen (London,
1990), pp. 101–14.
8M.
H. Crawford, op. cit. in previous note, p. 131.
32
N. KEITH RUT TER
Head repeated his success with Syracuse in two further monographs, on
the coinages of Ephesus (1880) and Boeotia (1881), and at this point we can
return for a moment to the business of cataloguing. I remarked earlier how
ideas about the nature of the information to be included in a catalogue can
change as a project develops, and I referred to some of the reasons for such
changes. This is the moment to introduce another aspect of cataloguing:
its relationship to other scholarship and research in the field. In particular,
I draw attention to an important feature of Head’s own method of work: the
way in which a specialist study of a particular field preceded the relevant
Catalogue. Head’s contribution on Syracuse to BMC Sicily (1876) was preceded by his 1874 study of Syracuse; studies of the coinage of Boeotia (1881)
and of Ephesus (1880, 1881) preceded BMC Central Greece and BMC Ionia
respectively. (For the method we can compare, later, E. S. G. Robinson’s
preliminary study, “Quaestiones Cyrenaicae” in Num. Chron. 1915 and his
BMC Cyrenaica volume of 1927.) In other words, specialist studies and cataloguing here go hand in hand. A reviewer of BMC Caria commented (1897)
on the fact that Head “not only does not confine his introductory remarks
to data furnished by the Museum collection, but also adds a supplementary
plate representing coins not included in that series.” He continues, interestingly, “The volume, therefore, comprises a fairly exhaustive treatment
of the whole subject as at present known to numismatists, and transcends
considerably the limitations of a special catalogue.” We return here to the
question raised earlier: What sort of beast is a special catalogue? What or
who is it for? What are its limitations and how might they be overcome?
The third and final element in our brief survey of Head’s work is his Historia
Numorum (first ed., 1887; second ed., 1911). Another major work, another
major advance in the field, and another source of international recognition:
in 1887, the University of Heidelberg gave Head an honorary Doctorate of
Philosophy. (He had to wait until 1905, the year before his retirement from
the BM, for an honorary Doctorate of Letters from Oxford. He received it
at the same ceremony as Basil Gildersleeve, Professor of Greek at Johns
Hopkins).
The aim of Historia Numorum, in Head’s own words, was “to produce a
practical handbook in a single portable volume containing in a condensed
form a sketch of the numismatic history of nearly every city, king, or dynast,
known to have struck coins throughout the length and breadth of the ancient
world”.9 From the time of its first publication this work was recognised as a
monument of scholarship, a κτῆμα ἐς αἰεί, as one reviewer wrote. Its prominent feature was the arrangement of the various series of coins in chronological order, and it compressed an enormous amount of information into one
volume. Reviewers at the time remarked on the personal qualities that had
enabled Head to undertake such a work and carry it through to completion:
9HN2 ,
p. xix.
33
one referred to “a really inspiring instance of literary patience and courage”. Apart from such references to qualities of a personal nature, there is
also present in the reviews an element which appears quite frequently in
assessments of scholarly activity at the time: a rivalry with institutions on
the continent. One reviewer begins thus: “The one department of learning in
which English scholars are unquestionably in advance of their German rivals
is the study of numismatics.” Another comments that “this book deserves as
few do the German epithet of epoch-making in respect of the science with
which it is concerned”. Rivalry or cooperation? How did the practitioners
as opposed to the commentators see things? There is more work to be done
on this aspect of Head’s international work and reputation.
I referred above to Head’s concern to arrange the various series of coins in
chronological order, but his methodology in Historia Numorum, in particular
his reliance on style, has not advanced from that employed in his earlier
work discussed above. The basic structure of Head’s “chronological classification of coins by style” is one of rise, acme and decline.10 The origins
of such a structure derive both from general intellectual movements of the
time and from developments specific to the study of ancient art and coinage.
It has been suggested, for example, that “the whole structure owes much
to contemporary patterns of thought, which were strongly influenced by
the theories of Darwin, with their emphasis on evolution and the biological
cycle”.11 But nearer to home, in terms of the study of Greek and Roman art,
the Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums (1764) of Johann Joachim Winckelmann had much earlier set out a division of ancient art into four periods,
the first defined as archaic, the middle two covering the fifth and the fourth
centuries, and the final one covering the decline of the arts under Roman
rule. In numismatics, Joseph Eckhel’s Doctrina numorum veterum, published in Vienna during the 1790s, adopted a geographical arrangement
for Greek coins, beginning in the western Mediterranean and working east,
but within that scheme it created five periods (epochae) based on a number
of criteria (for example, metal, inscription, letter forms, fabric and style).
Thus Eckhel tried to bring out the historical significance of the coins he
was working with.
Head and his colleagues adopted and adapted the schemes of their predecessors as they worked on their own catalogues. Andrew Burnett has traced how
the classification evolved from its appearances in the earliest volumes of the
British Museum Catalogues to its fullest articulation in Historia Numorum.12
10HN2 ,
11O.
12
pp. lxi–lxiv.
Mørkhom, Nordisk Numismatisk Arsskrift, 1982, p. 10.
In a paper, “The study of coins in Britain and the British Museum during the nineteenth century”, given in May 2003 to a conference held at the University of Frankfurt-am-Main on the theme “Theodor Mommsen 1817–1903. Numismatik oder Geldgeschichte?”.
34
N. KEITH RUT TER
IPeriod of Archaic Art (700–480 B.C.)
IIPeriod of Transitional Art (480–415 B.C.)
III Period of Finest Art (415–336 B.C.)
IV Period of Later Fine Art (336–280 B.C.)
V Period of the Decline of Art (280–146 B.C.)
VI Period of Continued Decline in Art (146–27 B.C.)
VII Imperial Period. Augustus to Gallienus (27 B.C.–A.D. 268)
In this structure the division into periods relies on dates in political history, though Head has preferred to separate his periods II and III in 415
rather than 404. That is probably because the fine decadrachms of Kimon
and Euainetos were at that time dated to 413/412, and he wanted them to
be included in his “Period of Finest Art”. A further oddity, noted by Andrew
Burnett in the paper referred to above, is Head’s very designation of that
Period III (the fourth century) as the “Period of Finest Art”. This in spite of
his working daily cheek by jowl with the Parthenon marbles.
It is said of Barclay Head that he was “one of the rare and happy men who
seem to have been born to do a particular piece of work in the world, and to
do it admirably” (Num. Chron. 1914, 249). I conclude with what I believe to
be a complete bibliography of this unassuming scholar who contributed so
much to the development of Greek numismatics as an integral part of the
study of the ancient world.
35
Bibliography
(NC = Numismatic Chronicle; BMC = British Museum Catalogue)
“An account of the hoard of Anglo-Saxon coins found at Chancton Farm,
Sussex”. NC 1867, pp. 63–126.
“Anglo-Saxon coins with runic legends”. NC 1868, pp. 75–90.
“Notes on llion, numismatic and historical”. NC 1868, pp. 321–38.
Translation of Ernst Curtius, “On the religious character of Greek coins”.
NC 1870, pp. 91–111.
“On some rare Greek coins recently acquired by the British Museum”. NC
1871, pp. 166–68.
British Museum: Guide to the Select Greek Coins exhibited in Electrotype in
the Gold Ornament Room. London, 1872.
BMC Italy (with R. S. Poole and P. Gardner). London, 1873.
“The Greek autonomous coins from the Cabinet of the late Mr. Edward
Wigan, now in the British Museum”. Part I, NC 1873, pp. 89-124; Part II,
ibid. pp. 309–34.
History of the Coinage of the Syracuse. London 1874 (first appearing as “On
the chronological sequence of the coins of Syracuse”, NC 1874, pp. 1–80).
“Metrological notes on the ancient electrum coins struck between the Lelantian wars and the accession of Darius”. NC 1875, pp. 245–97.
BMC Sicily (with R. S. Poole and P. Gardner). London, 1876.
“On a recent find of staters of Cyzicus etc.”, NC 1876, pp. 277–98.
BMC Thrace (with P. Gardner). London, 1877.
“The coinage of Lydia and Persia”. International Numismata Orienialia, Part
Ill, 1877.
“A note on magistrates’ names on autonomous and imperial coins of Byzantium”. NC 1877, p. 167.
“Additional notes on the recent find of staters of Cyzicus and Lampsacus”.
NC 1877, pp. 169–76.
36
N. KEITH RUT TER
“On an unpublished archaic tetradrachm of Olynthus”. NC 1878, pp. 85–89.
“On Himyarite and other Arabian imitations of coins of Athens”. NC 1878,
pp. 273–84.
BMC Macedonia. London, 1879.
“Note on a find of Sicilian copper coins struck about the year B.C. 344”.
NC 1879, pp. 217–19.
“Origin and transmission of some of the principal ancient systems of weight”.
Journal of the Institute of Bankers, 1879.
British Museum: Guide to the Select Greek and Raman Coins Exhibited in
Electrotype. New edition, London, 1880.
“A Himyaritic tetradrachm and the Trésor de San’â”. NC 1880, pp. 303–10.
“On the chronological sequence of the coins of Ephesus”. NC 1880, pp. 85–169.
“Coinage of Ephesus – addenda et corrigenda”. NC 1881, pp. 13–23.
“On the chronological sequence of the coins of Boeotia”. NC 1881, pp. 177–275.
British Museum: A Guide to the Principal Coins of the Greeks from circ. 700
B.C. to A.D. 270. 2nd ed., London 1881.
“The coins of ancient Spain”. NC 1882, pp. 183–94.
“Coinage of Alexander the Great: an explanation”. NC 1883, pp. 18–19.
“Remarks on two unique coins of Aetna and Zancle”. NC 1883, pp. 171–76.
BMC Central Greece. London, 1884.
“Greek and Roman coins”. Contribution to L. Jewitt, English Coins and Tokens,
1886.
“Coins discovered on the site of Naukratis”. NC 1886, pp. 1–18 (reprint,
with introductory remarks, of “The coins found at Naukratis”, in W. M. F.
Petrie, Naukratis).
Historia Numornm. A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Oxford, 1887.
“Electrum coins and their specific gravity”. NC 1887, pp. 277–308.
37
BMC Attica, Megaris, Aegina. London, 1888.
“Germanicopolis and Philadelphia in Cilicia”. NC 1888, pp. 300–307.
BMC Corinth and her Colonies. London, 1889.
“Apollo Hikesios”. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 9 (1889).
«Notanda et corrigenda. I. N or M on Athenian coins. II. Two misread coins
of Ephesus. III. Philadelphia Lydiae. IV. Lydian gold coinage”. NC 1889,
pp. 229–41.
“Archaic coins probably of Cyrene”. NC 1891, pp. 1–11.
BMC Ionia. London, 1892.
“Coins recently attributed to Eretria”. NC 1893, pp. 158–65.
“The initial coinage of Athens”. NC 1893, pp. 247–54.
BMC Caria. London, 1897.
Ἱστορία τῶν Νομισμάτων ἤτοι Ἐγχειρίδιον Ἐλληνικής Νομισματικῆς
μεταφρασϑὲν … καὶ συμπληρωϑὲν ὑπὸ Ἰωάννου Ν. Σβορώνου. Athens, 1898.
British Museum: Guide to the Department of Coins and Medals in the British
Museum (assisted by H. A. Grueber, W. Wroth, and E. J. Rapson). London,
1901.
BMC Lydia. London, 1902.
BMC Phrygia. London, 1906.
“The earliest Graeco-Bactrian and Graeco-Indian coins”. NC 1906, pp. 1–16.
“Ephesian tesserae”. NC 1908, pp. 281–6.
“Coins discovered in the British Museum excavations at Ephesus”. In D. G.
Hogarth, Excavations at Ephesus – The Archaic Artemisia, London, 1908.
Historia Numorum. 2nd ed., Oxford, 1911 (assisted by G. F. Hill, G. Macdonald
and W. Wroth).
38
Bernd Kluge
Hermann Dannenberg (1824–1905)
Sammler und Gelehrter
Seit 1876 gibt es in der Numismatik ein Synonym für das Münzwesen
Deutschlands im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. Es lautet: „Dannenberg-Zeit“.
In jenem Jahr erschien in der Weidmannschen Verlagsbuchhandlung in
Berlin ein dickleibiges, Text- und Tafelband umfassendes Werk, betitelt: Die
deutschen Münzen der sächsischen und fränkischen Kaiserzeit. Herausgegeben
von Hermann Dannenberg. Bis 1905 folgten drei weitere Bände. Auf über
tausend Seiten und 121 Tafeln sind 2.186 deutsche Münztypen von etwa 900
bis um 1125 nicht nur beschrieben und abgebildet, sondern erstmals auch
historisch-kritisch nach Raum und Zeit systematisch geordnet. Der Verfasser
dieses als „Dbg.“ heute noch meistzitierten Standardwerkes deutscher Mittelalternumismatik, Hermann Friedrich Emil Dannenberg, wurde am 4. Juli
1824 als Sohn eines Kaufmannes in Berlin geboren. Er schlug die juristische
Laufbahn ein, war seit 1859 Richter am Berliner Stadtgericht, wurde 1863
Stadtgerichtsrat und wirkte zuletzt von 1879 bis zu seiner Pensionierung
1889 als Landgerichtsrat an der Zivilkammer des Landgerichts I in Berlin.
Er starb kurz vor Vollendung seines 81. Lebensjahres in der Nacht vom 14.
zum 15. Juni 1905 in Bad Salzbrunn (Schlesien), wo er zur Kur weilte.
Dannenbergs Leben ist in gutbürgerlichen Verhältnissen äußerlich ereignislos verlaufen. Sein Name wäre heute vergessen, wenn ihn nicht eine
ganz ungewöhnliche Leidenschaft für alte Münzen beseelt hätte. Das Wort
Leidenschaft ist hier sicher nicht zu hoch gegriffen, denn das Münzsammeln war für ihn kein mit bürgerlichem Behagen gepflegtes Steckenpferd,
keine Beschäftigung für Mußestunden oder Entspannungsübung nach der
Berufsarbeit. Es stand für ihn im Zentrum seines Lebens, dafür hat er auf
Karriere verzichtet, die berufliche Inanspruchnahme auf das Pflichtmaß
beschränkt und alle freie Zeit den Münzen zugewandt. „Als Sammler bin ich
auf die Welt gekommen und das im Alter von 14 Jahren entflammte Feuer des
Münzsammelns hat mein langes Leben hindurch heftig gebrannt“ bekannte
Dannenberg von sich selbst. Als neunzehnjähriger Student gehörte er 1843
zu den Gründungsmitgliedern der Berliner Numismatischen Gesellschaft,
1893 erlebte er als einziger aus diesem Kreis das 50jährige Jubiläum der
Gesellschaft, deren Vorsitzender er seit 1878 war und die ihn anlässlich des
Jubiläums zu ihrem Ehrenvorsitzenden machte.
Dannenbergs wissenschaftliche Leistung ist aus seiner Sammeltätigkeit erwachsen, in seiner Persönlichkeit sind Sammelleidenschaft und
Forscherdrang in besonders enger Weise verzahnt. War ihm zunächst das
eigene Sammelgebiet der Antrieb für literarische Produktion, so ist das
Hermann Dannenberg (1824 –1905)
39
Medaille auf Hermann Dannenberg von A. M. Wolff, 1905. Bronze geprägt,
60 mm. Münzkabinett Berlin, Objektnr. 18242683
nichts Ungewöhnliches zu seiner Zeit, da fast alle bedeutenderen Sammler
mehr oder weniger auch schriftstellerten und die Kabinettsnumismatik
demgegenüber noch stark zurücktrat. Allerdings steht sein Werk nach Umfang und Bedeutung (da er mit einer ganz ungewöhnlichen Produktivität
und über fast 60 Jahre hinweg ungebrochen publizierte) weit über den
Leistungen der Sammlergeneration der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, wie er denn auch nach Persönlichkeit und Leistung zum Typ des
Sammler-Gelehrten gerechnet werden muss, wie ihn zu seiner Zeit etwa
der Schweizer Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer (1838–1920) für die antike und
Hermann Grote (1802–1895) in Hannover für die mittelalterliche Numismatik repräsentierten.
Hermann Dannenberg hat in größerem Umfang antike, namentlich griechische Münzen, Gepräge des Mittelalters sowie Münzen und Medaillen des 15.
bis 17. Jahrhunderts gesammelt. Auch wenn er die deutschen Denare des
10./11. Jahrhunderts ganz besonders bevorzugte, so vermochten ihn doch
eigentlich alle Münzen zu fesseln, nur gegenüber den modernen verhielt
er sich ablehnend. Von der Vielfalt seiner Interessen, seinen universellen
Kenntnissen und seiner an kostbaren Stücken reichen Sammlungen geben
die Verhandlungen der Berliner Numismatischen Gesellschaft beredtes
40
Bernd Kluge
Zeugnis. Neben seinem eigentlichen Gebiet, dem Mittelalter, hat er häufig
auch Themen der antiken und neuzeitlichen Numismatik oder der Medaillenkunde behandelt. Mit Umsicht und Fleiß, Glück und Geschick, aber natürlich
auch unter Aufwendung beträchtlicher Mittel, konnte er zu seiner Zeit, da
das Sammeln noch leicht war, öffentliche wie private Konkurrenz ihn wenig
störten und reiche Funde unaufhörlich neues Material zu Tage förderten,
eine ganz einmalige, unwiederholbare Sammlung deutscher Mittelaltermünzen zusammentragen. Sie ist, seinem Wunsch gemäß, im Wesentlichen
ungeschmälert in den Besitz des Münzkabinetts Berlin übergegangen und
stellt ein wissenschaftlich ebenso bedeutendes Vermächtnis dar wie seine
zahlreichen Schriften.
Hermann Dannenberg hat zeit seines Lebens in engem Kontakt zum Münzkabinett der damaligen Königlichen Museen zu Berlin gestanden. Schon als
Schüler hat er dort Belehrung gesucht und ist besonders von dem seit 1840
im Kabinett wirkenden Julius Friedländer (1830–1884) gefördert worden.
Zwischen Friedländers Nachfolger Alfred von Sallet (1842–1897, seit 1870
im Münzkabinett, seit 1884 Direktor) und Dannenberg entwickelte sich eine
echte persönliche Freundschaft. Dazu mag trotz eines erheblichen Altersunterschiedes (Dannenberg war 18 Jahre älter als von Sallet) beigetragen
haben, dass auch von Sallet, feinsinniger Ästhet und musisch begabter Gelehrter, eine leidenschaftliche Sammlernatur war, während andererseits sich
Dannenberg zu dieser Zeit bereits einen wissenschaftlichen Namen gemacht
hatte. Beide verband zudem die von Sallet 1874 begründete Zeitschrift für
Numismatik, zu deren engsten Mitarbeitern und nach Sallets Tod 1897 auch
zu den Herausgebern Dannenberg zählte.
Von 1878 bis 1905 gehörte Dannenberg zur Sachverständigenkommission
der Königlichen Museen für das Münzkabinett, die zu allen wichtigen Ankäufen ihr Urteil abgeben musste. Er hat in dieser Funktion zum großen
Aufschwung des Kabinetts beigetragen, an dem er durch den Verkauf seiner
Münzsammlungen ganz direkt beteiligt war.
Nachdem bereits seit 1842 einzelne Geschäfte zustande gekommen waren,
verkaufte Dannenberg dem Kabinett 1860 seine Sammlung von 1.236 griechischen Münzen, die eine für die damalige Zeit bedeutende Erwerbung
darstellte. Von noch größerer Bedeutung waren seine Mittelaltersammlungen, von denen die erste 1870 und die zweite 1892 erworben wurde. Die
erste Sammlung umfasste 3.077 Stück und wurde für 4.000 Taler gekauft.
Umfangreicher und inhaltlich noch wertvoller war die 1892 erworbene
zweite Sammlung, die neben den Mittelaltermünzen auch eine erlesene
Serie hohenzollernscher Münzen aller Linien und eine Reihe sehr seltener
Taler und Medaillen des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts enthielt. Hohes Alter, zunehmende Kränklichkeit und die Sorge, die Ergebnisse einer fünfzigjährigen
erfolgreichen, aber auch opfervollen Sammeltätigkeit der Wissenschaft zu
erhalten, bestimmten Dannenbergs Entschluss, diese Sammlung von etwa
Hermann Dannenberg (1824 –1905)
41
5000 Stücken 1892 dem Münzkabinett Berlin anzubieten. Seine persönliche
Freundschaft mit Alfred von Sallet hat dazu ebenso beigetragen wie seine
jahrzehntelange Verbundenheit mit dem Kabinett. Jede Art von Gewinnstreben lag ihm dabei fern, und der geforderte Preis von 66.000 Mark muss,
trotz der hohen Summe, als großes Entgegenkommen Dannenbergs gelten.
Alfred von Sallets Urteil von der „großartigsten, herrlichsten Sammlung
deutscher Mittelaltermünzen, welche je existiert“ bestand und besteht zu
Recht. Nie wieder hat es eine solche Sammlung in Privathand gegeben.
Dannenbergs literarisches Œuvre würde jedem professionellen Numismatiker zur Ehre gereichen. Die häufiger beklagte Kränklichkeit merkt man
ihm ebenso wenig an wie die bis 1889 gewiss nicht zu unterschätzende
berufliche Inanspruchnahme. Mit eisernem Fleiß war er bis in sein hohes
Alter, ja buchstäblich bis zu seinem Tode unermüdlich tätig. Seine letzten
Arbeiten erschienen erst postum.
Sichern ihm in erster Linie seine Monographien, das monumentale Werk
über die Münzen der sächsisch-fränkischen Kaiserzeit und seine pommersche Münzgeschichte bleibenden Ruhm, so sind eine ganze Reihe von
in Aufsätzen niedergelegten Studien von kaum geringerem Wert. Zwei von
ihm besonders virtuos gehandhabte Gattungen numismatischer Literatur
verdienen dabei hervorgehoben zu werden: die Veröffentlichung und richtige Bestimmung unbekannter oder verkannter Gepräge und die Münzfundbearbeitungen. Welcher Numismatiker hat in seinem Leben allein 75
Münzfunde, noch dazu meist mittelalterliche, untersucht und publiziert!
