La Physique au Canada I

Transcrição

Vol. 51, No. 1
January/February 1995
janvier/février 1995
La Physique au Canada
FEATURING:
From Knowledge Generation
to Wealth Creation - Perspectives
from a Government Laboratory
in Canada
by P.H. Dawson
1
X
Addendum to "A Brief History
of the Physics Department W
the University ontoanHOba"
by R.D. Cipnor
v" v ^^^^
•
••«ni m m.
fc. 4»
i
w
I
Trends in Postgrac
Enrolments in Physics
Canadian Universities (1993-94)
by G. Rostoker and E. Tooley
CAM-95 CONGRESS
Information and Registration
Forms
s.
and, in the PHYSICS AND
EDUCATION SECTION:
Towards a More Conceptual
Way of Teaching Physics
by W.
Brouw^^Ê
r n
AP 50th ANNIVERSARY CONGRESS : "CAM-95"
liversité Laval, Québec City, Québec
I K 1995|Uune 11-16
m
Corporate Members // Membres corporatifs
Canadian Association of Physicists // Association canadienne des physiciens
The Corporate Members of the Canadian Association of
Physicists are a group of corporations, laboratories, and
institutions who, through their membership, support the
educational activities of the Association.
Les membres corporatifs de l'Association canadienne des
physiciens sont un groupe de corporations, laboratoires, ou
institutions qui supportent financièrement les activités
éducatives de l'Association.
The entire proceeds of corporate membership contributions
are paid into the CAP Educational Trust Fund and are tax
deductible.
Les revenus de leurs contributions déductibles aux fins
d'impôt sont entièrement versés au Fonds Educatif de
l'ACP.
Accurex Technology Incorporated
Alcan International Ltd.
Aptec Engineering Limited
Atlantic Nuclear Services Ltd.
Atlantis Flight Research Inc.
Atmospheric Environment Service
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Bell-Northern Research Ltd.
CTF Systems Inc.
Ealing Scientific Limited
Edwards High Vacuum
EG&G Instruments
FairCopy Services Inc.
Fisons V.G. Instruments
Hydro-Québec
Gennum Corporation
LeCroy Canada Inc.
Lumonics Inc.
MPB Technologies Inc.
National Optics Institute
Newport Instruments Canada Corp.
Ontario Hydro
Optech Incorporated
Spectra Research Corporation
TRIUMF
The Canadian Association of Physicists cordially invites
interested corporations and institutions to make application
for Corporate membership and will welcome the inquiries
addressed to the Executive Secretary.
L'Association canadienne des physiciens invite cordialement
corporations et institutions à faire partie des Membres
Corporatifs. Renseignements auprès du Secrétaire Exécutif,
CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS I ASSOCIATION CANADIENNE DES PHYSICIENS
151 Slater, Suite 903
Ottawa, Ontario K 1 P 5 H 3
Phone: (613) 237-3392 or Fax: (613) 238-1677
Vol. 51, No. 1
Physics in Canada
J a n u a r y / F e b r u a r y 1995
INDEX
FEATURE ARTICLES:
Pages 2-3
Editorial - Basic R e s e a r c h : A T o o l of N a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c Policy?
Pages 16-22
From
Page 3
Knowledge
Wealth
Letters / Lettres
Creation
Generation
-
to
Perspectives
f r o m a G o v e r n m e n t L a b o r a t o r y in
Canada
Pages 4-6
Calendar I Calendrier
by P.H. Dawson, IMS (NRC)
Pages 6-8
Pages 23-25
Opinion
A d d e n d u m t o " A Brief H i s t o r y of
Pages 9-11
the
N e w s / Nouvelles
National Science and Engineering Prizes Announced
- Universities Told to Develop Policies for Research Ethics
- Win Big at the BC Science & Engineering Awards
- New Fulbright Foundation International Awards for Science
- Irradiation Research Facility Workshop
U n i v e r s i t y of M a n i t o b a "
Physics
Department
at
the
by R.D. Connor, Univ. of Manitoba
Pages 55-61
Towards a More Conceptual
Way
of
T e aBrouwer,
c h i n g PUniversity
hysics
by W.
of Alberta
Page 11
Canadian Physicists / Physiciens Canadiens
Corporate M e m b e r
Pages 48-49
News
T r e n d s in P o s t g r a d u a t e E n r o l m e n t s
Pages 12-15
in P h y s i c s a t C a n a d i a n U n i v e r s i t i e s
C A P Office N e w s / Nouvelles de l ' A C P
- CAP Membership Shows Major Increase / Augmentation marquée des
adhésions à l'ACP
- The Roots of the CAP
- 1 9 9 4 CAP Directory
(1993-1994)
Pages 50-54
Pages 15
1994
In M e m o r i a m
(S. V o s k o )
décernés
en
physique,
Pages 62-67
Pages 26-45
CAM-95
- Congress Program / Programme
- Organizing Committee / Comité d'organization
- Invited Speakers / Conférenciers invitées
- Registration Forms / Formulaire d'inscription
- Hotel Room Reservation / Formulaire de réservation de chambre(s)
- Condensed Matter Physics Program
- Plasma Physics Program
- DIAP Program
- Maps of Quebec City and Laval University
- Congress Information
Page 46
Institutional M e m b e r s / M e m b r e s institutionel
1 9 9 5 Sustaining M e m b e r s I M e m b r e s de soutien
P h . D . D e g r e e s in P h y s i c s , 1 9 9 4 /
Doctorats
1995
Books Received / Livres Reçus
Book Reviews / Revues des livres
ADS
Pages 6 8 a n d Inside Back Cover
Insert at Center
Additions to 1 9 9 4 Directory of Members
Information pour 1 994 Répertoire des membres
FRONT COVER:
Aerial view of the Chateau Frontenac and
portions of Québec City, site of the 1995
CAP 5 0 t h Anniversary Congress.
EDITORIAL - BASIC RESEARCH :
A TOOL OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY?
The Bulletin of The
Canadian Association of
Physicists
Bulletin de l'Association
canadienne des
physiciens
EDITORIAL BOARD / COMITÉ DE
RÉDACTION
Editor / Rédacteur en chef
I.S.C. McKee
Accelerator Centre
Physics Department
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2
(204) 474-9874 Fax: (204) 269-8489
e-mail: [email protected]
Associate Editor / Rédacteur Associé
F.M. Ford
Managing / Administration
Book Review Editor / Rédacteur à la
critique des livres
G.R. Hébert
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy,
York Univ., 4700 Keele St.
North York, Ont. M3J 1P3
(416) 7 3 6 - 2 1 0 0 x 7 7 7 5 3
Fax: (416) 736-5516
|.C. Cook
Institute for Microstructural Sciences
National Research Council (M-50), Montreal Rd.,
Ottawa, Ontario Kl A 0R6
(613) 993-9407
Fax: (613) 957-8734
Béla Joôs
University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ont. K1N 6N5
(613) 564-3460 Fax: (613) 564-6712
e-mail: bjosj@acadvm1 .uottawa.ca
Terry J. McKee
Lumonics Inc.
105 Schnider Road
Kanata, Ont. K2H 8C3
(613) 592-1460
Fax: (613) 592-5706
R.H. Packwood
Metals Technology Laboratories
E-M-R
568 Booth St., Ottawa, Ont.
(613)992-2288
Fax: (613) 9 9 2 - 8 * 3 5
René Roy
Département de physique
Université Laval
Cité Universitaire
Québec (Québec) G1K 7P4
(418) 656-2655
Fax: (418) 656-2040
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATE/ABONNEMENT
ANNUEL $37.45 (domestic) / $40.00 (foreign)
ADVERTISING, SUBSCRIPTIONS,
CHANGE OF ADDRESS,
PUBLICITÉ, ABONNEMENT,
CHANGEMENT D'ADRESSE :
Canadian Association of Physicists
Association canadienne des physiciens
Suite 903, 151 Slater Street
Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5H3
Phone: (613) 237-3392
e-mail: CAP @ PHYSICS.CARLETON.CA
Fax: (613) 238-1677
2
Within the past year, there has been a startling change in the manner in which basic
fundamental research is perceived by the public at large in both Canada and the United
States. It has become fashionable, for reasons that are not transparent, to denigrate
basic research and voice the opinion that w e can no longer afford the luxury of
allowing our basic scientists to pursue their favourite dreams and curiosities at the
expense of the taxpaying public. This comment made by Roger Newton from Indiana
University in a recent issue of Physics Today summarizes quite neatly the difficulties
encountered by curiosity-driven researchers as they seek to justify their research
endeavours before a jury that seems to find such activity increasingly irrelevant.
In the letter referred to earlier by Dr. Newton, he reminds us of the shock produced
forty years ago by the launch of the first Soviet Sputnik which underlined an
immediate need for technological supremacy in order to compete w i t h other advanced
countries on both sides of the globe. The decision of that time, taken deliberately and
w i t h care, was to support as strongly as possible basic scientific research and that
decision has since had a profound influence on the course of science in North America
and especially, of course, in physics.
Basic science does not, however, solve
technological problems on its own. The spectrum of innovation progresses from the
new idea through new research to new applications, new products, and even new
markets.
But without the fountain of new knowledge to generate scientific
productivity, there will be no vine on which applied science and technology can ripen.
Research in basic physics does not require the prior identification of an area in which
technological progress is necessary and then identifying a means of getting there.
Again, to quote Roger Newton, "there is no historical evidence that such an approach
produces results comparable to letting those w h o are good at it do w h a t their curiosity
leads them to do". That is not to say that nothing has changed or that the attitude
of basic researchers should not be modified by the current economic and social
environment. Awareness of potential applications of a new discovery should be
stimulated and the facts communicated to fellow researchers and students as the
innovation occurs. It is also important to train scientists and engineers for careers in
business and industry in which their research skills will prove just as valuable as they
have to their earlier development.
Nonetheless, history indicates that very few
fundamental discoveries in physics have ever been made by researchers pursuing a
strategic plan w i t h a goal that is deemed useful to society. That is not to say that
such an eventuality is impossible, but only that the social goal itself may limit the
creativity of the investigator.
Having said that, the interface between academic research, business, and industry is
exhibiting new phenomena. A t a conference held at the University of Warwick, in
England, in late December, the Cavendish Professor at Cambridge, Dr. R. Friend, in
giving the Mott lecture, made an interesting observation; it was that his basic research
on polymers as semiconductors was funded entirely by the private sector. The
traditional funding agencies were apparently uninterested because none of the work
had yet been done. As a result, this curiosity-driven work was supported entirely
outside normal funding agencies in the United Kingdom. But more than that, once the
possibility of devices of a marketable nature from this research was mooted, funding
from industry dried up, indicating how difficult it can be for basic research to be
translated readily to the marketplace.
Finally, among this list of random observations, a recent comment by an eminent
scientist in the United States concerning the licensing of patents by practicing
scientists indicates which 2 0 0 result in patent applications and, of that 200,
approximately 100 will be licensed, 6 0 % of them within a year of application.
Strangely enough, most of this licensing activity is a result of basic research that
would not fall within any strategic list of priorities.
Physics in Canada January/February 1 9 9 5 _
So this is the situation in the
United States and most Canadian
universities will have a lower
level of licensing activity than
there. This is not because the
basic research carried out in
Canada is less valuable.
It is
basically because the level of
entrepreneurial activity is much
lower.
The following brief, which I submitted to the S&T Secretariat in August, gives more
up-to-date (and correct) citation results and also corrects the negative impression of
physics.
What w e lack in Canada are
entrepreneurs, capital, and a pool
of talented managers according
to the commentator. Certainly,
in Canada, there are gaps in the
innovation
spectrum,
and
certainly this country
would
benefit from greater economic
benefit from its discoveries. In
moving towards the future it is,
however, essential that the baby
of curiosity-driven research is not
thrown out w i t h the bathwater of
past practice.
Basic research
may well be the fountain of
economic
youth
which
this
country needs to exploit more
effectively.
Issue:
Comments on this editorial will
be more than welcome and play
an important role in determining
what the Canadian Association
of Physicists deems appropriate
to the evolution of science and
technology policy in the coming
year.
J.S.C. McKee
Editor
BRIEF TO THE S&T POLICY REVIEW
Scientific Literature
The "Resource Book for Science and Technology Consultations" (produced by the
Secretariat for S&T Review, Industry Canada, June 1 994) contains a brief chapter on
Scientific Literature (pg 28). It compares data from various fields of science in Canada
and concludes that "citation analysis reveals Canadian strengths in the Quality of
publications in biology and earth and space science ... Physics w a s considerably
weaker than other fields..." Following consultations w i t h an analyst at the Institute
for Scientific Information (which is the source for the citation database), I demonstrate
that the Resource Book analysis is misguided and that the conclusion regarding
physics is wrong.
The Error:
The Resources Book quotes a British study based on the "Science Literature Indicators
Database" published by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). In Table 4.6 the
Canadian output in 1 9 8 6 is presented in terms of scientific publications and citations
to publications for a variety of fields (e.g. clinical medicine, biology, chemistry and
physics). Unfortunately, it is well known in citation analysis111 that such comparisons
among fields are invalid: each field of science has its o w n "culture" w i t h respect to
number of papers published per scientist and the number of references quoted per
paper. Table 4.6 simply reflects these cultural differences and has no bearing on the
vigour or quality of Canadian scientists in these fields.
A Valid Analysis:
A valid method of assessing the quality of a particular field in Canada is to compare
the citations per paper for Canadian publications in that field w i t h the world average
in the same field. Dong that for physics' 11 shows that for the five-year period 1 989-93
(the most recent period for which data are available) Canadian physics papers were
cited 11 % more than the world average. As to number of papers, in 1993 Canadian
papers in physics accounted for 3 . 5 % of total world output in the field, a substantial
increase from 3 . 1 % in 1981.
Summary:
LETTERS / LETTRES
1994 November/December issue
I just received my copy of
Physics in Canada.
I was
interested to see the news item
titled "Boo boo at S&T". I had
noted the problem (though not
detected it qas a misprint) when
I read the "Resource Book" in the
summer. I acted by discussing
the matter w i t h David Pendlebury
at ISI - the primary source of all
citation data.
Contrary to statements made in the Resource Book, physics is clearly a Canadian
strength. The number of papers published is substantial and increasing; and the
significance of the work, as measured by citations per paper, is well above the world
average.
111
David Pendlebury, Analyst, Research Services Group, Institute for
Information ( 1 - 8 0 0 - 3 3 6 - 4 4 7 4 , ext. 1411), private communication.
Scientific
J.C. Hardy,
Director, TASCC Division
AECL Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, ON KOJ 1J0
Tel: (613) 5 8 4 - 3 3 1 1, ext. 4 0 7 7
Fax: ( 6 1 3 ) 5 8 4 - 1 8 0 0
La Physique au Canada janvier/février 1 9 9 5
3
SURFACE CANADA
F
95
T h e XVth
Canadian Conference on
Surface Science
Special Symposium:
Celebrating 25 years of
Progress in Surface Science
Devil F i s h e s
Deux é n o r m e s sculpins
20x30
brown/brun
ALIKNAK
Organizers:
Tong Leung, Syd Davison, and Wing-Ki Liu
University of Waterloo
SecondAnnouncement
FOR PAP
The University of Waterloo, Ontario, is the venue for the 15th meeting of SURFACE CANADA '95, which
will be held on May 25 to 27, 1995. A S p e c i a l S y m p o s i u m is being organized, for the afternoon of
May 26, to celebrate the 25tfl Anniversary of Progress in Surface Science. A series of Plenary and Invited
Speakers will present a set of wide-ranging talks on a variety of selected topics. These talks will be
published in Volume 50 of Progress in Surface Science.
Scientific Program
The present list of confirmed speakers includes:
Igor Bartos (Academy of Science, Czech Republic)
Myer Bloom (British Columbia, Canada)
Ian Cody (Imperial Oil, Canada)
Al Czanderna (NREL, USA)
Charles Duke (Xerox, USA)
Tom Ellis (Montreal, Canada)
Victor Henrich (Yale, USA)
Franz Himpsel (IBM, USA)
Derek Houghton (NRC, Canada)
John Inglesfield (Nijmegen, Netherlands)
Peter Norton (Western Ontario, Canada)
John Pendry (Imperial College, UK)
Edward Sacher (Ecole Polytech., Canada)
Giacinto Scoles (Princeton, USA)
Frank Shepherd (Bell-Northern, Canada)
A1 Slavin (Trent, Canada)
Gabor Somorjai (Berkeley, USA)
Maria Steslicka (Wroclaw, Poland)
Dan Thomas (Guelph, Canada)
Ti Tien (Michigan State, USA)
Call for Contributed Papers
Contributed papers are requested on all fundamental and applied aspects of experimental and theoretical surface science. A book of abstracts of all contributions will be distributed to registrants at the time
of arrival. All contributed papers will be presented as posters. A very limited number of papers will be
selected to be presented as talks by the Organizing Committee on the basis of general interest and established protocol used in previous Surface Canada meetings. Authors wishing to contribute a paper are
requested to submit two copies of one camera-ready (laser-printed or type-written but not dot-ma.trixprinted), letter-size page (8.5" x 11") abstract with the following format: 1.5" margins all around,
minimal font size of 12 points or greater, and line spacing of no more than 6 lines per inch (or singlespaced). The title should be in bold face. The deadline for receiving abstracts is M a r c h 24. 1995.
Registration
For more information
T h e registration fee (in Canadian dollars) includes three lunches and the conference banquet.
On or before F e b r u a r y 24. 1995 Members (of DSS)
$230
Non-members
$260
Students
$130
After Feb 24, 1995 - Add $50 to the above.
Please contact the Conference Secretary:
Ms. Heather Hergott
Department of Chemistry
Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: 519-888-4567x3785 Fax: 519-746-0435
Sponsors
Pergamon - Elsevier Science
Faculty of Mathematics and Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo
Division of Surface Science (DSS), Canadian Society for Chemistry and Canadian Association of Physicists
City, UT 8 4 1 1 2 USA.
CALENDAR / CALENDRIER
11-16
Gordon Research Conference on Photoacoustic and
Photothermal Phenomena, New London, New
Hampshire.
Contact: A. Mandelis, Conference
Chair, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of
Toronto, 5 King's Coll. Rd., Toronto, Ontario, M5S
1 A4.
(416)
978-5106
(phone/fax);
[email protected] (e-mail).
13-16
Seventh Canadian Materials Science Conference,
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
Contact: Dr. W.T. Thompson, Conference Trustee,
Dept. of Chemical & Materials Eng., Royal Mility
College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, K7K 5L0.
Tel: (613) 5 4 4 - 6 1 5 9 ; Fax: (613) 5 4 4 - 7 9 0 0
1995 MARCH
6-9
Radiation Transport Calculations using EGS4:
Hands-on notebook/laptop PC based course, Lanzi
Institute of Medical Physics, Seattle, W A . For
further information, please contact: Suzan Walker,
Lanzi Institute of Medical Physics, 3 8 7 6 Bridge
Way No., Suite 3 0 0 , Seattle, W A . Tel: (206) 5451141;
Fax:
(206)
545-1347;
E-mail:
[email protected], or Dr. Alex Bielajew at
e-mail: [email protected].
1995 APRIL
1995 JULY
5-7
Computational Acoustics, Southampton, UK. For
more information contact Jane Evans, Wessex
Institute of Technology, Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst,
Southampton S 0 4 2 A A , UK.
Tel: (44)(703)
2 9 3 2 2 3 ; Fax: (44)(703) 2 9 2 8 5 3 .
23-27
Joint Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society
and the American Association of Physicists in
Medicine to celebrate the X-ray Centennial,
Boston, Massachusetts.
For more information
please contact either of the following addresses:
Health Physics Society, Attn: Richard J. Burke, Jr.,
8 0 0 0 Westpark Drive, Suite 1 30, McLean, Virginia,
2 2 1 0 2 , Tel: (703) 7 9 0 - 1 7 4 5 ; Fax: (703) 7909 0 6 3 , or American Association of Physicists in
Medicine, Attn: Salvatore Trofi, Jr., One Physics
Ellipse, College Park, Maryland, 2 0 7 4 0 - 3 8 4 6 ; Tel:
(301) 2 0 9 - 3 3 5 0 ; Fax: (301) 2 0 9 - 0 8 6 2 .
24-28
ISMANAM-95;
International
Symposium
on
Metastable,
Mechanically
Alloyed
and
Nanocrystalline Materials, Québec City, Québec,
Canada. For more information, please contact:
R. Schulz, Hydro-Québec Research Institute, 1800
montée Ste Julie, Varennes, QC, J 3 X 1S1,
Canada; Tel: (514) 6 5 2 - 8 1 0 3 ; Fax: (514) 6528 9 0 5 ; e-mail: <[email protected]>
1995 MAY
16-18
International Conference on Recent Advances in
Atmospheric Radiometry, Westin Hotel, Ottawa,
Ontario.
Contact: Richard L. Austin, EG&G
Instruments, Gamma Scientific, 8 5 8 1 Aero Drive,
San Diego, CA 9 2 1 2 3 . Tel: 6 1 9 - 2 7 9 - 8 0 3 4 ;
Fax: 6 1 9 - 5 7 6 - 9 2 8 6 .
17-19
Joint Meeting - DAMOP (APS) / DAMP (CAP),
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For further information,
please contact A.D. May, Physics Department,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
M5S 1A7. Fax: (416) 9 7 8 - 5 8 4 8 .
23-26
15th Annual Canadian Radiation Protection
Association Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia. The
program being put in place will appeal to
professionals in both the non-ionizing and ionizing
radiation fields. We will all celebrate the 100th
anniversary of Roengten's discovery of x-rays. For
further information, please contact: CRPA 1995,
Attn: G. Mawko/C. Daniels, Department of
Radiology, Victoria General Hospital, 1278 Tower
Road, Halifax, N.S., B3H 2Y9; Tel: (902) 4283770;
Fax:
(902)
428-2018;
E-mail:
[email protected]: GMAWKO/ac.dal.ca.
25-27
Fifteenth Canadian Conference on Surface Science
- SURFACE CANADA '95, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario. For information, please contact
Conference Secretary (Heather Hergott), Chemistry
Dept. (519) 8 8 8 - 4 5 6 7 ext. 3 7 8 5 ; fax: (519) 7460 4 3 5 ; [email protected].
1995 JUNE
1114
69th ACS Colloid and Surface Science Symposium,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. For more
information contact: 6 9 t h ACS Colloid & Surface
Science Symposium, Conferences & Institutes,
2 1 7 4 Annex Building, University of Utah, Salt Lake
1995 SEPTEMBER
18-22
Second International Conference on Research and
Communications in Physics, Tokyo, Japan. For
further information, please contact: The Physical
Society of Japan, A t t n : RACIP2, Kikai Shinko
Building, Room No. 2 1 1 , Shiba Koen 3-5-8,
Minatoku, Tokyo 105, Japan; Tel: 81-3-34342 6 7 1;
Fax:
81 - 3 - 3 4 3 2 - 0 9 9 7 ;
E-mail:
[email protected].
1996 AUGUST
19-23
17th General Congress of the International
Commission for Optics, Taejon, Korea. Theme:
"Optics for Science and New Technology". For
more information, please contact: ICO-17C96)
Secretariat, Prof. B.Y. Kim, Department of Physics,
KAIST, 373-1 Kusong-dong, Yusong-gu, Taejon
3 0 5 - 7 0 1 , Korea. Tel: + 8 2 - 4 2 - 8 6 9 - 2 5 2 7 ; Fax:
+ 82-42-869-5527.
5
MARK YOUR CALENDARS
- FUTURE CAP CONFERENCES -CAP 1 9 9 5 Annual Congress -- 50th Anniversary, 1 9 9 5 June 11-16, Université Laval, Quebec. Other
participating organizations include the APS, SMF, OSA, and the SPIE. Deadline for abstracts is
1995 February 28. Call for abstracts was published in the 1994 September/October and the
1994 November/December issues of Physics in Canada.
CAP 1 9 9 6 Annual Congress, tentative dates, 1996 June 16-19. University of Ottawa.
CAP 1 9 9 7 Annual Congress, tentative dates, 1997 June 15-18. University of Calgary.