Viele Funde wären ohne Dannenbergs Eingreifen spurlos in der Schmelze
verschwunden. In einer Zeit, da der Wert eines Fundes nach der Anzahl
der in ihm enthaltenen Seltenheiten bemessen wurde, hat er als einer der
ersten die Bedeutung des Gesamtfundes für die räumliche und zeitliche
Einordnung seiner Einzelmünzen erkannt. Die sammlerische Orientierung,
der das biblische cuius sit imago et superscriptio einer Münze im Mittelpunkt
stand, erweist sich letztlich als seine große Stärke. Von allen geldgeschichtlichen Erörterungen hat er sich bewusst ferngehalten. Als Geld hat ihn die
Münze kaum interessiert; für ihn war sie in erster Linie archäologisches
Denkmal, das es nach Zeit und Ort seiner Entstehung richtig einzuordnen
galt. Hier konnten sich seine Talente voll entfalten: ein als unfehlbar gerühmtes Gedächtnis, das jede irgendwo einmal gesehene Münze zu speichern
wusste, ein vorsichtig-kritisches Abwägen der Argumente (was ihm wohl
nicht zum wenigsten sein Beruf als Richter zur zweiten Natur gemacht hat)
und ein besonderes Gefühl für Stil und Mache einer Münze, eine angeborene
Begabung, an Tausenden von Münzen zur Reife gebracht. Nicht zuletzt ist
auf die für einen Numismatiker des 19. Jahrhunderts unschätzbare zeichnerische Begabung hinzuweisen, die eine Münze so individuell wiederzugeben
wusste, dass man die ihm als Vorlage dienenden Stücke heute noch exakt
unter ihren Artgenossen verifizieren kann. Sämtliche gezeichneten Abbildungen in seinen Fundbeschreibungen und seinen Monographien sind von
42
Bernd Kluge
ihm selbst gefertigt. Die darin investierte Zeit und Mühe vermag man im
Zeitalter der Fotografie nur noch zu erahnen!
Hermann Dannenberg, gleichermaßen gelehrter Sammler wie sammelnder
Gelehrter, hat aus Neigung, nicht aus Profession, Fundamente deutscher
Numismatik gelegt.
Der Beitrag ist eine verkürzte Fassung der Einleitung der vom Verf. herausgegebenen Schriftenauswahl von Hermann Dannenberg: Studien zur Münzkunde
des Mittelalters (1848–1905), Leipzig 1984. Dort auch alle Belege und die
Bibliographie der Werke Hermann Dannenbergs.
43
COLLECTIONNEURS CÉLÈBRES
Gloria Mora
Rafael Cervera y Royo (1828–1903)
Fig. 1. Portrait of Rafael Cervera at the Royal Academy of Medicine (Madrid)
Rafael Cervera was a Spanish physician and politician who in the second
half of the nineteenth century assembled one of the most important collections of ancient and Visigothic coins of Spain. This collection was acquired
by the American millionaire and Hispanist Archer M. Huntington, who in
44
gloria mora
1904 donated it along with the rest of his collections (library, painting and
sculpture, works of art and archaeological objects) to the institution, which
he had founded in New York, The Hispanic Society of America.
The following text summarizes a broader investigation that will appear
soon in the definitive study of the Cervera Collection by M.P. García-Bellido
and W. E. Metcalf, La moneda antigua de Hispania en la colección Cervera
(Madrid, CSIC-Polifemo, 2014).
Rafael Cervera y Royo was born in Valencia on October 24, 1828 and died
in Barcelona on February 7, 1903. Between 1843 and 1850 he studied Medicine and Surgery at the University of Valencia. He then moved to Paris to
specialize in ophthalmology and ophthalmic surgery. He was an assistant
in the clinics of Jules Sichel and Louis-Auguste Desmarres, the first specialists in this field in France. In January 1854 he received his doctorate at the
Faculty of Medicine at the University of Madrid with a thesis entitled Origin,
evolution and state of medicine (published in 1856).
On his return to Spain, Cervera established himself in Madrid to practice
his profession with dedication and remarkable success as surgeon and ophthalmologist. Historians of Medicine consider him one of the founders of
this specialty in Spain. In 1863 he entered the Royal Academy of Medicine,
and between 1877 and 1893 he directed the Ophthalmic Institute founded
in 1872 (Fig. 1). Ophthalmology was then a new specialty in Spain and its
practitioners tended to achieve great social prestige and high economic
level, as reflected in the literature of the time (for instance in some novels
of Benito Pérez Galdós). Cervera certainly earned enough income to be able
to afford a collection of such quality as noted by Antonio Vives y Escudero
in the prologue of La Moneda Hispánica (Madrid, 1926).
In addition to the practice of ophthalmology, Cervera was devoted to politics
after the overthrow of Queen Isabel II in 1868, as a member of the Federal
Republican Party. Until the mid- 1890s he held various positions: Madrid
city councilor, congressman and senator from the provinces of Murcia and
the Balearic Islands and from the Royal Academy of Medicine. During these
mandates he was actively involved in the debates for the defense of academic
freedom, education and awareness. He became vice president of the Chamber elected in the Constituent Assembly in 1873–1874 and member of the
commission responsible for drafting the Federal Constitution, which was
signed on July 17, 1873. In 1891 he was one of the founders of the Republican
Center Party (“Partido Centralista”), which promulgated the establishment
of the Federal Republic in Spain, universal suffrage and the Iberian Union
of Spain, Portugal and Gibraltar.
R afael Cervera y Royo (1828 –1903)
45
Fig. 2. Drachma from Emporion. Early third century BC
Cervera also belonged to the most important cultural institutions related to
the “regeneracionista” program in the last third of the nineteenth century.
As many doctors and professionals, patrons and collectors of the time,
he was a member of the Scientific and Literary Ateneo of Madrid (Ateneo
Científico y Literario), the Spanish Anthropological Society (Sociedad Antropológica Española) and the Free Institution of Education (Institución
Libre de Enseñanza). These societies defended freedom of thought and
independence from the state, church and political parties, and were a mixture of various social forces (university professors, writers, professionals,
bankers, politicians and Army officers) united by their liberal ideology.
In 1901, already very ill, Cervera moved his residence to Barcelona, where

he died on February 7, 1903, at the age of 74. He had make a will in Madrid
on March 9, 1898 before the notary Joaquín Costa Martínez, one of his
friends and one of the most important personalities of the regeneracionista
movement at the end of the century. This will sheds light on his magnificent
collections of paintings and coins, and on his friendships with two main
characters in these fields: the painter Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida and the numismatist and archaeologist Antonio Vives y Escudero, whom he appointed
as advisers to his heir, his sister Carmen, in case she decided to sell the
collections. Except for two pictures located at the National Museum of Fine
Arts in Havana, Cuba (one of them a portrait of Cervera by Sorolla), we know
nothing of this art collection but we suppose that it must have been of high
quality judging from those of other collectors from the same intellectual
and social standing.
With respect to numismatics, Cervera belonged to the large group of independent professionals who in the second half of the nineteenth century
formed important collections of coins: doctors and pharmacists, men of
46
gloria mora
Fig. 3. Denarius from i.ka.l.e.n.s.ke.n. Mid-second century BC
law, brokers, businessmen, bankers and traders, army officers, many of
them were also important politicians. They acquired coins through consolidated exchange networks between amateurs and professionals, belonged
to scientific associations such as Numismatic Centers in Madrid, Barcelona
and Seville, and attended auctions that were scheduled in the working
environment of the art and antiquities trade in Paris, Rome, Milan, Berlin,
London and New York. They also read the catalogs written by numismatists
and prestigious magazines like the Bulletins of Numismatics published by
Valentín Gil in Madrid and by Alejandro Cerdá in Valencia, or the Bulletin
of the Royal Academy of History and the Memorial Numismático Español de
Álvaro Campaner.
According to contemporary sources, in Spain in the second half of the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries there were about 500 numismatic
collections of individuals, dealers and institutions, of which only thirty had
important specimens that were used by the great numismatists of the time
to write their works, such as Antonio Delgado, Arthur Engel, Celestino Pujol
and Camps, Alois Heiss, Manuel Rodríguez de Berlanga, Jacobo Zobel de
Zangróniz, Antonio Vives or Pío Beltrán Villagrasa. Thus, the aforementioned Vives’s La Moneda Hispánica (written between 1894 and 1920) is
an essential reference for the composition and formation mechanisms of
these collections and their owners, thanks to the comments that illustrate
the specimens selected for their uniqueness, good state of conservation or
beauty (Fig. 2). In addition to the collection from the National Archaeological Museum (founded in 1867 with the royal collections) and the Instituto
Valencia de Don Juan (founded in 1916 from the private collections of Guillermo de Osma, Earl consort of Valencia de Don Juan), Vives studied the
most important private collections of the time. The first one, because it contained some very rare coins, is that of Rafael Cervera, also the collections of
47
Fig. 4. Drachma from a.r.s.e. Second century BC
Mariano Roca de Togores y Carrasco, first Marquis de Molins (1817–1889),
politician and member of the Royal Academy of History, Manuel Vidal Quadras y Ramón (1818–1894), a wealthy banker of Barcelona, José Salamanca y
Mayol, Marquis of Salamanca (1811–1883), the banker and Maecenas Pablo
Bosch y Barrau (1862–1915), who bequeathed his collection of coins, medals
and painting to the Prado Museum, the dealer Eduardo Sánchez Fernández
de la Cotera, of Seville, and Ramón Siscar y Montoliu (1830–1889), philologist and corresponding member of the Academy of History in Barcelona.
From the comments of Vives and of other numismatists, we can consider
Rafael Cervera as a model collector of the second half of the nineteenth
century: he was a liberal prestigious professional with political ambitions
and a big income spending his free time and resources to collect works of
art and coins, whose collection was the basis for the first studies of numismatics in Spain. Probably he started to buy coins during his stay in Paris
as it was traditionally a very popular hobby among medical professionals
in France. We know that he continued to add to his collection until the end
of his life, as shown by the acquisition of coins from the Treasure called
La Capilla, a group of Visigothic coins discovered on August 21, 1891 near
Carmona (Seville). Arthur Engel wrote in a letter to Jorge Bonsor, dated in
Seville January 13, 1900: “J’ai vu le Colonel Vidaurre, qui a malhereusement
vendu au Dr. Cervera, de Madrid, le petit lot de monnaies qu’il avait”. Thanks
largely to these coins purchased by Cervera, George C. Miles, Chief Curator
of The American Numismatic Society, could claim that his institution had
the best collection of Visigothic coins in the world.
According to Vives, Cervera bought entire collections through the
dealer Valentín Gil y García in Madrid: the Francisco Otín y Duaso and
the Celestino Pujol y Camps’s collections, which was the “crowning”
48
gloria mora
Fig. 5. As from Caesaraugusta. Tiberius (AD 14–37)
because it contained only “Roman Iberian coins”, and a selection of the
famous collection of José Mª de Vera in Seville. Also he was able to acquire
the collection of Joaquín Pujol y Santo (the Celestino Pujol’s father), Antonio
Filpo y Silva, priest of Seville and then of Granada, and Miguel Tenorio de
Castilla, Andalusian politician and writer who was private secretary of Isabel II. In addition he acquired coins during his travels through Spain and
Europe, some of them motivated by his political and professional activities.
So he was able to form an important collection of about 2000 ancient (Greek,
Carthaginian, Roman and Iberian) and Visigothic coins of Spain, including
exceptional specimens like the coin of Iudila from Emerita, that belonged to
general Chinchilla, or the i.ka.l.e.n.s.ke.n denarius with a southern Iberian
legend, purchased from Alejandro Rivadeneira (nº 779 in the García-Bellido
and Metcalf Catalogue) (Fig. 3).
Cervera’s preference for collecting certain series of Hispanic coins – Greek
and Roman coins minted in the Peninsula, Hispano-Carthaginian, autochthonous and Visigothic issues – was not just due to random taste, but reflected the intellectual concerns of the institutions involved in the scientific and social regeneration of Spain, to which he belonged, especially an
interest in documenting material culture and in the writings of the ancient
inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, in order to protect the national heritage. Indeed, while the collections of the early nineteenth century consisted
mainly of Roman coins, those of the second half of the century focused on
native coinages: Iberian, Celtiberian, Visigothic and Islamic. In this regard,
and in line with his federalist and paniberista ideology, Cervera’s collection
reflects the concerns of the time for the history of the ancient peoples of the
Peninsula and the search for the roots of Spain in the pre-Roman and the
Visigoth world, subjects that also appear in contemporary historiography
(Fig. 4). This interest that can also be detected in France and Germany,
49
may be related to the rise of studies of the pre-Roman peoples from their
coinages that were introduced in Spain by direct and indirect disciples of
Theodor Mommsen like Emil Hübner, Manuel Rodríguez de Berlanga and
Jacobo Zobel de Zangróniz.
A year before he died, Cervera sold his collection in Paris to the American
collector and benefactor Archer M. Huntington, as the buyer reported to
his friend and fellow in the excavations in Italica, Jorge Bonsor, in a letter
dated March 8, 1902: “Possibly you have heard that I purchased the collection of Cervera and Codera coins in Paris”. As M.P. García-Bellido thought
by comparison with what happened to Vives’s collection of ancient bronzes,
the sale must have been made through Vives himself, friend and informer of
Huntington in the business of buying and selling Spanish antiquities, and
Cervera’s friend and adviser according to the aforementioned will. Perhaps
in this case the intermediary was the same antiquarian who facilitated the
sale of Vives’s bronzes, J. G. Meunier, or perhaps Étienne Bourgey, both
reputable dealers. The transaction was announced with a simple note in
the Bulletin International de Numismatique in 1902.
Archer M. Huntington (1870–1955), adopted son of the American railroad
magnate and collector Collis P. Huntington, dedicated his life to the study
of Hispanic culture and to forming an impressive collection of paintings,
sculptures, books and manuscripts, coins and artistic and archaeological
artifacts, all of Spanish origin (Fig. 5). That interest earned him awards
from the Spanish Royal Family and nominations to the Royal Academies of
Language, Fine Arts and History. To house his collections and library he
founded The Hispanic Society of America in 1904.
The Huntington Collection of coins consisted of 37. 895 coins of very high
quality that represented all coinages struck in the Iberian Peninsula and
the Spanish possessions overseas from the time of the Greek colonization
to the independence of the Latin American republics in the nineteenth
century. In 1904 Huntington donated the collection to the Hispanic Society,
between 1946 and 1948 he decided to transfer it on loan to The American
Numismatic Society, an institution, which he sponsored and of which he
was president from1910 until his death in 1955, when a second lot of 8.000
coins was added. On December 15, 2011 The Hispanic Society of America
decided to sell in an auction sealed bid, through Sotheby’s New York, this
collection, unique in the world that it had kept intact for over a century
and it is now dispersed. Thus the vast collection assembled by Archer M.
Huntington is lost and with it that of Rafael Cervera, one of the best and
most complete ever assembled in the second half of the nineteenth century
in Spain and in the world.
50
HISTOIRE DES COLLECTIONS NUMISMATIQUES ET
DES INSTITUTIONS VOUÉES À LA NUMISMATIQUE
Michael Matzke
Das Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums Basel
Das Historische Museum Basel gehört zu den ältesten öffentlichen Sammlungen und verfügt über eine ungebrochene Tradition bis zurück ins 16. Jahrhundert. Auch wenn der erste Basler Museumsbau erst im Jahr 1849 eröffnet
und das Historische Museum selbst erst im Jahr 1892 gegründet wurde,
so gehen die Bestände der großen staatlichen Museen in Basel alle auf die
alten Sammlungen zurück. Deren Keimzelle ist das sogenannte AmerbachKabinett, das in den 1580er Jahren erstmals umfassend inventarisiert wurde,
1661 von der Stadt für die Universität erworben und 1671 erstmals öffentlich
zugänglich gemacht wurde. Von Beginn an hatten Münzen und Medaillen
eine zentrale Stellung innerhalb der Sammlungen, Kunst- und Raritätenkabinette, die von der Stadt im Laufe der Zeit erworben wurden. Die Geschichte
der öffentlichen Sammlungen in Basel ist somit auch eine Geschichte der
Sammlungen des Münzkabinetts, wenngleich sich dieser Sammlungsteil erst
im 20. Jahrhundert als eigene Sammlungsabteilung des Museums herausgebildet hat. Jedenfalls erklärt das hohe Alter der Sammlungen auch die hohe
Qualität der Objekte, über die das Münzkabinett verfügt.
Den Kern des Amerbach-Kabinetts bildet der Nachlass des Erasmus von Rotterdam, den der Freund des großen Humanisten, der Jurist Bonifacius Amerbach (1495–1562) im Jahr 1536 erhielt und in einer speziell angefertigten
Lade verwahrte. Als historisch interessierter Humanist hat Erasmus auch die
eine oder andere römische und griechische Münze besessen – nachweisbar
sind noch ein Goldstater des dakischen oder thrakischen Königs Koson
(50/40 v. Chr.), ein Aureus des Kaisers Trajan und ein Solidus des Gratian.
Im Kontext mit den verschiedenen Medaillen aus seinem Besitz kann man
diese wenigen antiken Münzen jedoch eher als wertvolle Geschenke und
Andenken von befreundeten Gelehrten bezeichnen denn als systematische
Sammlung.
Bereits Bonifacius Amerbach konnte seinem Sohn Basilius neben dem Erasmus-Nachlass eine richtige Münzsammlung von ungefähr 200 echten
antiken Münzen vererben, wie Bonifacius´ Inventar von 1552 nahelegt,
das bereits über eine klare Systematik sowie korrekte und routinierte Beschreibungen verfügte. Bemerkenswert ist dabei, dass neben zeitgenössischen
Schaustücken und dem Nachlass des Erasmus auch mittelalterliche und
neuere Münzen sowie Hinweise auf die Fundprovenienz einzelner Exemplare
genannt werden. Basilius Amerbach (1533–1591) folgte seinem Vater sowohl
in den juristischen Studien und als auch im Interesse für die Altertümer,
zudem verdankte er einem Studienaufenthalt an verschiedenen italienischen
Das Münzk abinett des Historischen Museums Basel
51
Abb. 1. Medaille von Quentin Massys auf Erasmus von Rotterdam (Vs.),
datiert 1519, Originalguss aus dem Nachlass des Erasmus, wohl um 1524
(HMB Inv. 1916.288.)
Universitäten ein weites Netz von Bekannten und Korrespondenten, um seine
Sammlungen zu pflegen und in späteren Jahren stark auszuweiten. Bald
nach seiner juristischen Promotion in Bologna (1560/1) avancierte er zum
Professor in Basel und gefragten Rechtskonsulenten sowie mehrfach zum
Rektor der Universität und 1581 zum Stadtsyndikus. Im Jahr 1583 konnte
er davon berichten, dass er über knapp 1000 antike Münzen verfügte, wobei
die nachantiken Münzen und Medaillen nicht mitgezählt wurden. Trotz
seiner vielfältigen Interessen galten sein Hauptaugenmerk und sein Ruhm
als Experte vor allem den Münzen des Römischen Reichs – diese waren
auch akademisch als Monumente römischer Geschichte und römischen
Rechts anerkannt. Sie stehen daher im Zentrum seiner numismatischen
Korrespondenz. Es sind auch die römischen Münzen, die den Hauptteil der
Münzen des Amerbach-Kabinetts ausmachen und die in einem Verzeichnis
der geschenkten und getauschten Objekte (1579–1591) aufgelistet werden.
Daneben sammelte er aber auch zahlreiche nachantike Münzen und setzte
sich mit ihnen auseinander. Zum Beispiel erhielt er im Jahr 1581 nicht
nur direkt von dem in Basel promovierten Jenaer Mediziner und Professor Johannes Schroter 16 thüringische und acht weitere Dünnpfennige
oder Brakteaten, die er sorgfältig und zutreffend beschrieb, sondern er
52
michael matzke
Abb. 2. Münzkasten des Basilius Amerbach, um 1578/81 (HMB Inv. 1908.16.)
empfing auch noch drei weitere Exemplare von seinem Freund, dem Arzt
Dr. Theodor Zwinger, die dieser gleichfalls von Schroter erhalten hatte und
Basilius Amerbach weiterschenkte. Funde hat Basilius auch erhalten und
vermerkt, wenn auch sehr summarisch. Zwischen 1578 und 1581 ließ er
sich einen speziellen Münzschrank anfertigen, der ungefähr 3870 Münzen
und Medaillen sowie Gemmen und in eigenen Nischen drei italienische
Bronzestatuetten fasste.
Bemerkenswert ist Amerbachs Interesse für zeitgenössische Medaillen.
Der entscheidende Impuls dürfte dabei dem ehemaligen Leibarzt der savoyischen Herzogin zu verdanken sein, Ludovic Demoulin de Rochefort
(1515–1582), der sich in Basel zur Ruhe setzte. Er hatte auch in Italien
studiert und war so sehr mit der norditalienischen Medaillenkunst vertraut,
dass vier verschiedene Medaillen mit seinem Porträt bekannt sind, darunter
Stücke von Medailleuren wie Giovanni da Cavino (1500–1570) und Ludovico
Leoni (1531–1606). Unter den Münzen und Medaillen, die Amerbach 1576
von Demoulin de Rochefort erwarb, waren neben anderen Medaillen des
16. Jahrhunderts auch zahlreiche Bronzen nach der Art antiker römischer
Sesterzen, die sogenannten „Paduaner“, die von dem Paduaner Künstler
Giovanni da Cavino und seinem Umkreis geschaffen wurden. Bis heute
sind die immer wieder abgegossenen und imitierten Paduaner nicht voll-
53
Abb. 3–4. Paduaner-Medaille von Giovanni da Cavino auf Kaiser Titus, überprägt
auf antiken Sesterz (C von S – C sowie Perlkreis auf der Rückseite sichtbar), und
Medaille desselben Künstlers auf Ludovic Demoulin de Rochefort, um 1530/70
(HMB Inv. 2011.602.11. und 2002.233.)
ständig erforscht und klassifiziert, so dass den originalen Exemplaren des
Amerbach-Kabinetts aus der Sammlung Demoulin de Rochefort bei deren
Erforschung eine zentrale Funktion zukommen dürfte. Auch die freieren
Nachschöpfungen antiker Münzen von Valerio Belli (um 1468–1546) aus
Vicenza und seinem Umkreis gehörten in großer Zahl zu dieser Sammlung,
und Amerbach erwarb noch weitere Stücke dazu. Man kann daher festhalten,
dass Basilius Amerbachs numismatisches Interesse weit über die antiken
Münzen hinausging und dass sich in der Sammlung seine intellektuelle
Offenheit für die Geschichte und Geographie aller Epochen manifestiert.
Eine sehr umfangreiche und – auf ihre Art – bedeutende Sammlung besaß
auch der erfolgreiche Bergbau-Unternehmer, Geschäftsmann und Politiker
54
michael matzke
Abb. 5. Medaille auf Andreas Ryff nach dem Vorbild einer fürstlichen Gnadenmedaille (Vs.), 1597 (HMB Inv. 1905.984.)
Andreas Ryff (1550–1603). Allerdings sammelte er nach Ausweis seines
prachtvoll illustrierten „Münzbüchleins“ keine antiken Münzen wie die
gelehrten Humanisten, und auch die Sprache des Verzeichnisses ist Deutsch
anstatt Latein. Seine leider nicht mehr identifizierbare Sammlung umfasste
vielmehr zeitgenössische Münzen und Porträt-Medaillen aus aller Herren
Länder in geographischer Ordnung. Zweifellos entsprachen Sammlung und
Münzbüchlein seinem ausgeprägten Repräsentationsbedürfnis, das sowohl
bei der Medaille auf seine eigene politische Leistung, die Beilegung des
sogenannten Rappenkriegs (1594), als auch bei einer ovalen Goldmedaille
mit seinem eigenen Konterfei nach dem Vorbild fürstlicher Gnadenpfennige
zur Geltung kommt.
Auch Remigius Faesch (1595–1667) erhielt einen wichtigen Impuls für seine
antiquarischen Interessen bei einer ausgedehnten Italienreise 1620/21. Früh
machte er seine akademische Karriere und war seit 1628 viel beschäftigter
Professor in Basel, mehrmals Dekan und Rektor sowie Rechtsberater für süddeutsche Fürsten. Seine antiquarischen Interessen konnte er aber vor allem
55
Abb. 6. Jülich, Belagerungsklippe zu 6 Talern aus dem Randfragment eines
Silbergefäßes, 1610, nachträglich graviert und teilvergoldet (HMB Inv. 1918.954.)
in Korrespondenz mit zahlreichen Sammlern und akademischen Kollegen
intensiv pflegen. Neben der Grafik und den Naturalia waren Münzen und
Medaillen seine bevorzugten Sammelobjekte, so dass er gemäß einem Inventar bis zum Jahr 1648 2590 Stücke erwerben konnte. Über 20 Jahre
intensiver Sammeltätigkeit sollten noch folgen, so dass von den im Jahr
1800 genannten 8322 Exemplaren im Museum Faesch sicher nur ein Teil
der über die ursprüngliche Zahl hinausgehenden Münzen und Medaillen auf
die Sammeltätigkeit des späteren Verwalters Sebastian Faesch (1647–1712)
zurückgeht. Auffällig ist gleichwohl schon bei der Durchsicht des Inventars von 1648, dass die neueren Münzen und Medaillen durchaus gleichberechtigt neben den antiken Münzen stehen. Bei einer näheren Betrachtung
der klar identifizierbaren Exemplare wird zudem deutlich, dass Remigius
Faesch mit großer Kennerschaft zahlreiche außergewöhnliche Stücke
erwerben konnte, darunter viele seltene Belagerungsklippen oder Unika wie
den zehnfachen Dukaten des Gegenzars Dimitri Ivanovic (1605–1606) und
den Goldabschlag des Tiroler Viertelguldiners Kaiser Maximilians I. Der
von Franz Pergo (um 1570–1629) hergestellte barocke Sammlungsschrank
entspricht denn auch der extravaganten Zusammensetzung der enthaltenen
Münzen. Sebastian Faesch, dem Verwalter des Museums Faesch und anerkannten Münzexperten, ist wohl dann die starke Ausrichtung auf römische
und andere antike Münzen zu verdanken.
56
michael matzke
Abb. 7. Auswahl eines Schatzfunds aus der Zeit des Basler Konzils (1431–1449)
gefunden bei Bauarbeiten an der Stadtmauer von Kleinbasel (1626) in Einwickelpapier mit der Beschriftung von Remigius Faesch (HMB Inv. 1918.3764.)
Eine ganz andere Genese weist die Schorndorff-Sammlung auf. Ihr Ausgangspunkt war die zufällige, aber lange währende Freundschaft zweier
Schweizer in ausländischen Diensten. Als junger Notar und Privatsekretär
des polnisch-kursächsischen Gesandten kam Johann Schorndorff (1705–
1769) im Jahr 1731 nach Stockholm und schloss dort bald Freundschaft
mit dem aus Schwyz stammenden schwedischen Hofmedailleur Johann
Karl Hedlinger (1691–1771), der zu den führenden Stempelschneidern und
Medailleuren seiner Zeit gehörte. Johann Schorndorff selbst war – zunächst
– nicht an Münzen und Medaillen interessiert, doch war er historisch und
zeitgeschichtlich sehr gebildet, so dass er als Ansprechpartner und Berater
für Hedlingers Medaillenprojekte zur Verfügung stand und nach seiner
Ernennung zum Postmeister in Basel dem Freund mit seinen zahlreichen
Verbindungen dienlich sein konnte. Erst ab 1740 ist dem Briefwechsel zwischen den beiden zu entnehmen, dass Hedlinger seinem Freund regelmäßig
Medaillen und Abschläge zusandte, mit dem erklärten Ziel Schorndorff
ein Medaillenkabinett aufzubauen. Über Hedlinger kam Schorndorff in
Kontakt zu den anderen führenden Medailleuren seiner Zeit, darunter Jean
Dassier (1676–1763) in Genf oder Johann Melchior Mörikofer (1706–1761)
in Bern. So kamen zu den Werken Hedlingers noch Medaillen befreundeter Künstler hinzu. Da die Verbundenheit der Freunde und ihrer Familien
57
über den Tod von Johann Schorndorff hinaus Bestand hatte, wurde das
Schorndorffsche Medaillenkabinett von seinen Nachkommen als Ausdruck
der Verbundenheit zwischen dem Postmeister und dem Medailleur gepflegt
und ausgebaut. So baute Johanns viertes Kind, der erfolgreiche Seidenbandfabrikant Daniel Schorndorff (1750–1817), die Sammlung zielstrebig
um die fehlenden Hedlinger-Medaillen und Werke von anderen Schweizer
Künstlern aus. Er nutzte seine weiten geschäftlichen Beziehungen nach
Deutschland und Frankreich, um die Hedlinger-Sammlung seines Vaters
nahezu zu vervollständigen und erweiterte sie um deutsche und schwedische Münzen und Medaillen. Geleitet von allgemein historischem Interesse
bauten weitere Nachkommen den Bestand zu einer Universalsammlung aus,
die in zwei Teilen an das Historische Museum Basel gelangte, zuerst 1911
die Sammlung von 322 Hedlinger-Medaillen, inklusive der Bücher, Stiche
und Handzeichnungen, sodann im Jahr 1943 die auf fast 3000 Exemplare
angewachsene und mehr personen- und geldgeschichtlich ausgerichtete
Universalsammlung.
Abb. 8. Medaille von Johann Karl Hedlinger mit dem Selbstporträt des Künstlers,
Eisenkunstguss um 1823 nach einer verlorenen Wachsbossierung um 1730 (HMB
Inv. 1911.976.)
58
michael matzke
Abb. 9. Basel, Taler 1793 von Johann Friedrich Huber aus der Sammlung
Falkeisen (HMB Inv. 1903.523.)
Solche Generalsammlungen gelangten seit dem 19. Jahrhundert verstärkt
in die städtischen Sammlungen, so etwa im Fall der Legate von Dr. August
Meyer (1903–1977) und Dr. Henry Faucherre (1883–1971), auch wenn
sie gegenwärtig tendenziell seltener werden und in der Sammlung des
Museums weniger markant erscheinen. Dagegen erfreuten sich Spezialsammlungen seit dem ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert wachsender Beliebtheit. Solche Spezialsammlungen können sich auf ein klar definiertes Gebiet,
Territorium oder bestimmte Bilder und Motive beziehen. Meist stehen
die eigene Heimatstadt oder ihr Territorium dabei im Mittelpunkt. Unter
den größeren Sammlungen im Historischen Museum Basel hat sich nur
Louis Ewig (1814–1870) ausschließlich auf Münzen und Medaillen aus
Basel oder mit unmittelbarem Bezug zu Basel beschränkt, doch erreichte
die Sammlung eine solche Vollständigkeit, dass ihr Katalog lange als Referenzwerk für die Basler Numismatik diente. Seine Sammlung ergänzte
und vervollständigte ganz erheblich die Sammlung des Museums. Auch
die Sammlung des Antistes Hieronymus Falkeisen (1758–1838) umfasste
vor allem Basler und eidgenössische Münzen und Medaillen herausragender Qualität. Etwas weiter fasste der Basler Kreispostdirektor Fritz August
Lichtensteiger (1863–1935) sein Sammelgebiet, indem er sich auf Basler,
andere Nordschweizer und Breisgauer Pfennige sowie Bodensee-Brakteaten
des 12. bis 17. Jahrhunderts konzentrierte. In dieser Sammlung sind auch
Fundmünzen enthalten, deren Provenienz sorgfältig vermerkt wurde; diese
Bestände sind eine wichtige Ressource für die Münzgeschichte der Region,
die noch nicht voll ausgeschöpft werden konnte.
Mit verschiedenen Themenschwerpunkten und herausragender Qualität
fügen sich die Legate von Oberstleutnant Rudolf Brüderlin (1917) sowie
Dr. Leon und Sophie Der Grigorian Müller (1989) in die Gruppe der Spe-
59
zialsammlungen ein. Entsprechend der Herkunft des Sammlers hat die
Sammlung Der Grigorian einen Schwerpunkt im Nahen und Mittleren Osten
diachron von der Antike bis in die Neuzeit, wobei unter den 143 Exemplaren
qualitätvolle griechische und sasanidische Münzen besonders hervortreten.
Die Sammelleidenschaft des Banquiers Rudolf Brüderlin Ronus (1853–1917)
umfasste neben Büchern, Militaria und Miniaturen ungefähr 340 Renaissance- und Barock-Medaillen sowie 770 Basler Münzen und Medaillen mit
der entsprechenden Literatur und sorgfältigen Aufzeichnungen. Entgegen
einem – oberflächlichen – Urteil in einer jüngeren sozialhistorischen Studie
steht Brüderlin im Interesse und Engagement für die Geschichte seiner Stadt
anderen Sammlern und Gelehrten dieser Zeit in nichts nach. Zu erwähnen
sind auch die Sammlungen von Historikern und frühen Archäologen seit
dem 19. Jahrhundert, die wichtige Münztypen und Funde sorgfältig dokumentiert haben. Dieser Typ der Spezialsammlungen bildet zusammen mit
den entsprechend dokumentierten Stücken anderer Sammler, Altfunden der
Historischen und Antiquarischen Gesellschaft Basel, neueren Fundmünzen
aus Ausgrabungen und der entsprechenden Literatur ein archäologisches
Spezialarchiv, das von großer Bedeutung für die Geschichte der Region ist.
Der aus Purrentruy im heutigen Kanton Jura stammende Gelehrte Auguste
Quiquerez (1801–1882) dokumentierte neben der Geschichte, Geologie und
zahlreichen anderen Altertümern auch die Fundmünzen im Bereich des
ehemaligen Bistums Basel. Die Exemplare sind dank der Aufbewahrung im
Historischen Museum noch heute für die Forschung greifbar. In ähnlicher
Weise verdanken wir dem Engagement des Rechtshistorikers und Altertumsforschers Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815–1887) nicht nur die Theorie
des „Mutterrechts“ oder Matriarchats und verschiedene Abhandlungen zu
archäologischen Fragen, sondern auch einen Münzschatz, den er durch Kauf
vor der Zerstreuung bewahren konnte. Aber auch so profilierte Historiker
wie Andreas Alföldi (1895–1981) hatten kleinere Gelehrtensammlungen,
die ihnen als greifbares Anschauungsobjekt für ihre Publikationen dienten.
Mit der modernen Gelehrtensammlung schließt sich der Kreis der im Historischen Museum Basel vertretenen numismatischen Sammlungen seit
Erasmus von Rotterdam. Stets war das historische Interesse bei der Entstehung der Sammlungen zentral.
Seit dem Jahr 1972 wurde das Münzkabinett über 32 Jahre von Beatrice
Schärli als erster Konservatorin des Münzkabinetts professionell betreut.
Seit 2006 ist der Berichterstatter für die Bestände zuständig. Heute umfassen
die Sammlungen ungefähr 66.000 numismatische Objekte, darunter etwa
11.000 antike, 20.000 mittelalterliche und neuzeitliche Münzen, 13.000
topographisch zuordenbare Fundmünzen, 12.000 Medaillen, über 1000
Münz- und Medaillenstempel sowie über 600 Gemmen, mehrere Daktyliotheken und über 60 Münzwaagen. Als Universalsammlung – entsprechend
der Summe der eingeflossenen Sammlungen – hat das Museum naturgemäß
einen Schwerpunkt in der Region, wobei vor allem die genannten alten
Sammlungen und der Bestand der Medaillen von herausragender Bedeutung
60
michael matzke
Abb. 10. Kontorniat des Wagenlenkers Stefanas mit dem Porträt des Kaisers
Nero, um 355/60, aus der Sammlung Andreas Alföldi (HMB Inv. 1991.187.)
sind. So konzentrieren sich Forschungs- und Publikationsprojekte nicht
nur auf die regionale Münz- und Geldgeschichte sowie die Fundmünzen
der Region, sondern auch auf Untersuchungen an den Medaillen des 16.
Jahrhunderts wie den Paduaner-Medaillen, um einmal die verschiedenen
Fragen um diese eigenartigen Renaissance-Objekte lösen zu können. Leider
wurde im Jahr 2012 per Entscheid des Regierungsrats die Abgabe der
seit der Gründung der Archäologischen Bodenforschung 1962 gemachten
Münzfunde des Kantons Basel-Stadt an diese archäologische Fachbehörde
beschlossen, so dass nicht nur die Einheit des Münzfundarchivs im Münzkabinett empfindlich gestört wurde, sondern auch die kontinuierliche numismatische Betreuung der Neufunde nicht mehr gewährleistet ist.
Entsprechend der Bedeutung der alten Sammlungen wird die 2011
eröffnete neue Dauerausstellung des Basler Münzkabinetts im Rahmen der
Sammlungsgeschichte präsentiert. Die gesamte neue Dauerausstellung im
Untergeschoss der Basler Barfüßerkirche ist so konzipiert, dass unter dem
Titel „Wege zur Welterkenntnis“ den Besuchern vermittelt wird, wie in der
Renaissance und im Zeitalter des Barock Sammler und Forscher die Welt
über die gesammelten Objekte erkundeten und – im wahrsten Sinn des
Wortes – begriffen. Ausgehend von der idealen Kunstkammer werden daher
die Münzen und Medaillen über zwei Zugänge erschlossen: die Münzen
als Zeugen der Vergangenheit und Quellen für die Geschichte; die Medaillen als raffinierte Kleinkunstwerke und Spiegel der Kulturgeschichte.
Vieles ist aktiv zu entdecken. Die Herstellungsprozesse werden anhand von
Werkzeugen, Halbfabrikaten und einer Goldschmiede- bzw. Münzwerkstatt
veranschaulicht. Dabei übernehmen neun große Touchscreens die Vermittlungsfunktion, indem sie so installiert sind, dass alle Münzen und Medaillen
aufrufbar sowie in Vorder- und Rückseitenansicht zu sehen sind. So werden
Fragen wie die Geldfunktion oder der Informationsgehalt der Münzen,
61
Abb. 11. Blick in die neue Dauerausstellung des Historischen Museums Basel
Geldsysteme und die Entwicklung des Münzgelds sowie der Wandel der
Interessen und Moden in der Medaillenkunst mit Hilfe von Touchscreens
vermittelt. Der Besucher hat daher die Möglichkeit, selbständig und intuitiv
zu jedem Thema und jeder Münze oder Medaille Informationen abzurufen.
Wechselnde Sonderausstellungen ergänzen die universal angelegte Dauerausstellung und greifen gemäß der Gesamtkonzeption in Kooperation mit
den anderen Abteilungen in die anderen Ausstellungsteile aus – ganz in der
Tradition alter Sammlungen, Kunst- und Raritätenkabinette.
62
michael matzke
Literatur zur Sammlungsgeschichte
Historisches Museum Basel. Jahresberichte 1909ff.
Historisches Museum Basel. Erasmus von Rotterdam. Vorkämpfer für Frieden
und Toleranz. Ausstellungskatalog, Basel 1986.
Historisches Museum Basel. Führer durch die Sammlungen, Basel 1994.
Die grosse Kunstkammer. Bürgerliche Sammler und Sammlungen in Basel,
Basel 2011.
Ackermann, Felix, Der Münzkasten des Basler Sammlers Basilius Amerbach
(1533–1591), Schweizer Münzblätter 42 (1992), H. 166, S. 47–56.
Berkemeier-Favre, Marie-Claire, Von der Kunst, Kabinette zu gestalten.
Sammlungsmöbel aus den Beständen des Historischen Museums Basel,
in: Schubiger, Benno (ed.), Sammeln und Sammlungen im 18. Jahrhundert
in der Schweiz. Akten des Kolloquiums Basel, 16. –18. Oktober 2003, Genève
2007, S. 415–437.
Burckhardt, Rudolf F., Über die Medaillensammlung des Ludovic Demoulin
de Rochefort im Historischen Museum zu Basel, Anzeiger für Schweizerische
Altertumskunde NF 20 (1918), S. 36–53.
Casoli, Andrea, Allerhandt Neüwen vnnd alte Münzen... Das Inventar B von
1648 und Remigius Faesch (1595–1667) als Münzsammler, in: Historisches
Museum Basel. Jahresbericht 2012 (2013), S. 57–69.
Faesch, Remigius Sebastian/Salvisberg, André, Das Museum Faesch. Eine
Basler Kunst- und Raritätensammlung aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, Basel 2005.
Felder, Peter, Medailleur Johann Carl Hedlinger, 1691–1771. Leben und Werk,
Aarau u.a. 1978.
Fellmann Brogli, Regine, Die Gemmensammlung im Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums Basel: Entstehung, Zusammensetzung und ausgewählte
Beispiele, in: Historisches Museum Basel. Jahresbericht 1990, S. 77–84.
Geigy, Alfred, Katalog der Basler Münzen und Medaillen der im Historischen
Museum zu Basel deponierten Ewig’schen Sammlung, Basel 1899.
Hoerschelmann, Susanne von, Basilius Amerbach als Sammler und Kenner
von antiken Münzen, in: Elisabeth Landolt u.a., Das Amerbach-Kabinett.
Beiträge zu Basilius Amerbach, Basel 1991, S. 29–50.
63
Hoerschelmann, Susanne von (ed.), Münzverzeichnis des Bonifacius Amerbach aus dem Jahre 1552 / Amerbachs Verzeichnis der geschenkten und
getauschten Gegenstände 1579-1591, in: Elisabeth Landolt u.a., Das Amerbach-Kabinett. Beiträge zu Basilius Amerbach, Basel 1991, S. 109–122 und
208–237.
Landolt, Elisabeth, Das Amerbach-Kabinett und seine Inventare, in: Landolt, Elisabeth u.a., Beiträge zu Basilius Amerbach-Kabinett (Sammeln in der
Renaissance. Das Amerbach-Kabinett), Basel 1991, S. 73–303.
Landolt, Elisabeth und Ackermann, Felix, Die Objekte im Historischen Museum
(Sammeln in der Renaissance. Das Amerbach-Kabinett), Basel 1991.
Lindau, Johann Karl, Das Medaillenkabinett des Postmeisters Johann Schorndorff zu Basel. Seine Geschichte bis zur Erwerbung durch das Historische
Museum Basel, Diss. phil. Basel 1947 (Basler Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft, 28), Basel 1947.
Major, Emil, Das Fäschische Museum und die Fäschischen Inventare, in:
Öffentliche Kunstsammlung in Basel. LX. Jahresbericht, N.F. 4, 1908, S. 1–69.
Matzke, Michael, «Une espèce d’Histoire métallique» – Münz- und Medaillensammlungen in Basel, in: Die grosse Kunstkammer. Bürgerliche Sammler
und Sammlungen in Basel, Basel 2011, S. 109–120.
Matzke, Michael, Weltgeschichte in der Hand – Die neue Dauerausstellung
im Historischen Museum Basel, in: Numismatisches Nachrichtenblatt 62
(2013), 6/13, S. 209–212; Numis-Post 46 (2013), 6/13, S. 75–78; MünzenRevue 45 (2013), 6/2013, S. 14; [Website] „Muenzenwoche“, Ausgabe vom
13.06.2013 (http://muenzenwoche.de/de/News/4?&id=2071).
Meyer, Friedrich/Landolt, Elisabeth (eds.), Andreas Ryff (1550–1603),
Reisebüchlein, Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde 72 (1972),
S. 5–135.
Quiquerez, Auguste, Monuments de l’ancien l’évêché de Bâle. Le Mont-terrible,
avec notice historique sur les établissements des Romains dans le Jura bernois,
Porrentruy 1862.
Quiquerez, Auguste, Histoire des institutions politiques, constitutionnelles
et juridiques de l’Evêché de Bâle, des villes et des seigneuries de cet Etat,
Delémont 1876.
Sarasin, Philipp, Stadt der Bürger: Bürgerliche Macht und städtische Gesellschaft, Basel 1846-1914, 2. erw. Aufl., Göttingen 1997, S. 231–235.
64
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Schärli, Beatrice, Münzen und Medaillen aus dem Besitz des Erasmus, in:
Erasmus von Rotterdam. Vorkämpfer für Frieden und Toleranz, Ausstellungskatalog Historisches Museum Basel, Basel 1986, S. 35 und 108–116.
Schärli, Beatrice, Historisches Museum. Münzkabinett, in: Faesch, Remigius
Sebastian/Salvisberg, André: Das Museum Faesch – Eine Basler Kunst- und
Raritätensammlung aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, Basel 2005, S. 52–57.
Schubiger, Benno (ed.), Sammeln und Sammlungen im 18. Jahrhundert in der
Schweiz. Akten des Kolloquiums Basel, 16. –18. Oktober 2003, Genève 2007.
65
HISTOIRE DES COLLECTIONS NUMISMATIQUES ET
DES INSTITUTIONS VOUÉES À LA NUMISMATIQUE
Reinhold Walburg
in Frankfurt am Main
Abb. 1. Die Reichshauptbank in Berlin, Jägerstraße
Aus der dicht besiedelten numismatischen Sammlungslandschaft in
Deutschland ragen vier markante Erhebungen deutlich hervor, die sich,
alphabetisch und geographisch geordnet von Nord nach Süd reihen: Berlin,
Dresden, Frankfurt am Main und München. Jedes der dort angesiedelten
großen Münzkabinette hat sein eigenes Alleinstellungsmerkmal und es
herrscht unter ihnen weder Konkurrenz noch Gerangel hinsichtlich einer
irgendwie gearteten Vormachtstellung. Ungewollt und unverschuldet fällt
jedoch eine Institution aus dem Rahmen, und das gleich in mehrfacher Hinsicht: Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank in Frankfurt
am Main. Zwei Dinge sind naturgemäß von Interesse, die Sammlung selbst
und ihre Geschichte, wobei die Frage, welcher der wichtigere Aspekt sei,
vom Standpunkt und dem Interesse des jeweiligen Betrachters abhängt. Und
da sich eine streng getrennte Behandlung beider Gesichtspunkte ohnehin
nicht durchhalten lässt, läuft das Folgende zwangsläufig auf eine numismatisch belebte chronologische Institutionengeschichte hinaus.