Any universities interested in hosting a CAP Annual Congress can send a letter of interest to the CAP
Office, Suite 9 0 3 , 151 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5H3. The letter should include an indication of
w h a t year you are interested in, keeping in mind that the Congress travels Central-East-Central-West.
OPINION
NOBEL PRIZES FOR MORE PHYSICISTS WITH FEWER DISCOVERIES: THE FALLACY OF "COMPETITION" DRAINS THE POOL
by
Alexander A. Berezin
Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University
Hamilton ON L8S 4L7
E-Mail: [email protected]
A recent letter by Hogler Friedrich" 1 reiterates a sentiment
many of us have had all along - the drying up of a stream of
fundamental discoveries in physics despite an impressive
growth of the physics community worldwide. I suspect the
same effect may take place in other areas of science.
Likewise, the gradual evolution of the post World War II
Nobel Prize pattern from an emphasis on actual discoveries
to rewarding prominent life-time careers121 may be a subtle
reflection of a general cultural trend in modern society; that
is, the mass-media propelled shift of interest from actual
issues (including major scientific issues) to notorious
celebrities. People on the street know more about the
remarkable personal story of Stephen Hawking than about
actual cosmology.
6
neutron scattering made almost 4 0 years ago.
His
well-deserved Nobel Prize is, therefore, long overdue.
Among the factors contributing to the "discovery-dilution
phenomenon" are t w o important effects. The first is the
uncritical application of a business model to an activity
whose prime aim is a search for truth, not competition for
grants131.
Business mentality favours the invasion of
bureaucratic and corporate structures which tend to
proliferate for their o w n sake, often to the direct detriment
of the very process of scientific innovation they are
supposed to "serve".
While bodies like Nobel Prize committees are undeniably
very competent, they are not free from the fads and
fashions of the social realm. Almost instant nobelling of
high temperature superconductivity was in part a reflection
of this social sensationalism and involved elements of
gambling on future developments. Only the fact that a
Hollywood-like cold fusion roller-coaster was far too fast
has prevented Pons and Fleischmann from packing for
Stockholm. At the same time, it is quite sad that a Nobel
Prize can not be awarded posthumously. Recently departed
giants John Bell and David Bohm, w i t h their immense
contributions to the understanding of quantum nonlocality,
are obvious "overlooks" of the Nobel Prize system.
The second effect is a gross overestimate of the capacity
of a peer review system, especially in matters of awarding
research grants 1371 . The only genuine purpose of peer
review is to serve as a reasonable safeguard against crude
unprofessionalism. However, it tends to claim much greater
territory and assumes various science-control roles which
should not belong to it. Its most malignant aspect results
from its anonymity. The latter gives reviewers significant
powers without requesting any responsibility in return. Of
course, not all peer reviewers are evil or dishonest. And
yet, despite the best individual intentions, the secretiveness
of the process inevitably results in conformistic pressures
along mainstream lines. Presently, the only realistic way to
pursue innovative ideas in science is their careful
concealment behind the mainstream facade of well
established ideas.
Fortunately, important discoveries are still sometimes
rewarded by a Nobel Prize. My o w n University (McMaster)
has just been blessed to acquire its first laureate.
Professor Bertram Brockhouse shares the 1994 Nobel Prize
in physics for the discovery of the investigative potential of
Many prominent scientists have discussed the detrimental
effects of "selectivity" in research funding. The justification
of "selectivity" is based on a false assumption that
"properly conducted" peer-review can correctly (or at least
better than randomly) forecast the impact of future work.
As early as in 1 9 7 2 the Nobel Prize laureate Albert
Szent-Gyôrgyi wrote' 8 ': "writing proposals was always an
agony to me.
/ always
tried to live up to the
commandment,
'don't He if you don't have to'. / had to ...
A discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing
knowledge.
During my lifetime, / made two. Both were
rejected out of hand by the popes of the field".
In the
words of biophysicist Richard Gordon131 "we are forced to lie
to obtain funds to seek truth".
While peer-review in journals deals w i t h results (or at least
interpretations) and generally (though not always) is capable
of reasonable assessment of contextual relevance, peerreview of proposals deals, by definition, w i t h futurology.
There are many reputable and well substantiated studies
demonstrating the inability of peer-review to predict the
future any better than Nostradamus. Nevertheless, the
NSF, Canadian NSERC, and other major granting agencies
insist, contrary to all historical record, that it can be done,
and that it should be done on a routine basis.
A recent article by Jeffrey Mervis entitled " A t NSF: Fewer,
Longer Grants" 191 provides several quotes which, in my
opinion, attempt to justify damagingly wrong selection
practices on the basis of a bogus philosophy of "winners
and losers". Geochemist Stan Hart is quoted as saying:
"... continuing support for those not at the
cutting-edge
isn't doing anybody a favour ... / hate to sound elitist, but
once you 've given someone a chance to succeed, we need
to weed out those who are not top-notch and tell them to
find another
profession".
The problem w i t h this quote is not that it is elitist, but that
it is wishful thinking. There is no mysterious gauge which
can determine what is "top notch" and w h a t is not. The
only claimant to be such a gauge, the so-called "expert peer
review system", has historically a remarkably poor record in
its capacity to predict the outcome. It is often said that
Christopher Columbus would never have left harbour should
his voyage have been subjected to the pre-approval of an
expert peer review panel.
Similarly, Stanford chemist Richard Zare attempts to justify
a "fewer-grants-for-best-scientists"
- philosophy
by
saying191: " Yes, this means fewer winners, but it means
letting the winners really win.
The alternative is peanut
butter - spreading the money as thinly as possible - and in
the long run that's a recipe for
mediocrity".
Here the trouble is, again, that it all could well be true,
provided it was possible to pre-determine the winners
before the game is played. Such a possibility, however, is
magnificently disproved by the history of science. What the
funding philosophy of NSF/NSERC fails to appreciate is that
the pressure for "selectivity" coerces researchers into the
avenues of "safe science". The net result of the overly
competitive granting system is exactly w h a t Zare wants to
avoid: proliferation of "excellence in mediocrity". Due to
the "publish-or-perish" paranoia, much of what is actually
produced in the science marketplace is well-dressed trivia,
often will little end-use.
Instead of ongoing overblown, bureaucratic, and politicized
funding
"committees"
and
"councils"
to
evaluate
"proposals", more equitable funding schemes for academic
research are long overdue.
Scientists, contrary to the
admirers of Ann Landers, don't need "counselling" to tell
them w h a t they should or should not do. New schemes
should be based on funding scales rather than on policies
w i t h sharp cut-offs' 51 . Contrary to w h a t Zare seems to
imply, there is no "minimal amount" below which a grant
loses its usefulness: hardly anyone can recall a single case
when a grant recipient refused to accept funding on the
basis that it was "too l o w " .
The false faith that draconian competition for grants is the
best w a y to achieve mythical "excellence" has been
repetitively refuted by many leading world scientists. Quote
Nobel Prize physicist Heinrich Rohrer' 10 ': " To my knowledge
significant progress has never been bom of competition ...
To view a scientific project as a field of
nationalistic
competition is a chauvinistic absurdity ... In science, being
"better"
than others
is of little
practical
value ...
Competition is but a detraction from the main point, namely
from that which could be new ... Examples of how absurd
the idea of scientific competition is ... are abundant
In short, if w e w a n t more Nobel Prize-level discoveries, we
should better listen to Nobel Prize laureates. Unfortunately,
the idea of "competition" is so vastly overplayed in the
North American psyche that nothing short of a new
"paradigm shift" can help to reorient society (including
scientists) from competition to cooperation. What we need
in order to encourage more discoveries in physics (and other
sciences) is precisely the opposite to w h a t is recommended
by the title of the article 19 '.
It makes much more
economical, social, and scientific sense to fund more
researchers at lower levels than a f e w at a high level. Even
an Albert Einstein whose grant was suddenly increased
from $50k to $250k per year would not discover five times
as many theories of relativity.
However, the present
funding system (more dollars to the "best") is based on just
this naive assumption that he will indeed multiply his output
of discoveries.
Contrary to a popular misconception,
"super-research"
almost
never
benefits
from
"super-funding".
On the contrary, there are numerous
examples in which the overfunding of prolific groups
actually turns into a disservice to them.
Overfunded
university "empires" as a rule show a decay, not a growth,
in terms of their actual creativity.
Contrary to the best intentions of its designers, the present
NSF/NSERC model of highly selective competition between
proposals is a major impediment, and not a catalyzer, of
discovery-oriented research.
The use of this model
disregards the feedback effect of the selectivity policy on a
research community.
In order to maintain their
"fundability", people propose research which thev believe
optimizes their chances to score the highest marks from
peer reviewers.
However, by its very nature, truly
innovative and path-breaking research is based on
significant risk-taking and often is too uncertain and
"fuzzy".
It almost never seems truly predictable and,
correspondingly, is likely to get a mixed peer-review
response instead of the high score required in the present
funding system. The fact that some really innovative
research occasionally "slips through" and gets funded
happens largely in spite of the present NSF/NSERC
selectivity system rather than because of it. The existence
of such "happy exceptions" does not offset the
inappropriateness of the present "excellence-enforcement"
selectivity model in general.
7
To conclude, the present discriminative and segregative
funding policies are generally oppressive to innovation.
Contrary to w h a t their proponents claim, these policies
impede rather than stimulate the real search for new
discoveries. What then should w e do to overcome the
present climate of eradication of risk-taking and the mass
coercion of researchers into "safe science"? We need to go
back to the fundamental formula "fund researchers, not
proposals" and should emphasize the track record (i.e.
actual achievements) of the applicants, rather than continue
a useless game of "competition between promises". Most
problems which the physics community now faces should
be addressed and solved at home. We should stop blaming
greedy governments for "underfunding" and start cleaning
our o w n house. The first thing to do is to abolish the
secretive system of anonymous peer review and move from
"competition" (it fails to deliver anyway) to genuine
cooperation and a w i n - w i n situation in science. We do not
need governments or "extra funding" to assist us w i t h this.
We can do it ourselves, here and now. Failure to do so is
bound to foster further social trivilization of our profession.
References
1.
Hogler Friedrich, "Mere coincidence?", Am.J.Phys. 62,
776 (1994).
2.
C. Sharp Cook, "Is physics approaching a state of
stagnation?", Am.J.Phys. 4 8 , 175-176 (1980).
3.
Richard Gordon, "Grant agencies versus the search for
truth", Accountability in Research, 2, 297-301 (1993).
4.
Michael Kenward, "Peer review and the axe murderers",
New Scientist, 102 (1412), p. 13 (31 May 1984).
5.
Alexander A. Berezin and Geoffrey Hunter, " M y t h of
competition and NSERC policy of selectivity", Canadian
Chemical News, 46(3), 4-5 (1994).
6.
Beth Savan, "Science
Objectivity in Scientific
Toronto, 1988.
7.
David F. Horrobin, "The Philosophical Basis of Peer Review
and then Suppression of Innovation", J. of Amer.Medical
Association, 263, 1438-1441 (1990).
8.
Albert Szent-Gyôrgyi, "Dionysians
Science, 176, 966 (1972).
9.
Jeffrey Mervis, "At NSF: Fewer, Longer Grants", Science,
262, 1636-1638 (10 December 1993).
DEMANDE DE CANDIDATURES
THE MciVEIL MEDAL FOR THE
P L R L I C AWARENESS
OF SCIENCE
LA MÉDAILLE McNEIL P O I R LA
SENSIBILISATION DU PUBLIC
AUX SCIENCES
Nominations
are sought for the McNeil Medal for the Public
Awareness of Science, jointly sponsored by McNeil
Consumer
Products Company
and the Royal Society of Canada.
The
medal is awarded each year to a candidate
who has demonstrated outstanding
ability to promote and communicate
science to students and the public within Canada.
Contributions can be made through public lectures: innovative
programs and courses; and/or the media, including print,
broadcast or visual. The award consists of a medal plus a SI ,500
bursary.
Nous sollicitons
des candidatures
pour la médaille
McNeil
pour la sensibilisation
du public aux sciences
décernée
chaque année à une personne
qui s'est distinguée
de façon
remarquable
dans la promotion
et la diffusion des
sciences
aux étudiants et aux différents publics canadiens.
L'apport
dans ce domaine se situant au sein des trois sphères
d'activité
suivantes:
allocutions
publiques;
cours et
programmes
novateurs;
etlou média.
Ce prix est parrainé
par la
Compagnie
de produits
aux consommateurs
McNeil et la
Société royale du Canada. Il comprend une médaille et une
bourse de I 500 $
apply
Présentation
C a n d i d a t e s cannot apply on their o w n behalf: they must be
n o m i n a t e d by three individuals a n d / o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s . N o m i n a t i o n s must include the f o l l o w i n g d o c u m e n t a t i o n :
•
•
•
•
•
100 word citation d e s c r i b i n g the n o m i n e e ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n s
to the public a w a r e n e s s of science;
A c o p y of the n o m i n e e ' s c u r r i c u l u m vitae;
Not m o r e than ten p a g e s of s u p p o r t i n g d o c u m e n t a t i o n
(including r e v i e w s , letters, testimonials);
A list of u p to five r e f e r e e s who could provide r e f e r e n c e
letters at the request of the Medal Selection C o m m i t t e e ;
Six c o p i e s of the n o m i n a t i o n d o c u m e n t a t i o n .
Deadline
Dates for
candidature
•
une citation d ' a u plus de 100 mots spécifiant la contribution du c a n d i d a t e ) au d o m a i n e d e sensibilisation du
p u b l i c aux sciences;
•
•
un e x e m p l a i r e du c u r r i c u l u m vitae du candidat(e);
une d o c u m e n t a t i o n à l ' a p p u i ( c o u p u r e s de presse, lettres
et t é m o i g n a g e s ) ne d é p a s s a n t pas dix pages;
une liste d e n o m s d e cinq p e r s o n n e s p o u v a n t fournir sur
d e m a n d e des lettres d e r é f é r e n c e s au C o m i t é de
sélection;
six copies d e la d o c u m e n t a t i o n de mise en c a n d i d a t u r e .
•
•
McNeil Medal for the Public Awareness of S c i e n c e
T h e Royal Society of C a n a d a
P.O. Box 9 7 3 4
O t t a w a . O n t a r i o K 1 G 5J4
Internet: j k l e i n @ r s c . c a
d'une
U n e p e r s o n n e ne peut présenter sa propre c a n d i d a t u r e ; toute
c a n d i d a t u r e d o i t ê t r e p r é s e n t é e par t r o i s p e r s o n n e s ou
o r g a n i s m e s . Les c a n d i d a t u r e s doivent être a c c o m p a g n é e s des
d o c u m e n t s suivants:
Nomination
N o m i n a t i o n s must be received by the Royal Society of C a n a d a
by April 15. T h e o f f i c i a l a n n o u n c e m e n t of the w i n n e r is m a d e
in O c t o b e r d u r i n g National Science and Technology Week.
To receive a b r o c h u r e on the McNeil M e d a l , please c o n t a c t :
Date limite pour les mises en
candidature
Les mises en c a n d i d a t u r e doivent parvenir à la Société royale
du C a n a d a au plus tard le 15 avril. L ' a n n o n c e officielle est
f a i t e en o c t o b r e au c o u r s de la S e m a i n e n a t i o n a l e d e s
s c i e n c e s et de la technologie. Pour recevoir un dépliant sur
la médaille M c N e i l , c o m m u n i q u e z a v e c :
La médaille McNeil
p o u r la sensibilisation du public aux s c i e n c e s
La S o c i é t é royale du C a n a d a
C.P. 9 7 3 4
Ottawa (Ontario) K1G 5J4
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
Information: Jannis XUin (613) 991 •9007
JSVC.:
and
Apollonians",
10. Heinrich Rohrer, "Science - A Part of our Future",
Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 19, 193-199 (1994).
CALL FOR NOMINATIONS
How to
8
Under Siege (The Myth of
Research)*, CBC Enterprises,
(613)991-6996
NEWS / NOUVELLES
NATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PRIZES
ANNOUNCED
(Source: Gov't of Canada News Release, Jan. 18/95)
plus benefits, allowing them to focus on research full-time,
free from teaching and administrative duties, for up to t w o
years.
Peter Hochachka, Professor of Zoology at the University of
British Columbia, is the 1995 winner of the Canada Gold
Medal for Science and Engineering. This award honours
outstanding, sustained, lifetime contributions to Canadian
research. The medal will be presented in Ottawa in June.
Four winners of NSERC's national doctoral prize competition
(winners receive $ 5 , 0 0 0 and a silver medal) were also
announced:
In announcing this award, Peter Morand, President of the
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, said
"Dr. Hochachka has been described as the world's foremost
researcher in adaptational physiology and the dominant
creative influence in his field. His groundbreaking studies
of the different ways in which animals convert food and
oxygen into energy, for example, have changed the course
of biological research and our understanding of how
animals, including humans, adapt to their environment."
Other major prize winners include the 1995 recipients of
NSERC's prestigious E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowships:
Dr. Eduardo Blumwald, a biologist in the Department of
Botany at the University of Toronto, has made outstanding
contributions to the field of plant membrane transport. His
research is leading to a new understanding of how plants
have adapted to combat disease and the extremes of
temperature, drought, and salinity present in many
Canadian environments.
Dr. Pierre L'Écuyer, a professor in the Department of
Computer Science and Operational Research, University of
Montreal, has gained international recognition for his
research into predictive and statistical aspects of system
simulation and for his advanced in the understanding of the
theory of random number generation. Such studies are at
the heart of advancements in digital computer simulation,
a field of growing importance to modern science,
engineering, and industry.
Dr. Vijayakumar
Murty,
a professor of Mathematics,
University of Toronto, is a brilliant young mathematician
who is making a major contribution to number theory and
arithmetic geometry, a central, but very difficult, field of
modern mathematics.
His work explores how number
relationships (such as those found, for example, in many
integer equations and in the distribution of prime and
non-prime numbers) are intimately tied to deep problems in
geometry.
Dr. Theodore Shepherd, Associate Professor of Physics at
the University of Toronto, has opened up an entirely new
area of investigation which is redefining the theory of
atmosphere dynamics. Through his leadership, a major
national collaboration has recently been launched to develop
an accurate model of the middle atmosphere, including the
ozone layer. This project has major implications for the
understanding of global climate change.
Nominations for Steacie Fellowships are submitted by
universities from across Canada. Winners receive salary
Dr. Chris Barnard, Electrical Engineering, University of
Ottawa. His thesis proposed and demonstrated a new
model for optical fibre amplifiers and lasers. The devices
could improve the capacity and reduce the cost of future
telecommunication networks.
Dr. Djordje Cubric, Mathematics & Statistics, McGill
University.
Described as "absolutely
outstanding".
Dr. Cubric's exploration of category theory has resulted in
t w o very significant findings in mathematics, including the
proving of a theorem that had eluded researchers for almost
30 years.
Dr. Chuan-Jin (Richard) Shi, Computer Science, University
of Waterloo. Dr. Shi's thesis has advanced the theory and
practice of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit
design. In industrial benchmark tests, his chip encoding
tool uses 10% less chip area and significantly less computer
time than current industry tools.
Dr. Gang Wu, Chemistry, Dalhousie University. Described
as the most outstanding graduate student in Dalhousie's
chemistry department for many years, Dr. Wu has been
re-writing the book on understanding of the Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance NMR spectra of solid materials. While
carrying out his thesis, he also held a full-time position as
NMR operator at the Atlantic Region Magnetic Resonance
Centre.
UNIVERSITIES TOLD TO DEVELOP POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH ETHICS
(Source: Simon Fraser News, Jan. 12/95)
Canadian universities have been given until June 30 to
come up w i t h policies and procedures on integrity in
research if they want to remain eligible for funding from the
three federal granting councils.
This is the edict from the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council, the Social Sciences and Humanities
Research Council, and the Medical Research Council, which
together finance a large portion of the research taking place
at Canadian universities.
The deadline has actually been known within the university
community for some time, but was re-affirmed at a
tri-council, national conference on integrity in research held
in Toronto in late November.
Concerns about university research practices were raised in
a high-profile 1994 report on integrity in scholarship at
Concordia University. The report confirmed the validity of
a number of allegations made by engineering professor
9
Valéry Fabrikant, w h o murdered four of his colleagues in a
1992 shooting rampage.
And last summer, public confidence was further undermined
by evidence that research results were falsified in a
Montreal breast cancer study.
This followed several
publicized cases in the U.S.
Topics at the Toronto conference included plagiarism and
data falsification, publication and authorship, financial
accountability, power relationships, peer review, dealing
w i t h allegations, and sanctions.
Foundation awards. These awards will promote exchanges
between Canada, the United States and Mexico, in the
areas of science policy, science education, innovation, and
technology.
"Canada, the U.S., and Mexico are working together under
the terms of Wingspread, a joint initiative supporting higher
education", said Minister Manley. "Inspired by Wingspread,
these first-ever multilateral Fulbright awards represent an
opportunity to enlarge our scholarly understanding of critical
issues affecting the economies and the peoples of all three
countries."
Among the more than 100 research administrators,
policy-makers, professors, postdoctoral researchers and
graduate students present was Bruce Clayman, SFU's
vice-president, research, w h o says the event was a good
first step in the educational process.
The Minister announced that the first Fulbright Fellowship
has been awarded to Dr. Jean-Thomas Bernard from
l'Université Laval, w h o is now at Cornell University
conducting research on electrical utilities in North America.
"The recommendations were all fairly obvious to those of us
in research administration, but in terms of participants
becoming more aware of the range of problems out there,
I think it w a s quite successful."
IRRADIATION RESEARCH FACILITY WORKSHOP
WIN BIG AT THE BC SCIENCE & ENGINEERING AWARDS
(Source: B.C. Science Council Release, Jan. 5/95)
Outstanding achievement deserves recognition - and lots of
it. For those w h o have made a major contribution to BC
science and technology that's w h a t the BC Science &
Engineering Awards are all about. The nomination deadline
for this year's Award is March 31 and the Science Council
of B.C. is actively encouraging new nominations.
Establishing in 1980 by the Science Council, the BC
Science & Engineering Awards acclaim the winners as the
best in the province in the areas of industrial innovation;
engineering and applied sciences; health sciences; natural
sciences; science communication; entrepreneurial science;
and overall career achievement in science and technology.
To be eligible for a gold medal in the first five categories
listed above, nominees must have made at least one major,
novel contribution in their field of science or technology.
This contribution will have had a significant impact and be
used or applied widely. The final three categories are for
those w h o have excelled at increasing public science
awareness; at building a profitable, technology-based BC
business; or w h o have made significant contributions to BC
science and technology over a career of 25 years or more.
To obtain the almost pain-free nomination form and any
advice or assistance you require, please call either
Jennifer Wolfe or Rhonda Livingstone at the Science
Council of BC office: Tel: (604) 4 3 8 - 2 7 5 2 or toll free at
1 -800-665-SCBC.
MANLEY ANNOUNCES NEW FULBRIGHT FOUNDATION
INTERNATIONAL AWARDS FOR SCIENCE
(Source: Industry Canada Release; Oct. 13/94)
Industry Minister John Manley announced, in Oct. 1994,
that Industry Canada will provide a total of $ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 over
three years in support for new Industry Canada Fulbright
10
A Workshop, hosted by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
in cooperation w i t h NSERC, was held on January 20, 1995,
in Toronto, to discuss all aspects of AECL's case to replace
the ageing NRU research reactor w i t h a new Irradiation
Research Facility (IRF). Invitations to the Workshop were
sent primarily to the Vice-Presidents (Research) of
27 universities and to industries that either have or may
have an interest in research applications of neutrons from
an IRF.
The 46 participants attending the eight-hour Workshop
heard a detailed presentation of the IRF concept by
Dr. Paul Fehrenbach, Director of the Advanced Reactor
Development Division of AECL. Dr. Fehrenbach stressed
the need for this facility to support underlying research for
the CANDU nuclear power industry. This was followed by
a series of talks by university and industry researchers on
several of the scientific and technological uses of neutron
scattering. Professor T.E. Mason (Toronto) presented an
overview of neutron beam research from historical and
international perspectives. This served as an introduction
to four presentations describing the application of neutron
scattering in four different fields. F.R. Hallett (Guelph)
spoke on "Biology and Neutron Scattering", S.R. MacEwen
(Alcan International) discussed "Applied Neutron Diffraction
for Industry", I. Samarasekera (UBC) spoke on "Process
Engineering and Neutron Scattering" and A. Eisenberg
(McGill) described "Polymer Chemistry and Neutron
Scattering". Each author discussed the types of problems
for which neutron scattering can provide information and
then described specific examples from the respective fields.