66
Reinhold Walburg
Lagen die Anfänge der anderen drei Kabinette in fürstlichen Wiegen, bleibt
dem vierten, bürgerlichen, auf seine ungewöhnliche Herkunft, bewegte
Geschichte und institutionelle Verortung zu verweisen. Bei der Geburt unserer Sammlung sangen keine Engelschöre, der Kanonendonner des Ersten
Weltkrieges war die Begleitmusik. Und nicht kunstsinnige Könige sondern
Reichsbankbeamte waren die Geburtshelfer. Alles fing an mit der Neuauflage
des Slogans »Gold gab ich für Eisen« – das hatte ja schon 1813 im Krieg
gegen Napoleon ganz prächtig funktioniert. Dieses Geschäftsmodell zur
Kriegsfinanzierung – hier in der Durchnummerierung des Grauens des ersten der beiden Weltkriege – bescherte den Tresoren der Reichshauptbank in
Berlin einen ansehnlichen Bestand freiwillig in vaterländischer Gesinnung
abgelieferter Reichsgoldmünzen (Abb. 1), dort selbstredend banktechnisch
korrekt verwahrt (Abb. 2).
Abb. 2. Blick in einen Teil den alten Reichsbanktresors und
Münzbeutel aus der Zeit
67
Heute haben wir diesen in seiner Vollständigkeit wohl einmaligen Bestand
an deutschen Reichsgoldmünzen natürlich konservatorisch korrekt magaziniert (Abb. 3).
Abb. 3. Blick in das Magazin und Tablett mit Reichsgoldmünzen
68
Reinhold Walburg
Für die Ablieferung der Goldmünzen gab es natürlich auch etwas, z. B. ein
eindrucksvolles, patriotisch hochaufgeladenes Gedenkblatt (Abb. 4).
Abb. 4. Gedenkblatt aus dem Jahr 1916
In der Reichshauptbank in Berlin wurden dann sehr viel später (1931) aus
der Masse der im ganzen Land bei den Reichsbankstellen abgelieferten
69
Goldmünzen (später auch Silber) die besonders gut erhaltenen Stücke und
seltene Gepräge durch »besonders ausgewählte und hierfür geschulte Bedienstete aussortiert« – der Grundstein der Sammlung war gelegt (Abb. 5).
Abb. 5. Reichsgoldmünzen
Stufenweise kühn ausgreifend und recht zügig setzte sich der Wunsch nach
dem Aufbau einer welt- und zeitenumfassenden Universalsammlung durch,
auch auf dem Gebiet des Papiergeldes.
Die nach und nach mit sachkundiger Unterstützung des lokalen Berliner
Münzhandels und kompetenter Sammler ausgebaute Sammlung wuchs bis
zum Zweiten Weltkrieg auf angeblich 180.000 Münzen und 140.000 Geld-
70
Reinhold Walburg
Abb. 6. Münz- und Medaillenausstellung 1935 im großen Sitzungssaal des
Reichsbankdirektoriums
scheine an und konnte sich spätestens mit der Schaffung der ›Abteilung
Sammlung‹ in der Reichsbank Berlin im Jahr 1935 zu Recht ›Die Reichsbanksammlung‹ nennen. Anlassbezogen wurden Ausstellungen arrangiert,
wie etwa hier (Abb. 6) eine kleine Münzen- und Medaillenschau im Frühjahr
Abb. 7. Münz- und Geldscheinausstellung in der Reichsbank zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
71
Abb. 8. Gold- und Silbermünzen aus der ehem. Reichsbanksammlung,
im Hintergrund neun Bankbeutel
1935 im großen Sitzungssaal des Reichsbankdirektoriums anlässlich einer
Unterrichtswoche für Reichsbankbeamte – Fachfortbildung mit kulturellem
Rahmenprogramm. Früh wurde auch die Bedeutung einer guten numismatischen Bibliothek erkannt und daher z. B. 1937, ein Jahr nach seinem Tod,
die etwa 1.500 Titel umfassende Sammlung des bekannten Numismatikers
Max von Bahrfeldt durch die Reichsbank erworben.
Die hohe Qualität der Reichsbanksammlung beeindruckte 1942 den Ehrenpräsidenten der Wiener Numismatischen Gesellschaft, Oberst Eduard von
Zambaur nachhaltig: »Ich schicke voraus, daß ich über die Reichhaltigkeit
der Sammlungen der R.(eichs) B.(ank) geradezu erstaunt war, obwohl ich
fast alle großen öffentlichen Münzsammlungen Europas kenne. Ich war
nicht darauf gefaßt, auf allen Gebieten der Münzprägung ein so gleichmäßig
reiches und wertvolles Material zu finden«1
Das dekorative Beiwerk an Personen und als Bauschmuck auf dem folgenden
Bild (Abb. 7) definiert die Zeit und signalisiert damit auch das nahe Ende
der Reichsbanksammlung.
Setzen wir hier neu an: Wir schreiben das Jahr 1945 und der Zweite Weltkrieg neigt sich seinem Ende zu. Alliierte Truppen stehen bereits in den
Außenbezirken von Berlin, und in der dortigen Deutschen Reichsbank – wie
1
Beobachtungen über die Organisation des Geldmuseums der D.(eutsche R.(eichs)
B.(ank) in Berlin. Historisches Archiv der Deutschen Bundesbank, B 330/10058.
72
Reinhold Walburg
Abb. 9. Japanischer Ōbankin, hergestellt im Oktober des 10. Jahres der
Kyōhō-Ära (1725)
die ehemalige Reichshauptbank in Berlin nun heißt – beginnt das große
Zusammenpacken und Abtransportieren, natürlich auch in der Sammlung,
die seit dem Jahr 1937 unter der Bezeichnung ›Geldmuseum‹ firmiert. Hier
wird nach rein pragmatischen Gesichtspunkten gepackt, d. h. in erster Linie
das Edelmetall in Form der Goldmünzen und -medaillen und der großen
Silberobjekte: gut 23.000 Stücke, oder knapp 13% des Bestandes, verpackt
in neun großen Bankbeuteln von durchschnittlich jeweils 40 bis 50 Pfund
Gewicht; das Ganze könnte ungefähr so ausgesehen haben (Abb. 8).
Diesem handfesten Ansatz verdankt sich daher z. B. auch der Fortbestand
einer hervorragenden Kollektion von japanischen Ōbans und Kōbans, der
einzigartigen großen Plattenmünzen des Inselreiches (Abb. 9) aus der Zeit
der Shōgune.
Die restlichen Münzen, ebenso wie die gesamte bis dahin aufgebaute
Papiergeldsammlung, eine Münzpreiskartei und die Bibliothek blieben
zurück, und es ist müßig, über deren Verbleib zu spekulieren. 2 Zusammen
2
Lesenswert zu diesem Themenkreis ist ein Beitrag von B. Weisser über die Berliner
öffentlichen Sammlungen im Jahr 1945: Philistis von Syrakus. Eine rätselhafte Neuerwerbung des Münzkabinetts und ein Stück Berliner Geschichte des Jahres 1945, in:
Beiträge zur brandenburgisch/preußischen Numismatik, NH 13, 2005, 224–229. http://
ww2.smb.museum/ngb/files/NH13_224229.pdf
73
Abb. 10. Eintrag im ersten Inventarbuch über den Kauf von Münzen aus der ehemaligen Reichsbanksammlung
mit Gold- und Silberbarren, Währungs- und Devisenbeständen, Druckplatten
zur Herstellung von Banknoten sowie Kunstobjekten wurden die Säcke in
das Kalibergwerk in Merkers / Thüringen verbracht, das mit seinen tiefen
und weitverzweigten Stollen sicheren Schutz vor Bombenangriffen und, so
hoffte man wohl, auch vor der Entdeckung der dort eingelagerten Schätze
durch die Alliierten bot. Zumindest die letzte Hoffnung trog. Ortsansässige
ausländische Zwangsarbeiter, die für ihre deutschen Peiniger naturgemäß
keine allzu große Sympathie hegten, gaben amerikanischen Truppen die
entscheidenden Hinweise auf die zentrale Schatzhöhle der Nationalsozialisten. Den Entdeckern ging es natürlich in erster Linie um die Gold- und
Bargeldberge, mit deren Beschlagnahme man dem Feind einen empfindlichen Schlag versetzen konnte. Unsere neun Münzbeutel liefen da im Gesamtverband der alliierten Kriegsbeute so eher nebenbei mit, aber – sie liefen
und ihr Inhalt überdauerte die Zeit. Es gab noch einen zehnten Beutel, der
aber beim eiligen Abtransport unbemerkt irgendwo stehen geblieben war.
In ihm befanden sich vermutlich die antiken Münzen, von einem ehemaligen
Mitarbeiter des Geldmuseums als »Kleinod der Sammlung« bezeichnet.
Springen wir in das Jahr 1954. Die Reichsbank ist abgewickelt, und Dr.
Arnold Kramer »in seiner Eigenschaft als Treuhänder für die Deutsche
Reichsbank in Hessen« muss immer noch die von den Amerikanern in
Merkers als Kriegsbeute requirierten 23.265 Münzen aus der ehemaligen
Reichsbanksammlung verwerten; er bietet sie der Bank deutscher Länder,
der Vorgängerinstitution der Deutschen Bundesbank, zum Kauf an. Die
Sammlung wird durch den Münzhändler Busso Peus und den wissenschaftlichen Numismatiker Walter Hävernick begutachtet und geschätzt, Präsident
und Vizepräsident der Bank deutscher Länder unterzeichnen am 11. März
1954 die Vereinbarung mit dem Treuhänder, und zwei Tage später wechseln
die Münzen für DM 2.162.989,03 den Besitzer (Abb. 10). Drei Jahre später
wird die Bank dann von einem Privatsammler den Grundstock der heutigen
Papiergeldsammlung in Form von rund 195.000 Scheinen erwerben.
Trotz politischer Bestrebungen unter Hinweis darauf, dass »Das Geld-Museum der früheren Reichsbank […] eine der bedeutendsten numismatischen
74
Reinhold Walburg
Abb. 11. Ostägäis – China
Sammlungen der Welt (sei)« 3 dieses wieder nach Berlin zu überführen, verblieben die Stücke in Frankfurt; Ort und Grundstock einer neuen Sammlung
waren definiert. In einem fünfseitigen Gutachten legte Hävernick 1957 den
hohen Standard des nun zur Verfügung stehenden Materialgrundstocks
und dessen Eignung zum weiteren Ausbau als Universalsammlung dar,
»so dass man bei wissenschaftlicher Sammelarbeit dort stets mit irgend
einem Erfolg nachsuchen kann.« Die Bank deutscher Länder und später
die Deutsche Bundesbank folgten Hävernicks Empfehlung. Wie bereits zu
Reichsbankzeiten festgelegt, wurde der Bestand sowohl auf dem Münz- als
auch auf dem Papiergeldsektor als Universalsammlung weiter ausgebaut;
nicht zu vergessen der gute repräsentative Querschnitt durch die weltweite
Vielfalt der prämonetären Zahlungsmittel. ›Universal‹ ist in der Tat zu verstehen als ›weltweit durch alle Zeiten‹ – von den unmittelbaren Vorläufern des
Münzgeldes in der Ostägäis des achten Jahrhunderts v. Chr. bis hin zu den
chinesischen monetären Überraschungen des 21. Jahrhunderts (Abb. 11).
Oder von den mingzeitlichen Geldscheinen des 14. Jh. bis zur simbabwischen
100 Billionen-Note des Jahres 2008 (Abb. 12).
3
Frankfurter Neue Presse vom 3.3.1955.
Abb. 12. China – Simbabwe
75
76
Reinhold Walburg
Und eben diese geographische Breite und zeitliche Tiefe sind – um die Eingangsausführungen wieder aufzugreifen – unser Alleinstellungsmerkmal. Es
ist schon recht schwer, uns mit einer Nachfrage nach einem Zahlungsmittel
›auf dem linken Fuß zu erwischen‹. Und genau wegen dieser ›Artenvielfalt‹
hängt in einem der Sammlungsräume eine große Weltkarte, die doch hin
und wieder gebraucht wird. Die meisten Länder lassen sich in den geographisch geordneten Sammlungsbeständen relativ einfach finden, aber
wo reiht man systematisch korrekt z. B. Transnistrien, die Cocos Islands
oder Tristan da Cunha ein?
Über die bankinterne Zuordnung des soeben erworbenen Kulturgutes gab
es 1954 überhaupt keine Diskussion. Guter Reichsbanktradition folgend
kamen die Münzen und später dann die Geldscheine in die Hauptkasse –
Geld zu Geld – und wurden dort von Bankangehörigen nach bestem Wissen
bearbeitet; der erste wissenschaftliche Numismatiker zur Betreuung der
Sammlung wurde im Jahr 1960 eingestellt.
Gegenwärtig umfasst die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank insgesamt über 350.000 Objekte, aufgegliedert in c. 90.000 Münzen,
c. 260.000 Geldscheine, vormünzliche Zahlungsmittel und sonstige Museumsgegenstände ›rund um das Geld‹.
Aus der Sonderstellung in der numismatischen Landschaft und der Geschichte des geteilten Deutschlands heraus erklären sich gewisse Ungleichgewichtungen im Münzbestand, geschuldet der befolgten Empfehlung Hävernicks in seinem oben erwähnten Gutachten: »Die wissenschaftliche Aufgabe,
die sich für das Geldmuseum heute geradezu anbietet, ist die Sammlung aller
auf dem Boden der heutigen ›Deutschen Demokratischen Republik‹ und dem
Gebiet östlich der Oder-Neissegrenze (ehem. Deutsche Gebiete) geprägten
Münzen (und Medaillen). Für diese Gebiete besteht kein Münzkabinett mehr,
und es wird nach menschlichem Ermessen in absehbarer Zeit auch keines
von Bedeutung wieder erstehen.« Hinzu trat der nützliche Effekt, dass die
Bundesbanksammlung in ihrer Erwerbungspolitik kaum mit den anderen
westdeutschen Sammlungen in Konflikt geraten würde. Nach der Wiedervereinigung und einer nunmehr wieder existierenden gesamtdeutschen
Numismatik wurde die selbst auferlegte Beschränkung zurück- und das
ursprüngliche Konzept der Universalsammlung wieder aufgenommen.
Die Sammlungstätigkeit geht, was in unserem Fall besonders wichtig ist, bis
an den aktuellen Rand. Hier sind wir sozusagen im Tagesgeschäft der Bank
und der aufmerksamen Beobachtung ihres Kerngeschäftsfeldes ›Bargeld‹
durch die Sammlung, ob und wo es Artefakte aus dem Themenfeld ›Bargeldherstellung‹ sicherzustellen gilt. Denn irgendwann geht auch die Erinnerung
an das heute Geläufige verloren, und dann ist es gut, Objekte zur Verfügung
zu haben, um Geld- und gelegentlich gar Zeitgeschichte im wahrsten Sinne
›begreifen‹ zu können (Abb. 13).
77
Abb. 13. Anlässlich der Einführung des Eurobargeldes im Auftrag der Europäischen
Kommission hergestellte Training Token für Sehbehinderte und Blinde
Abb. 14. Geldscheinbündel aus der Kriegskasse der »Admiral Graf Spee«
Zeitgeschichte begegnet uns etwa in einem optisch eher belanglosen Geldscheinbündel, das jedoch Teil der Kriegskasse des berühmten Panzerschiffes
»Admiral Graf Spee« war, versenkt von der eigenen Besatzung zu Beginn
des Zweiten Weltkriegs in der Mündung des Rio de la Plata (Abb. 14).
Die beste Sammlung ist nutzlos, wenn sie nicht begleitet wird von einer
ebenso guten Bibliothek, die kontinuierlich auf allen Gebieten der Numismatik, Geldgeschichte und historischer Wirtschaftsgeschichte ausgebaut wird.
Dementsprechend ist die ›Numismatische Fachbibliothek‹, dem Sammlungsbestand folgend, als Präsenzbibliothek ebenso breit wie dieser aufgestellt,
und ihre mehr als 23.000 Medieneinheiten sind online recherchierbar:
(http://www.bundesbank.de/Navigation/DE/Bundesbank/Sammlungen/
Muenz_und_Geldscheinsammlung/Numismatische_Fachbibliothek/numismatische_fachbibliothek.html)
Wie in jeder anderen öffentlichen Sammlung auch, stehen die Objekte der
Bundesbanksammlung wissenschaftlich interessierten Besuchern zum
Studium am Original zur Verfügung.
Es macht wenig Sinn, im Rahmen dieser kleinen Sammlungsgeschichte jetzt
die Highlights auf den Laufsteg zu schicken; das ist ermüdend und peinlich.
Hier mag ein Hinweis auf den Internetauftritt der Sammlung unter www.
bundesbank.de (… dann: Bundesbank / Sammlungen) genügen, wo u. a.
bedeutende Neuerwerbungen und in regelmäßiger Folge Glanzstücke aus
der Sammlung in ihrem historischen Umfeld vorgestellt werden.
Abbildungsnachweis: Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt
78
NÉCROLOGIES / OBITUARIES
Kenneth Jonsson
Brita Malmer (1925–2013)
Brita Malmer passed away
suddenly on May 8, 2013,
just a few days before her
88th birthday. She was born
in Malmö in 1925. As a pupil
in a history class in upper
secondary school she realized
that the account by Snorre
Sturlassons about the Viking
Age, although written down
in the thirteenth century, was
not a good source since it was
not contemporary. At Lund
University she studied among
other things archaeology and
history. Her history teacher was
Sture Bolin, who belonged to the Weibullian School where source criticism
was a hallmark. In 1926 he had written a thesis about the finds of Roman
coins in Germania and later published an important paper on the circulation
of coins during the Viking Age. Source criticism and objectivity became a
lifelong goal in Brita’s own research.
In Lund she had met her future husband Mats P. Malmer during an
excavation in 1947. When he excavated the church of Sankt Jörgens in
Åhus 197 medieval coins were found. Here Brita had her first contact with
coins and could sense their potential as research objects. The coins were
identified by Nils Ludvig Rasmusson keeper at the Kungl. myntkabinettet
(Royal Coin Cabinet) in Stockholm, where in 1951 Brita was offered a job,
which she declined as she had enough work in Lund.
From 1952 Brita was employed at the coin cabinet of the Historical Museum
in Lund with the task to renew the exhibitions. She became Master of Arts
in archaeology in 1953 basing her research on an unpublished work on
Byzantine coin types by Sven Estridsen.
In 1948 plans were made for international cooperation to publish the Swedish
coin finds from the Viking Age, mainly housed in the Kungl. myntkabinettet
in Stockholm. The finds chiefly consisted of Islamic, German and English
coins with a total close to 200,000 specimens of which the majority survive.
In 1954 the project began and Brita became an associate, although only for
BRITA MALMER (1925 –2013)
79
a month during each of the first five years. Her task was to take charge of
the Byzantine and Scandinavian coins and it was to last for her entire life.
The young international team also consisted of Michael Dolley (English
coins), Peter Berghaus, as well as Vera and Gert Hatz (German coins) and
others who came to Stockholm every year to work on the hoards. It was an
inspirational environment for everybody and many even learnt to speak
Swedish and became friends for life. The fabulously rich finds provided new
opportunities to study and analyze the coinage of the Viking Age.
The reference works on Scandinavian coins had been written in the
nineteenth century and the material had only been partly analyzed. Brita
realized that she had to write new works of reference for her material and
she started with Norwegian coins dating from the second half of the eleventh
century, a study for which her manuscript was finished in 1958. Her method
was based on the decorative and technical elements of the coins. They
consisted for instance on how the letters and motifs had been rendered and
on weight, diameter and centering. Everything was described in words and
the analysis carried out in an objective way. The basis for the method had
been developed by her husband and was based on verbal definitions and
independent typological elements. Brita developed the method and applied
it in a very successful way to the Norwegian coins, which only exceptionally
had legible inscriptions. The result was that the coinage could be divided
into three classes based on motif and five chronological periods.
In 1959 Mats and Brita moved to Stockholm, where she became employed
part-time within the Viking-Age project, and from 1962 on a full-time basis.
In her doctoral thesis, published in 1966, the oldest Danish coinage during
the ninth and tenth centuries became the next challenge. The coinage
consisted of two main groups, earlier called Birka-Hedeby coins and later
half bracteates. In order to avoid national connotations for the first group,
Nordic coins became the name she used for both groups. A concentration of
finds with coins from the earlier phase had been found at Birka, but she could
show that the coins had been struck at Hedeby on the Jutland Peninsula.
From a methodological point of view, the thesis was a follow-up on her work
on the Norwegian coins. The entire material consisted of c. 2,700 coins,
and Brita used her artistic skills to illustrate the verbal definitions of the
types and varieties with her own drawings. Brita was also appointed senior
lecturer after defending her thesis.
In 1968, history and numismatics joined hands in her popular book Mynt
och människor, Vikingatidens silverskatter berättar (Coins and people, the
tale of the Viking-Age hoards). Based among others on her own drawings
of coins from Ireland in the west to the Volga-Bulgars in the east, she was
able to tell the stories of the coin issuers in a captivating way. The book
helped to popularize numismatics and this she also did by giving talks on
numerous occasions.
80
KENNE TH JONSSON
In 1945 the coin cabinet in Stockholm had opened an exhibition covering
Swedish coins that became an inspiration to others. From 1962 Brita’s
main task was to help with the exhibition The coinage of the world during
25 centuries, which was opened in 1970. It was a herculean enterprise to
exhibit thousands of coins and describe the development in text.
The keeper of the coin cabinet at that time, Nils Ludvig Rasmusson, led
the Viking-Age project until he retired in 1970 and the vision had been
to publish all finds in one large volume. This of course was an impossible
task. When Brita became keeper of the coin cabinet and took charge of the
project in 1971 a number of important decisions were taken. The project
now got a name in Latin which was abbreviated CNS and every coin would
be listed individually, which was not the norm, but became the standard
for many later publications of finds. The individual features which the coins
acquired when struck and after circulation would also be recorded. Hoards
from Gotland account for two-thirds of the number of finds in Sweden and
the first volume (1975) covered parishes in Gotland starting with the letter
A. It was to be followed by seven more volumes before financing came to
a halt in 1987. A parallel series, abbreviated Commentationes, was devoted
to various aspects of Viking-Age coinage. Brita on her own or as co-writer
published several volumes in this series, one of which was a catalogue (1989)
of the 635 Byzantine coins found in Sweden.