The session provided an impressive illustration of the
diverse applications of neutron scattering methods today.
Neutron scattering techniques have recently received
world-wide attention as a result of the award of the
1994 Nobel Prize for Physics to Drs. B.N. Brockhouse and
C.G. Shull, for their pioneering
neutron
scattering
experiments in Canada and the United States, some
4 0 years ago.
The afternoon of the Workshop was devoted to a wideranging discussion of the IRF project, its management and
operation as a national facility, and its t w o main purposes:
to enable the performance of (i) the R&D required to
support the current CANDU nuclear power stations and the
development of future CANDU designs, and (ii) neutron
scattering research into condensed matter science in several
disciplines, including chemistry, physics, biology, and
metallurgical process engineering.
CANADIAN PHYSICISTS /
PHYSICIENS CANADIENS
On November 26, 1994, Walter Davidson graduated w i t h
the D.Sc. degree from the University of Edinburgh w i t h a
thesis entitled "Experiments on the Nuclear Structure of
Erbium 168 and Other Heavy Nuclei".
Walter Davidson, currently serving as Counsellor (Science
and Technology) at the Canadian Embassy in Bonn,
Germany, will be finishing in the summer of 1 9 9 5 what has
turned out to be a 5-year secondment from the National
Research Council of Canada into the Department of Foreign
Affairs and International Trade. This stint as a scientific
diplomat in contemporary Germany has proved to be very
stimulating, allowing, for example, the close observation of
the restructuring of research in eastern Germany since
reunification, the monitoring of programs and projects of
the German government, the promotion of our bilateral
Science and Technology links, and facilitating the
movement of a wide spectrum of technologies to Canadian
clients.
Grande cérémonie au Gesù, à Montréal, le 17 novembre: le
Premier ministre, Jacques Parizeau, présidait la remise des
prix du rapprochement interculturel. Le prix de l'Excellence
est remis à Ashok Vijh, pour ses travaux novateurs de
scientifique, d'ingénieur, d'inventeur et d'érudit qui lui ont
valu une solide réputation internationale, ainsi que pour sa
contribution à la relève scientifique du Québec.
Grand
scientifique de notre époque, le Dr. Vijh est reconnu comme
l'un des principaux artisans de la renaissance de
l'électrochimie. Les multiples distinctions et citations dont
ses travaux et publications ont fait l'objet témoignent de la
qualité et de l'envergure exceptionnelles de ses recherches.
Il est reconnu comme un intellectuel créateur ayant marqué
l'évolution de l'électrochimie.
CORPORA TE MEMBER NEWS
OPTECH INCORPORATED
Centuries ago, navigation charts displayed a prominent
warning to intrepid explorers w i t h the courage - some said
the foolhardiness - to venture abroad in their ships: Here Be
Monsters ... Most of those monsters lurked in the
unfathomable dark below the fragile wooden hulls, where
all manner of unknowns threatened the safety of the ships
and the lives of the seafarers on board.
The processes used have always been slow, costly, and
cumbersome; often resulting in only out-of-date charts
being available.
Now, OPTECH INCORPORATED established in 1974 as a spin-off from Toronto's York
University to develop practical applications for laser
research - has created a sophisticated hydrographie survey
system based on laser radar technology. It promises to
dramatically alter the w a y hydrographie charts are created
in the future.
For the development of the airborne lidar bathymeter (ALB),
Optech Incorporated has been named a winner in the 1994
Canada Awards for Business Excellence, in the Innovation
category.
The ALB, which Optech markets under the trade names
HAWKEYE and SHOALS, is a scanning lidar, or laser radar.
It operates from an aircraft (a definite plus in remote areas
like the Arctic), and uses laser technology to measure water
depths for the production of detailed hydrographie charts.
The system operates on the same principle as other radars,
except that it uses laser rather than radio-frequency
radiation to probe remote regions or targets.
Here's how it works: As the aircraft flies over the water,
the radar sends down a beam of short optical pulses; these
pulses penetrate the water and produce reflected "echoes"
from the top and bottom. The echoes are picked up by the
radar receiver that looks out along the beam, the top and
bottom echoes are separated in time and from the known
speed of light in the water, then the time difference is used
to determine water depth.
The lidar actually scans its beam of pulses back and forth
to produce a sideways s w a t h over the surface as the
aircraft moves forward. The ALB provides information on
the depth of the water over the full w i d t h of the swath.
The information, along w i t h aircraft navigational data,
provides the 3-D location of each point where the lidar
pulse strikes the bottom. A complete record is generated
by flying back and forth along adjacent flight lines.
To operate as a radar, the laser has to transmit high power
in short pulses only a f e w billionths of a second
(nanoseconds) long. Optech's sophisticated system runs at
2 0 0 pulses per second. A major difficulty is measuring the
time interval between the top and bottom echoes; it's less
than 10 nanoseconds for water one meter deep.
To
produce hydrographie charts, a depth accuracy of better
than 30 centimeters is required, and that means the
uncertainty in the time interval measurement has to be no
more than t w o or three nanoseconds. Quite the challenge,
successfully met.
s this new technology takes hold, and as it is adapted for
other applications (for example to detect submarines or to
locate schools of fish), those w h o venture forth on ships
and boats will face fewer monsters.
Moreover, the
technology created by Optech Incorporated will open up
new channels of information. Here be full knowledge and
secure passage...
Since then, many advances have been made in making our
coastal areas and navigable w a t e r w a y s safe.
Various
methods have been used - from weighted measuring ropes
to modern sonar - to plumb the frigid, pitch-dark depths.
11
CAP OFFICE NEWS / NOUVELLES DE L ACP
CAP MEMBERSHIP SHOWS MAJOR INCREASE
by P.S. Vincett, CAP Vice-President
AUGMENTATION MARQUÉE DES ADHÉSIONS À L'ACP
par P.S. Vincett, Vice-président de l'ACP
Summary
Résumé
The membership of CAP is on the rise.
The final
membership for 1 9 9 4 shows a remarkable 17% increase,
following a 5 % increase in 1 9 9 3 . The combined increase
represents more than 3 0 0 additional members.
These
figures completely reverse several years of slowly declining
membership (Figure 1), which had paralleled the recent
difficulties facing Canadian physics generally.
Le nombre d'adhésions à l'ACP a connu une hausse
spectaculaire de 17 % en 1 9 9 4 , après avoir augmenté de
5 % en 1993, ce qui représente au total plus de
3 0 0 membres additionnels.
Ces chiffres mettent fin à
plusieurs années de baisse des adhésions (voir la figure 1),
ainsi qu'aux récentes difficultés qui ont touché l'ensemble
du secteur de la physique au Canada.
A major drive to attract new members in 1994 was very
successful, as shown in Figure 2. As far as I can tell from
older records, this represents a strengthening of the
Association to an extent which has not been seen for many
years, if ever. (For convenience, I have shown the New
Member figures as of the Congress date in each year; the
full-year data would not change the pattern in any
significant way).
Comme le démontre la figure 2, l'importante campagne de
recrutement de 1994 a été couronnée de succès. D'après
les dossiers, l'Association a connu un regain presque sans
précédent. (À des fins pratiques, le nombre d'adhésions
date de chaque congrès annuel; les données pour l'année
complète ne modifieraient pas cette tendance de façon
significative).
The increase in total membership takes us back to a level
not seen since many medical physicists w e n t their o w n
separate w a y a number of years ago. In fact, if this
perturbation is removed, Figure 3 shows that in all other
disciplines combined the membership is now higher than at
any time since at least the mid-1980's, despite all the
problems which physics has faced in the meantime!
La hausse du nombre total d'adhésions n'avait pas atteint
ce niveau depuis l'époque où plusieurs physiciens médicaux
sont partis de leur côté, il y a quelques années. En fait, si
l'on ne tient pas compte de ce changement, la figure 3
démontre que le nombre d'adhésions de l'ensemble des
autres disciplines est le plus élevé, et ce depuis au moins le
milieur des années 1980, malgré tous les problèmes
survenus dans le secteur de la physique!
1,500
1,000
500
0
1987
1988
Figure 1:
Recent Total CAP Membership
12
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Figure 1:
Total récent du nombre de membres de l'ACP
Figure 2:
CAP New Members prior to Congress, 1 9 8 9 - 9 4
/
Figure 2:
Nouveaux membres de l'ACP avant le congrès, 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 4
The 1994 Membership Campaign
Campagne de recrutement de 1 9 9 4
The membership turnaround reflects a number of factors.
A special drive to attract new members was undertaken.
A targeted direct mail campaign emphasized not only CAP's
traditional activities, but also the importance of our actions
to defend the profession from the threat posed by new draft
Engineering Acts.
Graduate students and PDFs were
offered a new employment registry service as a membership
incentive. As in previous years, undergraduate members
were particularly sought at the Canadian Undergraduate
Physics Conference. A new category of membership aimed
at high school and junior college teachers was created, and
a direct mail campaign was undertaken. Most university
physics departments within a reasonable travelling distance
of an Executive Member were offered a talk on the CAP and
on the engineering situation; a number accepted, and the
resulting seminars were a very good opportunity, not only
to sign-up new members, but also to ensure that the
Executive remains fully in tune w i t h existing members'
concerns. Finally, a membership desk at the Congress
ensured that non-member registrants had a chance to find
out about CAP membership.
Nombre de facteurs ont influencé la hausse du nombre
d'adhésions, à commencer par la campagne lancée à cette
fin.
La campagne de publicité par correspondance
soulignait non seulement les activités traditionnelles
entreprises par l'ACP, mais aussi l'importance de non
démarches en vue de défendre notre profession contre la
menace que font planer les nouveaux projets de loi sur
l'ingénierie. Dans le cadre de cette campagne, nous avons
offert aux étudiants du deuxième cycle et aux BRPD un
nouveau service d'archives des emplois. Comme par le
passé, nous avons convié les membres de premier cycle à
la Conférence canadienne de physique pour les étudiants de
premier cycle. Nous avons en outre créé une nouvelle
catégorie de membres visant les enseignants du niveau
secondaire
et
collégial,
et
une
campagne
par
correspondance a été lancée à cette fin. La plupart des
départements de physique des universités situés à une
distance de voyage raisonnable se sont vu offrir un exposé
par un membre exécutif de l'ACP sur la situation actuelle au
chapitre de l'ingénierie. Plusieurs ont accepté et les ateliers
offerts par la suite one non seulement permis de recruter de
nouveaux membres, mais aussi de s'assurer que le comité
de direction demeure à l'écoute des membres. Enfin, lors
du congrès, un bureau avait été mis sur pied pour
renseigner les participants non membres sur les avantages
de l'adhésion à l'ACP.
In all these efforts, the relevance and increasing vigour of
the CAP were emphasized, as were our growing efforts to
go beyond simply "learned" activities to fight for the
interests of physicists as a group. Clearly, these initiatives
were successful. It was a particular pleasure to welcome
back a number of ex-members w h o resigned from CAP
many years ago.
La pertinence et le regain croissant de l'ACP ont été mis en
relief par le biais de tous ces efforts, tout comme non
nombreuses démarches qui vont au-délà des activités
savantes en vue de défendre les intérêts des physiciens en
tant que groupe. De toute évidence, ces initiatives ont
remporté un franc succès. Nous avons par ailleurs été très
heureux d'accueiller plusieurs anciens membres qui avaient
quitté l'ACP il y a quelques années.
13
1,500
—
1,000
—
500
—
0'
•
1984
'• • •
1985
1986
Figure 3: CAP Membership
(All Disciplines except Medical, 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 9 4 )
1987
1988
/
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Figure 3: Membres de l'ACP
(toutes les disciplines, sauf la médecine), 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 9 4
Full
member
donations,
Educational
Trust
Fund
contributions, and Sustaining Member donations continued
to provide very important additional support to CAP, and w e
extend special thanks to members w h o supported the
Association in this w a y . Special thanks also go to our
Institutional and Corporate Members for their important and
steady support.
Les dons de membres à part entière, les contributions au
Fonds de fiducie en éducation et les dons de membres de
soutien constituent toujours un appui additionnel important
pour l'ACP, et nous tenons à remercier sincèrement ceux et
celles qui ont ainsi aidé l'Association. Nous remercions
également nos établissements et sociétés membres de leur
appui important et indéfectible.
Membership campaigns like this are very demanding of
office time and effort, and I sincerely thank CAP's
Executive Director, Francine Ford, and her staff for all their
work. I also thank the other members of the CAP Executive
for their support and assistance, and the many Councillors
and others w h o helped by contacting members w h o had
forgotten to renew.
Une campagne de recrutement comme celle que nous
venons d'entreprendre exige beaucoup de temps et
d'efforts, et je remercie sincèrement la directrice générale
de l'ACP, M m o Francine Ford, ainsi que son personnel, du
travail accompli. Je remercie également les autres membres
du comité de direction de l'ACP de leur appui et de leur
aide, ainsi que les conseillers et tous ceux et celles qui nous
ont aidé à communiquer avec les membres qui avaient omis
de renouveler leur adhésion.
The Future
L'avenir
I believe that the engineering issues, in particular,
demonstrated once and for all the critical need for a
specifically Canadian voice for physics, and that the
successes in this area (more of this in a future issue)
showed what CAP can achieve in efforts of this type. The
problems faced by physicists of all kinds have much in
common, and CAP's efforts as the national organization
representing Canadian physics will be even more effective
if our numbers continue to grow. This is not just a question
of money, although money is important if w e are to be
effective. Equally, however, an increasing membership will
make more expertise and ideas available to us, will increase
the pool of people ready and able to help in carrying out the
work, and will ensure that w e do truly represent (and are
seen to represent) the needs of all Canadian physicists.
Je crois que les questions d'ingénierie, en particulier,
démontrent une fois pour toute la nécessité d'une voix
canadienne en physique et que les succès réalisés à ce
chapitre (nous en reparlerons dans un autre numéro)
prouvent que l'ACP est en mesure de déployer des efforts
en ce sens. Les physiciens de toutes les disciplines sont
aux prises avec des problèmes communs, et les efforts de
l'ACP à titre d'organisme national représentant la physique
au Canada seront d'autant plus efficaces si nous comptons
plus de membres. I ne s'agit pas seulement d'argent, bien
que ce soit un facteur important pour assurer l'efficacité.
Plus nous compterons de membres qui offrent toute une
gamme de conseils et d'idées, plus nous augmenterons le
groupement de ressources afin d'aider à accomplir le travail,
et plus l'Association sera en mesure de servir véritablement
les besoins de tous les physiciens canadiens (et considérée
comme tel).
14
To our new and returning members, w e extend a hearty
welcome. To our ongoing members, w e thank you for your
steady and essential support. To both groups, w e hope
that you will stay w i t h us, that you will tell your colleagues
what you like about CAP and w h y they should join us, and
that you will tell your Executive w h a t you don't like so w e
can fix it!
Nous souhaitons la bienvenue aux nouveaux et anciens
membres, et nous remercions nos membres permanents de
leur appui soutenu et essentiel. Nous espérons que vous
demeurez parmi nous et que vous discuterez avec vos
collègues des avantages qu'offre l'ACP afin qu'eux aussi
deviennent membres. N'hésitez pas non plus à faire part de
vos commentaires au comité de direction afin qu'il prenne
des mesures, s'il y a lieu.
Director of Professional Affairs' Letter
1 9 9 5 January
1994 CAP DIRECTORY
The Roots of the CAP
The Canadian Association of Physicists w a s formed almost
50 years ago. In 1944, there was a group of seven young
physicists in Leaside, Ontario, w h o found that their
livelihood was under threat. Seven years earlier, a revision
of the Professional Engineers A c t of Ontario had made the
engineering practice exclusive; no one, other than a
professional engineer, might in future practise the practice
of professional engineering. There was an exclusion for
physicists in the A c t ; however, it was not sufficient
protection. The physicists formed the Canadian Association
of Professional Physicists.
The charter membership
consisted of 134 members.
As there was no learned
society representing physics in Canada, their efforts led to
the Association becoming the Canadian Association of
Physicists.
I know of four sources of information on this.
The
physicists were very thorough in their work and wrote good
minutes. These are to be found in the Public Archives of
Canada'11. T w o accounts are to be found in Physics in
Canada: "How C.A.P. Began" by Elizabeth Allen , 2 'and "The
Canadian Association of Physicists - A History Review" by
Don Misener131. The fourth account is in the book written
by Yves Gingras: "Physics and the Rise of Scientific
Research in Canada"141. This book is a very interesting
historical development of physics in Canada.
The problem that led to the formation of the CAP is clearly
still present. It is to the credit of the CAP that w e have the
ability to address the matter.
It demonstrates the
importance of physicists supporting their learned society
and in establishing a presence for the physicist in the legal
framework of Canada.
In the publication of the CAP Directory, a number of
gremlins got into the system, resulting in the following
omissions/errors:
The listing for Dr. John Robson was inadvertently omitted.
It should read as follows:
Dr. John Robson
P.O. Box 381
Lakefield, ON KOL 2H0
Tel: (705) 8 7 7 - 2 1 9 1
Winter Phone: (813) 3 6 0 - 2 7 4 8
The listing of Dr. J.T. Wilson, deceased, was an
unfortunate system error that w a s not noticed until the
issue had been published. We apologize for this oversight.
Several lists (Heads/Chairs of University Departments,
Council members since 1 9 4 5 , locations of CAP Congresses
and Presidents since 1945, and CAP Medal winners) which
are normally published in the Directory were not included.
For your convenience, these are published in this issue.
IN MEMORI A M
Dr. Sy Vosko, w h o was a member of the Department of
Physics at McMaster University from 1 9 6 0 - 6 4 died
suddenly in Toronto in December 1994.
To mark its 5 0 t h anniversary, the CAP is holding a major
Congress at Laval University, Quebec City: 11-16 June
1995. I urge you to make every attempt to attend and
encourage your colleagues to join you. The forum that the
CAP creates is one of its strengths and you can be part of
that. I do hope that you come.
Sy was a condensed matter theorist, w h o was at McMaster
when Dr. Sprung (current Department Chair) joined the
department in 1962, along w i t h Doug Twose. Among his
better known students was Wally Geldart, now a professor
at Dalhousie. After leaving McMaster, Sy spent several
years at Westinghouse in Pittsburgh.
He returned to
Canada in 1980, to the University of Toronto. He is well
known for pursuing the density functional method. Sy was
elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 1994.
Peter Kirkby
His wife Phyllis lives in Toronto.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Filing Index MG 28 I 2 8 9 , Filing Aid No. 1104.
Physics in Canada, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp 4 - 6 (1970).
Physics in Canada, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp 103-6 (1978).
Physics and the Rise of Scientific Research in Canada,
McGill-Queen's University Press (1991).
15
FROM KNOWLEDGE GENERATION TO WEALTH CREATION PERSPECTIVES FROM A GOVERNMENT LABORATORY IN CANADA
by
P.H. Dawson
Institute of Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6 Canada
INTRODUCTION
This paper' describes the development of a strategic
approach to the research and development carried out in a
government funded laboratory in Canada. It is relevant to
the Canadian situation of limited national resources in
research and development in semiconductor materials and
devices but where there is a relatively strong industrial base
in the telecommunications equipment industry. Some of the
strategic and management practices might be adapted to
suit other contexts as the problems of bridging the gap
between physics and industry would seem to be universal
and reach far beyond the local Canadian situation.
The Canadian experience may of course not be very
relevant to those countries where there is no industrial
structure - that raises issues of another dimension in trying
to create industry from a zero base. Physics itself, if one
interprets it as the generation of new knowledge, may also
not be very relevant in relation to some of the problems of
rural societies that require social and engineering solutions.
However, in all situations, the important first step is to
develop a strategy for action. I will describe our strategies
for the Institute for Microstructural Sciences which works
in the general area of semiconductor materials and devices.
Figure 1 shows a graphic description of bridging the gap.
The new global economy is described by economists as
dependent on knowledge based industry rather than on the
heavy industries that dominated the old economy. The
figure shows t w o areas significant in Canada w i t h the
important knowledge bases being in biotechnology and in
physics. The triangle is shown bridging the gap from
physics to "high tech" industry, especially information
technology,
and
including
telecommunications
and
microelectronics. The Canadian context is that w e have a
wealthy economy, a good infrastructure, a highly educated
work force and good knowledge generation through
university research. However, our wealth is too dependent
on natural resources of declining value, much of industry is
dominated by branch plants w h o do little innovation,
industrial R&D is relatively weak and the domestic market
is insufficient to encourage competitive development.
Canada does have one sector of global industrial strength in
the telecommunications equipment industry. One of the
national issues is how to maintain this asset in the face of
global competition. The role of our government laboratory
is to encourage wealth generation through industrial
innovation and development by bridging the gap from
knowledge generation to economic applications.
This paper is based on a presentation made at the
International Conference on Physics and Industry - Bridging
the Gap - w h i c h w a s held in New Delhi in January 1994.
16
Figure 1
Hierarchy
of
Strategies
R&D Organization
Technology Strategy
Tecbni
Competent*
:es
ntiating
Alliances
Portfolio Strategy
Mature: Immature ,Radii
iadicai
d Termiination
Project Strategy
gL.
m
m
Figure 2
TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY
Figure 2 shows a hierarchy of strategies as one goes from
the general mission of wealth generation to the generation
of knowledge and of innovation through individual projects.
Each of the issues will be discussed in turn.
One important issue is where in the technology hierarchy
the Institute can best play a role w i t h the resources at its
disposal i.e. a technical staff of 125 w i t h about 80 of them
scientists and engineers. Figure 3 shows a description of
the technology hierarchy in the telecommunications
equipment industry but similar diagrams could be
constructed for most industries.
To achieve economic
benefit a concept must move up in the hierarchy to the
components or systems level. Moving from research to
development always requires more resources if problems
are to be solved within a given market w i n d o w .
The
horizontal w i d t h of the diagram is meant to represent the
size of the necessary effort.
One conclusion is that it is necessary to organize recognized
strategic roles for participants in the national R&D
programs, to coordinate the availability of resources so that
technologies can be moved rapidly up the hierarchy and to
minimize communications barriers.
THE IMPORTANCE OF IN-TIME RESEARCH
Figure 3
There are a series of barriers to overcome in ascending this
hierarchy, whether it occurs in one organization or between
organizations. One is between materials research and the
development of device concepts. Early in the development
of our Institute, the main strength was in the physics of
materials. However, it rapidly became clear that, in order
to minimize the effect of the first barrier, the range of
competency had to be extended to include device
development and to prove new applications through
technology demonstrators. The even larger barrier in going
towards manufacturing issues could only be minimized by
building communication networks w i t h industrial companies
and even more effectively by forming alliances to set
common objectives as described later.
Because the largest business volume is in systems, it is
sometimes assumed that research in components is of
lesser importance. In fact, in technologies where there are
overlapping product cycles timely components research is
critical to achieving competitive advantage.
This is
illustrated in Figures 5(a) and 5(b). When the R&D time
period is less than the product lifetime as in Fig. 5(a), if the
research for product B is delayed to B1 in relation to a rival
company, it is still possible to achieve a significant market
opportunity by being late and to some extent the R&D can
be accelerated to catch-up.
Indeed, companies have
sometimes deliberately adopted a second to market strategy
in order to reduce risks.
Figure 5(a)
The optimum distribution of effort within the Institute is
shown in Figure 4. The optimum overall effort (the largest
triangle) is only likely to be achieved by a consortium of
companies given the resources in Canada: encouraging such
consortia has been an Institute strategy.
When
collaborating w i t h a large vertically integrated company,
there is plenty of overlap, the barriers can be overcome and
technology transfer is relatively easy.
If there is a
components company - which would be represented by a
small area in the centre of the diagram - there is still a good
chance of close interaction.
Interaction w i t h small
specialized systems companies w h o do not have effort or
expertise in the lower part of the diagram may be very
difficult.
Only in a few ad-hoc situations will this be
possible as is illustrated in the figure.
Figure 5(b)
However, if the R&D period is comparable to or greater than
the product lifetime, delay in beginning the research can be
disastrous and a complete product generation may be
missed as shown in Fig. 5(b) in comparing product B1 and
product C. Research time tends to be less compressible
than development time even if additional resources are
made available. Obviously, efficient transfer of technology
up the hierarchy becomes equally essential.
Figure 4
With overlapping product cycles, a proper understanding of
strategic roles is particularly important in communicating
w i t h other players. If you ask a systems engineer who is
working on sustaining product A what is needed in research
you may receive an answer that relates to the research that
should have been carried out a f e w years earlier. Only a
far-sighted person is likely to recognize that the research
17
that should be simultaneously going on is that related to
product C. This dislocation of time scales causes a large
part of the widely observed difficulties of communication
between components and systems researchers.
STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGIES AND CORE COMPETENCIES
OF THE INSTITUTE
After deciding the strategic role, the next step was to
determine which technologies were strategic to Canada.
A n examination of Canadian industrial capabilities and
markets suggested three strategic technology targets and
three niche targets.
Strategic technology targets were:
•
•
•
Optoelectronics for telecommunications
Microelectronics for telecommunications
Advanced components for systems companies
The first t w o relate directly to Canadian industrial strengths
where there is a significant receptor capacity for new
technology. The third is more diverse in nature but there is
significant strength in systems companies in the aerospace
and military markets and these companies can gain
competitive advantage
by timely access to new
components technologies.
In a field such as this which changes very rapidly, it is
necessary to devote at least 3 0 % of the effort to
maintaining the relevance of the core knowledge base of
the Institute. This includes both keeping at the forefront in
all the areas of core competence that are described later
and also exploring radical technologies that may
revolutionize future directions. Client services represent
revenue raising activities which provide short-term problem
solving assistance mainly to small companies.
The largest effort is devoted to optoelectronics based
technologies because these are immature and evolving
technologies and offer opportunities for growth, for new
products and new companies. It is important to distribute
the Institute effort over a range of technologies in different
stages of evolution i.e. radical, evolving and mature.
Figure 7 shows the characteristics of each of these stages
of technology. As a technology matures emphasis changes
from new product development to the competitive
development of processes for successive generations of
similar products. Markets change from technology push to
user demand driven.
Technology road maps become
reliable guides to development. Econometric models of
evaluating research investments have more validity.
Stages of Technology
Radical:
• bridge not yet built
• high risk, potentially high returns
• timing difficult to predict
e.g. nanoelectronics
Immature:
•
•
Niche targets were:
•
•
•
Instruments and control systems including sensors
Computer hardware such as interconnect
Consumer products (such as intelligent loudspeakers or
hands free telephony)
•
•
e.g. optoelectronics in telecommunications
Mature:
There are good opportunities in instrument development but
they are more diverse and ad-hoc in nature and spring from
the Institute's general capabilities rather than serving as a
base for strategic planning. Computer applications would
be a target in some other countries but the computer
hardware industry in Canada is particularly weak - there is
little receptor capacity. Consumer product markets tend to
be dominated by imports except in a f e w niche areas.
The strategic plan of the Institute is summarized in Fig. 6
which shows the distribution of effort in the strategic areas.
Institute for Microstructural
Sciences
Technical Thrusts of the Institute
Systems
Comparées
dvanced
m portents
Char
Fab
Testing
Microelectronics
17%
Optoelectronics
27%
Silicon Based
Devices
Compound Semi
conductor Devices
Core
Knowledge Base
Figure 6
18
bridge exists
new products, systems, markets and possibly
new companies
technology road maps useful ibut timing uncertain
technology push may occur
•
•
•
•
only a few large companies
competition based on process development
not new products
technology roadmaps are clear
demand is user driven
e.g. silicon based microelectronics
A research portfolio may contain a mix of these technologies
Figure 7
The Institute aims to have a balanced portfolio of programs
and projects spanning a range of maturity of technologies.
However, w i t h good planning, these technologies will have
many common elements in the core competencies that are
required in order to carry out effective research and
development. This is illustrated in the matrix of Figure 8
where the vertical columns represent competencies and the
shading indicates the degree of commitment of effort. The
Institute is nominally organized by division into the
functional groups shown vertically. It is very evident that
some of the competencies are the key elements of
competitiveness. However, the real strength of a research
organization in this field comes from the ability to work
efficiently across the boundaries. The local "culture" must
encourage the creation of self-motivated multi-functional
teams and the ability to w o r k in this manner becomes an
important factor in recruiting new staff. Management must
insist on low barriers, w o r k to improve communications
between groups, resist territorial attitudes and reward team
performance.
IC Feature Size Trends
OPTOELECTRONICS
Telecommunications
Thin Films
Plasma
Processing
Acoustics
Device
Physics
Surface &
Interface
Microfabrication
Epitaxial
Growth
TECHNOLOGIES
Solid State
Physics
International Linkages
knowledge base by discipline
m
- I —
Display Technology
. '•
J
Interconnect
MICROELECTRONICS
Process technologies
In-situ vacuum processing
In-situ monitoring
—
ADVANCED SYSTEMS
=
Thin Film technologies
Figure 9
Acoustic technologies
Possible Radical Changes in
Microelectronics
RADICAL TECHNOLOGIES
Nanoelectronics
H.T. Superconductivity
Nanoelectronics
• Study mesoscopic physics
• Devices of very small dimensions
Figure 8
Economies of Scale for High Value Circuits
The Institute has an important role in providing a link
between its industrial clients and partners (the horizontal
lines of the matrix) and international advances in knowledge
through its ready international access based on a well
respected competence in the scientific disciplines in the
areas of its core competencies. By this means the Institute
provides an early warning system for major changes in
technology and reduces risks for the industrial partners.
The Institute has by nature a more distant horizon than its
industry partners and this has proven advantageous on
numerous occasions.
Part of the Institute's role is to
assume the risk inherent in being "ahead of the game". A
balance of risk is an important element of the portfolio of
projects.
ALLIANCES
The strategy here is best illustrated by concrete examples
from the areas of microelectronics and optoelectronics
which will also serve to illustrate the differences in a mature
and an evolving area of technology.
In microelectronics, technology and market road maps are
widely available and there is a high degree of consensus
about the course of developments in the next 10-15 years.
In fact, one can extrapolate from the past w i t h some degree
of confidence. For example, Figure 9 shows a graph of
integrated circuit critical feature sizes evolving in a
consistent exponential w a y over a fifteen year period. (This
figure is taken from the Electronics Industries Association.)
One generation of product has succeeded another w i t h a
clearly predictable time scale. The processes by which this
is to be achieved are not all predictable.
The figure
illustrates, for example, how the forecasted limit to optical
lithography has changed over even a very short time period.
Research concentrates on the processes necessary to
economically produce future product generations.
• Study in-situ vacuum processing techniques
• Study in-situ monitoring techniques
Figure 10
There is always the possibility of radical disruption to this
march of progress. Figure 10 shows some of the more
radical issues that the Institute is evaluating. Eventually,
device dimensions may become comparable w i t h electron
scattering lengths and then the whole nature of electron
behaviour begins to change. Devices and circuits will be
radically different when you enter the world of
nanoelectronics. Another radical change may come sooner
because of the inability to sustain the economics of scale
on which the dynamics of Figure 8 are based. The
advances have been achieved in mass production processes
of increasing complexity, increasingly inflexible for
specialized production and massively capital intensive. With
new processing plants costing about one billion dollars,
there will be very f e w companies worldwide and very f e w
countries which can stay in business.
However, from
research carried out at Texas Instruments w i t h the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) support,
there has emerged the strong possibility of a paradigm shift
in process technology for lower volume, high value added
circuits.
The new approach based on a single wafer
continuous flow process system w i t h extensive in-situ
processing offers the promise of much lower capital cost
(50-100M$) but also rapid turnaround and rapid phototyping
and new product exploration.
This would be highly
appropriate to the Canadian telecommunications context.
Figure 11 contrasts in a diagrammatic w a y the traditional
multistage batch process w i t h the new technology that
might be established.
Institute collaborations to date have been based on multiyear agreement w i t h Northern Telecom which is the major
player in Canada. The projects cover conventional process
development for critical device sizes below 0 . 3 5 microns.
La Physique au Canada janvier/février 1 9 9 5 19
This is t w o product generations beyond current products.
Individual projects deal w i t h the growth of higher quality
oxide layers, techniques for copper deposition and
techniques for silicide formation. There is a second project
involving silicon/germanium technology - an approach that
may be useful in high speed analog circuits for wireless
applications.
Figure 11(a)
Figure 12
Figure 11(b)
For the future, w e would like to extend the collaborative
base to include the whole national semiconductor industry
base and to accommodate university research needs and to
develop the new approaches to smaller scale production.
In order for Canada to remain in the silicon business, it will
be vital to combine the available research and development
resources in this w a y . The new technologies will obviously
be of great significance for many countries that cannot
compete in the large capital intensive mass market
technologies.
The ability to produce
competitive
semiconductor products is not only important for that
industry alone but also to provide timely access to
advanced electronic components by a wide variety of
systems companies.
For instance, the advent of the erbium fibre amplifier has
significantly advanced the likely date of introduction of
wave-length division multiplexing technology (WDM) in long
haul communications. This has been important for the
Institute because its major collaborative program in the last
five years has been in W D M technology. Our role was to
lead the research and derisk a new technology. Figure 13
shows the elements of the collaboration between 1989 and
1994 w i t h the Solid State Optoelectronics Consortium.
This consortium involves several companies w h o contribute
both cash and in-kind resources to a common program. The
work is supported by several government research
laboratories and our Institute has played a central role.
Institute
for Microstructural
Sciences
Solid State Optoelectronics Program (1989-94)
Technology Transfer to
Members via
Technology
Demonstrato
•
Intellectual Property Rights
Wavelength
Division
Multiplexer
•
Secondment of Personnel
•
Technical Committee Reports
Library of
Integratable
Components
•
Consulting Services
Figure 13
The picture in a less mature technology such as
optoelectronics is very different but the conclusions about
the kind of national programs that are required have many
similarities. One difference is that although technology road
maps can be constructed, their value in prediction is much
lower. The timing is much less certain. For example,
Figure 12 shows one of the road maps recently formulated
by the Optoelectronics Industry Development Association
for optical communication. Such a road map would have
looked quite different if it had been constructed five years
ago.
20
The program consisted of a core technology program to
develop a technology demonstrator in an integrated
photonic circuit for WDM. This was designed to produce a
library of integrateable components (quantum well lasers,
modulators, amplifiers, wavelength separators etc.) which
could be utilized in many other products. The program
provided access to university expertise via contracts. There
were bilateral programs w i t h individual industrial members
when particular commercial interests arose through the
research. There was also a "novel devices" program which
provided resources to pursue new ideas and spin-offs from
the core program. This flexibility is essential if the full value
is to be derived from a planned research program.
Figure 14 shows the details of the technical program for the
technology demonstrator as it w a s laid out ahead of time.
The five year objective is about to be achieved essentially
on schedule, even though the technology solutions to reach
this level of achievement were not evident when the
program began. The five year road map provided a vital
guide in focusing effort and appropriately distributing the
resources available in order to overcome the obstacles. The
challenge now is to continue the development of core
technology but also to ensure the full application of the
current technology base in systems developments to obtain
maximum economic benefit.
Solid State Optoelectronics Consortium
Individual projects have to meet approved criteria of quality
and relevance but, perhaps equally important in the long
run, is the concept of a project portfolio of distributed
characteristics. We have several cognitive maps which
illustrate this. Figure 16, for example, shows the projects
in the portfolio as circles whose areas are proportional to
the size of the projects. Each one is evaluated according to
its fit w i t h the technological capability of the Institute (or in
other words w i t h the Institute's competencies) and to the
business situation of the Institute in the Canadian context
(is there a business partner or the prospect of finding one,
or is it a company w i t h the R&D competence so that we
can hope to successfully transfer technology etc.). We
would be very reluctant to take on a project which had both
a low business fit and a low technology fit - the chances of
success would be small. We may however include some
projects of lower technology fit in a systematic effort to
broaden our core competency. In that case, w e expect a
movement upwards w i t h time. Similarly w e may undertake
a project of lower business fit in an attempt to find new
applications for the technology w e generate and to broaden
our impact on the Canadian scene or even to try to
stimulate new businesses.
Figure 14
These examples give an idea of the evolving philosophy of
the Institute in its collaborative efforts to bridge the gap
from physics to industry.
PROJECT PORTFOLIO
Figure 15 illustrates the current projects of the Institute in
its four major technology thrusts. They are carried out in
collaboration w i t h industry. In the knowledge generation
area the collaborations are deliberately international in scope
in order to provide a coupling to the international knowledge
base and to use this knowledge to national advantage.
IMS Programs and Projects
Optoelectronics
Microelectronics
Advanced Components
SSOC NRC
Optoelectronic Devices
(Advanced Laser Technology)'
Focused Ion Beam
Advanced Silicon Processes
SiGe Devices
III-V Devices
QW Infra-Red Detectors
Thin Film Technology
High Contrast Electroluminescent Displays
(Display Components)*
(Narrowband W D M Filters)'
Active sound control in headsets
Adaptive Acoustic Arrays
HTSC Thin Films
Acoustic Design
Optical Microphone
Passivation Technology
Acoustic Performance
Growth. Fabrication & Characterization
Liquid Helium
Knowledge Base
Figure 15
Nanostructures
Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
Figure 17
Figure 17 shows another aspect of the portfolio.
If a
project is of high risk, it should produce a radically different
result whereas a low risk project may produce an
incremental advance.
The Institute needs to have a
distribution of risk in its portfolio. Again there is a dynamic
21
aspect. With time a successful high risk project may move
to a lower risk position.
Our W D M project {project
number 1 ) began as high risk but has moved lower w i t h the
solution of some of the major difficulties.
Although projects are reviewed annually and may be
terminated at any time if circumstances warrant, they are
normally undertaken w i t h a certain commitment of time in
mind before they are subject to major revision.
The
Institute portfolio must contain a variety of short and long
term projects as illustrated by the distribution at 4 5 degrees
from the origin. The optimum situation is also one where
there is a good vertical distribution. Projects close to the
horizontal axis are ready for a major review and in order to
give continuity only about a quarter should reach maturity
in any one year.
CONCLUSION
Figure 18
Figure 18 gives an estimate of the industrial receptor
capacity versus the relative size of the project investment
required (i.e. integrated over the expected time period of the
project). If w e invest major resources there must be an
industrial capacity to absorb the results. Projects 16 and
18 are no longer part of the Institute's portfolio of projects
because of their failure to meet these requirements.
Lifecycles are also an important element in managing a
project portfolio. Figure 19 shows maturity curves for the
projects. With time, projects move down the 45 degree
lines. They start on the vertical axis according to their
expected lifetimes.
Figure 19
22
What we have learned in the Canadian context of relatively
limited research resources compared w i t h our global
competitors is that a complete technology strategy is
essential in order to adequately bridge the gap between
knowledge creation and wealth generation. There must be
agreed roles in ascending the hierarchy of technology and
alliances form an essential part of the process.
The
alliances should, if possible, go beyond
research
partnerships and include end-users. Timing of research and
development initiatives is crucial and receptors of the
technology must be prepared so that they are ready to
absorb advances in the technology. A portfolio of research
should have a mixture of technologies of different maturity
and should include some radical elements. The portfolio
must include an appropriate distribution of risk. Some of
these conclusions may be adaptable to other situations
where strategies must be developed.
ADDENDUM TO "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA"
by
R.D. Connor
Department of Physics, University of Manitoba
From a quick look at "A Brief History of the Physics
Department at the University of Manitoba'^
it will be seen
that the period to 1945 is reasonably well covered for a
condensed history of a f e w pages, as is also the period
from 1965 to the present. It is to be regretted that some
(including personal) records for the intervening period were
so sadly lacking, apart from cyclotron information dating
from 1958. Materials believed to have been deposited in
the University Archives were found to be missing and
annual Departmental records often consisted of a f e w lines
only. No staff member from the period had deposited
papers, records, or reminiscences in the University
Archives. However, in December 1 9 9 4 and January 1995,
Dr. R.W. Pringle, w h o had joined the Department in
December 1948 as Associate Professor (full Professor
1950, becoming Chairman in 1953 and resigned in 1956),
provided a considerable amount of material: photographs,
newspaper cuttings, reports etc. and this is now the main
source of material which enlightens the first decade of an
otherwise dark area. Since the publication of the Brief
History others have contributed to the second decade.
THE PRINGLE YEARS
Or. R . W . Pringle's Research G r o u p 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 .
(in parenthesis is
given the degree t o w a r d s w h i c h the students are working.)
Dr. Pringle (hereinafter referred to as 'RWP') received his
PhD under Prof. Max Born in Edinburgh in 1944 and
published several papers w i t h Born and w i t h Prof. R. Fùrth.
Further work was undertaken in nuclear spectroscopy under
Prof. Norman Feather, RWP being a lecturer in the
department and the recipient of a Senior DSIR Research
fellowship. The /ff-ray spectrometer installed in the "Prof's
lab" in Edinburgh was of the permanent magnet semicircular
double focussing type w i t h narrow slit Geiger counters
which could sweep the spectrum and engage in coincidence
studies. A similar system was constructed in Manitoba in
1949 but utilized scintillation and Geiger counters in
coincidence studies.
When RWP arrived, the staff numbered seven and consisted
of
Drs. J.F.T. Young,
R.W. Pringle,
S.M. Neamtan,
B.G. Whitmore, and 0 . Cook (from Hong Kong) as well as
K.I. Roulston and a lecturer. Seven months later, S. Standil
arrived. RWP was to find that virtually no research was
being pursued apart from some work w i t h photographic
emulsions by B.G. Whitmore w h o had joined the staff in
January 1946. Single-handed except for K.I. Roulston, and
supported financially by the University and NRC, w i t h items
on indefinite loan from Chalk River and Edinburgh
University, he established nuclear spectroscopy as a
principal field of research in Manitoba. This has continued
in one form or another to the present time. A Graduate
Student Brochure was issued in 1954 and many degrees
were awarded (see below), despite a continuing teaching
load more than t w i c e that which would be considered
acceptable today.
Left to Right:
H. W. Taylor
S. Standi!
G. Fryer (MSc).
(PhD).
(PhD).
G. Isford
Missing
K.I. Roulston
(MSc),
G.A.
is W. Turchinetz
(PhD).
Sawatzki
R. IV.
Pringle.
(MSc).
and
(PhD).
With pioneering work in y-ray spectroscopy, RWP quickly
built up a research group. Papers of high quality came
quickly w i t h the result that grants which in initial years
were only of the order of ten thousand dollars, amounted to
some $50 0 0 0 from NRC, DRB and private foundations by
the time of RWP's leaving Manitoba (a vast sum then in
terms of purchasing power). By this date the publication
list included no fewer than 30 items in leading international
journals w i t h others to follow in later years. The University
was particularly generous in providing travel money which
enabled several members of the group to attend meetings
and deliver papers in person at centres as far apart as
Glaglow and Los Angeles. Not only was support given in
cash but agencies in Canada, the USA and Britain assisted
w i t h gifts ranging from ultra pure isotopes to coincidence
units and help w i t h one of the first three 5-channel
"kicksorters" ever made.
RWP was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in
1955, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1964,
and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1967 in
recognition of his considerable contributions.
He was
Chairman from 1953 to 1956 w i t h Dr. B.G. Whitmore as
Chairman of Undergraduate Studies. Whitmore was to
succeed to the Departmental Chairmanship in 1957 while
23
on leave at Harwell following RWP's resignation.
As for doctoral students, there were four of w h o m he is
justly proud:
S. Standi! (MSc Queens, PhD (RWP) 1951. He had
been made a lecturer in 1949 continuing until 1951
when he w a s appointed Asst. Professor. He was to
spend the rest of his working life in the Department
engaging mainly in cosmic ray studies. Standil was
made a full professor in 1963.
He himself
supervised 4 PhD students and was Dean of
Graduate Studies from 1973-79).
K.I. Roulston (MSc Dublin; PhD (RWP) 1952. He joined
the Department as an Asst. Professor in 1948,
becoming a full Professor in 1959 and so remaining
until his untimely death in 1969. He was a genius at
electronics and developed specialized circuits for
coincidence studies and scintillation spectrometers
and had supervised 3 PhD students).
H. Taylor (MSc (RWP) Manitoba 1 9 5 2 ; PhD (RWP)
1954. He taught for a year at Manitoba and, after
a stay at Queen's and Alberta, subsequently
proceeding to a distinguished career at Erindale
College, University of Toronto. He published over
100 papers in Nuclear physics and was the invited
speaker at a number of international conferences).
W. Turchinetz (MSc 1 9 5 3 , PhD 1955 (both RWP). He
taught for a year at Manitoba as an Assist.
Professor, subsequently moving to Canberra (1956)
and MIT (1959) where he became Associate Director
of the Bates Laboratory (1981).
prevailed in Edinburgh, w i t h N. Feather succeeding
C.G. Barkla (Nobel laureate) as Professor of Natural
Philosophy (Physics) in 1945 and w i t h Max Born (Nobel
laureate) Professor of Mathematical Physics (Tait Chair)
from 1936. In Manitoba, Dr. S.M. Neamtan transferred
from the Physics Department to the new Department of
Mathematical Physics and Dr. H.R. Coish was appointed
thereto in 1950. They were both excellent theoreticians.
Neamtan died in 1969 while still active; Coish died one
month after his retirement in 1984.
Following these were the appointments of Dr. D.G. Douglas
1951 (curved crystal high resolution y-ray spectroscopy);
K.G. Standing, 1953 (Delbruck scattering of K-rays);
F.M. Kelly, 1953 (hyperfine structure); and M. Kettner,
1956 (Mass spectrometry). By 1956 the Department was
a leading centre in Canada for nuclear spectroscopy and its
applications.
'SPIN-OFFS'
As mentioned above, many of the avenues explored by
RWP's group led to practical applications.
Noteworthy
among these are the development of the first portable
scintillation spectrometer (1949), the first multi-crystal
scintillation counter leading to the cretion of the first
airborne scintillation spectrometer in June and September
1949, used principally for the detection of uranium
deposits; the first borehole scintillation spectrometer for oil
well examination, August 1950, and the first nuclear
spectrum analyzer utilizing a scintillation spectrometer and
a D-T generator (1952/3) for the determination of the
nature of the various strata in oil well boreholes to a depth
of
15 0 0 0 feet, all w i t h the encouragement
of
President Gillson and the then Departmental Chairman
Dr. J.F.T. Young.
The number of MScs granted in the period 1945-56
amounted to 14, including one or t w o joint degrees w i t h
other departments (Geology and Chemistry).
This
interdepartmental collaboration w i t h t w o departments
(Drs. G. Brownell and B.L. Funt respectively) was to lead to
many important spin offs (see below). Cooperation was
also effected w i t h the Faculty of Medicine in the area of
radioactive tracer investigations w i t h Professor J. Doupe
from 1949 onwards and w i t h the Faculty of Agriculture
whose furnaces were made available for the production of
Nal(TI) crystals from 1949-50. Thereafter all such crystals
were purchased from Harshaw Inc. w i t h which company
the group cooperated in the production of new products.
Among publications of particular interest w e may number
reporting the discovery and measurement of the natural
radioactivity of lanthanum (1950, 1 9 5 1 , 1956) 121 and
12 papers dealing w i t h various aspects of nuclear decay
schemes utilizing scintillation spectroscopy (1950-57). It
was an epoch of expanding horizons w i t h Nal crystals and
liquid and plastic scintillators. Particularly important were
the studies reporting new methods of radio-carbon dating131
and portable y-\ay spectrometers for geophysical surveys.