In 1975 the Kungl. myntkabinettet became a separate museum with the
added name Statens museum för mynt-, medalj- och penninghistoria (State
museum for coin-, medal-, and monetary history). This was entirely thanks to
Brita’s efforts and the staff also increased. During her leadership it became
a museum as well as a research institution. Research became her main task
in 1979 when she became the first holder of the Gunnar Ekström chair in
numismatics and monetary history. At the start it was located at Statens
humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga forskningsråd and under the name
Numismatiska forskningsgruppen (Stockholm Numismatic Institute) and
it was later transferred to Stockholm University, where it became part of
the department of Archaeology.
The book Den senmedeltida penningen (The late medieval penning) (1980)
covered the smallest denomination of the Swedish coinage. These bracteates
were struck c. 1360-1520, almost exclusively in Stockholm (crowned head),
Västerås (crowned A) and Söderköping (crowned S). There were many
varieties of the crowned head and the crowned letters had various symbols,
but nobody had been able to date them more precisely, among other things
because they were hardly ever found in hoards. However, when the silver
content of 110 coins was tested the results showed that they belonged to
three chronologically different groups with decreasing silver content, which
coincided with written monetary decrees from 1449. Then Brita realized
that she had a basis for dating the types etc. Her final results showed in
BRITA MALMER (1925 –2013)
81
detail how the coinage developed over time with regard to type, style, silver
content, weight and find distribution. A major part of the material came
from so-called cumulative finds from churches, monasteries, and towns.
Brita was the first in Sweden to see the potential of using cumulative finds
to study, for instance, monetization.
In 1981 Brita became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters,
History and Antiquities and her inaugural lecture covered numismatics
as a historical science. Using four examples she pointed to areas where
numismatic material could increase our knowledge of the Viking Age and
of the Middle Ages.
Besides the Viking Age, there are a large number of finds in Sweden from
the Middle Ages and Modern times. In 1982 in order to survey the coin
finds in Sweden from all periods Brita started a new series of publications
- Landskapsinventeringen (Provincial survey). The majority of the finds are
preserved and can be studied, above all at the Kungl. myntkabinettet.
In her research Brita often confronted areas with difficult problems that
earlier researchers had not been able to solve. Dies were made to strike
the coins and obverse and reverse dies were combined with each other
depending on how fast a die was worn out. The dies have not survived, but
the coins from which the dies were struck have often been preserved. As
a research tool the method was first used in ancient numismatics. Brita
introduced it in the Nordic countries in connection with her studies on the
coinage of Olof Skötkonung at Sigtuna, which started c. 995. They were
imitations of Anglo-Saxon coins and Brita’s greatest contribution to research
was to bring order to the so-called Scandinavian imitations of Anglo-Saxon
coins c. 995–1035. The material is very large, highly complicated, and
problematic and meant several decades of study. The results have totally
changed our view of the oldest coinage in Sweden and Denmark – our oldest
industry as she used to call it. The coinages have proved to be very large
and continued for a long period of time. The first volume was published in
1989 and following her retirement in 1992 a second volume was published
in 1997. When she passed away she was working on the third and final
catalogue covering these coins, which will then amount to c. 1,350 pages. A
complete coverage of the Swedish part of the earliest Scandinavian coinage
was published in 2010 in Den svenska mynthistorien, vikingatiden ca 995-1030
(The Swedish monetary history, Viking Age c. 995-1030). It was the synthesis
of half a century of research.
Brita has no doubt been the most productive Swedish numismatist in modern
times and to her coins had unique properties since they were contemporary
and often had legends. She analyzed major and complicated subjects and
has necessarily dealt with basic research, but she has also covered subjects
such as coin circulation and monetization. A long series of publications
82
KENNE TH JONSSON
testifies to her working capacity, patience, ability to concentrate as well as
her sense of method, logic, and structure.
Brita was known and respected in Sweden and abroad and received many
honours as proof of this. Among these are those of the Swedish Numismatic
Society (honorary member, Gustav VI Adolf medal), the Swedish Antiquarian
Society (Hildebrand award, Montelius medal), and the Royal Swedish
Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities (medal of merit in gold). Mention
can also be made of the International Numismatic Council (honorary
member), the Royal Numismatic Society (honorary member, medal), Institute
de France, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Prix Duchalais), and
The American Numismatic Society (Huntington-medal).
Brita’s life was marked by a strong sense of duty. At the age of 87 she was
the first to come to work and the last to leave. The task that she had been
given in 1954 to be in charge of the Scandinavian coins became a life long
one, which she nearly saw fulfilled. When new coin finds are published in
the future the descriptions of the coins will include references to her work
and thus her name will live on. Her research has provided numismatists,
historians, and archaeologists with new pieces of evidence when trying to
interpret the societies of the past.
83
MEETING OF THE INC COMMITTEE
MESSINA / TAORMINA, MAY 22 TO MAY 24, 2013
Present: eight members of the Committee were present.
Carmen Arnold-Biucchi (President in the Chair), Donal Bateson (Vice
President), Benedikt Zäch (Vice President), Michael Alram (Secretary),
Tuukka Talvio (Treasurer), Maria Caltabiano, Pere Pau Ripollès, Bernward
Ziegaus (Officers).
Sylviane Estiot had to cancel at the last moment.
1. Introduction by the President
The President welcomes the members of the Committee and thanks everybody for the work done during the past year. She expresses her sincere
thanks to Maria Caltabiano for making the meeting possible in Messina,
giving thus the Bureau the opportunity to get a firsthand impression of the
congress venue. She also conveys the sad news that Brita Malmer, Honorary
Member of the INC, passed away on May 8.
2. Minutes of the Committee Meeting in Warsaw,
May 10 to May 12, 2012
The minutes of the meeting in Warsaw as published in CR 59 (2012), pp.
83–100 are approved.
3. and 4. Treasurer‘s report: accounts for 2012, budget for 2013
The Treasurer reports that the finances are in very good condition and
that there were fewer expenses than expected. The budget for 2013 was
approved; additional costs for the internet site and for the maintenance of
the system (c. € 200 per year) are to be expected.
It is most important to have enough money reserved for the scholarships
and the congress publications. It should be officially announced that part
of the congress fees will be used as subsidy for the proceedings. Some
of the funds budgeted for the congress need to be available immediately;
therefore, an account should be set up in Messina as soon as possible and
€ 5000 transferred.
84
Meeting of the INC Committee
INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC COUNCIL
Accounts 1-1-2013 to 31-12-2013
Income and Expenditure Accounts (in Euros)
2013
proposed
2013
actual
2012
actual
Income
Membership fees 2013
Membership fees, previous years
Interest Total
17,500 18,688.66 16,598.00
1,500
1,785.00
2,100.00
500
387.57
1,068.11
19,500 20,861.23 19,766.11
Expenses
Compte rendu Newsletter
Logo Internet site
Scholarships
Travelling costs
Meeting costs
Banking costs
Surplus of income over expenditure
Total
5,500
5,534.41
3,430.30
2,000
2,054.00
1,945.00
500
2,181.67
4,000
1,337.50
4,350
4,350.00
2,950.00
2,200
2,895.79
1,751.15
250
233.82
147.55
100
67.50
80.75
600
4,388.21
7,279.69
19,500 20,861.23 19,766.11
Balance sheet 31-12-2012 31-12-2012
Council funds43,906.01 39,517.80
Account Nordea Bank (1) 43,906.01
39,517.80
Account Nordea Bank (2) 40,000.00 40,000.00
Total 83,906.01 79,517.80
Council liabilities
Reserve Compte Rendu4,000.00
Reserve internet site
2,500.00
Reserve scholarships
3,850.00
Reserve 2015 congress 15,000.00
Reserve grants for the 2015 congress 25,000.00
Reserve for the congress publication 30,000.00
Reserves INC
3,556.01
Total 83,906.01
Tuukka Talvio, Treasurer
Lu et approuvé: le Président Carmen Arnold-Biucchi
85
5. Membership
The Secretary reports that four membership applications have been
submitted:
1.Universalmuseum Joanneum, Münzkabinett, Graz, Austria
2. KIKPE Numismatic Collection, Athens, Greece
3. G. Holst Stiftelse för Numismatik, Göteborg, Sweden
4. Société de Numismatique Asiatique, Nantes, France
The Committee examines the applications and approves all four candidates.
The Treasurer reports the problems with the outstanding membership fees
from Greece (Numismatic Museum, Athens; Lydia Lithos; KERA); the President will write letters to the respective institutions and will contact Thessaloniki. She will also try to encourage the Numismatic Museum in Beijing
and the Shanghai Museum to become members.
6. Projects under the patronage of the INC
In a preliminary remark, the President reminded everybody that the Compte
rendu is the annual report of the INC and that the reports should not be too
long and only include what has been done in the previous year. The following guidelines should be sent to all contributors:
Reports for the Compte rendu should be short and concise. They should not
exceed 750 words. The report must cover the past year‘s work only. Hence,
the reports in the next Compte rendu (60, 2013), to be published in the spring
of 2014, should cover the year 2013 alone and not refer to the current year
or planned future work. If a report is too long, the Editor may return it or cut
it as necessary.
a. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum (SNG)
No report so far.
Since no report from A. Popescu has been received the Bureau decides that
the President and P. P. Ripollès should contact A. Meadows and ask him to
take over. Together they should formulate a statement and issue guidelines,
which take into consideration the different problems and how the INC sees
the future of the project. This proposal should also circulate among the
members.
b. SNG Database
SNG UK Database
Work continues with some changes and improvements, mainly to eliminate
the occasional glitches in the search function. Andrew Meadows reports that
86
together with Frédérique Duyrat and Bernhard Weisser he is organizing a
gathering of Greek curators in Berlin in May to look for a way forward with
online collection catalogues.
c. Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (ThesCR A) and LIMC
Bertrand Jaeger reports:
La publication du „Troisième Niveau“ du Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (ThesCRA) s’est achevée comme prévu au printemps 2012 avec la
parution du tome VIII (XX + 470p., 52 dessins au trait, 72 pls.). Il se compose
des trois derniers chapitres du „Troisième Niveau“ et d’un Supplément : 4.
Espace privé et espace public, 5. Polarités de la vie religieuse, 6. Interactions
religieuses entre le monde classique et les civilisations voisines, Supplément:
Animaux et plantes.
Depuis le début 2012, les équipes du LIMC de Bâle et de Paris (équipe LIMC
de l’UMR 7041 ArScAn, Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense)
travaillent à la réalisation d’un Index thématique pour les huit volumes du
ThesCRA (3.000 pages). Les chapitres du ThesCRA sont rédigés dans des
langues différentes (français, allemand, anglais, italien) mais l’index sera
intégralement en anglais et subdivisé comme suit :
Index thématique
Index topographique
Index des noms propres
Index des sources littéraires
Index des sources papyrologiques
Index des sources épigraphiques
Ce volume aura environ 500 pages. Il sera achevé en décembre 2013 et
paraîtra en mars 2014, chez le même éditeur (J. Paul Getty Museum, Los
Angeles). Avec cet Index la Fondation pour le LIMC sera parvenue au terme
de ses activités.
La numérisation des archives de la Fondation, réalisée grâce au généreux
concours financier de la Stavros Niarchos Foundation est achevée. La base
de données a été mise en ligne (http://www.limcnet.org/Home/tabid/77/
Default.aspx) à l’intention des chercheurs et d’un plus large public. Les images seront accessibles au fur et à mesure que les autorisations des ayants
droit auront été obtenues.
Les actes du colloque organisé à Bâle en novembre 2009 par la Fondation
pour le LIMC et le Département des sciences de l’Antiquité de l’Université de
Bâle paraîtront en mai 2013 : Guggisberg, M. A. (éd.), Grenzen in Ritual und
Kult der Antike, Internationales Kolloquium, Basel, 5.– 6. November 2009,
Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft, 40 (2013).
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d. Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae (LIN)
M. Caccamo Caltabiano, A. L. Morelli, R. Pera, L. Travaini report:
During the past year the four research Units of LIN continued working on the
topic “Coinage and territorial identity: from Ancient Polis to Mediaeval Civitas”.
A symposium was organized in Milan on 25th October 2012 with the participation of external speakers and observers in order to achieve more international collaboration.
The Italian Association of Professional Numismatists (NIP, chaired by dr.
Paolo Crippa) has sponsored the LIN project with the donation of 5,000
Euros, that will be used to implement D.I.A.N.A. (see below).
Messina Unit (Maria Caccamo Caltabiano) worked on Coinage and mediterranean identity: the personifications of cities or eponymous nymphs and their
relation with the sea.
The researchers are collecting images, attributes and links – between obverse and reverse – of coins with the eponymous ‘Nymphs’ of Cities, to
define the iconic code common to figures in this category. Grazia Salamone
published the monograph ‘Una’ e ‘molteplice’: la Ninfa eponima di città.
Iconografie monetali e semantica, Reggio Calabria 2012 (Semata e Signa 6),
and worked on more than fifty female representations of the classical and
Hellenistic period that are not identified by the legend but comparable by
their attributes and iconic schemes to the eponymous ‘nymphs’ of the City
identified by a legend. The iconography of their heads, very often on the
obverse, appears to be the most widely used, which confirms that the image
had become a typos of legitimacy, like the head of the Hellenistic sovereign
and later that of the Roman emperor.
The Unit has also worked on the production of the multimedial database
D.I.A.N.A. (Digital Iconographic Atlas of Numismatics in Antiquity). This
database is interfaced with a GIS instrument that makes it possible to represent on the Google cartographic basis the data for each individual entry.
The maps may be queried to establish the presence of the iconic subjects in
the various chronological periods, making it easy to view the distribution
of coin types over time and space. Particular attention has been devoted to
codify the language to be used in cataloging. Each cataloguer can choose
the most appropriate terms in the various drop-down menu, written in
English. Entry models are distinguished on the basis of the kind of subject
to be examined (person, animal, flora,‘res’).
The following papers were presented at the Milan Symposium:
G. Salamone, La categoria iconica delle ninfe eponime.
M. Puglisi, Ninfe eponime e simboli marini.
B. Carroccio (Università della Calabria), Il dio fluviale giovane in Magna
Grecia e Sicilia.
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M. Caccamo Caltabiano presented methodological considerations on their
interpretation of the iconic language of coins as well as concluding remarks.
M. Caccamo Caltabiano and M. Puglisi were invited to the Congress Typoi.
Greek Coins and their Images: noble issuers, humble users? (Athens, 26–28
September 2012), organized by F. De Callatay, P. P. Iossif, R. Veymiers. They
spoke on: Image as word and decoding coin images. The Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae Classicae et Mediae Aetatis (LIN) and Greek coinages of
Sicily: war and typological choises.
Other coin iconographies were discussed in the following monography and
papers:
–M. Puglisi 2012, I seggi imperiali. Studi di iconografia monetale romana
(Semata e Signa 7), Reggio Calabria.
–M. Caccamo Caltabiano 2012. “Il simbolismo dello stemma/infula: Nike,
Aphrodite e il conferimento del potere sovrano”, NAC 41, pp. 1–15.
–Ead. 2012, “La tradizione iconica e culturale classica nella monetazione
di Vittorio Emanuele III”, in: La Collezione di Vittorio Emanuele III e gli
studi di Storia monetaria. Atti del Convegno (Roma 2010), Bollettino di
Numismatica 54, pp. 259–287.
– G. Salamone 2012, “Campi e dominii semantici: caratteri e funzioni
della dea Terina”, in: R. Pera (ed.), Il significato delle immagini. Numismatica, Arte, Filologia, Storia, Atti II Incontro Intern. di Studio del Lexicon
Iconographicum Numismaticae (Genova 2005), Roma (Serta Antiqua et
Maedievalia XIV), pp. 445–456.
–Ead. 2012, “Potamos e Polis: iconografie monetali dell’Occidente greco.
Alcune riflessioni”, in: A. Calderone (ed.), Qui fresca l’acqua mormora
... (S. Quasimodo, Sapph. Fr. 2,5). Un confronto interdisciplinare, Atti del
Convegno (Messina 2011), Roma, pp. 125–137.
Benedetto Carroccio (Università degli Studi della Calabria) and his collaborators Marianna Spinelli and Pasquale Apolito, cooperated with the Messina
unit. Their most recent contributions are as follows:
B. Carroccio 2012, “Sulle iconografie delle serie tarantine ridotte. Apporti
dal Ripostiglio di Taranto 1883”, in: G. Colucci (ed.), Taranto 1883: il medagliere prima del museo, (Eos 4), Bari, pp. 217–234.
Bologna Unit (Anna Lina Morelli) worked on Tychai/personifications and
tutelary goddesses of cities: The coinage of the Roman imperial age in the East.
Within the project PRIN 2009, the local unit of the University of Bologna
has been in charge of organizing the III International Meeting of the LIN
on Moneta e identità territoriale: dalla polis antica alla civitas medievale /
Coinage and Territorial Identity: from Ancient Polis to Mediaeval Civitas, will
take place in Bologna on 12th and 13th September 2013, with the participation
of Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, Ermanno A. Arslan, François de Callataÿ and
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Pere Pau Ripollès as observers and advisors.
Anna Lina Morelli and Erica Filippini worked on a computerized census
of the numismatic evidence involved. At present, the database (soon to be
available online) includes more than 300 records from the provincial coinage
of Syria through the end of the Julio-Claudian period.
The participation of Tommaso Gnoli, (specialist on religious cults and practices) made it possible to widen the analysis of the semiotics of the identified
iconographies.
The first results of the research were presented at the Milan Symposium.
The PhD thesis of Erica Filippini Dal repertorio al database: il progetto Monete al femminile. L’ iconografia monetale dell’Augusta dai Giulio-Claudi alla
prima dinastia severiana, focused on the analysis of the coins of Roman
imperial women from the Julio-Claudian to the first Severan age (advisor:
A. L. Morelli; expected defense in September 2013).
A study of the numismatic evidence for the deification of Roman imperial
women, from the Julio-Claudian to the Flavian age, was presented by Anna
Lina Morelli and Erica Filippini at the International Conference Apotheosis:
becoming god between Antiquity and the Middle Ages, held in Ravenna, 15th
and 17th March 2012 (proceedings now in press, T. Gnoli and F. Muccioli
eds.).
Genoa Unit (Rossella Pera) worked on Coinage and civic provincial identity:
reality and symbology of the rivers’ images on Greek Imperial coins of Asia
Minor.
Other publications by R. Pera are in press:
– “L’iconografia di Securitas sulle monete romane: studio preliminare”, in:
Immagini e memoria. Raffigurazioni emblematiche tra passato e presente
dalla Collezione Numismatica Piancastelli. Quaderni Piancastelli VIII,
Bologna.
– “Preziose tipologie negli aurei romani”, in: M. Tortorelli Ghidini (ed.),
Aurum. Funzioni e simbologia dell’oro nelle culture antiche, Atti del Convegno Internazionale (Napoli 2011).
– “Echi di romanità dall’esilio: confronti fra le tipologie monetali e gli
scritti di Ovidio”, in: The Romans at the Black Sea during the Time of Augustus: The evidence of Literary, Archaeological and Numismatic Sources.
International Colloquium (Tulcea 2012), BAR.
– “L’impero romano in crisi. Le Personificazioni come tipi monetali: realtà
e inganno”, in: E. Arslan (ed.), Un confronto drammatico con il XXI secolo:
l’ impero romano del III secolo nella crisi monetaria, Seminario di Studi
(Biassono 2012).
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– “Proclamare il potere: esempi dalla monetazione romana”, in: L. Santi
Amantini, Fr. Gazzano (edd.), Le maschere del potere, Roma.
– “Il fiume recumbente: varianti iconografiche nelle emissioni microasiatiche di Età imperiale”, in: L. Travaini (ed.), Polis, Urbs, Civitas: moneta
e identità, Giornata di Studio LIN (Milano, 25 October 2012).
Milan Unit (Lucia Travaini) worked on The cities numismatic lexicon: the
founder’s image from the ancient ‘polis’ to the medieval ‘civitas’.
The Milan unit organized the 2012 symposium Polis, urbs, civitas: moneta e
identità. Atti del convegno di studio del Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae
(Milano 25 ottobre 2012), L. Travaini, Giampiera Arrigoni (edd.) (Rome,
Quasar, 2013).
The group directed by Giampiera Arrigoni studies ancient coins, focusing
on the images of mythical founders.
The papers read at the Milan symposium (in press) are as follows:
– G. Arrigoni 2012, L’ identità collettiva delle Amazzoni eponime e fondatrici:
l’esercito.
– A. Però 2012, Nikaia di Bitinia: tradizioni di fondazione nella documentazione letteraria, epigrafica e monetale.
– L. Fabbri 2012, L’ iconografia monetale dell’Amazzone in relazione alle
poleis della Tracia.
– A. Giampaglia 2012, Enea il fondatore. Roma e la Troade a confronto.
Other publications in press include:
– G. Arrigoni 2013, Immaginare le Amazzoni come popolo.
– A. Però 2013, La ninfa Nicea tra Artemide e Dioniso.
– L. Fabbri 2013, L’ iconografia monetale dell’Amazzone in età classica in
relazione alla polis.
– L. Fabbri 2013, Le Amazzoni nella numismatica di età ellenistica: identità
delle eponime.
– A. Giampaglia 2013, Enea sulle monete delle coloniae: aspetti del culto
imperiale (in press).
The group directed by Lucia Travaini has been working on the identity of
medieval cities and also on the first signs of identity of seigniorial authorities
on coins, and how they melted with, or replaced, Republican iconography.
For the Milan symposium, Lucia Travaini and Matteo Broggini worked on
the images of ‘founders’, exploring the role of saints and other elements
(L. Travaini, M. Broggini, San Giovanni sull’ incudine. Fondatori cristiani e
fondatori mitici sulle monete italiane medievali e moderne).
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L. Travaini has also written three articles, now in press, as follows:
– “Le aquile e i gigli, la scala e gli scudi. I segni del potere signorile sulle
monete italiane tra Duecento e Trecento, in Signorie italiane e modelli
monarchici”, Atti del convegno, Milano 8–9 febbraio 2012, a cura di P.
Grillo, Roma (in press): related to the early signs of identity of the new
Signori in north Italy.
– “Il signore a cavallo, il signore in piedi, il signore “all’antica”: ritratti
monetali tra Medioevo e Rinascimento”, NAC-QT, in press; here the form
of representation of rulers is investigated in detail according to the juridical base of power and to the LIN methods, offering new insights on
the correct chronology of some coins of North Italy.
– “Coins, Images, Identity, and Interpretations: Two Research Cases—a
Seventh-century Merovingian Tremissis and a Fifteenth-century Ducat
of Milan”, in: S. Solway (ed.), Medieval Coins and Seals: Constructing
Identity, Signifying Power, Turnhout, Brepols, 2013.
e. Numismatic Literature (ANS NumLit)
Oliver Hoover reports:
Farewell to Numismatic Literature!
In 1947, the American Numismatic Society published the first volume of
the annotated bibliography, Numismatic Literature (NumLit or NL) as a
new means of keeping numismatists throughout the world abreast of work
going on in other countries. For decades, NumLit’s abstracts and the network of regional editors who supplied them served an important purpose.
However, with the advent of the Internet and the ability to translate titles
with the press of a button, the relevance of Numismatic Literature and the
supply of content have sharply declined over the last decade. Considering
these developments, after 65 years it seemed time to retire the publication.
Numismatic Literature 150, which goes to the printer in February 2013, will
be the final issue. We thank the many regional editors and contributors who
supported NumLit over the years.
f. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum (SNS)
Michael Alram reports:
Folgende Bände sind 2012 erschienen:
–M. Alram, R. Gyselen, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Paris – Berlin –
Wien, Band 2, Ohrmazd I. – Ohrmazd II.
– L. Baratova, N. Schindel, E. Rtveladze, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum
Usbekistan. Sasanidische Münzen und ihre Imitationen aus Bukhara, Termes
und Chaganian.
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Folgende Bände stehen in Bearbeitung:
–N. Schindel, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum. The Schaaf Collection, mit
Beiträgen von M. Alram und R. Gyselen (wird 2014 erscheinen).
– A. Gariboldi, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan. Sasanian Coins
and their Imitations from Sogdiana, Tokharistan and Ustrushana (wird
2014 erscheinen).
Darüber hinaus wird an den Bänden IV (N. Schindel) und VI (R. Gyselen)
der Hauptreihe SNS Paris – Berlin – Wien, an SNS Syrien (R. Gyselen) sowie
SNS Tübingen (N. Schindel) gearbeitet.
7. Reports from affiliated bodies
a. Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici di Napoli (CISN)
Marina Taliercio sent the following report:
A. Attività di ricerca
Nel settore della ricerca l’attività si è svolta su diversi filoni, che affrontano
aspetti e problemi sia di sistemazione strutturale delle emissioni sia di circolazione monetaria in diverse aree dell’Italia antica e riguardano anche il
campo del collezionismo numismatico.
1. Magna Grecia
1a. E’ proseguito il lavoro di ricerca sulle monetazioni greche di età arcaica
e classica, focalizzando l’attenzione sulle emissioni frazionarie di argento di
Taranto, che costituiscono un segmento della produzione monetale rilevante
per la lunga durata e la sostanziale continuità, per la cospicua entità, nonchéé per la complessa articolazione interna e per il frequente cambiamento
di scelte produttive, seppur prive di uno studio specifico che ne ricostruisca
in modo sistematico lo sviluppo. I risultati della ricerca sono stati presentati
nella relazione di M. Taliercio, Le frazioni d’argento della zecca di Taranto, in
La monetazione di Taranto. Le monete degli Ostrogoti e Longobardi in Italia,
Bari. 16–17 novembre 2012.
Lo studio delle serie tarantine di età classica è stato affrontato anche sotto il
profilo archeometrico allo scopo di analizzare la composizione elementare
delle leghe metalliche utilizzate nella coniazione: l’indagine ha consentito
di definire il protocollo di ricerca per questa tipologia di applicazione,
mentre i risultati forniscono indicazioni significative per lo studio di aspetti
tecnologici della produzione monetaria e, soprattutto, per l’approfondimento
di fenomeni di alterazione del fino e delle politiche di manipolazione finanziaria ad essi sottese. I primi risultati relativi, in particolare, alle serie di
stateri tarantini databili tra la spedizione di Archidamo e l’intervento di
Alessandro il Molosso sono stati illustrati in A. Buccolieri, G. Buccolieri, D.
Manno, A. Serra, R. Vitale et alii, Non – Destructive Analysis of Silver Coins
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Minted in Taras (Southern Italy) Between the V and the III Century B.C. (in
corso di stampa).
1b. Nel filone di ricerca dedicato alla tipologia monetale, si è pubblicato il
contributo di M. Taliercio, Annotazioni a margine di tipi monetali di ambito
magno-greco tra VI e IV secolo a.C.,in R. Pera (a cura di), Il significato delle
immagini. Numismatica, Arte, Filologia, Storia (Genova 2005), Roma 2012,
11–26. Nel contempo l’indagine si è incentrata sui tipi di Poseidonia-Paestum
considerati sotto l’aspetto di fonte privilegiata per la storia dei culti della
città. A tale scopo si è effettuata una lettura del linguaggio iconico della
moneta, tenendo conto della scelta del tipo e dell’apparato iconografico, del
nesso che intercorre tra diritto e rovescio, tra tipo e simboli, tra tipo e iscrizione. I risultati della ricerca sono confluiti nel contributo di M. Taliercio, La
documentazione numismatica. I culti nella monetazione di Poseidonia-Paestum,
in E. Lippolis, G. Maddoli, M. Nafissi (edd.), Poseidonia-Paestum, Culti Greci
in Occidente, III, Taranto 2012, p. 255–284.
2. Area campano-sannitica
Si è proseguito con la ricognizione e lo studio della raccolta numismatica
del Museo Campano di Capua. Si è iniziato l’esame della documentazione
di archivio, che ha consentito di ricostruire il processo di formazione della
raccolta tra il 1868 ed il 1904 circa, accertandone il carattere prevalentemente locale. Di prossima pubblicazione una sintesi sulla formazione del
Medagliere del Museo Campano, a cura di R. Vitale, per gli Annali del Museo
Campano, mentre le prime anticipazioni sulla fisionomia della collezione e
sull’allestimento del Medagliere sono state pubblicate da R. Vitale in Museo
Provinciale Campano di Capua. Guida alle Collezioni, a cura di M. L. Nava,
Foggia 2012, p. 55 – 63.
3. Comprensorio vesuviano
In questa fase della ricerca l’indagine è stata condotta su due binari paralleli, che riguardano:
3a. Rinvenimenti in altre località del comprensorio con lo scopo di affrontare e rivisitare la problematica generale dalla prospettiva del suburbio,
costituito da un tessuto abitativo eterogeneo: ville a carattere residenziale,
aziende agricole di piccole dimensioni, complessi a carattere abitativo e
commerciale, etc. In questo quadro si inseriscono i materiali di Oplontis, che
hanno offerto lo spunto per affrontare in modo più ampio la problematica del
territorio sotto il profilo monetario, socio-economico e finanziario. I risultati
della ricerca sono stati pubblicati da M. Taliercio, Ritrovamenti monetali,
contesti archeologici, processi storici e socio-economici nel comprensorio
vesuviano: il caso di Oplontis, in G. Gorini, M. Asolati (edd.), Ritrovamenti
monetali, contesti archeologici, processi storici e socio-economici nel mondo
antico, Numismatica Patavina 12, 2012, p.191–216.
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3b. La documentazione relativa ai rinvenimenti pompeiani anteriori alla fase
del 79 d.C., di cui si è occupata R. Vitale , è stata analizzata sviluppando
la disamina comparativa tra settori diversi della città, in particolare delle
regiones VI, VII, VIII, IX, indagandone i fattori di diversificazione. Questi
ultimi sono stati individuati nell’andamento dell’esplorazione stratigrafica
dell’area urbana e, soprattutto, nella storia dello sviluppo urbanistico che
ha conferito vocazioni e funzioni diverse ai vari segmenti cittadini. I risultati della recente esplorazione stratigrafica hanno consentito di incentrare
l’analisi sulla fase sannitica di Pompei e di isolare tratti peculiari della
presenza monetale nell’area urbana tra la fase della occupazione sannitica
e quella della Guerra Sociale (in R. Vitale, Presenza monetaria e contesti
archeologici a Pompei: l’età sannitica, in G. Gorini, M. Asolati (edd.), Ritrovamenti monetali, contesti archeologici, processi storici e socio-economici nel
mondo antico, Numismatica Patavina 12, 2012, p.119–149).
4. Area medio-italica
4a. Porto: E’ proseguito lo studio dei materiali archeologici di scavo dalla
zona del bacino portuale di Traiano (scavi 2009–2012) sia nell’area del
circuito murario della città di Porto che nell’area della Basilica portuense.
In particolare è stato ultimato lo studio di tutte le evidenze monumentali
della Basilica ed è in corso l’edizione critica dello scavo con tutti i materiali.
Lo studio completo dei reperti numismatici è edito a firma di E. Spagnoli:
“I contesti della Basilica portuense: il quadro economico-monetario” e
costituisce il capitolo 12 della monografia in corso di pubblicazione (Editore All’Insegna del Giglio-Firenze). Nella regione portuense l’osservatorio storico-archeologico si è inoltre esteso a comprendere le risultanze di
scavo delle fasi traianee-severiane e post-antiche del bacino portuale e del
Palazzo Imperiale. Sono in corso di studio i reperti monetali, a cura di E.
Spagnoli, relativi alle campagne di scavo e delle ricerche di superficie degli
anni 2010/2011 e 2012.
Ostia: E’ ripreso il lavoro di edizione dei contesti di scavo. In particolare si è
aperto un osservatorio sui dati monetali relativi ai depositi archeologici delle
Domus tardoantiche. Tale lavoro è stato sviluppato a partire dal complesso
dei reperti provenienti dalle indagini 2011/2012 alla Domus delle Colonne,
in corso di pubblicazione.
4b. Si è proseguito, a cura di E. Spagnoli, lo studio dei reperti numismatici
provenienti dall’abitato Amiternum (S. Vittorino, L’Aquila) recuperati in indagini recenti -2012, ma anche 2009 e 2010- e si prepara l’edizione critica
del complesso dei materiali di scavo articolati per aree funzionali.
4c. Studio dei materiali dall’abitato della colonia latina di Norba (Norma,
Latina): la ricerca è stata ampliata ai materiali provenienti dal settore residenziale a valle dell’acropoli minore dell’abitato della colonia latina Norba,
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di prossima pubblicazione per i volumi dell’Atlante Tematico di Topografia
Antica a cura di R. Vitale.
4d. Per l’area sannitica è stato affrontato lo studio della documentazione
relativa al territorio di Allifae, privilegiando in questa prima fase di lavoro
il numerario greco e le tematiche ad esso pertinenti (vd. R. Vitale, Presenza
monetaria nel territorio di Allifae: il numerario greco, di prossima pubblicazione in Orizzonti – Rassegna di Archeologia).
4e. E’ stato intrapreso lo studio della documentazione recuperata nel corso
degli scavi condotti dalla Seconda Università di Napoli ad Abellinum (Atripalda, Av.) in territorio irpino. I reperti provengono in particolare dal settore
meridionale della domus attribuita a M. Vipsanius Primigenius, liberto di
Vipsanius Agrippa, interessata da trasformazioni d’uso ed interventi seguiti
al terremoto del 346 d.C. ed all’eruzione di Pollena, inquadrata tra fine V
sec. d.C. ed inizio del VI sec. d.C. La disamina del materiale numismatico
concorre all’inquadramento delle diverse fasi edilizie e di frequentazione
del sito e segnala componenti monetarie finora non attestate in questo
comparto territoriale, tra le quali numerario ostrogoto e bizantino oltre a
moneta romana di imitazione delle fasi finali dell’Impero.
5. Collezionismo
Si è continuato lo studio della collezione monetale Scacchi, di proprietà della
Società Napoletana di Storia Patria, che riveste un particolare interesse
sotto il profilo quantitativo e qualitativo per l’alto numero di esemplari – ca.
3000 –, per la varietà dei metalli – oro, argento e rame –, per il lungo arco
cronologico – dall’epoca altomedioevale all’unità nazionale –, per la pluralità delle zecche meridionali attestate, denotando una sensibilità giuridico
– istituzionale per la storia locale.
B. Attività informatica
– Schedatura e archiviazione informatica delle frazioni di argento di Taranto.
– Schedatura e archiviazione informatica dei materiali provenienti dall’
area campano-sannitica.
– Schedatura e archiviazione informatica di rinvenimenti di area vesuviana: da Pompei alcuni nuclei da scavi stratigrafici; gruzzoli dalla Villa
di Crassius Tertius da Oplontis.
C. Pubblicazioni
Cfr. le indicazioni riportate nel corso della relazione.
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b. Oriental Numismatic Society (ONS).
Joe Cribb reports:
During 2012, the society published four volumes of its Journal (nos. 210–
213), including members news, obituaries, book reviews, meeting reports
and research articles. An index of the articles in all volumes of the Journal
is available on line at the Society’s new website http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org. The Society has now also launched a presence on Facebook, to
reach the many oriental coin collectors around the world using this social
network (http://www.facebook.com/OrientalNumismaticSociety). Section
meetings were held at New York, Oxford, Tübingen, Cologne, London,
Odessa, and Utrecht. The AGM was held at the London meeting in October.
At present, the Society has just over 500 members worldwide. During 2012,
the Society formed an alliance with the new French numismatic society:
Société de Numismatique Asiatique ([email protected]).
Council:
Secretary General: Joe Cribb
Deputy Secretary General/ Journal Editor: Stan Goron
Secretary/UK Section Secretary: Peter Smith
Treasurer: Ben Bream
Publications Secretary/Assistant Journal Editor: Robert Bracey
Membership Secretary: Paul Withers
European Section Secretary: Jan Lingen
American Section Secretary: Charlie Karukstis
South Asian Section Secretary: Dilip Rajgor
Pakistan Chapter Secretary: Shafqat Mirza
General Section Secretary: Bob Senior
Ordinary council members: Shailendra Bhandare, Barbara Mears, Paul
Stevens, Howard Simmons
c. International Association of Professional Numismatists (IAPN – AINP)
J. L. Van der Schueren sent following report:
The General Assembly of Jerez de la Frontera, Spain has been a very successful one. Two new members were elected: Kolbe & Fanning Numismatic
Booksellers LLC (Mr. Kolbe had been a member previously, than became
a corresponding member, and is now a “full” member again with his new
firm) and Mexican Coin Company LLC, both from the USA. A member has
resigned from the Association: Malter Galleries, Inc., from the USA.
The book prize for 2012 went to Hector Carlos Janson, “La Moneda circulante en el Territorio Argentino 1574-2010”. No less than 15 books were in
competition for the Prize.
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The next congresses will be held in Leipzig (Germany) in 2013, and in Monte
Carlo (Monaco) in 2014.
d. International Committee for Money and Banking Museums (ICOMON)
Christel Schollaardt reports:
In 2012, the XIX Annual conference of ICOMON was held at Rabat, Morocco,
October 15–17, hosted by the Bank Al-Maghrib.
The theme was “Money and Banking Museums: New challenges and perspectives”. Globalization is eroding cultural and national identities and making
their world more uniform, and unfortunately the global financial crisis is
exacerbating this. In this context, museums, and among them money and
banking museums, have a greater role to play in the preserving and embedding of national identity. However, cost savings, budget restrictions and
human resource reductions have been the key words for every company and
institution since 2008, and have not spared museums.
Participants were expected to discuss how museums can play an integral
role in reinforcing national identity in both developed and developing countries even if at first glance they may not appear to have the same priorities
as education, agriculture or health.
In 3 days, there were four sessions on the following topics:
A. Make museums more accessible to the public
B. Play a major role in educating new generations
C. Preserve and promote the national heritage of the country
D. Research
On Monday, we had two sessions at the premises of the Bank Al-Maghrib
itself:
In Session A Catherine Eagleton of the British Museum, Weirong Zhou of
the China Numismatic Museum and Megan Gooch of the London Tower
presented their new exhibitions. Eagleton talked about the choices the BM
made in redecorating the Money Gallery and how they consulted the public
in that. Zhou showed us the very high tech digital exhibition of the China
numismatic Museum and Gooch showed us some difficulties using digital
techniques in a medieval surrounding at the Tower of London.
In Session B Takashi Uemura, (Insatsu Choyokai Foundation Japan), Houdi
Khaldi (Bank Al-Maghrib Museum), Hasti Adiani Dwiputranti (Museum
of the Bank of Indonesia), Karla Santos de Sá (Central Bank of Brasil) and
Kelvin Kizito Kiyingi (Bank of Uganda) talked about their experiences in
98
reaching out to the public in new ways. Fascinating to hear about educational
experiments in Japanese malls and about using the museum as a tool for
financial literacy and economics education in Uganda.
Afterwards there was an excursion to the Archeological Museum and a fine
diner with a copious Moroccan banquet.
In the morning, we had a fascinating tour at the premises of the Brasil Mint
and Banknote factory, Dar As-Sikkah. In the afternoon, we had Session C on
preserving and promoting the national heritage of the country.
Pavel Sidorenko (Central Bank of Venezuela) talked about the new banknote
designs of Venezuela, used as tools for education by depicting national birds
on it. Vesna Kovac of the Serbian Bank showed us the design for a specific
exhibiting-educational centre and Boo Kian Seng talked about Eclecticism,
relevance and sustainability at the Malaysian bank.
In Session D Cecilia von Heijne (National Museum of Economy, Stockholm,
Sweden) explained her research into connections between the Vikings and
the Caliphate, Rajae Benhsian showed us the historical aspects of bank AlMaghrib’s collections and Karen Lee of the Smithsonian Museum told us
how a sketchbook of a United States Engraver can tell us about the world.
At the third day, we had a round table discussion on all topics brought up
by our participants, which led to a very lively discussion. Afterwards we
had the formal Annual Meeting.
Despite the disappointing number of participants, this meeting was very
successful in terms of exchanging ideas and creating an open, respectful environment for all members. The impeccable organization and unbelievingly
warm welcome of the Bank Al-Maghrib was a very important factor in this.
The present economic crisis impacts ICOMON in different ways: some colleagues could not afford to attend the conference in Rabat. Other institutions suffered from serious cutbacks, the Geldmuseum in Utrecht, The
Netherlands, eliminated the entire Department of Collections and Research
resulting in a lay-off of nine people.
On the other hand, the crisis exemplifies how useful numismatic studies
can be: monetary unions come and go, and in fact, this crisis is not that
different from crises in the past. ICOMON‘s task is to point out to the public
that lessons can be learnt from the past. ICOMON developed a program
to reach out to parts of the world that are not represented amongst our
members, we now have seven African countries as members, and the Rabat
meeting was the first ever held on African soil. This outreach program also
fits wonderfully into the strategic goals of ICOM, out mother-organization,
99
and resulted, together with our work on a collection-management manual
and our proceedings on the internet, in a grant for the third time with more
tuition from ICOM.
In 2013, the Annual Meeting will be held at Rio de Janeiro as a part of the
large, triennial ICOM conference. Date: August 10–17, Theme: {Museums
(memory + creativity = social change)}. Our host will be the Central Bank
of Brazil.
8. Publications of the INC
a. International Numismatic e-News (INeN)
Since the Glasgow Congress the INeN has been in the able hands of the
editors Sylviane Estiot and Benedikt Zäch: two very successful issues were
distributed punctually twice a year. Benedikt Zäch had already edited the
old printed INC Newsletter and started the electronic version during the
previous Committee term and it was time for him to move on to other duties, Pere Pau Ripollès, professor at the University of Valencia will replace
him as co-editor. In order also to alleviate Sylviane Estiot’s workload, it was
decided that the INeN will now be produced in Valencia.
The deadlines for all contributions to the INeN are August 1st for the fall
issue, and December 1st for the spring issue. All announcements and news
should be sent to both editors: [email protected] and pere.p.ripolles@
uv.es.
b. Compte Rendu (CR)
CR 59 ( 2012) was published in May.
9. Website: www.inc-cin.org
Bernward Ziegaus reports:
In 2012 many updates were made and new frames were installed (http://
www.muenzgeschichte.ch/inc/index.html). The website got more and more
traffic as the offer of links increased and in the meantime a wide range of
numismatic information gave the network users an insight into the different
activities of museums, collections and Coin Cabinets in Europe and overseas.
To improve this offer in the future, all institutions with numismatic offers
have the chance to get in contact with the webmaster, who can quickly add
new data on the website.
100
Downloads of all e-newsletters (INeN), which appeared from 2005 onwards,
but also articles published in Compte rendu 58, 2011 are available as Pdf files
on the website. As the e-Newsletter has grown in volume, a simple mailing
via an attached Pdf file is no longer possible. In future all subscribers will
get an e-mail with a link (url address), which will allow them to download
the new e-Newsletter.
As the e-Newsletter usually appears twice a year the website presents the
opportunity to display different information online under various headings
e. g. “Conferences” or “Exhibitions”, something that was not available before
the deadline and distribution of the mailing version. The announcements are
presented as short introductions to exhibitions, for upcoming conferences
there are hyperlinks on the website.
The section “Online databases” also increased its entries and new web
links have been added. These links are useful because they often contain
references to special coin collections and are a useful starting point for
further research.
In 2012 a number of vacancies were advertised on the INC-website (Austria,
Germany, Great Britain), so this might also be an opportunity for numismatists looking for a new field of activity. The ticker therefore gives not only
a short overview of what is new on the website, but flags up deadlines for
job offers. All members are encouraged to send information, new data and
links to the webmaster.
€ 4000 are to be reserved for the new website, which will be hosted by a
new company in Germany.
It is decided to put the Survey of the Glasgow Congress on the website, and
P. P. Ripollès and B. Zäch will look for a company to digitize the old Surveys
to make them available via the web.
All members of the Bureau should prepare a curriculum for the website and
send it to B. Ziegaus as soon as possible.
B. Zäch suggests that the INC should also use new media like Facebook in
the near future.
10. INC Scholarship
A. Pachkalov, O. Lempereur and B. Tobias sent their reports on the progress
of their work. In the future all applicants will be informed that their report
will be published on the website.
101
Four applications for 2013/14 were received. After examining the proposals the Committee decided to award the travel scholarship (€ 3000.-) to
Martin Ulonska from the University of Vienna to support his research on
“Die Münzgeschichte der Stadt Strassburg vom der Einführung des Goldguldens bis zum Ende der städtischen Prägung”. The grant-in-aid (€ 1500 will
go to Aram R. Vardanyan for his project on “Islamic Coins Struck in Historic
Armenia, vol. II: From the Mongol period, starting from the Chingisids to the
Timurids (1200–1400).
11. XVth International Numismatic Congress; Messina/Taormina 2015
In preparation for the 2015 Congress, the Committee this year held its annual
meeting in Messina and Taormina as host of the Univesity of Messina. We
were able to meet the members of the Organizing and Scientific Committees
in person and to see firsthand the venue of the Congress with the various of
practical possibilities for lecture halls and accommodations. The Congress
will take place in the Palazzo dei Congressi and in the Biblioteca Comunale.