The establishment of a Department of Mathematical Physics
in 1950arose from conversations between President Gillson
and Dr. Pringle in 1949-50. This was the pattern which
24
The first delayed neutron induced radioactivity oil well log ever
made. Dr. R.W. Pringle (centre) with engineers from the
McCullough Tool Company at Signal Hill, 2 2 December 1951.
The source used (300mC Ra-Be) was not loaded at the time of
the photographl
In 1950, a company, Nuclear Enterprises, was formed
whose directors were RWP, B.L. Funt, and G. Brownell
mentioned above. In 1 9 5 6 , RWP left the University of
Manitoba to devote himself full time to the operations of
this company. Nuclear Enterprises eventually employed
8 0 0 people in Canada, Scotland, England, Germany,
Switzerland, and the U.S.
alkali halides. Cooke produced t w o PhDs and several MScs
before he commenced in business in Victoria in 1974. He
is now in semi-retirement in Victoria.
Dr. S.K. Sen arrived from Germany in 1961 and promptly
engaged in o- /?- and y-ray coincidence measurements.
Before his untimely death in 1978 he had supervised a PhD
student and several MScs.
THE NEXT DECADE
In September 1957 there were three new appointments to
the staff as Associate Professors, viz. J. Mehra, B.G. Hogg,
and R.D. Connor. A t this time the normal teaching load
was three or four full courses (both terms), but if illness
intervened, it could on occasion be as much as five. With
no lob steward, the setting up and supervision of the
undergraduate laboratories also fell on the faculty. Mehra
departed for the States after a year but Hogg and Connor
stayed on. Hogg had obtained his BSc (Physics) from
Manitoba then w e n t to Wesleyan University in Connecticut
for his MA which was granted in 1947. After a period of
research at Harvard and w i t h the DRB, he obtained his PhD
from McMaster. After 3 years teaching at RMC Kingston
he returned to his native Winnipeg. A t the University of
Manitoba he was made full professor in 1965 and Associate
Dean of Graduate Studies from 1 9 6 7 until 1971. His main
research interests were in positron annihilation and
positronium and the fast coincidence circuitry associated
w i t h such studies. He was made a Fellow of the Royal
Society of Canada in 1971 and was the author of over
70 papers.
Dr. Hogg supervised no fewer than 6 PhD
students prior to his departure for the Vice-Presidency
(Academic) at the University of Winnipeg in 1 9 7 2 but he
continued his research work, publishing up to the year of
his death. This occurred suddenly in June 1984.
Connor received his BSc and PhD from Edinburgh and,
having been a student of Feather's, it was natural that he
should continue in the nuclear spectroscopy field at
Manitoba. Equipment was sadly lacking at Manitoba for
newcomers, so Hogg spent the summer of 1959 on
research at Suffield (DRB) and Connor at Chalk River w i t h
the Nuclear Spectroscopy Group there:
R.L. Graham
(retired), G.T. Ewan (now recently retired from Queen's
University) and J.S. Geiger (now Head of Nuclear Physics),
thus beginning a scientific collaboration which continued for
many years. While at Chalk River, it was announced that
NRC had provided an equipment grant of $35 0 0 0 for the
purchase of a Siegbahn-Slàtis 0-ray spectrometer and a
grant of $ 1 5 0 0 0 for a 100 channel 'kicksorter' "for general
use" which, together w i t h many other units made available
from NRC/NSERC grants, subsequently formed the major
tools for the cosmic ray and nuclear spectroscopy
researchers in the department for the next t w o and a half
decades. Of great significance, NRC and AECB made, in
1 959, a first grant of $ 7 0 0 0 0 towards the construction of
a 50 Mev cyclotron for which B.G. Whitmore had made an
application in 1957.
The arrival of
Drs. I. Cooke
(from Glasgow)
and
C. Dahlstrom (from NRC) in 1 9 5 8 saw the establishment of
research in the field of solid state physics. They began the
study of the optical properties of insulating crystals w i t h the
In 1962 the Department consisted of Drs. Standil, Roulston,
Kelly, Whitmore, Connor, Hogg, Dahlstrom, Sen, Kettner,
Standing, Cooke, and Douglas, w i t h Drs. B. Hird and
R. Warner arriving in the fall.
Dr. Warner conducted
research at Chalk River and then left for Oberlin, Ohio, in
1965 where he still remains. Dr. Hird stayed a decade
before leaving for the University of Ottawa. Dr. Kelly was
promoted to Full Professor in 1962.
Dr. A.H. Morrish arrived in 1964 as Full Professor and he
was followed by an influx of staff the following year, viz.
R.C. Barber, H.E. Duckworth, and J.J. Jovanovich, all of
w h o m made major contributions to the Department and are
still active. In the period 1955-65, six PhD degrees were
awarded, viz:
1959 R. Williams (Roulston)
Present address unknown.
1961 S.I.H. Naqvi (Hogg), MSc 1956 (Roulston),
retired Professor, University of Regina.
now
1964 R.P. Bukata (Standil), MSc 1 9 6 0 (Standil), now a
senior scientist w i t h Ontario Hydro.
1965 C.R. Cothern (Connor), MS 1961 (Yale), now senior
scientist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, and adjunct Professor, University of
Maryland, w i t h over 100 publications to his credit.
1965 D P. Kerr (Hogg), MSc 1961 (Hogg), Professor,
University of Winnipeg, w i t h over 60 publications.
1965 E. Tomchuck (Kelly), MSc 1959 (Kelly), Professor,
University of Winnipeg w i t h 109 publications.
In addition,
awarded.
no fewer than 3 0 master's degrees were
REFERENCES
1. Physics in Canada, 50, No. 5, 1994 September/October,
339-351.
2. R.W. Pringle, S. Standil, and K.I. Roulston: Phys. Rev. 78,
1950, 303.
R.W. Pringle, S. Standil, H. Taylor, and G. Fryer: Phys. Rev.
84, 1951, 1066.
W. Turchinetz and R.W. Pringle: Phys. Rev. 103, 1956,
1000.
3. B.L. Funt, S. Sobering, R.W. Pringle, and W. Turchinetz:
Nature, 175, 1955, 1042.
R.W. Pringle, W. Turchinetz, and B.L. Funt: R.S.I. 26,
1955, 859.
R.W. Pringle, W. Turchinetz, B.L. Funt, and S.S. Danyluk:
Science 125, 1957, 69.
25
CANADIAN ASSOCIATION
OF PHYSICISTS
ASSOCIATION CANADIENNE
DES PHYSICIENS ET PHYSICIENNES
151 RUE SLATER STREET, SUITE 903, OTTAWA, ONTARIO CANADA K1P 5H3
TELEPHONE: (613) 237-3392 FAX: (613) 238-1677 E-MAIL: [email protected]
1994 December 16
le 16 décembre 1994
Dear Members:
Cher(e)s Collègues,
During
the printing
of
the
CAM-95 Congress Poster, certain
divisions
(Education,
Industrial & Applied, Plasma,
Surface, and Theoretical) were
inadvertently omitted from my
list.
Lors
de
l'impression
de
l'affiche du Congrès CAM-95,
certaines divisions (Éducation,
Industrie et appliguée, Plasma,
Surface et Théorigue) ont été
malencontreusement éliminées de
ma liste.
Please
note
that
these
divisions
are
active
participants
in
the
1995
Congress and have, in fact,
organized several sessions in
these subject areas, as can be
seen
by
reviewing
the
preliminary
program
outline
contained
in this
issue
of
Physics in Canada.
Voudriez-vous prendre note gue
ces
divisions
prennent
activement part au Congrès et
gu'il y aura plusieurs sessions
concernant
ces
différents
sujets. Vous pourrez vérifier
leur participation en regardant
le
programme
préliminaire
publié dans ce numéro de La
Physique au Canada.
We apologize
oversight.
Veuillez nous excusez de cette
erreur.
for
Roger A. Lessard
President
this
error/
Roger A. Lessard
Président
t des physiciennes
Association Canadienne des phy
Canadian Associatio
3 "La Physique pour
tfttî
"Physics for P
Agronomie et espace
Àeronomyand Space
| 1 et moléculaire
Atomic and Molecular i
Enseign
iÉhysics
la physique
CAM '95
îophysiqaè 1
ophysics
Industrielle et appliquée
Industrial and Applied
Matière condensée
Condensed Matter
Médicale et biologique
Medical and Biological
Nucléaire
Nuclear
Optique et photonique
Optics and Photonics
Particules
Particle
Physique des plasmas
Plasma Physics
Physique théorique
Theoretical Physics
Science des surfaces
Surface Science
Tel : 418-656-2652
Fax: 418-656-2040
e-m: CAM95@ PHY.ULAVAL.CA
Université Laval, Québec
Laval University, Quebec City
Canada
1 lôte officiel
Official Host
11 - 1 6 Z
« ' S
UNIVERSITE
LAVAL
LE SAVOIR DU MONDE
PASSE PAR ICI
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( PJ - PHYSICS FOR PEACE AND PROSPERITY / P3 - LA PHYSIQUE POUR LA PAIX ET LA PROSPÉRITÉ )
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TIME
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1995 Jan
1995 CONGRESS PROGRAM
SUNDAY
0830h
0930h
MONDAY
O"
DCMP
Symposium
Dr. Brockhouse
Dr. Shull
C
O)
1200h
Lunch
CJ1
Division
Meetings :
Past Près lun
1330h
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
OPENING SESSION Plenary Session Plenary Session Plenary Session Plenary Session
- (CAM'95)
- (APS)
- (SMF)
- (G. Kugler)
- (P. Corkum)
DPP
Symposium
CD
TUESDAY
DCMP
Symposium
PPD
DOP
DAMP
DCMP
DTP
DASP
DPP (cont.)
Division
Meetings:
DOP
DNP
DPP
DCMP
DCMP Brockhouse Plenary Session
Schull Sympos.
- (DASP)
DPE
PPD
Corporate
DOP/DAMP/DPP
DCMP
DTP/DNP
Division
Meetings :
DAMP
DTP
Lumonics and
CAP Awards
DPE
PPD
Corporate
DOP/DAMP/DPP
DCMP
DTP
DNP
DPE
DOP/DAMP/DPP
DCMP
DNP (cont.)
DPP
Division
Meetings
PPD
DPE
Plenary Session
" (
?
)
DTP/DNP
DOP/DAMP/DPP
DCMP
DPP Symposium
IPP Meeting
1430h
PPD
DNP
DPP
DOP/DAMP
DTP
1600h
1630h
DIAP Bus.Mtng.
1800h
DPE Evening
Show
2030h
Plenary Speaker
Annual General
Meeting
1700h
1930h
PPD
DIAP
DAMP/DOP/DPP
DCMP
DPE
DIAP
DOP
DCMP
DTP/DNP
DAMP
DASP
Opening
Speaker
(A. Schawlow)
Opening
Reception
Women in Phys.
Session
Public
Panel Disc,
on electron,
highway
(time tba)
CLOSING SESSION
Council
Meeting
Reception
1900h - Banquet
at Chateau
Frontenac
Posters &
Beer
CJP Ed'l Bd.
Meeting
Optics and Photonics/Opf/'çue et
photonique:
Prof. S.L. Chin, Université Laval (CAP/ACP)
Dr. Paul Corkum, National Research Council of Canada (CAP/ACP)
Dr. Denis Faubert, Defence Research Establishment, Valcartier /
Centre de Recherche de la Défense, Valcartier (CAP/ACP)
Dr. Sophie LaRochelle, Defence Research Establishment, Valcartier/
Centre de Recherche de la Défense, Valcartier (CAP/ACP)
Prof. Truong Vo-Van, Université de Moncton (CAP/ACP)
Dr. Richard R. Freeman, A T & T Bell Laboratories (APS)
Prof. J. Javier Sanchez Mondragon, Instituto Nacional de Astronomia,
Optica y Electronica (SMF)
Parx\c\e! Particules:
Prof. Pekka Sinervo, University of Toronto (CAP/ACP)
Prof. David Cassel, Cornell University (APS)
Dr. Miguel Angel Perez, CINVESTAV (SMF)
Plasma IPIasmas:
Prof. A. Hirose, University of Saskatchewan (CAP/ACP)
Dr. David Villeneuve, NRC (CAP/ACP)
Dr. Jean-Claude Kieffer, Institut national de la recherche scientifique,
INRS (CAP/ACP)
Dr. W.L. Kruer, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (APS)
Prof. J. Herrara, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM (SMF)
Surface Science/Sc/'ence des
surfaces:
Theoretical/Théorique-.
Women in Physics /Implication
Dr. Bernard Terreault, IREQ (CAP/ACP)
(APS) To be nominated / à déterminer
(SMF) To be nominated / à déterminer
Prof. Faqir Khanna, University of Alberta (CAP/ACP)
Prof. Helmut Kroger, Université Laval (CAP/ACP)
Dr. Daniel Barnes, Los Alamos National Lab (APS)
Dr. Alfredo Macias, Unidad Iztapalapa, U A M (SMF)
des femmes en physique: Mme Deborah Poirier, I.N.R.S. Énergie-Matériaux (CAP/ACP)
Dr. Ann McMillan, Environment Canada, Past-President (CAP/ACP)
Dr. Luz J. Martinez-Miranda, Kent State University, USA (APS)
(SMF) To be nominated/à déterminer
INVITED SPEAKERS / CONFÉRENCIERS INVITÉES
Plenary Speakers / Conférenciers pléniers
Prof. Arthur L. Schawlow, Stanford University
Dr. Bertram N. Brockhouse, Nobel Laureate 1994
Dr. Clifford G. Shull, Nobel Laureate 1994
Prof. Burton Richter, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Dr. Gary Kugler, AECL, ON, Canada
Dr. Paul Corkum, NRC, ON, Canada
Atomic and Molecular Physics (Ozier/Mitchell)
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Ignacio Alvarez, UNAM, Mexico
Carlos Bunge, UNAM, Mexico
Vladimir Escalante, UNAM, Mexico
Pedro Goldman, University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada
Michel Larzillière, Université Laval, QC, Canada
Jose Recamier, UNAM, Mexico
David Rosner, University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada
Léon Sanche, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
31
Condensed Matter (Svensson)
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Guenter Ahlers, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A.
Dimitri Basov, McMaster University, ON, Canada
Robert Birgeneau, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, U.S.A.
Eberhard Bodenschatz, Cornell University, NY, U.S.A.
Alain Caillé, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
Sylvain Charbonneau, National Research Council, ON, Canada
Leonel Cota Araiza, UNAM-IF, Mexico
Katie Coughlan, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
Jeszs Dorantes Davila, UASLP-IF, Mexico
Jurgen Franck, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
Bruce Gaulin, McMaster University, ON, Canada
J.T. Gleeson, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
Alan I. Goldman, lowa State University, IA, U.S.A.
Martin Grant, McGill University, QC, Canada
Peter Grutter, McGill University, QC, Canada
Thomas Holden, AECL Research - Chalk River, ON, Canada
Manfred Jericho, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
Miguel Josi Yacaman, CONACYT & UNAM-IF, Mexico
Catherine Kallin, McMaster University, ON, Canada
Ray Kapral, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
Thomas Krause, Queen's University, ON, Canada
George Kirczenow, Simon Fraser University, BC, Canada
Alfonso Lastras Martmnez, UASLP-IICO, Mexico
Herb Mook, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, U.S.A.
Josi Mustre de Lesn, CINVESTAV-Merida IPN, Mexico
Stephen Nagler, University of Florida - Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.
Richard Peltier, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
John Preston, McMaster University, ON, Canada
Robert E. Prud'homme, Université Laval, QC, Canada
Mark A. Reed, Yale University, CT, U.S.A.
T. Maurice Rice, AT&T Bell Labs, NJ, U.S.A. & ETH ZJ rich, Switzerland
David Romeu Casajuana, UNAM-IF, Mexico
Thomas P. Russell, IBM-Almaden, CA, U.S.A.
Celeste Sagui, McGill University, QC, Canada
Feliciano Sanchez Sinencio, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico
Steve Shapiro, Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY, U.S.A.
Zbigniew Stadnik, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
Michael Steinitz, St-Francis Xavier University, Canada
Éric Svensson, AECL Research - Chalk River, ON, Canada
Rudolf M. Tromp, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, U.S.A.
Mark Whitmore, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NF, Canada
Education (Labrecque)
Mr. Fouad Adjami, Champlain College (St-Lambert), QC, Canada
Mr. Andri Blondin, Commission des Écoles catholiques de Montréal, QC, Canada
Mr. Yvon Fortin, CEGEP F.-X.-Garneau, QC, Canada
M. Raymond Gervais, Commission scolaire Jerome-Le-Royer, QC, Canada
Mr. Richard Haince, CEGEP Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada
Dr. Claude Janvier, Université du Québec à Montréal, QC, Canada
Dr. Josi Luis Jiminez, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-lztapalapa, Mexico
Dr. Hictor Riveros, UNAM-IF, Mexico
Mr. Claude Thibodeau, CEGEP de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
Industrial and Applied Physics (Cheeke)
Dr. Raja Balasubramanian, Xerox Corporation, U.S.A.
Dr. G. Corkidi, Centro de Instrumentes, UNAM, Mexico
Dr. M. Garza, UNAM, Mexico
32
Dr. Rajinder Khosla, Eastman Kodak, U.S.A.
Dr. Branco Palcio, BC Cancer Agency, BC, Canada
Dr. Alan Robertson, NRC, Ottawa, Canada
Nuclear Physics (Skopik)
Dr. John Behr, Simon Fraser University, BC, Canada
Dr. H. P. Blok, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands
Dr. Maria-Ester Brandan, UNAM, Mexico
Dr. Lothar Buchmann, TRIUMF, BC, Canada
Dr. A. del Sol, Mexico
Dr. J. Feldman, Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory, SK, Canada
Dr. Charles Gale, McGill University, QC, Canada
Dr. L. Gordon Greeniaus, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
Dr. A. Hallin, Queen's University, ON, Canada
Dr. W. Haxton, University of Washington (Seattle), W A , U.S.A.
Dr. A. Hayes, AECL Research - Chalk River, ON, Canada
Dr. D. Horn, Chalk River, ON, Canada
Dr. F. Khanna, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
Dr. E. Korkmaz, University of Northern British Columbia, BC, Canada
Dr. Michael A. Kovash, University of Kentucky, KY, U.S.A.
Dr. N. Mukhopadhyay, RPI (Troy, New York), U.S.A.
Dr. Maria-Ester Ortiz, Mexico
Dr. M. Pavan, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
Prof. René Roy, Université Laval, QC, Canada
Dr. Y. Smirnov, Mexico
Dr. Henry Weller, Duke University, NC, U.S.A.
Optics and Photonics (Chin)
Dr. Claude Belleville, Fiso, QC, Canada
Dr. Alain Chandonnet, Institut national d'optique, QC, Canada
Prof. William Cooke, University of Southern California, CA, U.S.A.
Dr. George Gibson, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Dr. Harold Haugen, McMaster University, ON, Canada
Dr. Ken Hill, Communication Research Center, ON, Canada
Dr. Fedor llkov, Laval University, QC, Canada
Dr. Henry Kapteyn, Washington State University, W A , U.S.A.
Dr. Ken Kulander, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, U.S.A.
Dr. Sophie La Rochelle, Defence Research Establishment in Valcartier, QC, Canada
Prof. John W. Y. Lit, Wilfrid Laurier University, ON, Canada
Dr. Nathalie McCarthy, Université Laval, QC, Canada
Prof. Ray Measures, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
Prof. Eugenio Mendez, Mexico
Dr. Dwayne Miller, Rochester, NY, U.S.A.
Dr. Didier Normand, Saclay, France
Dr. Richard Normandin, Institut de la science des microstructures, ON, Canada
Prof. Jorge Ojeda Cataqeda, Instituto Nacional de Astronomia, Mexico
Dr. Michel Piché, Université Laval, QC, Canada
Dr. Frangois Seguin, Canadian Marconi Company, QC, Canada
Dr. Henrik Stapelfeldt, NRC, ON, Canada
Dr. Ron Steers, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
Dr. Michael Steinitz, St. Francis Xavier University, NS, Canada
Prof. Boris Stoicheff, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
Dr. Albert Stolow, NRC, ON, Canada
Dr. Réal Vallie, Université Laval, QC, Canada
Dr. Henry van Driel, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
Dr. David Wardlaw, Queen's University, ON, Canada
Dr. Tao Zou, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
33
MEDALLISTS / LAUREA TS
CAP MEDAL FOR ACHIEVEMENT IN PHYSICS /
MEDAILLE DE L'ACP POUR CONTRIBUTION EXCEPTIONNELE À LA PHYSIQUE
1956 J.A. GRAY
Queen's University
1957 G. HERZBERG
National Research Council
1958 J.S.FOSTER
McGill University
1959 B.W. SARGENT
Queen's University
1960 D.K.C. MACDONALD
1961 H.I.WELSH
University of Toronto
1962 B.W. CURRIE
University of Saskatchewan
1963 G.A. W 0 0 N T 0 N
McGill University
1964 H.E.DUCKWORTH
McMaster University
1965 H.E.JOHNS
1966 G.C.LAURENCE
Atomic Energy Control Board
1967 B.N. BROCKHOUSE
McMaster University
1968 R.E.BELL
McGill University
1969 L. KERWIN
Université Laval
1970 A.E.DOUGLAS
1970 W.B.LEWIS
1971 A.E. LITHERLAND
1972 E.P. HINCKS
Carleton U. and N.R.C.
1973 M. BLOOM
University of British Columbia
1974 B.P. STOICHEFF
1975 J.A.JACOBS
University of Alberta
1976 J. VAN KRANENDONK
1977 A.H. MORRISH
1978 J.M. ROBSON
McGill University
1979 J.P. CARBOTTE
McMaster University
1980 B. MARGOLIS
McGill University
1981 W. ISRAEL
1982 R.R. HAERING
1983 P.A. EG ELS TA FF
University of Guelph
1984 M.P. BACHYNSKI
M.P.B. Technologies Inc.
1985 C.C. COSTAIN
1986 A. ARROTT
Simon Fraser University
1987 G.T. EWAN
Queen's University
1988 E.W. VOGT
TRIUMF
1989 P.A. REDHEAD
1990 R.L. ARMSTRONG
1991 G.KARL
1992 A.T. STEWART
Queen's University
1993 W.N. HARDY
1994 G.W.F. DRAKE
University of Windsor
1979 G.W.F. DRAKE
1980 G.I. STEGEMAN
1981 B. NICKEL
1982 A.R.W. McKELLAR
1983 W.G.UNRUH
1984 N. ISGUR
1985 S. RUDAZ
University of Minnesota
1986 A.M.TREMBLAY
Université de Sherbrooke
1987 A.H. MacDONALD
1988 F. WESEMAEL
Université de Montréal
1989 T. TIEDJE
1990 I.AFFLECK
1991 D. MacFARLANE
McGill University
1992 R. KIEFL
1993 N. KAISER
1994 J.F. YOUNG
HERZBERG MEDAL /
MÉDAILLE HERZBERG
1970 R.R. HAERING
1971 P. MARMET
Université Laval
1972 D.W.L. SPRUNG
McMaster University
1973 R.L. ARMSTRONG
1974 J.P. CARBOTTE
McMaster University
1975 A.J. ALCOCK
1976 J.C. HARDY
1977 M.B.WALKER
1978 W.N. HARDY
CAP MEDAL FOR OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT IN INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS /
MÉDAILLE DE L'ACP POUR DES RÉALISATIONS EXCÉPTIONNELLES EN PHYSIQUE INDUSTRIELLE ET APPLIQUÉE
1991 P. WEBB
General Electric Canada Inc.
1993 J.J.A. BEAULIEU
Defence Research Est. Valcartier
MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND EXECUTIVE / MEMBRES DU CONSEIL ET DE L'EXECUTIF
1945-94
Chairmen of Divisions
Officers
P
V
S
T
ST
R
E
D
C
ABBOTT, N.J.
AHLBORN, B.
ALCOCK. A.J.
ALDRICH, J.
ALFORD, W.P.
ALI, M.K.
ALLEN, J R.
ALLIN, E.J.
A M I O T , P.
ANDERSON, D . V .
ANDREW, J . W .
ANDREWS. H.R.
ANGER, C.D.
ANSALDO, E.J.