The call for papers will be sent out electronically in the fall: the number of
presentations will be limited to 400 on a first come first served basis. There
will also be poster sessions. The papers will be restricted to fifteen minutes
to allow for a five-minutes discussion.
The registration fees will be € 300 / € 150 (for members and students only) /
€ 75 (accompanying persons) before May 31st 2015 and € 400 / € 200 (for
members and students only) / € 100 (accompanying persons) after June 1st
2015.
The Committee decided and urged the Organizing Committee to hire a
company before the end of the summer 2013 that will take care of booking hotels and make travel arrangements as well as organize the different
receptions and events during the Congress.
12. Survey
The deadline for submission of the contributions to the subeditors is April
15, 2014; a meeting of the subeditors will be scheduled in early Fall 2014.
The President reports that as decided at last year’s meeting, she contacted
and met with the President of the IAPN Eric McFadden and with Jean-Luc
Van der Schueren, to ask whether they would sponsor the publication of
the Survey as in the past. The IAPN responded that they would be glad to
finance the Survey again. They would like to include a preface as in the last
volumes and this time on issues relating to cultural property. A draft of the
102
statement was sent to the President and circulated to the Committee before
our meeting. After a thorough discussion the Committee decided that the
text needed revisions. So the President will contact the IAPN President.
13. Any other relevant business
a. Legal status of the INC: Since the General Assembly in 2003 in Madrid
voted to dissociate the INC from the CISH, provisions for transfer of the
assets in case of dissolution of the INC (art. 11) are no longer in place and
the legal status has to be revised.
B. Zäch reports that the INC could be organized as an association according to Swiss law; he will clear all necessary steps with a lawyer. He will
also check if it is possible to get a VAT number and to open an account in
Switzerland.
Provisions for the INC´s property have to be in place in the event that the
INC is dissolved (Art. 11). Two possibilities are discussed: that the money
be distributed either to the members who regularly paid their dues or be
transferred to a foundation to finance numismatic research. The Committee
will continue the discussion to prepare a proposal to the General Assembly
in 2015.
b. New logo: B. Zäch had sent different proposals and designs for a new logo
and the following were accepted: for the letterhead no. 1, for the website no.
1/5; for the e-News the logo should be adapted according to the new design.
At the next meeting in Spring 2014, the Committee will decide on a slate of
candidates for the next term to be submitted to the vote of General Assembly.
14. Date and place of the next Committee meeting, spring 2014
If sponsors can be found the next meeting of the Bureau will take place in
Helsinki in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of the Finish Numismatic
Society in May 2014.
15. Vote of thanks to hosts
The President and the Committee express their deep gratitude to Maria
Caltabiano and her colleagues at the University of Messina as well as to the
Rector of the University, Prof. Francesco Tomasello for their generous hospitality: thanks to them the INC had a very productive and convivial meeting.
103
MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL
DE NUMISMATIQUE
INSTITUTIONS
AU 31 DÉCEMBRE 2013
This list includes contact names, together with telephone and fax numbers,
of each institution member of the INC. Any additional information (e.g. email addresses), updates or corrections should be sent to the Secretary of
the INC for inclusion in the next Compte rendu.
Cette liste comprend la liste des institutions membres du CIN ainsi que les
noms de leurs responsables, leurs numéros de téléphone, de fax et leur email. Toute information complémentaire (e-mail, site web p. ex.) ou toute
correction doivent être envoyées au Secrétaire de la CIN qui les répercutera
dans le Compte rendu suivant.
AUSTRALIA / AUSTRALIE
Australian Centre for Ancient
Numismatic Studies
Macquarie University, NSW 2109
Contact: Kenneth Sheedy
tel. +612 9850 8807
fax +612 9850 8240
[email protected]
www.mq.edu.au/research/centres_
and_groups/acans/
AUSTRIA / AUTRICHE
Universalmuseum Joanneum,
Münzkabinett
Schloss Eggenberg,
Eggenberger Allee 90, A-8020 Graz
Contact: K arl Peitler
tel. +43 1 316 8017 9513
fax +43 1 316 8017 9530
[email protected]
www.museum-joanneum.at/de/
muenzkabinett
Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien,
Münzkabinett
Burgring 5, A-1010 Vienna
Contact: Michael Alram
tel. +43 1 52 524 4201
fax +43 1 52 524 4299
[email protected]
www.khm.at
Institut für Numismatik und
Geldgeschichte, Universität Wien
Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, A-1190 Vienna
Contact: Reinhard Wolters
tel. +43 1 4277 40704
fax +43 1 4277 9407
[email protected]
numismatik.univie.ac.at
Institut für Kulturgeschichte der
Antike, Abt. Documenta Antiqua
Österreichische Akademie
der Wissenschaften
Postgasse 7, Stiege 2, A-1010 Vienna
Contact: Bernhard Woytek
tel. +43 1 515 81 3511
[email protected]
www.oeaw.ac.at/numismatik
104
MEMBRES DU Conseil INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE
Österreichische Numismatische
Gesellschaft
Burgring 5, A-1010 Vienna
Contact: Günther Dembski
tel. +43 1 525 24 4221
fax +43 1 525 24 4299
[email protected]
www.oeng.at
BALTIC COUNTRIES
Association of Baltic Numismatists,
c/o National Museum of Lithuania,
Arsenalo Str. 1, LT-01143 Vilnius
Contact: Dalia Grimalauskaite
tel. +370 5 212 02 50
[email protected]
BELGIUM / BELGIQUE
Association Internationale
des Numismates Professionnels
(AINP)
14 rue de la Bourse, B-1000 Bruxelles
Contact: J.-L. Van der Schueren
tel. +32 2 513 3400
fax +32 2 512 2528
[email protected]
www.iapn-coins.org (see Switzerland)
Cabinet des Médailles
Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique,
boulevard de l’Empereur 4,
B-1000 Bruxelles
Contact: Johan van Heesch
tel. +32 2 519 56 08
fax +32 2 519 56 02
[email protected]
www.kbr.be/collections/medailles
/medailles_fr.html (français) et
www.kbr.be/collections/medailles
/medailles_nl.html (néerlandais)
Cercle d’Études Numismatiques
B-1000 Bruxelles
Contact: Jean-Marc Doyen
29 rue Fr. Roffiaen, B-1050 Bruxelles
tel. + 32 2 647 1916
Monnaie Royale de Belgique
boulevard Pachéco 32,
B-1000 Bruxelles
Contact: Serge Lesens
tel. +32 2 221 07 11
fax +32 2 217 70 64
Société Royale de Numismatique
de Belgique
Cabinet des Médailles,
Bibliothèque Royale
B-1000 Bruxelles
Contact: Johan van Heesch
tel. +32 2 519 56 08
fax +32 2 519 56 02
[email protected]
Banque Nationale de Belgique,
Collection Numismatique
boulevard de Berlaimont 14,
B-1000 Bruxelles
Contact: Marianne Danneel
tel. +32 2 221 25 71
fax +32 2 221 31 60
[email protected]
Association de Numismatique
professeur Marcel Hoc
Collège Érasme, Place Blaise Pascal 1,
bte L3.03.11, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
Contact: Ghislaine Moucharte
tel. +32 10 474882
fax +32 2 3455403
[email protected]
numismatica.fltr.ucl.ac.be
Provinciaal Munt- en Penningkabinet
Kielenstraat 15, B-3700 Tongeren
Contact: Guido Creemers
tel. +32 12 670 340
fax +32 12 670 333
[email protected]
105
Contact: Maja Bonačić Mandinić
tel. + 38 5 21 329 340
fax +38 5 21 329 360
[email protected]
www.armus.hr
CYPRUS / CHYPRE
BRAZIl / BRÈSIL
Museu Historico Nacional
Praia Marechal Ancora, s/n., 20.021200 Centro, Rio de Janeiro / RJ, Brasil
Contact: Vera Lucia Botrel Tostes
tel. +55 21 2550 9221
[email protected]
Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation,
Museum of the History
of Cypriot Coinage
86-90 Phaneromenis Str, P.O.
Box 21995, 1515 Nicosia
Contact: Eleni Zapiti
tel. + 357 22 677134
fax +357 22 662898
[email protected]
CANADA / CANADA
The Nickle Arts Museum
The University of Calgary,
2500 University Drive N.W.,
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
Contact: Ann Davis
tel. +1 403 220 7234
fax +1 403 282 4742
[email protected]
www.ucalgary.ca/-nickle
Bank of Canada,
National Currency Collection
234 Wellington Street, Ottawa K1A 0G9
Contact: Paul S. Berry
tel. +1 613 782 8188
fax +1 613 782 8655
www.bank-banque-canada.ca
/english/museum.htm
CZECH REPUBLIC /
RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE
Česká numismatická společnost
Arménska 1372/10, CZ-110 00 Praha 10
Contact: Michal Masek
tel./fax +420 2 71730775
[email protected]
[email protected]
DENMARK / DANEMARK
CROATIA / CROATIE
Kgl. Mønt-og Medaillesamling,
Nationalmuseet
Frederiksholms Kanal 12, DK-1220
København K
Contact: Michael Andersen
tel. +45 33 47 31 02
fax +45 33 15 55 21
[email protected]
Arheoloski Muzej
Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25,
HR-21000 Split
Director: Zrinka Buljević
Dansk Numismatisk Forening
Galionsvej 12, 2. th.,
DK-1437 København K
Contact: Preben Nielsen
106
tel. +45 43 52 19 18
[email protected]
www.numismatik.dk
FINLAND / FINLANDE
Coin Cabinet,
National Museum of Finland
P.O. Box 913, FI-00101 Helsinki
Contact: Tuukka Talvio
tel. +358 40 1286389
[email protected]
www.nba.fi/en/collections_coin
_cabinet
Finnish Numismatic Society
Mechelininkatu 15 B 47, FI-00100
Helsinki
Contact: Petteri Järvi
tel. +358 503 747 868
[email protected]
www.snynumis.fi
Suomen Numismaatikkoliitto –
Association of Finnish
Numismatic Societies
PO Box 36, FI-33541 Tampere
Contact: Petri Virolainen
tel. +358 3 3631 480
fax +358 3 3631 480
www.numismaatikkoliitto.fi
France / FRANCE
Association des Amis
du Parc archéologique européen
de Bliesbruck-Reinheim
1 rue Robert Schuman,
F-57200 Bliesbruck
Contact: Berty Schaub
tel./fax +33 3 87 02 25 79
[email protected]
www.archeo57.com
Fédération Française des
Associations Numismatiques
(FFAN)
BP 5, F-37160 Descartes
Contact: Jacques Laurent
tél. +33 (0) 247 92 40 65
[email protected]
www.amisdufranc.org
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon
20 place des Terreaux, F-69001 Lyon
Contact: François Planet
tel. +33 4 72 10 17 40
fax +33 4 78 28 12 45
[email protected]
www.mba-lyon.fr/mba/
Archives Municipales
10 rue Clovis-Hugues,
F-13003 Marseille
Contact: Joëlle Bouvry
tel. +33 4 91 55 33 71
fax +33 4 91 55 23 38
[email protected]
www.documentation-provence.org/
orgs/83.htm
Musée Dobrée
18 rue Voltaire, BP 40415,
F-44004 Nantes
Contact: Gildas Salaün
tel. +33 2 40 71 03 50
fax +33 2 40 73 29 40
[email protected]
www.loire-atlantique.fr/jcms/cg_
7520/musee-dobree
Société de Numismatique Asiatique
86 Quai de la Fosse, F-44100 Nantes
Contact: François Joyaux
tel. +33 2 43 04 13 62
[email protected]
https://sites.google.com/site/
societedenumismatiqueasiatique/home
107
IRAMAT Centre Ernest-Babelon
3d rue de la Férollerie,
F-45071 Orléans cedex 2
Contact: Bernard Gratuze
tel. +33 2 38 25 52 49
fax +33 2 38 25 76 88
[email protected]
Contact: Frédérique Duyrat
tel. +33 1 53 79 83 63
fax +33 1 53 79 89 47
[email protected]
www.bnf.fr/fr/collections_et_services/
dpts/s.departement_monnaies
_medailles.html?first_Art=non
Les Amis de l’Euro (AD€)
36 rue Vivienne, F-75002 Paris
Contact: Olivier Fournier
tel. +33 6 10 87 97 30
tel. +33 1 75 43 49 41
fax +33 1 75 43 49 42
[email protected]
www.amisdeleuro.org
Médaillier de la Banque de France
10-1069 SG – SPAHI,
39 rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs,
F-75049 Paris cedex 01
Contact: Jean-Renaud Lefeuvre
tel. +33 1 4292 2539
[email protected]
Les Amis du Franc (ADF)
Contact: Franck Perrin
tel. +33 6 18 13 92 33
[email protected]
www.amisdufranc.org
Amis des Romaines (ADR)
Contact: Laurent Schmitt
tel. +33 1 40 26 42 97
tel. +33 6 10 80 60 32
fax +33 1 40 26 42 95
[email protected]
www.amisdesromaines.fr
Direction des Monnaies et Médailles
11 quai Conti, F-75006 Paris
Contact: Jean-Luc Desnier
tel. +33 1 40 46 55 25
fax +33 1 40 46 57 09
[email protected]
www.monnaiedeparis.fr
Cabinet des Médailles de la
Bibliothèque nationale de France
5 rue Vivienne, F-75084 Paris cedex 02
Société Française de Numismatique
Bibliothèque nationale de France,
58 rue de Richelieu, F-75084 Paris
cedex 02
Contact: Le Secrétaire
tel. +33 1 53 79 86 26
fax +33 1 53 79 86 28
www.sfnum.asso.fr
Musée Numismatique J. Puig
42 av. de Grande-Bretagne, F-66000
Perpignan
Contact: Sabine Castellvi
tel. +33 4 68 62 37 61
fax +33 4 68 34 76 55
[email protected]
www.mairie-perpignan.fr/index.
php?np=1076
Musée Saint-Raymond
musée des Antiques de Toulouse,
1ter place Saint-Sernin,
F-31000 Toulouse
Contact: Pascal Capus
tel. +33 5 61 22 21 85
fax +33 5 61 22 31 25
[email protected]
www.saintraymond.toulouse.fr
108
GERMANY / ALLEMAGNE
Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen
Preussischer Kulturbesitz,
Bodestrasse 1-3, D-10178 Berlin
Contact: Bernd Kluge
tel. +49 30 20905701
fax +49 30 20905702
[email protected]
www.smb.spk-berlin.de
Griechisches Münzwerk
Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Jägerstrasse 22/23, D-10117 Berlin
Contact: Ulrike Peter
tel. +49 30 20370501
fax +49 30 20370376
[email protected]
Staatliche Kunstsammlungen
Dresden, Münzkabinett
Residenzschloss, Taschenberg 2,
D-01067 Dresden
Contact: R ainer Grund
tel. +49 351 4914 3230
fax +49 351 4914 3233
[email protected]
www.skd.museum
Institut für Archäologische
Wissenschaften, Abt. II:
Archäologie und Geschichte
der römischen Provinzen
sowie Hilfswissenschaften
der Altertumskunde
Grüneburgplatz 1 / Fach 136,
D-60629 Frankfurt am Main
Contact: Hans-Markus von K aenel
tel. +49 69 798 32267 (Sekretariat)
fax + 49 69 798 32268
[email protected]
Geldmuseum der Deutschen
Bundesbank
Wilhelm-Epstein-Strasse 14, D-60431
Frankfurt am Main
Contact: Reinhold Walburg
tel. +49 69 9566 6164
fax +49 69 9566 50 6164
[email protected]
www.geldmuseum.de
Museum für Hamburgische
Geschichte
Holstenwall 24, D-20355 Hamburg
Contact: R alf Wiechmann
tel. +49 40 428132-2363
fax +49 40 428132-3103
[email protected]
www.hamburgmuseum.de
Museum August Kestner,
Sammlung Münzen und Medaillen
Landeshauptstadt Hannover,
Trammplatz 3, D-30159 Hannover
Contact: Simone Vogt
tel. +49 511 168 42120
fax +49 511 168 46530
[email protected]
www.museum-august-kestner.de
Numismatische Kommission
der Länder in der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Staatliche Münzsammlung München
Residenzstrasse 1, D-80333 München
Contact: Dietrich O. A. Klose
tel. +49 89 22 72 21
fax +49 89 29 98 59
[email protected]
www.staatliche-muenzsammlung.de
Badisches Landesmuseum,
Münzkabinett
Schloss, D-76131 Karlsruhe 1
Contact: K atarina Horst
tel. +49 721 92 6679
fax +49 721 92 6 6537
[email protected]
www.landesmuseum.de
Bayerische Numismatische
Gesellschaft e. V.
Residenzstrasse 1 (c/o Staatliche
Münzsammlung), D-80333 München 2
Contact: Kristian Nicol Worbs
tel. +49 8022 705 826
fax +49 8022 705 849
[email protected]
Kommission für Alte Geschichte
und Epigraphik des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts
Amalienstrasse 73b, D-80799 München
Contact: Johannes Nollé
tel. +49 89 28 67 67-73 or 60
fax +49 89 28 67 67-80
[email protected]
www.dainst.org/mitarbeiter
Staatliche Münzsammlung München
Residenzstrasse 1, D-80333 München
Contact: Dietrich O. A. Klose
tel. +49 89 22 72 21
fax +49 89 29 98 59
[email protected]
www.staatliche-muenzsammlung.de
Verband der Deutschen
Münzenhändler
Charlottenstrasse 4, D-70182 Stuttgart
Contact: Stefan Sonntag
tel. +49 711 2484 73 69
Westfälisches Landesmuseum
für Kunst und Kultur
Domplatz 10, D-48143 Münster
Contact: Gerd Dethlefs
tel. +49 251 5907258
fax +49 251 5907210
[email protected]
Germanisches Nationalmuseum,
Münzkabinett
Kornmarkt 1, D-90402 Nürnberg
Contact: Matthias Nuding
tel. +49 911 1331251
109
fax +49 911 1331200
[email protected]
www.gnm.de
Deutsche Numismatische
Gesellschaft
Verband der Deutschen
Münzvereine e.V.