ARCHIBALD. W . J .
ARMSTRONG. F.
ARMSTRONG, R. A.
ARMSTRONG, R.L.
ARROTT, A
ASPIN, N.
ATHERTON, D.L.
ATKINSON. J.B.
AUBIN, M
BABBITT, J.D.
BACHYNSKI, M P.
BAILEY, D C.
BAIN. J.D.
BAIRD, D C.
BAIRD, K M
BAKER, W.B.
BALDIS. H.A.
BARBER, R.C.
BARNES, C.
BARRETTE, J.
BARRIE, R
BARRINGTON, R E.
BARTON, R.D.
BATESON, S.
BATHO, H.F.
BATISTA, J.J.
BAYLIS, W.E.
BEAUDET, G.
BEAULIEU, J.
BECK, A.E.
BELAIR, R.
BELANGER. P A
BELL, R E.
BERGERSEN, B.
BERLINSKY, A.J.
BERNARD, P.
BETTS, D.D.
BIRD. P.
BLACKFORD. B.L
BLACKWELL, J.H.
BLANCHARD. J E.
Près ident/Prés ident
Vice-President/Vice-Président
Secretary/Sec rétaire
Treasurer/Trésorier
Honorary Secretary-Treasurer/
Secrétaire-trésorier honoraire
Registrar
Editor - Physics in Canada/
Rédacteur - La Physique au Canada
Director/Directeur
Councillor/Conseiller
S45,6;T47;C49,50
C73,4;PPD82
PP75;ST89.90,1,2
MBP78
NP86
C84.5
C60
D47;S48,9
C89.90
D48
MBP84
C 8 0 , 1 ;NP89
ASP79;C82,3
C81.2
C63.4
D59
D54
C67,8;V89;P90
C70.1
MBP74
C69,70;D70
C89.90
C94
C49.50
C65,6;V67;P68
C87.8
D45;C48
PE75,6;C75,6
OP72
C66.7
PP83
C74,5;D88,91,2,3,4
C48.9
NP93
C63.4
ASP78
D59
C57.8
C58
MBP86
C81,2;AMP85
C83.4
C72.3
EP71
D53
OP87.C91.92
C60,1 ;V64;P65
TP79
CMP83
C86.7
C61,2;V68;P69
MBP69
C74,5,93,4
C52,3;58,9
C59.60
ASP
AMP
CGU
CMP
EP
MBP
NP
OP
PPD
PE
PP
SSP
TP
IAP
SS
-
Aeronomy and Space Physics
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Canadian Geophysical Union
Condensed Matter Physics
Earth Physics
Medical & Biological Physics
Nuclear Physics
Optical Physics
Particle Physics
Physics Education
Plasma Physics
Solid State Physics
Theoretical Physics
Industrial & Applied Physics
Surface Science
BLOOM, M.
BOAL, D.
BOIVIN, A
BONNEFANT, F.
BOONE, A.E.
BOSE, T.
BOYLE, W . S .
BRANNEN, E.
BREBNER, J.
BRECKON, S . W .
BREITMAN, K.E.
BROCKHOUSE, B.N.
BRODIE, D.E.
BROOKS, R.L.
BROUWER, W .
BROWN, I D.
BROWN, J.B.
BROWN, J.J.
BRUNTON, D.C.
BUCKMASTER. A.
BUIJS. H.
BUYERS, W.J.L.
AMP73
C87,8,93,4
C65.6
D49;C59,60
D47;C48,64,5
C84.5
D52
S51;C57,8
C85.6
C54.5;63,4
MBP82
C60.1
D58;E69,70,1.2; CMP73;C74,5
AMP90
PE82,3,4;C89,90
R65.6.7
C55,6;59,60
C 4 5 ; D 4 5 , 6 , 7 ; C 5 0 ; D51
C56.7
C66,7,80,1,88,9
C86.7.8
CMP77;TP82
CAILLE, A.
CAMPBELL. E M
C A N N O N , G.H.
CAPORALETTI, 0 .
CAPRI, A.Z.
CARBONNEAU, R.
CARETTE. J.D.
CARMICHAEL, C M.
CARMICHAEL, H.
CARON, L.G.
CARRIER, R.L.
CARSWELL, A.I.
V85
C53.4
D70
IAP85
C73.4
C75.6
AMP76;C79,80;SS82
EP65,6;C67,8
C55
CMP80;C82,3;V87;.P88
MBP87
AMP69;C72,3;OP78;
D82,3;V84;P85
TP.78.81
PA 1
C57.8
D88.9.90.1
IAP94
C94
C93.4.0P94
C61.2
C56.7.62
CGU93.4
E73,4,5,6;ST86,7,8
C82.3
C53.4
C73.4.9.80
D69;V70;P71
C67,8;SSP69
CMP91
C77.8
C72.3.4.5; ASP85
MBP81
CASTEL, B.
CHANDRASEKHAR, S.
C H A P M A N , J.H.
CHARLESWORTH, P
CHEEKE, D.
CHEN, J.
CHIN, S.L.
CHO, C . W .
CLARKE, E M.
CLARKE, G.K.C.
CLARKE. R.L.
CLEMENTS, R . M
CLIMENHAGA, J.L.
CLOUTER, M.J.
CLOUTIER, G.G.
COCHRAN, J.F.
COCHRANE. R.W.
CODE, F.
COGGER, L.L.
COHEN, M.
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CAM-95
1995 CAP (50th Anniversary) CONGRESS
LAVAL UNIVERSITY, June 11-16, 1995
ADVANCE REGISTRATION
Name:
Institution:
Address:
Fax:
Telephone:
E-Mail:
Name of Companion:
I/we plan to stay:
Information
(
) in residence
(
) at the
Hotel.
to appear on name tag:
Institution:
Name:
EVENTS INCLUDED IN THE REGISTRATION FEE. Please check box if applicable:
(
(
) I will attend the ( ) Plasma Physics / ( ) Condensed Matter Physics Symposium on Sunday, June 11
) I will attend the Welcome Reception on Sunday evening, June 11 (refreshments will be served)
REGISTRATION FEE
(All p r i c e s i n c l u d e G S T ) :
v a n c e Reg'n Fees
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
CAP/APS/SMF Members and Invited Speakers
Non-Members
Student Members
Non-Member Students
High School/Junior College Teacher Members
Non-Member HS/JC Teachers
Retirees
A f t e r A p r i l 1, 1995
'
250.00
330.00
60.00
75.00
60.00
75.00
115.00
300.00
370.00
75.00
90.00
75.00
90.00 .
150.00
11 5.00/day
1 50.00/day
Amounts
) One-Day Regist'n: ( ) Sun., ( IMon., ( )Tues.,
( )Wed., ( ) Thurs., ( ) Fri.
OPTIONAL EVENTS N O T INCLUDED IN REGISTRATION FEE
BANQUET (June 14):
I enclose $45.00/person (includes GST) to reserve
tickets.
Dietary Prohibitions:
T O T A L ENCLOSED:
Payment is made by:
Card Number:
Signature:
(
) Cheque (payable to Université Laval for CAP 1995)
(
) VISA
Expiration Date
Issue Date (M/C):
Please return this form with your fees before April 1, 1995 to:
Dr. R.A. Lessard
CAP (CAM-95) Congress Registration
Laval University
University City, Québec G1K 7P4
Tel: (418) 656-3436; Fax: (418) 656-2623; E-Mail: [email protected]
(
) Mastercard
CAM-95
CONGRÈS ACP 1995
UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL, 11-16 Juin 1995
FORMULAIRE DE PRÉ-INSCRIPTION
Nom:
Institution:
Adresse:
Fax:
Téléphone:
Courier électronique:
Nom de compagn/on/e:
Hébergement: ( ) résidence
L'information
( ) l'hôtel suivant:
ci-après apparaîtra sur votre macaron:
Institution:
Nom:
ACTIVITÉS COMPRISES DANS LES FRAIS D'INSCRIPTION. Cochez s'il y a lieu:
(
(
) Je participerai au colloque ( ) de la DDP / ( ) de la DCMP de dimance 11 juin
) J'assisterai à la réception d'inauguration le dimanche soir juin 11 (refraîchisements servis)
FRAIS D'INSCRIPTION
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
(Veuillez indiquer le montant dans la colonne appropriée. Tous les prix comprennent la TPS):
Membres de l'ACP/APS/SMF et conférenciers invités
Non-Membres
Membres étudiants
Étudiants non membres
Enseignants: écoles secondaires et < junior colleges >
Enseignants non membres: éc. sec. et < j u n . coiieges>
Retraités
Inscription d'un jour ( ) dim., | )lun., ( )mar., ( )mer.
Inscription anticipée
250.00
330.00
60.00
75.00
60.00
75.00
115.00
115.00/jour
Après le 1 avril 1995
300.00
370.00
75.00
90.00
75.00
90.00
150.00
150.00/jour
Montant
OPTIONS (non comprises dans les frais d'inscription)
BANQUET (14 juin): j'inclus 45,00$/personne (TPS à 7% incl.) pour réserver
place(s)
Restrictions alimentaires:
MONTANT TOTAL INCLUS:
Règlement fair par:
Numéro de la carte:
Signature:
chèque libellé à l'ordre de 'Université Laval for CAP 1995'
( ) VISA
Mastercard
Date d'expiration:
Date de déliverance (Mastercard):
Prière de remplir ce formulaire et de le retourner avec vos frais d'inscription avant le 1 avril 1995 à:
M. R.A. Lessard
Congrès ACP Inscription
Université Laval
Cité Universitaire, Québec G1K 7P4
Tél: ( 4 1 8 ) 6 5 6 - 3 4 3 6 ; Téléc.: ( 6 5 6 ) 6 5 6 - 2 6 2 3 ; Cour-élec.: [email protected]
HOTEL ROOM RESERVATION
CAM'95 Congress , 11-16 june 1995
Hotel
Single
Résidences
Plaza Québec
Hôtel Québec
Auberge Ste-Foy
Hôtel des Gouverneurs
Holiday Inn
32 $ / 25 $
79.50 $
69.50 $
55.50 $
85.00 $
85.00 $
Hotel
Double
89.50
79.50
65.50
85.00
85.00
Single
Hôtel Classique
Hôtel Le Cottage
Motel Universel
Loews Le Concorde
Le Classique
$
$
$
$
$
58.00 $
64.00 $
60.00 $
115.00 $
68.00 $
Double
58 $ / 78 $
69.00 $
60.00 $
115.00 $
68 $ / 88 $
Family name / first name:
Organization:
Address:
Phone: Office (_
Home (_
Room shared with:
Choice of hotel:
1 st :
rd
3 :.
single D
double •
single •
double •
single •
double •
Remarks:
Check in date:
Check in time:.
Check out date:
— If your check in time is after 6PM, it Is preferable to guarantee the first night:
VISA •
MASTERCARD •
Card Holder:
AM EX •
OTHER CREDIT CARD:
Card number:
English •
Date of Expiry:
Correspondence in:
French •
Spanish •
Please return to:
Greater Quebec Area Tourism and Convention Bureau
Att: Accommodations Centre
399, rue St-Joseph Est, 2° étage
Quebec, Quebec, Canada GIK 8E2
Phone: (418) 529-2402 (Monday to Friday, 8:30 to 12:00 AM and 1:30 to 5:00 PM)
Fax: (418) 529-3121
Use this form for each reservation and return it before May, 1" 1995. Reservations by phone will not be accepted.
Do not communicate directly with the hotel. Fill out one form for each room needed. Hotel rooms will be assigned on
a first come first served basis, however every effort will be made to provide you with your 1st choice. The
Accommodations Centre will confirm reservations in writing. Please call us for more in'ormation, modifications and/or
cancellations.
After May. 1*'. it will be necessary to directly contact your hotel for further reservations, modifications and/or
cancellations.
FORMULAIRE DE RESERVATION DE CHAMBRE(S)
Congrès CAM'95 du 11 au 16 juin 1995
Hôtel
Tarif simple
Résidences
Plaza Québec
Hôtel Québec
Auberge Ste-Foy
Holiday Inn
32 $ / 25 $
79.50 $
69.50 $
55.50 $
85.00$
85.00 $
Hôtel
Tarif double
89.50
79.50
65.50
85.00
85.00
Tarif simple
Hôtel Classique
Hôtel Le Cottage
Motel Universel
Loews Le Concorde
Le Classique
$
$
$
$
$
58.00 $
64.00 $
60.00 $
115.00 $
68.00 $
Tarif double
58 $ / 78 $
69.00 $
60.00 $
115.00 $
68 $ / 88 $
Nom / Prénom:
Organisme:
Adresse:
Tél: Bureau (.
Résidence (_
4-
Chambre partagée avec:
Choix d'hôtel:
1er:
simple •
double •
2e :
simple •
double •
e
simple •
double •
3 :
Remarques:
Date d'arrivée:
Heure d'arrivée:
Date de départ:
— Si vous arrivez après 18h00, Il est préférable de garantir la première nuitée:
VISA •
MASTERCARD •
AMEX •
Nom du détenteur:
Numéro de la carte:
Correspondance désirée en:
Veuillez retourner à:
AUTRE CARTE:
français •
anglais •
Date d'expiration:
espagnol •
Office du tourisme et des congrès de la Communauté urbaine de Québec
a/s Centrale d'hébergement
399, rue St-Joseph Est, 2' étage
Québec, Québec, Canada GIK 8E2
Tél: (418) 529-2402
(lundi au vendredi, 8h30 à 12h00 et 13h30 à 17h00)
Fax: (418) 529-3121
Toute demande de réservation doit être faite sur ce formulaire et nous parvenir avant le 1" mal 1995. La centrale
d'hébergement ne prendra aucune réservation par téléphone. Ne communiquer pas directement avec les hôtels pour vos
réservations. Remplissez un formulaire par chambre. Les chambres d'hôtels seront assignées dans l'ordre de réception des
demandes. Nous ferons l'impossible pour vous assurer votre choix. La centrale d'hébergement vous confirmera votre
réservation par écrit. Pour information, modification et/ou annulation, veuillez communiquer avec la centrale d'hébergement.
Après le 1*f mal, vous devrez communiquer directement avec l'établissement de votre choix pour toute nouvelle réservation,
modification et/ou annulation.
MBP66.7
D64
C66,7
HORSLEY, R.H.
HOSKSEMA, M.
HUNT, J.L.
HUNTER, D.L.
HUNTON, D M.
HURST, D.G.
HUTCHINSON, T.S.
E61.2
D52,5;C56,7
C65.6
INCH, W.R.
INGREY, S.
IRWIN, J.C.
ISENOR, N.
ISRAEL, W.
MBP65
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TP71
JACKMAN, J.
JACKSON, C M.
JACOBS, J.A.
JAMES, H.G.
JAN. J.P.
JANDL, S.
JANICKI. C.
JEAN, B.
JEFFREY, K.R.
JELLY, D.H.
JERICHO. M.
JOHNS. H E.
JOHNS, M . W .
JOHNSON. R.G.
JOHNSTON, T W.
JONES, A.V.
JONES, G.
JOOS, B.
JOSHI, Y.N.
JUDAH, J.
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KALYNIAK, P.A.
KANASEWICH, E.R.
KARL, G.
KATZ, L
KEELER, R
KEEN, M.J.
KEIFFER, J.C.
KELLY, F M .
KENNEDY, D.B.
KERNAHAN, J.A.
KERWIN, J.L.
KESSLER, D.
KEY, A W.
KEYS, J.D.
KHANNA, F
KIANG, D.
KIEFTE, H.
KIRKBY, P.
D68
KLATT, C.
KNYSTAUTAS, E.J.
KOBES. R
KOEHLER, J A.
KOENIG, H P.
KOFFYBERG, F.P
KORNELSON. R.O.
KOS, J.F.
KRAUSE, L.
KRAUSS, L.
KRIEGLER, R.J.
KROUSE, H.R.
KUEHNER, J.A.
KUNSTATTER. G.
C88.9
C65.6
PPD83
C52,3;D61;V62;P63
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CGU81.2
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AMP77
D46
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C57
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1,2,3;D94
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C77.8
C64,5,76;AMP80
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C69.70.D88.9
C76,7,90,1,2,3
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LABRECQUE, R
LABRIE, D.
LACHAMBRE, J-L
LAGOWSKI, J.
LAM. H.C.S.
LAMARRE. B
LANGILLE, R.C.
LAPOINTE, S.
LAPORTE, P.
LAURENCE. G.C.
LAVIGNE, P.
LE ROY, R J
LEAVER, E.W.
LEBLANC, M A R.
LECLAIRE, R.
LEE, H.C.
LEECH, J.W.
PE94
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C52.3
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LEES, R.M.
LEFAIVRE, J.
LEIBBRANDT, G.
LEMIEUX, A.
LÉPINE. Y.
LESSARD, R.A
LETOURNEUX, J.
LEUNG, P.M.-K.
LEVESQUE, R.J.A.
LIN, W.C.
LIT, J.
LITHERLAND, A.E.
LLEWELLYN. E.J.
LOBB, D.E.
LODGE. J.I.
LOKKEN, J.E.
LOLOS, G.J.
LOLY, P.D.
LOMON, E.
LORRAIN, P.
LOVE, H.M.
LOWE, R.P.
LUSTE, G.J.
LYSONS, H.
MACDONALD. A H.
MACDONALD, J.C.F.
MACDONALD, J R.
MACDONALD, P.A.
MACFARLANE, D.B.
MACGREGOR, G.C.
MACHATTIE, L.E.
MACKENZIE, G.H.
MACKENZIE, I K.
MACLACHLAN, J.
MACLATCHY, C.
MACNAUGHTON, E.B.
MADAN, M P.
MADDIGAN. S.E.
MANCHESTER, F.D.
MANN, C.R.
MANN. K.C.
MANN, R.B.
MARCH, R.H.
MARCHAND, P.D.
MARCHAND, R.
MARGOLIS, B.
MARK, S.K.
MARMET, P.
MARSHALL. J.S.
MARTEL, J.G.
MARTINUZZI, S.
MASON, G.R.
MASSEY, N.B.
MATHEWSON, D.
MATHIE, E.L
MATHIEU, R.
MAUCHEL. G.A.
MAY, D.
MAYBANK, J.
MCCONKEY, J.W.
MCDIARMID, D.
MCDONALD, A.B.
MCDONALD, W.J.
MCELROY. R.
MCEWEN, D.J.
MCGOWAN, J.W
MCINTYRE, N.S.
MCKEE, J S C.
MCKELLAR, A.R.W.
MCKEN, D.
MCLATCHIE, W.
MCLAY, A.B.
MCLAY, D.B.
MCMILLAN, A.C.
MCMILLAN, M.
MCMULLEN, C.C.
MCNAMARA, A.G.
MCNARRY, L.R.
MCNEILL, K G.
MEASDAY. D F
MEYER, J.
MICHAUD, G.J.
MIGNERON, R.
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PP82
C67.8
MILTON. J.C.D.
MISENER, A.D.
MITCHELL. J.B.A.
MITCHELL. K.A.R.
MIZRAHI, V.
M O A Z Z E N - A H M A D I . N.
MONCHALIN, J-P.
M O N T A G U E . J.H.
M O O N , J.H.
MOORCROFT, D R.
M O R G A N . F.J.
MORRIS. S.
MORRISH, A . H .
MORRISON, A.
MORROW. M.
MORSINK, S.
MUIR, W.B.
MUKHERJEE, B.K.
MURPHREE. J.S.
V 9 1 ;P92
R45,6,7,8,9,50;
D46,7;P51;C54,5
AMP93
SS81
D77
C94
IAP82
C69.70
D55
C60,72,3;ASP81
C85.6
D80
C70,1;VP73;P74
D51
C89.90
C92.3
C84.5
C87,8
ASP90
NEILSON, G.C.
NG, A.
NG. J.
NICHOLLS, R.W.
NOBLE, W . J .
NODWELL. R.A.
NORTON, P R.
NP68.9
PP88
PPD 8 5
D54;C56,7,61,2: 0P82
C49,50,3,4,5,6,62,3
PP69;C71,2
SS83
O'BRIEN, P.
O'DONNELL, P.J.
OFFENBERGER. A . A .
OKA. T.
O K A D A , H.
OLLERHEAD, R.W.
OLSEN, W . C .
OPECHOWSKI, W .
ORMROD, J.H.
ORR, R.S.
OZIER, I.
MBP79
PPD81 ;TP83
PP74;C79,80;V88;P89
AMP75
D92.3.4
C71,2
C87.8
C58,9
D63;C76,7
PPD88;C94
AMP94
PACHNER, J.
PAGDEN, I . M . H .
PAGE, S.
PAQUETTE, G.
PARANJAPE, V . V .
PASHLER, P.E.
PATON, B E.
PAUL, W .
PAULSON, K.V.
PAWLUCZYK, R.
PAYNTER, R.
PEARCE. R.M.
PEAT, D.
PELTIER, W . R .
PEPIN, H.
PERCY, F.G.
PETCH, H.E.
PFALZNER, P.M.
PICARD, L.
PICHE, M.
PIECZONKA, W .
PINFOLD, J.L.
PINK, D.A.
PINNINGTON, E.H.
PINTAR. M M.
PLISCHKE, M.
PLUME, C.
POIRIER, D.
POLL, J.D.
POUNDER, E.R.
PRENTICE. J.D.
PRESTON, M . A .
C79.80
C66.7
C94
PP77
C78.9.80
T49
C 7 8 , 9 , 8 1 ;IAP88
D45
C75.6
IAP93
SS91
C64,5;NP73
TP90
CGU91,2
PP85
D58
PRINCE, R.H.
PRINGLE. R . W .
PULLAN, H.
C59,60;VP66;P67
MBP70
D56
C87,8
C68,9;D78,9,80
C93.4
C71.2,7,8;TP88
C76.81,2;AMP87
C82.3
C77.8
D89
C90,1
AMP79
C50,1 ;S56,7,8;P61
PPD73
C51;T52,3,4,5,6,
7;C83,4
C79.80
C55
C71.2
QUAGLIA, A.
QUINEY, R.G.
OP80
RAGAN, K.
RAINBOW, A.J.
RAUDORF, W.R.
RAZAVI, F.S.
REDDY, S.P.
REED, L.D.
D79
MBP85
C62.3
C88,9
C71,2,83,4;AMP92
C75,6
IAP91
REICKHOFF, K.E.
RE ID, W.B.
RENDELL, D.H.
REPACHOLI, M.H.
RHEAULT, F.
RICHARD, C.
RIGGIN, M.T.
ROBERTSON, B.C.
ROBERTSON, B E.
ROBERTSON, L.P.
ROBINSON, J.
ROBSON, J . M .
ROGERS, D . W . O .
ROLFE, J.
ROSE, D C.
ROSNER, D.S.
ROSON, L.M.
ROSS, C.K.
ROSS, S.
ROSS, W.R.
ROSTOKER, G.
ROWE, D.J.
ROWLES, W .
ROY, G.
ROY, R.
ROZMUS, W .
RUBIN, G.A.
RUSSELL, R.D.
RYSTEPHANICK, R.G.
C74.5
MBP73
C65.6,85,6,7,8
MBP77
0P79
C73,4;OP75;PP77
C84.5
C93.4
PE93
C72.3
C78
D60;VP65;P66
MBP83
E80,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
C48;P49;C52
C83.4
D65
C68.9
C92.3
C88.9
ASP77
TP70
C49;S50
NP90
C83,4
PP92
C76
CGU79.80
C85,6
SALAHUB, D.L.
SS86
C67.8
SAMPLE. J.T.
S A M S O N , C.
C88.9
ASP87
S A M S O N , J.C.
SANDERS, F.H.
C48.9.50,1,2
SANDIFORD, P.J.
045.6,7; C48.9,50,1 ;V56
SARGENT, B.W.
V54;P55
SAYER. M.
C77,8
SCHEIDEGGER, A.E.
C54,5,6
SS90
SCHULTZ, P.
SCHWERDTFEGER, C.F
C81.2
SCOTT, D.B.
C57,8;MBP61
SCOTT, G O .
D57;S59,60,1,2
SEARLE, C.
D73
SEN, S.N.
C66.7
SEVIOR, M.
C91.92
SHARP, R.T.
TP62.3.75
SHARP, W . T .
TP57
SHEPHERD. G.G.
C62;ASP76
SHEPPARD, D . M .
NP79
SHERMAN, N.K.
D71.2
SHIN, Y . M .
NP81
C79.80
SHRAGGE, P C.
SHRUM, G.M.
D47;C48,9;P53
SICA, B.
ASP94
SIMPSON, A . M .
C76.7
SINERVO, P.K.
C90.1,2,3;PPD94
SINGH, M.
C91,2,3,4
SKARSGARD, A . M .
C65,6;PP68,76
NP94
SKOPIC, D.M.
SLOBODRIAN, R.J.
NP82
SMEATON, D.
IAP79.80
SMELLIE, D . W .
C70.1
SMITH, G.
PE90
SMITH, H.D.
C45,6;D47; C48.9.51,2,62,3
SMITH, P.D.
C69.70
S M Y , P.R.
PP70
CGU89.90
SMYLIE, D.E.
SS94
SODHI, R.
SOFKO, G.
ASP92
SOUTHERN, B.W.
CMP94
SPRUNG, D.W.L.
C73.4;D79,83,4
ST-MAURICE, J.P.
ASP89
ST-PIERRE, C.
C75.6
T64.5.6
STAGER, C.V.
PPD 8 0
STAIRS, D.G.
STANDING, K G.
C62,3,82,3
PP87
STANSFIELD, B.
STASIOR, R.D.
D51
STEGEMAN, G.I.A.
C74.5;OP76
STEINITZ, M.O.
C79.80.4.5.94
STEPHENS-NEWSHAM, L MBP56
STEVENS, A.
D72.3
STEVENS, J R.
PE79.80.81
STEWART, A.T.
C57,8;D59;V71;P72
STEWART. R.W.
STOICHEFF, B P.
STOTT. M.J.
STRAKA, M.K
STRANGWAY, D.W.
STROINK, G.
STROM-OLSEN, J O.
STRYLAND. J.C.
SUBBARO. S.
SULLIVAN, H . M .
SUMMERS-GILL, R.G.
SUNDARESAN, M.K.
SUTTON, M.
SVENSSON. E.
SZAMOSI, G.
C54,5;EP70
A M P 7 0 ; C 7 0 , 1 ;V82; P83
C81.2
D69;PE71
CGU77.8
C87,8,9,90
CMP85
C63.4
D70
C69.70
R59,60,1,2,3,4
C76.7
C88,9,90,1,4
CMP93;C94
C68.9
TABISZ, G.C.
T A K A H A S H I , Y.
TAPPING, R.
TARAS, P.
TAYLOR. D R.
TAYLOR, H . W .
TAYLOR, J.S.
TEMPLETON, I.M
TERENTIUK. F.
TERREAULT, B.
THEWALT, M.
THOMPSON. C.J.
THUMM. W.
TILLOTSON, J.G.
TIMUSK, T.
T O M C H U K , E.
T O M U S I A K , E.L.
TRAINOR. L E.H.
TREMBLAY, R.
TULL, H E.
TUPPER, B.
TURKINGTON, R.R.
TURL, L.H.
TURNER. H E.
TUSZYNSKI, J.A.
T W A R D , E.
AMP91
PPD76
SS88
NP87
CMP75;TP86
D56.7
D55
SSP71
C64.5
C80.1
CMP92
MBP89
PE68.9
C50,1,58,9
C80,1 ;CMP89
C72.3
TP84;C89,90
C59,60;TP60,1;
ST66,7,8,9
0P71
D50
TP93
C83.4
T45,6;D47;V48
D62
C91.2
C71.2
UFFEN, R.J.
U M E Z A W A , H.
UNGAR, S.H.
UNRUH, W.
C53.4.6
TP76
C76.7
TP85
VAIL, J . M .
V A N ANDEL, H . W . H .
V A N DRIEL, H
V A N KRANENDONK, J.
VANDERKOOY, J.
VANICEK, P.
VANIER, J.
VETTERLI. M.
VILLENEUVE, D M.
C64.5,88,9,90
PP79
0P92
TP67.8
C79.80
CGU87.8
D85.6
PPD93
PP91
VINCETT, P.S.
V O - V A N , T.
V O G A N , E.L.
VENKATESAN, D.
VERMA, R.D.
VERNER, D.
VERRALL, R.
VOGT, E.W.
VOLKOFF, G.M.
VOSKO, S.H.
V O Y V O D I C , L.
IAP89;D90,1.2;V94
C78,9,90,1;0P93
D49
C 7 0 , 1 , 7 8 , 9 ; A S P 8 3 ; C86
AMP74
C75
D68
T P 6 4 ; E 6 6 , 7 . 8 ; V 6 9 ; P70
C 4 5 , 6 , 7 ; D 5 8 ; V 6 1 ; P62
TP72
C58.9
W A D D I N G T O N , J.
WAKSBERG, A.
WALKER, J.K.
WALLACE, P R.
WALLIS, D.
WALTERS, J.
W A L T H A M , L.E.
W A R D , A G.
WARREN. E.S.
WARREN. J.B.
W A T S O N , E.E.
WATSON, W.H.
W A T T O N , A.
WEAVER, R.S.
W E I C H M A N , F.L
WEIL, F A.
WEINGARTSHOFER. A.
WELSH, H.L.
WEST, G.F.
WHALEN, B.A.
WHIPPEY, P.W.
W H I T H A M . K.
WHITMORE, G.F.
WHITMORE. M.D.
WHYTE, G N
WILHELM, J O.
WILLIAMS, G.
WILSON, B.G.
WILSON. J.T.
WOLFSON, J.L.
W O L O S H Y N , R.
W O O D S , S B.
W O O N T O N , G.W.
NP84
0P85
C76.8
TP56
ASP84
PPD70.1
C89.90
C62,3
C66.7
NP75
C49,50;V52
D53; C54.5
C79.80
D65
C71,2,7,8,83,4.5,6
C74.5.82.3
C81.2.3
D64;V72;P73
EP69
ASP80
PE77.8
CGU74
MBP63
C81.2
C61
D41 ;P46
CMP88
C62,3;EP67
CGU73
C67.8
PPD89
PE72
V46,7;P48;AMP71
Y A L N A , J.
Y A U , A.
YELON. A.
YEN, S.
Y O U N G , B.G.
Y O U N G , J.
C68.9
ASP91
IAP84;C87,8
NP92
D53
C94
ZERAFA, L.
ZIEMELIS, 0
ZUCKERMANN, M
ZUK, W . M .
D83
D72
C82.3,92,3
C78.9
1994 December
CANADIAN UNIVERSITY PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS/DÉPARTEMENTS DE PHYSIQUE DANS LES UNIVERSITÉS CANADIENNES
INSTITUTION
HEAD/CHAIR
TELEPHONE NO.
FAX NO.
E MAIL
DIRECTEUR
NO. TELEPHONE
NO. TELEC.
COUR.EL.
POSTAL CODE
CODE POSTALE
Acadia University
C.S. MacLatchy
(902) 5 4 2 - 2 2 0 1 x 4 0 1
542-1454
[email protected]
BOP 1 X 0
Brandon University
R. Dong
(2041 7 2 7 - 9 6 9 5
728-7346
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R7A 6 A 9
Brock University
F.S. Razavi
(4161 6 8 8 - 5 5 5 0 x 3 3 4 3 6 8 2 - 9 0 2 0
[email protected]
L2S 3A1
Carieton University
P.J.S. Watson
(613) 7 8 8 - 4 3 2 6
788-4061
[email protected]
K1S 5B6
Collège Militaire Royal De St-Jean
G. Cory
(514) 3 5 8 - 6 5 9 2
358-6799
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JOJ 1R0
Concordia University
D. Cheeke
(514) 8 4 8 - 3 2 9 2
848-2828
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H3G 1 M 8
494-5191
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B3H 3J5
H3C 3 A 7
A . M . Simpson
(902) 4 9 4 - 2 3 2 0
École Polytechnique
Arthur Yelon
(514) 3 4 0 - 4 7 6 8
340-3218
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Lakehead University
W . J . Keeler
(807) 3 4 3 - 8 2 5 8
343-8023
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P7B 5E1
Laurentian University
R. Haq
(705) 6 7 5 - 1 1 5 1 x 2 2 2 1 6 7 5 - 4 8 6 8
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P3E 2C6
McGill University
Subal Das Gupta
(514) 3 9 8 - 6 4 8 3
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H3A 2 T 8
McMaster University -Physics
C. Stager
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W . J . Garland
905-525-9140x24548
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P.K. Varma
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Y.N. Joshi
Saint Mary's University
D.G. Turner
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Trent University
P C. Dawson
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University of British Columbia-Physics
B.G. Turrell
-Engineering Physics
University of Calgary
Université Laval
University of Lethbridge
E.G. Auld
C.J. Bland
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Université de Moncton
F.E. Girouard
J.R. Derome
University of N e w Brunswick-Fredericton
A. Sharp
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C.H. Leung (coord.
University of Northern British Columbia
A. Hussein
University of O t t a w a
R.J. Hodgson
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K.S. Jammu
Université du Québec i Chicoutimi
M. Suquet
Université du Québec à Montréal
E. Boridy
Université du Québec i Rimouski
B. Marinier
Université du Québec i Trois-Rivières
C. Demers
528-5030
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L8S 4 M 1
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CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS PROGRAM
Sunday Symposium of the DCMP ~ (Patterns and Dynamics in Nonequilibrium
Guenter Ahlers, University of California - Santa Barbara
Eberhard Bodenschartz, Cornell University
Katie Coughlin, Université de Montréal
J.T. Gleeson, University of Calgary
Martin Grant, McGill University
Ray Kapral, University of Toronto
Richard Peltier, University of Toronto
Celeste Sagui, University of Toronto
DCMP Session - Monday Afternoon
- (Brockhouse-Shull
Robert Birgeneau, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bruce Gaulin, McMaster University
Thomas Holden, AECL Research - Chalk River
Herb Mook, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Eric Svensson, AECL Research - Chalk River
Systems)
"Convention and Pattern Formation in a Nematic Liquid Crystal"
"Spatio-Temporal Chaos in Rayleigh-Benard Convection"
"The Transition to Chaos versus the Transition to Turbulence"
"Convection in Liquid Crystals under Electric and Magnetic Fields"
"Pattern Formation during Solidification"
"Chemical Instabilities, Waves and Patterns"
"Phase Transition Mediated Mixing and the Thermal Evolution of
Planets"
"Kinetics of Ordering in Systems w i t h Long-Range Repulsive
Interactions"
Symposium)
"Quantum Magnets in Two Dimensions"
"Neutron Scattering Studies of Geometrically Frustrated Magnets"
"Industrial Applications of Neutron Scattering"
"Recent Results in High-Temperature Superconductors"
"The Most Famous Phonon of All"
Plenary Session - Tuesday Morning
Gary Kugler, AECL
"A New Research Reactor for Canada"
DCMP Session - Tuesday Morning — (Polymers)
Robert E. Prud'homme, Université Laval
"Miscibility and Morphology of Miscible and Immiscible Ternary Polymer
Blends"
"Block Copolymers at Surfaces and Interfaces"
"Biopolymers"
Tom Russell, IBM - Almaden
Feliciano Sanchez Sinencio, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico
DCMP Session - Tuesday Afternoon —
(Semiconductors)
Sylvain Charbonneau, National Research Council Canada
George Kirczenow, Simon Fraser University
Alfonso Lastras Martinez, UASLP-IICO, Mexico
Mark A. Reed, Yale University
DCMP Session - Wednesday Morning -
"Spectroscopy of Self-Organized Quantum Dots"
"Does Disorder Always Localize States in One Dimension? Quantum
Railroads and the Quantum Hall Effect"
"Piezo-Optic Effects in the Reflectance Difference Spectrum of Cubic
Semiconductors"
"Tunneling through Single Impurity Atoms in Semiconductor
Heterostructures"
(Magnetism)
Alain Caillé, Université de Sherbrooke
"Novel Phase Diagrams in Frustrated Magnets and Columnar Liquid
Crystals"
"Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Clusters"
"Magnetic X-ray Scattering in K 2 ReCI 6 "
"The Devil's Staircase in Holmium"
Jesus Dorantes Dâvila, UASLP-IF, Mexico
Stephen Nagler, University of Florida - Gainesville
Michael Steinitz, St. Francis Xavier University
DCMP Session - Thursday Morning — (Microscopy)
Peter Grutter, McGill University
"Scanning Probe Microscopy of Magnetic Materials: From Hard Discs
to Single Spins"
"Scanning Probe Microscopy of Biological Materials"
"Electron Microscopy of Nanostructured Materials"
"In situ Electron Microscopy of Surface and Interface Dynamics"
Manfred Jericho, Dalhousie University
Miguel José Yacamén, CONACYT & UNAM-IF, Mexico
Rudolf Tromp, IBM - Yorktown Heights
DCMP Session - Thursday Afternoon
- (Materials
Leonel Cota Araiza, UNAM-IF, Mexico
Thomas Krause, Queen's University
John Preston, McMaster University
Steve Shapiro, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Science)
Growth of Transition Metal Thin Films by Excimer Laser Ablation and
in situ Characterization by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry, Auger and
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopies"
' Characterization of Materials by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise and
Neutron Diffraction"
The Story of 1212 PbSrYCaCuO: Discovering a new Superconductor"
Neutron Scattering Studies of Structural Phase Transitions"
La Physique au C a n a d a janvier/février 1 9 9 5
35
DCMP/DTP Joint Session - Friday Morning ~ (High-Temperature
Jurgen Franck, University of Alberta
Catherine Kallin, McMaster University
José Mustre de Léon, CINVESTAV-Merida IPN, Mexico
T. Maurice Rice, AT&T Bell Labs and ETH Zurich
DCMP Session - Friday Afternoon
-
Superconductivity)
"The Isotope Effect in High-Temperature Superconductors"
"Vortices in D-Wave Superconductors:
"The Role of the Axial Oxygen in High Temperature Superconductors"
"High-T0: The Great Symmetry Debate"
(Quasicrystals)
Dimitri Basov, McMaster University
"Infrared Study of the Metal-Insulator
Quasicrystals"
"Quasicrystals: The State of the Art"
"Physics of Quasicrystals"
"Electronic Structure of Quasicrystals"
Alan I. Goldman, Iowa State University
David Romeu Casajuana, UNAM-IF, Mexico
Zbigniew Stadnik, University of Ottawa
Transition
in
Al-based
PLASMA PHYSICS PROGRAM
Thursday. June 1 5 — (Symposium
on Atoms
and Molecules
Fedor llkov, Université Laval
David Wardlaw, Queen's University
Tao Zhou, Université de Sherbrooke
Didier Norman, Saclay
Henrik Stapelfeldt, NRC
Harold Haugen, McMaster University
Ken Kulander, LLNL
George Gibson, Connecticut
Friday. June 1 6
~ (Symposium
Fields)
"Dissociation of Molecular Ions"
"Chaotic Dissociation"
"H2 + and H 3 + in Strong Laser Fields"
"Strong Field Bonding"
"Wavepacket Dynamics"
"Electron Detachment"
"Molecules in Strong Fields"
"Molecules in Strong Fields"
on Femtosecond
Science)
Paul Corkum, NRC (Plenary speaker)
Michel Piché, Université Laval
Henry van Driel, University of Toronto
Henry Kapteyn, Washington State U.
Albert Stolow, NRC
Dwayne Miller, Rochester
Jochen Meyer, University of B.C.
DPP Session - (High Intensity
in Strong
"Attosecond Laser Pulses"
"fs Modelocking"
"fs OPO's"
"20 fs Lasers"
"fs ZEKE Molecular Dynamics"
"fs Probing of Surfaces"
"Generation of fs Infrared Pulses"
Laser Interaction
with
Matter)
Mike Perry, LLNL
Howard Milchberg, Michigan
Allan Offenberger, University of Alberta
Robin Marjoribanks, University of Toronto
Jean-Claude Kieffer, INRS
Roger Falcone, Berkeley
"Fast Ignitor for Laser Fusion"
"Light Guiding in Plasmas"
"Recombination X-Ray Lasers"
"X-ray Line Emission"
"High Density / High Field Plasmas"
(confirmed through DAMOP)
DIAP SESSIONS
DIAP/DOP/Corporate Session - (Physics
of Digital
Dr. Alan Robertson, NRC
Dr. Rajinder Khosla
Dr. Raja Balasubramanian
DIAP/DOP/Corporate Session - (Medical
Imaging)
"Colour Perception"
"From Photons to Bits"
"Digital Colour Displays"
Imaging)
Dr. G. Corkidi, Centro de Instrumentos, UNAM
Dr. M. Garcia, UNAM
Dr. Branco Palcic, BC Cancer Institute &
Dept. of Physics, UBC
36
Colour
Physics in C a n a d a January/February 1 9 9 5 _
"Automated Image Analysis of Tissue Sections and Cells"
"Automatic Robust Delineation of Anatomical Structures in MRI"
"Optical Microscopy for Medical Applications"
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1 9 9 5 CAP Congress / Congrès ACP 1 9 9 5
CAM-95
You are invited to attend the 5 0 t h Annual Congress of the
Canadian Association of Physicists to be held Sunday,
June 11 through Friday, June 16 at Laval University. The
conference opens on Sunday evening w i t h a public lecture
by Arthur L. Schawlow from Stanford University, followed
by a welcome reception. The conference ends on Friday
afternoon.
Symposia organized by the Division of
Condensed Matter Physics and the Division of Plasma
Physics are planned for Sunday, June 11.
Vous êtes invités à participer au 50 e Congrès annuel de
l'Association
canadienne des physiciens qui se tiendra du
dimanche 11 juin au vendredi 16 juin à l'Université Laval, à
Ste-Foy (Québec). Le Congrès débutera le dimanche soir
avec une conférence publique de Arthur L. Schawlow de
Stanford University, suivie d'une réception d'inauguration.
Il se terminera le vendredi après-midi. Le dimanche aprèsmidi se tiendront également des colloques organisés par la
Division de la physique de la matière condensée et par la
Division de la physique des plasmas.
In order to avoid conflict w i t h these symposia, the first joint
meeting of the Old and New Councils is scheduled for
3:00 p.m. on Saturday, June 10. The registration desk will
be available from 2 : 0 0 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. on Saturday and
7 : 3 0 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. on Sunday. Participants w h o will
be unable to arrive before 11:00 p.m. on Saturday or
Sunday should notify CAP 1995 by June 3 so that special
arrangements can be made for you. Those who arrive on or
before Saturday, June 11 are invited to an informal
reception. One complimentary beverage will be provided to
each conference registrant w h o attends the Saturday
evening informal reception (tickets and location information
will be included in the registration package).
Pour éviter des conflits d'horaire avec ces colloques, la
première réunion conjointe de l'ancien et du nouveau conseil
aura lieu le samedi 10 juin à 15 heures.
Le bureau
d'inscription sera ouvert de 14 h à 23 h le samedi, et de
7 h 30 à 23 h le dimanche. Les participants qui ne pourront
arriver avant 23 h le samedi ou le dimanche doivent le faire
savoir à CAP 1995 avant le 3 juin, afin que des dispositions
spéciales soient prises. Les congressistes arrivés le samedi
11 juin sont invités à se réunir le samedi soir pour une
réception. Les personnes inscrites au Congrès qui iront à la
réception amicale du samedi soir auront droit à une boisson
gratuite (information sur l'endroit et billets dans la pochette
d'inscription).
The Local Committee, chaired by Roger Lessard (CAP
President), looks forward to welcoming you to Laval
University and the Province of Quebec.
Le comité organisateur local, présidé par le Dr. Roger
Lessard (président de l'ACP), se réjouit de vous recevoir à
l'Université Laval et dans la province de Québec.
PROGRAM
PROGRAMME
The program will include several keynote speakers,
contributed papers, a poster session, award lectures, and
exhibits. The Annual General meeting of the Association
and a banquet at which awards will be presented will also
take place during the Congress.
Le programme comprendra des conférences spéciales, des
communications, une séance d'affiches, des conférences
sur les prix et une exposition.
L'assemblée générale
annuelle et un banquet avec une remise de prix auront
également lieu pendant le Congrès.
The national exhibition of the CAP's first and second annual
'Art of Physics' competition will be on display during the
Congress at the University, near the registration desk.
L'exposition nationale des premier et deuxième concours
annuel de l'ACP «L'Art de la physique» sera présentée
durant le Congrès à l'université, près du bureau
d'inscription.
A general outline of the program appears following this
information, together w i t h a list of invited speakers. The
detailed conference program will be published in the
May/June issue of Physics in Canada.
Vous trouverez les grandes lignes du programme après ces
renseignements ainsi que la liste des conférenciers invités.
Le programme définitif complet paraîtra dans le numéro de
mai/juin de la La physique au Canada.
EVENTS
ACTIVITÉS SPÉCIALES
Sunday. June 11
Public lecture by Prof. Arthur L. Schawlow at 7 : 0 0 p.m.,
followed by the Welcome Reception (cash bar, one
complimentary beverage provided by the CAP) for all
A
l'auditorium
de
l'éducation,
à
19
h,
le
prof. Arthur L. Schawlow donnera une conférence publique
suivie d'une réception d'ouverture (bar payant, une boisson
Dimanche 11 juin
39
Congress registrants.
gratuite) pour toutes les personnes inscrites au Congrès.
Monday. June 12
A special session on Women in Physics has been arranged.
All Congress delegates are invited to participate.
Lundi 12 juin
Une session sur les femmes en physique aura lieue, Tous
les congressistes sont invités â participer.
Tuesday. June 13
The Division of Physics Education is planning an evening
show. There will also be a public panel discussion on the
electronic highway. Further details on both these events
will be available in the Congress Program (May/June issue
of Physics in Canada.
Mardi 13 juin
La Division de l'éducation prévoit donner un spectacle. Il y
aura également une discussion publique sur l'autoroute
électronique. De plus amples renseignements seront publiés
dans le programme du Congrès (La physique au Canada de
mai/juin).
Wednesday. June 14
Reception (cash bar, one complimentary beverage) followed
by the Conference banquet at the Château Frontenac. Cost
is $ 4 5 . 0 0 per person and includes all taxes. Space at the
Château Frontenac for the banquet is limited. To ensure
availability of banquet tickets, you should reserve and pay
for your tickets when you return your registration form.
Any remaining tickets will be sold at the registration desk at
the meeting.
Mercredi 14 juin
Réception (bar payant, une boisson gratuite) suivie du
banquet du Congrès au Château Frontenac. Le prix de 45 $
par personne comprend les taxes. Afin d'être sûr d'avoir
des places, réservez vos billets et payez-les quand vous
enverrez votre formulaire d'inscription. Les billets restants,
s'il y en a, seront en vente au bureau d'inscription sur
place.
Thursday. June 15
Beer and Poster Night (cash bar - beer only
complimentary serving of beer).
Jeudi 15 juin
Bière et soirée d'affiches (bar payant
bière gratuite offerte).
with one
bière seulement - une
REGISTRATION INFORMATION
INSCRIPTION
Complete and FAX OR MAIL (not both) the attached
conference registration form.
As fee payment must
accompany the registration form, only those participants
paying by credit card (visa or mastercard) should fax their
registration forms. For those paying by cheque, please mail
your registration form and cheque to the address indicated
on the registration form (please allow up to a week for
delivery).
Veuillez remplir le formulaire ci-joint et nous le renvoyer par
TÉLÉCOPIEUR OU PAR LA POSTE (pas les deux). Comme
le paiement doit obligatoirement accompagner l'inscription,
seules les personnes qui payent par carte (visa ou
mastercard) peuvent s'inscrire par télécopieur. Celles qui
règlent par chèque sont priées de poster leur formulaire
d'inscription et leur chèque à l'adresse figurant sur le
formulaire (comptez jusqu'à une semaine pour la livraison).
Fee discounts are available for early registration - received
by 4:30 p.m. on Friday, April 1. After June 2, delegates
should register on site.
Ceux qui s'inscriront tôt (formulaires reçus le samedi
1" avril avant 16 h 30) profiteront d'un rabais. Après le 2
juin, il faudra s'inscrire sur place.