Zum Seeblick 5,
D-83703 Gmund am Tegernsee
Contact: Kristian Nicol Worbs
tel. +49 8022 705 826
fax. +49 8022 705 849
[email protected]
www.numismatische-gesellschaft.de
GREECE / GRÈCE
Alpha Bank,
Numismatic Collection
Stadiou 40, GR-102 52 Athens
Contact: Dimitra Tsangari
tel. +30 210 3262 460/1
fax +30 210 3262 462
[email protected]
www.alphanumismatics.gr
KIKPE
(Welfare Foundation for
Social & Cultural Affairs)
Neophytou Douka 12,
GR-106 74 Athens
Contact: Vasiliki Penna
tel. +30 210 729 93 66
[email protected]
Lydia Lithos,
Society for the Study
of Numismatics and
Economic History
P.O. Box 3895, GR-102 10 Athens
Contact: K atarini Liampi
[email protected]
www.lydialithos.gr
110
Numismatic Museum
Iliou Melathron, Panepistimiou 12,
GR-106 71 Athens
Contact: George K akavas
tel. +30 210 364 3774
fax +30 210 363 5953
[email protected]
www.nma.gr
Research Center for Greek
and Roman Antiquity
The National Hellenic Research
Foundation (KERA)
48, Vassileos Constantinou avenue,
GR-116 35 Athens
Contact: Sophia Kremydi,
[email protected]
tel. +30 210 727 36 86
tel. +30 210 727 36 78
fax +30 210 723 41 45
Musée National de Hongrie,
Cabinet des Monnaies et Médailles
Múzeum körút 14-16, Postsbok 364,
H-1088 Budapest VIII
Contact: Melinda J. Torbágyi
tel. +36 1 3277 777
[email protected]
www.hnm.hu
ISRAEL / ISRAEL
Israel Numismatic Society
The Israel Museum, P.O. Box 71117,
Jerusalem 91710, Israel
Contact: Haim Gitler
tel. +972 267 08831
fax +972 267 08906
[email protected]
www.ins.org.il
HUNGARY / HONGRIE
ITALY / ITALIE
Banknote and Coin Collection
of the National Bank of Hungary
Szabadság ter. 8-9, H-1850 Budapest
tel. +36 1 428 2600 ext. 1456
fax +36 1 428 2569 / 2572
[email protected]
www.lk.mnb.hu
Università della Calabria,
Dipartimento di Storia,
Cattedra di Numismatica
Ponte Pietro Bucci, cubo 28/D, I-87037
Arcavacata di Rende CS
Contact: Benedetto Carroccio
tel. +39 0984 49 4472
fax +39 0984 49 4411
[email protected]
Magyar Numizmatikai Társulat,
Société Numismatique Hongroise
Csepreghy u. 4. Fasz. 2,
H-1085 Budapest VIII
Contact: Melinda J. Torbágyi
tel. +36 1 3270 704
[email protected]
www.numizmatika.org
Università degli Studi di Bologna,
Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà
Via Zamboni 38, I-40126 Bologna
Contact: Anna Lina Morelli
tel. +39 051 2098761
fax +39 051 222706
[email protected]
www.numismatica.unibo.it
Museo Civico Archeologico
Via Musei 8, I-41024 Bologna
Contact: Paola Giovetti
tel. +39 051 233849
fax +39 051 266516
[email protected]
www.comune.bologna.it
/museoarcheologico/
Circolo Numismatico Ligure
“Corrado Astengo”
c/o Società Ligure di Storia Patria,
Palazzo Ducale, Piazza Matteotti 5,
I-16123 Genova
Contact: Giuseppe Figari
tel: +39 010 311339
[email protected]
Cattedra di Numismatica,
Dipartimento di scienze dell’antichità,
del medio evo e geografico-ambientali
(DISAM)
Sezione scienze documentarie,
Università di Genova, 4, via Balbi,
I-16126 Genova
Contact: Rossella Pera
tel. +39 010 209 9779/9763
fax +39 010 209 5468
[email protected]
greca e romana,
Dipartimento di Civiltà
Antiche e Moderne
Università degli Studi di Messina
Polo dell’ Annunziata, I-98168 Messina
Contact: Maria Caccamo Caltabiano
tel. +39 090 3503397
fax +39 090 3503889
[email protected]
Dipartimento di Storia,
archeologia e storia dell’arte
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore,
Largo A Gemelli 1, I-20123 Milano
111
Contact: Claudia Perassi
tel. +39 02 72342530
fax +39 02 72343908
[email protected]
Università degli Studi di Milano,
Dipartimento di Studi Storici,
medievale e moderna
Via Festa del Perdono 7, I-20122 Milano
Contact: Lucia Travaini
tel. +39 02 50 31 29 02
fax +39 02 50312904
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.luciatravaini.it
Università degli studi di Milano,
Dipartimento di scienze dell’antichità,
Cattedra di numismatica antica
Via Festa del Perdono 7, I-20122 Milano
Contact: Adriano Savio
tel. +39 02 50 31 29 41
fax +39 02 50 31 25 92
[email protected]
Società Numismatica Italiana
Via Orti 3, I-20122 Milano
Contact: Gian Angelo Sozzi
tel./fax +39 02 9439 1024
[email protected]
www.socnumit.org
Centro Internazionale
di Studi Numismatici
Villa Livia, Parco Grifeo 13,
I-80121 Napoli
Contact: Marina Talierci0
tel. +39 081 681112
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.storia.unina.it/centri
/numismati.html
112
Museo Bottacin
Palazzo Zuckermann,
Corso Garibaldi 33, I-35123 Padova
Contact: Bruno Callegher
tel. +39 049 876 6959
fax +39 049 877 4671
[email protected]
Soprintendenza Archeologica di
Roma
Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Piazza
dei Cinquecento, 67, I-00185 Roma
Contact: Fiorenzo Catalli
tel. +39 06 48020753
fax +39 06 484156
[email protected]
Istituto Italiano di Numismatica
Palazzo Barberini, Via Quattro
Fontane 13, I-00184 Roma
Contact: Sara Sorda
tel./fax +39 06 4743603
[email protected]
www.istitutoitalianonumismatica.it/
storia.asp
Cattedra di Numismatica,
Dipartimento di Beni Culturali,
Musica e Spettacolo,
Facoltà di Lettere
Università degli Studi di Roma
(Tor Vergata),
Via Columbia 1, I-00133 Roma
Contact: Patrizia Serafin Petrillo
tel. +39 06 7259 5197 or 5144
fax +39 06 7259 5220
[email protected]
Università degli studi di Salerno,
Dipartimento di Scienze
del Patrimonio Culturale
Via Ponte don Melillo,
I-84084 Fisciano (SA)
Contact: Renata Cantilena
tel. +39 089 962 113/962 136
fax +39 089 964 399
[email protected]
Gabinetto numismatico
dei Civici Musei di Udine
Piazzale del Castello, I-33100 Udine
Contact: Maurizio Buora
tel. +39 04 32 271591
fax +39 06 32 501681
Museo di Castelvecchio
Corso Castelvecchio 2, I-37121 Verona
Contact: Paola Marini
tel. +39 045 8062611
fax +39 045 8010729
[email protected]
www.comune.verona.it
/castelvecchio/cvsito
JAPAN / JAPON
Currency Museum Section,
Institute for Monetary
and Economic Studies
The Bank of Japan, 2-1-1 Hongoku-cho,
Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8660
Contact: Noriko Fujii
tel. +81 3 3279 1111
fax +81 3 3277 1456
[email protected]
www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm
Luxembourg / LUXEMBOURG
Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art
Marché-aux-Poissons,
L-2345 Luxembourg
Contact: François Reinert
tel. +352 47 93 30 217
fax +352 47 93 30 271
[email protected]
THE NETHERLANDS / PAYS-BAS
Teylers Museum
Spaarne 16, NL-2011 CH Haarlem
Contact: Marjan Scharloo
tel. +31 23 5319010
fax +31 23 5342004
[email protected]
Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap
voor Munt- en Penningkunde
p/a Geldmuseum, postbus 2407,
NL-3500 GK Utrecht
Contact: Chris Teulings
tel. +41 44 780 60 37
[email protected]
NORWAY / NORVÈGE
Det Norske Myntverket AS
PO Box 53, N-3601 Kongsberg
Contact: Turid Djønne
tel. +47 3 73 53 00
fax +47 3 73 62 58
Kulturhistorisk museum,
Universitetet i Oslo
Numismatisk bibliotek
Box 6762 St Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo
Contacts: Svein Harald Gullbekk
(Viking age and medieval coins,
orders, banknotes and Norwegian
monetary history)
tel. +47 22 85 99 46
fax +47 22 85 97 69
[email protected]
Håkon Ingvaldsen
(Greek, Roman and Byzantine
coins, oriental coins, medals, modern
Norwegian monetary history)
tel. +47 22 85 99 48
fax +47 22 85 97 69
[email protected]
113
Collection manager, Anette Sættem
(responsible for managing
the numismatic collection and the
collection of classical antiquities)
tel. +47 22 85 99 43
fax +47 22 85 97 69
[email protected]
www.khm.uio.no
POLAND / POLOGNE
Komitet Nauk Historycznych,
Komisja Numizmatyczna
Al. Solidarności 105,
PL 00-140 Warsaw
Contact: Borys Paszkiewicz
tel. +48 22 620 28 81
fax +48 22 624 01 00
National Museum Kraków,
Numismatic Cabinet
ul. J. Pilsudskiego 12,
PL 31-109 Kraków
Contact: Jaroslaw Bodzek
tel. +48 12 292 64 40
[email protected]
National Museum Warsaw
Department of Coins and Medals
Al. Jerozolimskie 3, PL 00-495 Warsaw
Contact: Andrzej Romanowski
tel. +48 22 621 10 31 ext. 252, 347
fax +48 22 622 85 59
[email protected]
Polskie Towarzystwo Numizmatyczne
ul. Jezuicka 6, PL 00-281 Warsaw
Contact: Mariusz Mielczarek
tel./fax +48 22 831 39 28
114
University of Warsaw,
Institut of Archaeology
Szkola Glówna, ul. Krakowskie
Przedmieście 26/28,
PL 00-927 Warsaw
Contact: Aleksander Bursche
tel. +48 22 5522827
fax +48 225522801
[email protected]
ROMANIA / ROUMANIE
National History Museum of Romania
12 Victoriei Road, Sector 3,
RO-010082 Bucharest
Contact: Martin Tudor
tel. +40 21 315 82 07
fax +40 21 311 33 56
[email protected]
www.mnir.ro
Societatea Numismatica Română
Biblioteca Academiei Romane,
Cabinetul Numismatic,
Popa Tatu str. 20, sector 1,
RO-010805 Bucharest
Contact: Emanuel Petac
tel. +40 723 241303
[email protected]
RUSSIA / RUSSIE
The State Historical Museum,
Dept. of Numismatics
Red Square 1, RU-109012 Moscow
Contact: Alexander Shkourko
(Director)
tel. +7495 292 22 69
fax +7495 692 22 69
fax +7495 925 95 27
Igor Shiryakov
(Keeper of Numismatic Department)
tel. +7495 692 28 73
fax +7495 921 53 16
State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
12 Volkhonka st., RU-119019 Moscow
Contact: Nataliya Smirnova
tel. +7495 203 74 14
fax +7495 203 46 74
[email protected]
www.museum.ru/gmii
The Moscow Numismatic Society
ul. Kosygina, dom 13, kv. 149,
RU-119334 Moscow
Contact: Garold A. Shchetinin
tel. +7 495 930 01 21
[email protected]
The State Hermitage Museum
St. Petersburg, Dvortsovaya nab, 34,
RU-190000 St. Petersburg
Contact: Vitaly K alinin
tel./fax +7812 710 90 06
[email protected]
SLOVENIA / SLOVÉNIE
Narodni Muzej Slovenije,
Numismatični kabinet
Prešernova 20, SI-1000 Ljubljana
Contact: Peter Kos
tel. +386 61 126 4098
fax +386 61 221882
[email protected]
www.narmuz-lj.si/english/12
_departments/coin_cabinet/coin
_cabinet.html
SPAIN / ESPAGNE
Sociedad Numismática Avilesina
Apartado 225, E-33400 Aviles
Contact: Claudio López Arias
tel. +34 93 5563170
tel. +34 93 5523153
fax +34 98 5523153
115
Asociación Numismática Española
Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 627,
Pral. 1a, E-08010 Barcelona
Contact: Josep Pellicer
tel. +34 93 3188245
fax +34 93 3189062
[email protected]
www.ane.org.es
Museo Casa de la Moneda
F. N. M. T., Jorge Juan 106,
E-28009 Madrid
Contact: Juan Teodoro
tel. +34 915 666 533
fax +34 915 666 809
[email protected]
www.museocasadelamoneda.org
Gabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya,
Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya,
Palau Nacional, Parc de Montjuïc,
E-08038 Barcelona
Contact: Marta Campo
[email protected]
Contact: Albert Estrada
[email protected]
tel. +34 93 622 03 60
fax +34 93 622 03 74
www.mnac.cat
Departamento de Arqueología
e Historia antigua
Centro de Estudios Históricos, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,
Duque de Medinaceli N° 6,
E-28014 Madrid
Contact: Maria Paz Garcia-Bellido
tel. +34 91 4290626
fax +34 91 3690940
[email protected]
Societat Catalana d’Estudis
Numismàtics
Carrer del Carme 47,
E-08001 Barcelona
Contact: X avier Sanahuja
tel. +34 3 4573876
fax +34 3 4579277
[email protected]
Fundación para el Fomento de los
Estudios Numismáticos FONUMIS
c/ Orfila 18, E-28010 Madrid
Contact: J. Cayón
tel. +34 91 5228030
fax +34 91 5233585
Departamento de Numismática y
Medallistica, Museo Arqueológico
Nacional
c/ Serrano 13, E-28001 Madrid
Contact: Paloma Otero
tel. +34 91 5777912-224
fax +34 91 4316840
[email protected]
man.mcu.es
Sociedad Iberoamericana
de Estudios Numismáticos (SIAEN)
c/ Jorge Juan 106, E-28009 Madrid
Contact: Julio Torres
tel. +34 91 5666536
fax +34 91 5666809
[email protected]
Departament de Prehistòria i
Arqueologia, Universitat de València,
Facultad de Historia y Geografia
Avda Blasco Ibáñez, no. 28,
E-46010 València
Contact: Pere Pau Ripollès
tel. +34 96386 4124
fax +34 96398 3887
[email protected]
www.uv.es/ripolles
Museu de Prehistòria de València
Corona 36, E-46003 València
Contact: Helena Bonet Rosado
tel. +34 963 883 587
fax +34 963 883 536
[email protected]
116
SWEDEN / SUÈDE
SWITZERLAND / SUISSE
Gunnar Holsts Stiftelse
för Numismatik
Växthusgatan 12, SE-431 60 Mölndal
Contact: Stefan Zakrisson
tel. +46 31 530776
[email protected]
Historisches Museum Basel,
Münzkabinett
Steinenberg 4, CH-4051 Basel
Contact: Michael Matzke
tel. +41 61 2058 600
fax +41 61 2058 601
[email protected]
www.hmb.ch
Kungl. Myntkabinettet /
Royal Coin Cabinet
Sveriges ekonomiska museum
Box 5405, SE-114 84 Stockholm
Contact: Eva R amberg
tel. +46 8 5195 5310
fax +46 8 5195 5315
[email protected]
www.myntkabinettet.se
Numismatiska Forskningsgruppen /
Stockholm Numismatic Institute
Stockholm University
SE-106 91 Stockholm
Contact: Kenneth Jonsson
tel. +46 8 6747755
[email protected]
www. archaeology.su.se/numismatiska-forskningsgruppen
Svenska Numismatiska Föreningen /
Swedish Numismatic Society
Banérgatan 17 nb,
SE-115 22 Stockholm
Contact: President
tel. +46 8 6675598
fax +46 8 6670771
[email protected]
www.users.wineasy.se/snf/index.html
Uppsala University, Coin Cabinet
Box 256, SE-751 05, Uppsala
Contact: Hendrik Mäkeler
tel. +46 18 471 17 22
fax +46 18 471 75 69
[email protected]
www.myntkabinettet.uu.se
Bernisches Historisches Museum
Helvetiaplatz 5, CH-3005 Bern
Contact: Daniel Schmutz
tel. +41 31 350 77 31
fax +41 31 350 77 99
[email protected]
www.bhm.ch
Inventar der Fundmünzen
der Schweiz
Aarbergergasse 30,
Postfach 6855, CH-3001 Bern
Contact: R ahel C. Ackermann
tel. +41 31 311 34 24
fax +41 31 311 34 25
[email protected]
www.fundmuenzen.ch
Schweizerische Numismatische
Gesellschaft
c/o Jean-Pierre Righetti, Route de
Fribourg 54, CH-1724 Ferpicloz
Contact: Jean-Pierre Righetti
tel. +41 26 413 02 16
fax +41 26 413 02 15
[email protected]
www.numisuisse.org
Musée d’Art et d’Histoire,
Cabinet Numismatique
rue Charles Galland, Case postale
3432, CH-1200 Genève
Contact: Matteo Campagnolo
tel. +41 22 4182600
fax +41 22 4182601
[email protected]
Musée Monétaire Cantonal
Place de la Riponne 6, Palais
de Rumine, CH-1014 Lausanne
Contact: Anne Geiser
tel. +41 21 3163990
fax +41 21 3163999
[email protected]
www.musees.vd.ch/musee-monetaire/
117
Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum,
Landesmuseum Zürich, Münzkabinett
Museumstraße 2, PF, CH-8021 Zürich
Contact: Hortensia von Roten
tel. +41 44 218 65 16
fax +41 44 211 29 49
[email protected]
www.musee-suisse.ch/d/sammlung/
wissenschaft_und_sammlungen
/numismatik.php
TAIWAN / TAIWAN
National Museum of History
49 Nan Hai Road,
Taipei City 10066, Taiwan
Contact:Hui-Chuan Han
tel. +886 2 2361 0270 ext. 207
fax +886 2 2331 1086
[email protected]
www.nmh.gov.tw
Cabinet de Numismatique
de Neuchâtel,
Musée d’Art et d’Histoire
Case postale, CH-2001 Neuchâtel
Contact: Gilles Perret
tel. +41 32 7177920
fax +41 32 7177929
www.unine.ch/antic/numismatique.html
UNITED KINGDOM / ROYAUME-UNI
DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE
Münzkabinett und Antikensammlung
der Stadt Winterthur
Villa Bühler, Lindstrasse 8, Postfach,
CH-8402 Winterthur
Contact: Benedikt Zäch
tel. +41 52 267 51 46
fax +41 52 267 66 81
[email protected]
www.muenzkabinett.org
The Barber Institute of Fine Arts, Dept.
of Coins, The University of Birmingham
Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TS
Contact: Eurydice S. Georganteli
tel. +44 121 414 7332
fax +44 121 414 3370
[email protected]
website:www.barber.org.uk
/coins/index.html
Freie Vereinigung
Zürcher Numismatiker
c/o Münzkabinett, Schweizerisches
Nationalmuseum, Museumstraße 2,
PF, CH-8021 Zürich
Contact: Hortensia von Roten
tel. +41 44 218 65 16
fax +41 44 211 29 49
The Fitzwilliam Museum,
Dept. of Coins and Medals
Trumpington Street,
Cambridge CB2 1RB
Contact: Adrian Popescu
tel. +44 1223 332949
fax +44 1223 332923
[email protected]
www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk
/dept/coins/
118
The National Museum of Wales, Dept.
of Archaeology and Numismatics
Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP
Contact: Edward M. Besly
tel. +44 29 2057 3291
fax +44 29 2057 3321
[email protected]
www.museumwales.ac.uk
/en/archaeology/
Ashmolean Museum,
Heberden Coin Room
Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PH
Contact: Chris Howgego
tel. +44 1865 278063
fax +44 1865 278057
[email protected]
www.ashmolean.org/departments
/heberdencoinroom/
National Museum of Scotland
Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF
tel. +44 131 225 75 34
fax +44 131 247 40 70
www.nms.ac.uk/home.aspx
The Royal Mint
Llantrisant, Pontyclun,
Mid Glamorgan CF7 8YT
Contact: Kevin Clancy
tel. +44 1443 222111
fax +44 1443 228799
www.royalmint.com
The Hunterian,
The University of Glasgow
University Avenue,
Glasgow G12 8QQ
Contact: J. Donal Bateson
tel. +44 141 330 4221 or 4289
fax +44 141 330 3617
[email protected]
www.glasgow.ac.uk/hunterian
The British Museum,
Great Russell Street,
London WC1B 3DG
Contact: Philip Attwood
tel. +44 20 7323 8260
fax +44 20 7323 8171
[email protected]
www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
/cm/cmhome.html
Royal Numismatic Society
The British Museum, Great Russell
Street, London WC1B 3DG
Contact: Nicholas Mayhew
tel. +44 207 323 8228
fax +44 207 323 8171
www.numismatics.org.uk
British Numismatic Society
The Warburg Institute, Woburn
Square, London WC1H 0AB
Current President: Roger Bland,
Keeper of Portable Antiquities
& Treasure, British Museum,
UK-London WC1B 3DG
tel. +44 20 7323 8611
Contact: The President
[email protected]
www.britnumsoc.org
Oriental Numismatic Society
9 Grandison Road, London SW11 6LS
Contact: Peter Smith
tel. +44 207 228 6826
[email protected]
www.onsnumis.org
British Numismatic Trade Association
P. O. Box 2, Rye,
East Sussex TN31 7WE
Contact: Rosemary Cooke
tel./fax +44 1797 229988
[email protected]
www.bnta.net
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA /
ÉTATS-UNIS D’AMÉRIQUE
Harvard Art Museums,
Division of Asian
and Mediterranean Art
32 Quincy Street, Cambridge,
MA 02138, USA
Contact: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi
tel. +1 617 496 9274
fax +1 617 495 5211
[email protected]
website with collection online:
www.harvardartmuseums.org
Yale University Art Gallery,
PO Box 208271, New Haven,
CT 06520-8271, USA
Contact: William E. Metcalf
tel. +1 203 432 1801
tel. +1 203 432 0982
fax +1 203 432 6019
[email protected]
www.artgallery.yale.edu
The American Numismatic Society
75 Varick Street, floor 11,
New York, NY 10013, USA
Contact: Andrew Meadows
tel. +1 212 571 4470 extension 111
fax +1 212 571 4479
[email protected]
www.numismatics.org
Princeton University Library
One Washington Road, Princeton,
NJ 08544, USA
Contact: Alan M. Stahl
tel. +1 609 258 9127
fax +1 609 258 2324
[email protected]
119
The John Max Wulfing Collection,
Kemper Art Museum
Washington University in St. Louis,
CB 1189 – Kemper 210, one Brookings
Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
Contact: Sarantis Symeonoglou
tel. +1 314 935 4519
[email protected]
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library
1703 32 nd Street NW, Washington,
DC 20007, USA
Contact: John W. Nesbitt
tel. +1 202 339 6993
fax +1 202 339 6419
[email protected]
www.doaks.org/index.html
Ancient Coin Collectors Guild
PO Box 911, Gainsville,
MO 65655, USA
Contact: Wayne G. Sayles
tel. +417 679 2142
[email protected]
VATICAN CITY / VATICAN
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana,
Gabinetto Numismatico
Cortile del Belvedere,
V-00120 Vatican City
Contact: Giancarlo Alteri
tel. +6 698 79 406
fax +6 698 84 795
[email protected]
www.vaticanlibrary.va
120
MEMBRES HONORAIRES / HONORARY MEMBERS
Au 31 DÉCEMBRE 2013
ALFÖLDI, Maria R.
Hans-Sachs-Straße 1,
D-60487 Frankfurt/M., Allemagne
tel. +49 69 707 3157,
[email protected]
ARSLAN, Ermanno A.
Via Privata Cesare Battisti 2,
I-20122, Milan, Italie
tel. +39 25512901
[email protected]
www.ermannoarslan.eu
BATES, Michael L.
Curator Emeritus of Islamic Coins,
1334 River Road, Apt. 3, Edgewater,
NJ 07020-1424, États-Unis d’Amérique
[email protected]
FRANKE, Peter Robert
Landshuter Allee 154/1, D-80637,
Munich, Allemagne
FROLOVA, Nina
State History Museum,
Numismatic Department, Red Square,
1, RU-09012 Moscow, Russie
[email protected]
GEDAI, Istvan
Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Múzeum
Körút 14-16, Postbok 364, H-1088
Budapest, Hongrie
GEIGER, Hans-Ulrich
Rötelsteig 9, CH-8037 Zürich, Suisse
[email protected]
BHATIA, Pratipal
E-7/7 Vasant Vitar,
New Delhi 110 057, Inde
[email protected]
ILIESCU, Octavian
Str. Liviu Rebreanu 29, Bloc M 36
apart. 33, RO-74633, Bucarest 57,
Roumanie
Boehringer, Christof
Höltystr. 4, D-37085 Göttingen,
Allemagne
[email protected]
Jensen, Jørgen Steen
Den Kgl. Mønt- og Medaillesamling,
Nationalmuseet, Frederiksholms Kanal
12, DK-1220 København K, Danemark
[email protected]
BUTTREY, Theodore V.
Dept. of Coins and Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum, Trumpington Street,
GB-Cambridge CB2 1RB,
Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne
[email protected]
KLUGE, Bernd
Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu
Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz,
Bodestrasse 1-3, D-10178 Berlin,
Allemagne
[email protected]
121
MEMBRES HONOR AIRES / HONOR ARY MEMBERS
LE RIDER, Georges
35 rue Vieille-du-Bourg,
F-69700 Givors, France
SCHULTZ, Hans-Dietrich
Rödelstrasse 6,
D-10318 Berlin, Allemagne
[email protected]
METCALF, Michael
Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean
Museum, Beaumont Street, Oxford
OX1 2PH, Royaume-Uni de GrandeBretagne
SKAARE, Kolbjørn
Universitetets Kulturhistoriske Museer,
Myntkabinett, Postboks 6762, St Olavs
plass, N-0164 Oslo, Norvège
MORRISSON, Cécile
CNRS, Centre d’histoire et civilisation
de Byzance, Collège de France,
52 rue du Cardinal-Lemoine,
F-75005 Paris, France
[email protected]
Suchodolski, Stanislaw
Institut d’Archeologie et d’Ethnologie,
Academie Polonaise des Sciences,
Al. Solidarnosci 105,
PL 00-140 Warszawa, Pologne
[email protected]
Nicolaou, Ino
44 Metochiou Avenue,
1101 Nicosia, Chypre
VILLARONGA, Leandre
c/Corsega 351-2,
E-08037 Barcelone, Espagne
Nicolet, Hélène
2 rue de Paradis,
F-75010 Paris, France
[email protected]
WEILLER, R aymond
Résidence de l’Avenir,
40 rue de l’Avenir,
L-1147 Luxembourg
ŒCONOMIDES, Mando
30 Heyden street,
GR-104 34 Athènes, Grèce
WESTERMARK, Ulla
Hällbygatan 36A,
SE-752 28 Uppsala, Suède
[email protected]
Parise, Nicola
Via dei Delfini 24,
I-00186 Roma, Italie,
[email protected]

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