Student delegates should include a letter from the Head of
their Department certifying their status.
Les étudiants doivent joindre une lettre de leur chef de
département pour attester leur statut.
Conference fees are quoted in Canadian dollars and are
inclusive of 7 % GST.
Les frais d'inscription sont
comprennent 7 % de TPS.
Advance Registration Fees
(on or before April 1 )
Inscription anticipée
(jusqu'au 1" avril)
CAP/APS Members and Invited Speakers
Non-Members
Student Members
Non-Member Students
High School/Junior College Teachers
Retirees
$250.00
330.00
60.00
75.00
60.00
75.00
115.00
One-day registration:
(Sun., Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs. or Fri.)
115.00
40
Physics in Canada January/February 1 9 9 5
en
dollars
canadiens
Membres de l'ACP/APS et conférenciers invités
Non-membres
Membres étudiants
Enseignants: é c o l e * s e c o n d a i r e » a t « j u n i o r c o l l e g e * »
Enseignants non membres: « c o i . u c . e t « j u n . e o i i . »
Retraités
Inscription d'un jour
(dimanche, lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi ou
vendredi)
et
250 $
330
60
75
60
75
115
115$
Full Registration Fees
(after June 2)
Frais complétés
(après le 2 juin)
CAP/APS Members and Invited Speakers
Non-Members
Student Members
Non-Member Students
High School/Junior College Teachers
Retirees
$300.00
370.00
75.00
90.00
75.00
90.00
150.00
One-day registration:
(Sun., Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs. or Fri.)
150.00
Optional (not included in conference fee):
Wednesday Conference Banquet
45.00
Membres de l'ACP/APS et conférenciers invités
Non-membres
Membres étudiants
Enseignants: é c o l e s secondaires et « j u n i o r colleges»
Enseignants non membres: é c o l . s e c . et « j u n . c o l l . »
Retraités
Inscription d'un jour
(dimanche, lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi ou
vendredi)
300 $
370
75
90
75
90
150
150$
Activités facultatives (non comprises dans les frais de Congrès):
Banquet du Congrès, le mercredi
45 $
1.
The full-program registration fee includes a copy of the
Conference Program, admission to all program sessions,
exhibits, the poster session, Sunday symposia, the
Sunday welcome reception, and all refreshment breaks.
The one-day registration fee includes a copy of the
Conference Program as well as admission to all
activities scheduled for that day. Neither fee includes
the Wednesday banquet at the Chateau Frontenac.
1.
Les frais d'inscription
au programme
complet
comprennent le programme, l'admission à toutes les
séances du programme, aux affiches, aux colloques, à
la réception du dimanche, et à toutes les pauses
rafraîchissements. Les frais d'inscription d'une journée
comprennent la brochure du programme du Congrès et
l'admission à toutes les activités de la journée. Ils
n'incluent pas le banquet du mercredi (au Château
Frontenac).
2.
Banquet tickets are limited and should be purchased
w i t h registration.
The price of $ 4 5 . 0 0 per person
includes GST. Any unpurchased banquet tickets will be
available for purchase at the conference registration
desk.
2.
Comme il n'y a qu'un nombre limité de billets pour le
banquet, il faut les prendre avec votre inscription. Le
prix de 45 $ comprend la TPS. Les billets restants, s'il
y en a, seront en vente au bureau d'inscription sur
place.
3.
3.
Delegates attending the Sunday Symposia should note
such on the registration form.
Les délégués qui participeront aux colloques du
dimanche sont priés de l'indiquer sur le formulaire
d'inscription.
4.
Accommodation, meals, and transportation costs are
not included in the conference registration fee.
4.
L'hébergement, les repas et les transports ne sont pas
inclus dans les frais d'inscription.
Methods of Payment
Payment can be made by credit card (Mastercard or Visa)
or cheque (made payable to the Université Laval for CAP
1995) and must accompany the registration form.
Registrations sent without fee payment will not be
processed.
Participants w h o pay by credit card should FAX their
registration form to 'CAP 1 9 9 5 ' at (418) 6 5 6 - 2 6 2 3 .
Registrants paying by cheque should mail their form and
payment to Prof. R.A. Lessard, CAP (CAM-95) Congress
Registration, Laval University, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4.
Modalités de paiement
Le paiement doit accompagner l'inscription. Il peut être
effectué par carte de crédit (Mastercard ou Visa) ou par
chèque (libellé à l'ordre de: Université Laval for CAM 1995).
Les formulaires sans paiement ne seront pas traités.
Les participants qui paieront par carte de crédit devront
envoyer leur formulaire d'inscription par télécopieur à
«CAP 1995» au (418) 6 5 6 - 2 6 2 3 .
Les participants qui paieront par chèque devront envoyer
leur formulaire et leur paiement par la poste à
«Prof. R.A. Lessard, CAP (CAM-95), Université Laval,
Cité universitaire (Québec) G1K 7P4».
Cancellation Policy
Politique d'annulation
Cancellations received on or before June 2 will be refunded,
less a $ 2 0 . 0 0 processing fee. Refunds will not be made for
cancellations received after June 2, except in extenuating
circumstances. To be issued a refund, participants must return
their original receipt for conference registration to CAP 1995
c/o the CAP Office, Suite 903, 151 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON
K1P 5H3.
Les demandes d'annulation reçues au plus tard le 2 juin seront
remboursées, moins 20$ de frais d'administration. Il n'y aura
plus de remboursement après le 2 juin, sauf circonstances
exceptionnelles. Pour recevoir un chèque de remboursement,
les participants doivent renvoyer le reçu original d'inscription au
Congrès à «CAP 1995, bureau de l'ACP, bureau 903, 151 rue
Slater, Ottawa (Ontario), K1P 5H3».
41
TRAVEL
VOYAGE
Convention Airline - Air Canada Event No. CV
This year, the CAP has decided to designate TTI Bytown
Travel as their official Congress travel agency and to
register the congress with Air Canada Convention Services.
TTI Bytown Travel is a full service travel agency. They will
be pleased to help you with all your travel needs. All your
travel documents will be delivered right to your door free of
charge anywhere in Canada and the continental U.S.A. Call
Aida Daher toll free (Canada or U.S.) at 1 - 8 0 0 - 5 6 7 - 4 6 6 2 or
fax Bytown at 1 - 6 1 3 - 2 3 8 - 6 9 2 8 .
Transport aérien - No d'événement Air Canada CV
Cette année, l'ACP a choisi TTI Bytown Travel comme
agence de voyage officielle du Congrès et a inscrit cette
réunion aux services de congrès d'Air Canada. TTI Bytown
Travel est une agence de voyage à tout service. Il se ferons
un plaisir de vous aidez avec vos plans de voyages. Vos
documents de voyage seront à votre domicile sans frais au
Canada et aux Etats-Unis. Appelez Aida Daher sans frais
(Canada et aux Etats-Unis) au 1 - 8 0 0 - 5 6 7 - 4 6 6 2 ou par
télécopier Bytown au 1 - 6 1 3 - 2 3 8 - 6 9 2 8 .
For those who wish to book their Congress travel through
another travel agency or with the airline direct — and who
have chosen to travel on an Air Canada flight -- you may
still have your flight registered as part of the Convention
travel by quoting the CAP's Air Canada Event No. when
booking your travel. Registering your flight with Air Canada
will help CAP earn bonus flights that can be used to bring
our university prize winner, among others, to the 1996 CAP
Congress.
Ceux qui utiliseront une autre agence ou s'adresseront
directement à la compagnie aérienne, en choisissant un vol
d'Air Canada, pourront faire enregistrer leur vol comme
voyage au Congrès en fournissant le numéro du Congrès
ACP d'Air Canada au moment de la réservation.
En
enregistrant votre vol, vous aiderez l'ACP à obtenir des vols
de prime qui lui permettront entre autres de faire venir les
lauréats des prix universitaires au Congrès 1996.
Transportation to Accommodation
The taxi fare from the airport to the university should cost
roughly $ 12.00 and the ride will take ten to fifteen minutes.
Ask to be dropped in front of the University Information
Centre. A block of parking spaces on campus may be set
aside for those arriving by car. If so, parking permits will be
available at the registration desk.
Transport de l'aéroport
De l'aéroport à l'Université, la course de taxi coûte environ
12 $ et prend dix à quinze minutes. Demandez qu'on vous
dépose devant le centre d'accueil et des renseignements.
Plusieurs places de stationnement pourraient être réservées
sur le campus pour les congressistes qui viendront en
voiture. Si c'est le cas, les permis de stationnement se
trouveront au bureau d'inscription.
ACCOMMODATION
HÉBERGEMENT
For your convenience the following facilities have been
booked for the 1995 Congress participants. Many rooms
have been blocked off in the residences at Laval University,
different hotels in Sainte-Foy, near the University, and in
two hotels in downtown Quebec. The residences at Laval
University are located at about 11 km (7 miles) from the
airport, the hotels in Ste-foy around 9 km (6 miles) from the
airport and the hotels in downtown Québec around 15 km
(9 miles) from the airport. The city bus goes on campus, as
well as to all the hotels on the list. All the rooms have a
telephone, are near a restaurant and have parking. The
following chart presents all the rates for single and double
rooms, and 14% tax must be added to the prices. The
chart indicates the distance between each of the hotels and
the campus, if air-conditioning is available as well as indoor
and outdoor pool.
The map shows the geographical
situation of each hotel.
Pour
vous
faciliter
les choses,
plusieurs
types
d'hébergement sont prévus pour le Congrès.
Plusieurs
blocs de chambres ont été réservés pour les congressistes
dans les résidences de l'Université Laval, différents hôtels
de Sainte-Foy, près de la Cité universitaire et dans deux
hôtels du centre-ville de Québec.
Les résidences de
l'Université sont situées à environ 11 km (7 milles) de
l'aéroport, tandis que les hôtels de Ste-Foy en sont à
environ 9 km (6 milles) et ceux de Québec à environ 15 km
(9 milles). Le services de transport en commun dessert le
campus universitaire, ainsi que tous les hôtels choisis.
Toutes les chambres sélectionnées ont un téléphone, sont
à proximité d'un restaurant et disposent d'un espace de
stastionnement. Le tableau suivant présente les tarifs de
chacune des chambres en occupation simple ou double,
auxquels il faut ajouter 14% en taxes. Le tableau indique
aussi la distance de chacun des hôtels du campus
universitaire, la disponibilité de l'air climatisé (A/C) et d'une
piscine intérieure ou extérieure. La carte ci-jointe présente
la situation géographique de chacun des hôtels.
Up to May 1«t. the Greater Quebec Area Tourism and
Convention Bureau will operate an accomodations centre.
Fill out a hotel room reservation form for every room you
wish to reserve and return it to the address at the bottom
of the form before May 1, 1 9 9 5 .
Reservations by
telephone will not be accepted.
Do not communicate
directly with the hotel. Hotel rooms will be assigned on a
first come, first served basis; however every effort will be
made to provide you with your first choice.
The
D'ici le 1" mai 1995, l'Office du tourisme de la
Communauté urbaine de Québec offre le service d'une
centrale d'hébergement.
Il vous suffit de remplir le
formulaire de réservation ci-inclus, pour chacune des
chambres que vous voulez réserver et de le retourner à la
centrale d'hébergement à l'adresse indiquée, avant le
1" mai. La centrale d'hébergement ne prendra aucune
réservation par téléphone.
Il ne sera pas possible de
communiquer directement avec les hôtels pour réserver. Les
42
Physics in Canada January/February 1 9 9 5
_
accomodations centre will confirm
in writing.
chambres d'hôtels seront assignées
dans l'ordre
de
réception des demandes. La centrale d'hébergement fera
l'impossible pour vous assurer votre choix. Les réservations
vous seront confirmées par écrit.
If you plan to arrive after 6:00PM, it would be preferable to
garantee the first night by credit card. For information,
modifications and/or cancellations, please contact the
Convention Bureau.
Si vous prévoyez arriver après 18h00, il est préférable de
garantir la première nuitée par carte de crédit.
Pour
information,
modification
et/ou
annulation,
veuillez
communiquer avec la centrale d'hébergement.
After May 1". you will have to reserve directly w i t h the
hotel of your choice. After that date, the blocked-off rooms
will be progressively released and it will be harder to get the
room of your choice.
Après le 1" mai, vous devrez communiquer directement
avec l'établissement de votre choix pour toute nouvelle
réservation, modification et/ou annulation.
Après cette
date,
les
blocs
de
chambres
réservées
seront
progressivement relâchés. Il sera à ce moment plus difficile
d'obtenir la chambre de votre choix.
Hôtel
Hotel
Résidences
Université Laval
Tarif simple
Single
reservations
Tarif double
Double
32.00 $
Distance du/
to campus
A/C
Piscine
Pool
0 km
0 mi.
Remarques
Remarks
Petit déjeuner inclus
Salle de bain commune
Salle de TV commune
Breakfast included
Shared bathroom
Shared TV room
Etudiant:
25.00 $
Student:
25.00 $
Plaza Québec
79.50 $
89.50 $
2.5 km
1.5 mi.
X
Intérieur
Indoor
Hôtel Québec
69.50 $
79.50 $
3 km
2 mi.
X
Extérieur
Outdoor
Auberge Ste-Foy
55.50 $
65.50 $
2.5 km
1.5 mi.
X
Extérieur
Outdoor
Ste-Foy
85.00 $
85.00 $
2.5 km
1.5 mi.
X
Extérieur
Outdoor
Holiday Inn Ste-Foy
85.00 $
85.00 $
3 km
2 mi.
X
Intérieur
Indoor
Hôtel Classique Ste-Foy
58.00 î
1 lit/bed:
58.00 $
2 lits/beds:
78.00 $
2 km
1.2 mi.
Hôtel Le Cottage
64.00 $
69.00 $
4 km
2.5 mi.
X
Extérieur
Outdoor
Motel Universel
60.00 $
60.00 $
0 km
0 mi.
X
Intérieur
Indoor
Loews Le Concorde
1 15.00 $
115.00 $
5 km
3 mi.
X
Extérieur
Outdoor
Le Classique Québec
68.00 $
1 lit/bed:
68.00 $
2 lits/beds:
88.00 $
6 km
3.5 mi
X
Intérieur
Indoor
Petit déjeuner continental inclus
Continental breakfast included
Petit déjeuner inclus
Breakfast included
Intérieur
Indoor
Petit déjeuner continental inclus
Continental breakfast included
43
GENERAL INFORMATION
RENSEIGNEMENTS GÉNÉRAUX
Québec
Québec
Perched atop cap Diamant, Quebec City overlooks the
St. Lawrence River. It is the cradle of French civilization in
America. It is a unique site known for its beauty and tourist
attractions. Its ramparts, old houses, narrow streets and
battlefields all form part of its history. The Vieux-Québec
is the only fortified city in North America and is included on
UNESCO's prestigious world heritage list. Founded in
1608, Quebec City was considered for many years the
gateway to the continent. Initially the capital of NewFrance, then of the English colony, it is now the capital of
the Province of Quebec. Today the Greater Quebec Area
has a population of half a million, mainly francophone. Take
a few more days and fall under the spell of the unique city
of Quebec that is 4 0 0 years young.
Perché sur le cap Diamant, la ville de Québec surplombe le
fleuve Saint-Laurent. Elle est le berceau de la civilisation
francophone en Amérique. C'est un site unique reconnu
pour sa beauté et ses attraits touristiques. Ses remparts,
ses vieilles maisons, ses rues étroites, ses champs de
bataille font partie de son histoire. Le Vieux-Québec est la
seule ville fortifiée de l'Amérique du Nord et figure sur la
liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Fondée en 1608,
Québec fut longtemps considérée comme la porte d'entrée
sur le continent. Initialement capitale de la Nouvelle-France,
puis de la colonie anglaise, elle est présentement la capitale
de la province de Québec. La Communauté urbaine de
Québec compte aujourd'hui un demi-million d'habitants
majoritairement francophones. Prenez quelques jours de
plus et tombez sous le charme unique de Québec, vieux de
4 0 0 ans.
In June the temperature is mild, reaching 22°C (72°F) during
the day and 10°C (50°F) during the night.
The Quebec Area plays an important role in the
development of physics particularly in optics and lasers.
There are many world renowned institutions like Laval
University, including its Physics department and its Centre
for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL), the National
Optics Institute and the Defence Research Establishment of
Valcartier (DREV), to which many little and middle
manufacturers are added. Many researchers, specialists,
engineers and technicians work in basic research, applied
research and development, up to marketing commercial
products.
En juin, la température y est douce, atteignant 22°C (72°F)
le jour et 10°C (50°F) la nuit.
La région de Québec joue un rôle important dans le
développement de la physique et plus particulièrement de
l'optique et du laser. On y trouve des institutions de
renommée mondiale comme l'Université Laval, incluant son
département de physique et son Centre d'optique,
photonique et laser (COPL), l'Institut national d'optique
(INO) et le Centre de recherche pour la défense de Valcartier
(CRDV), auxquelles s'ajoutent plusieurs petites et moyennes
entreprises.
De nombreux chercheurs, spécialistes,
ingénieurs et techniciens y travaillent en recherche
fondamentale, recherche appliquée, développement, jusqu'à
la mise en marché de produits commerciaux.
Laval University
L'Université Laval
The Séminaire de Québec was founded in 1663 by
Mgr de Montmorency-Laval, at the same time as North
America's two oldest universities, Harvard and Mexico. In
1852, the Séminaire de Québec was granted university
status by Queen Victoria and given the name of its founder.
Laval University became the first French-Language North
American university. Today it forms the Cité universitaire
on the border between Sillery and Sainte-Foy. It is made up
of thirteen faculties, including the Sciences and Engineering
Faculty with its Physics department, nine specialized
Schools and several research centres, including the Centre
for Optics, Photonics and Lasers. It admits around 35 0 0 0
students a year.
Le Séminaire de Québec fut fondé en 1663 par
Mgr de Montmorency-Laval, à la même époque que les deux
plus vieilles universités d'Amérique du Nord: Harvard et
Mexico. En 1852 le Séminaire de Québec reçu, de la reine
Victoria, le statut d'université et fut appelé Laval en
l'honneur de son fondateur. L'Université Laval devint ainsi
la première université française d'Amérique du Nord. Elle
forme aujourd'hui la Cité universitaire située entre les villes
de Sillery et Sainte-Foy. Elle se compose de treize facultés
dont la faculté des sciences et de génie qui comprend le
département de physique, neuf écoles spécialisées et
plusieurs centres de recherche, dont le Centre d'optique,
photonique et laser. Elle reçoit environ 35 0 0 0 étudiants
par année.
FURTHER INFORMATION
RENSEIGNEMENTS COMPLÉMENTAIRES
No formal tours are planned by the Local Committee;
however New France Excursions Inc. proposes a program of
activities for spouses of delegates as follows:
Aucune excursion n'est organisée.
Par contre Les
Excursions Nouvelle France Inc. propose aux conjoints des
congressistes le programme d'activités suivant:
1.
1.
2.
44
Audio-visual conference on the history of Quebec,
followed by a guided through the Vieux-Quebec.
Visit of the Van den Hende gardens.
2.
Conférence audio-visuelle sur l'histoire de Québec,
suivie d'une marche guidée dans le Vieux Québec.
Visite du Jardin Van den Hende.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Cruise on the St. Lawrence River.
Hiking in Lac Beauport.
Hiking in Cap Tourmente.
Hiking in Jacques-Cartier Park.
Biking around Ile d'Orléans.
Biking around Montmorency Falls.
"Continuous Mulligan" golf tournament.
Afternoon in Charlevoix w i t h dinner and evening at the
casino of Charlevoix.
11. Whale cruise in Tadoussac.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
For advance registration and/or more information, contact
directly the New France Excursions Inc. by phone at
(418) 6 9 2 - 0 9 3 7 or fax at (418) 6 9 2 - 5 2 1 8 .
Pour pré-inscription ou/et pour plus d'information, veuillez
communiquer directement avec Les Excursions Nouvelle
France Inc. au numéro de téléphone (418) 6 9 2 - 0 9 3 7 ou par
télécopieur au numéro (418) 6 9 2 - 5 2 1 8 .
The Local Committee will be pleased to offer assistance in
making arrangements for participants to visit local
attractions.
Le comité organisateur se fera
congressistes pour leur faciliter
touristiques.
Contact the Local Committee, CAP 1995, Laval University,
Ste-Foy, Quebec, G1K 7P4
Phone: (418) 6 5 6 - 3 4 3 6
Fax: (418) 6 5 6 - 2 6 2 3
E-mail: [email protected]
Communiquez avec le comité organisateur local, CAP 1995,
l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy (Québec), G1K 7P4
Tél.: (418) 6 5 6 - 3 4 3 6
Téléc.: (418) 6 5 6 - 2 6 2 3
Courrier électron.: [email protected]
We look forward to seeing you in Québec in June.
Nous espérons bien vous voir à Québec en juin.
Croisière sur le fleuve St-Laurent.
Marche et randonnée au Lac Beauport.
Marche et randonnée au Cap Tourmente.
Marche et randonnée au Parc de la Jacques Cartier.
Randonnée vélo sur l'Ile d'Orléans.
Randonnée vélo aux chutes Montmorency.
Tournoi de golf "Continuous Mulligan".
Après-midi dans Charlevoix avec souper et soirée au
Casino de Charlevoix.
11. Journée écotouristique aux baleines (avec croisière) à
Tadoussac.
un plaisir d'aider les
les visites des sites
FUTURE CAP CONGRESSES
The CAP is pleased to announce that the 1996 Congress will be held at the University of Ottawa from
1996 June 16-19, University of Ottawa.
The 1997 Annual Congress will be held at the University of Calgary from 1997 June 15-18 (tentative dates).
We are looking for potential hosts for 1998 and beyond.
Any universities interested in hosting a CAP Annual Congress can send a letter of interest to the CAP Office,
Suite 9 0 3 , 151 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5H3. The letter should include an indication of w h a t year you are
interested in, keeping in mind that the Congress travels Central-East-Central-West.
45
Canadian Association of Physicists
Association canadienne des physiciens
Institutional Members // Membres institutionel
(Physics Departments // Départements de physique)
Trent University
University of Calgary
Université Laval
University of Lethbridge
Université de M o n c t o n
University of New Brunswick
University of O t t a w a
University of Prince Edward Island
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
Université du Québec à Montréal
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
University of Regina
University of Western Ontario
University of Winnipeg
Wilfrid Laurier University
York University
Acadia University
Bishop's University
Brandon University
Brock University
Carleton University
CEGEP de Chicoutimi
CEGEP de la Gaspésie et des Iles
CEGEP de Levis-Lauzon
CEGEP Francois-Xavier-Garneau
Collège Édouard-Montpetit
Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf
Collège Militaire Royal de St-Jean
Collège Montmorency
Concordia University
Dalhousie University
École Polytechnique
John A b b o t t College
Lakehead University
Le Petit Séminaire de Québec
McGill University
McMaster University
Mount Allison University
Queen's University
Royal Roads Military College, Victoria
Royal Military College, Kingston
Saint Mary's University
St. Francis Xavier University
• •«»•*
* *
»
*
•
1 9 9 5 Sustaining Members // Membres de Soutien 1 9 9 5
(as at 1 9 9 5 February 1 0 )
A. John Alcock
H.R. Andrews
J. Brian Atkinson
C. Bruce Bigham
Bertram N. Brockhouse
Laurent G. Caron
Allan I. Carswell
Robert L. Clarke
W.G. Davies
Gerald Dolling
Gordon W.F. Drake
Martin H. Edwards
Earl J. Fjarlie
Brian C. Gregory
Geoffrey C. Hanna
46
Akira Hirose
Roger Howard
D.D. Isaak
Allan E. Jacobs
J. Larkin Kerwin
James D. King
Peter Kirkby
Peter R. Kry
Ron M. Lees
Roger A. Lessard
A. David May
A.C. McMillan
J-L Meunier
J.C.D. Milton
E.J. Nicol
Physics in C a n a d a January/February 1 9 9 5 _
Yuki Nogami
Allan A. Offenberger
Roger Philips
Satti Paddi Reddy
J.M. Robson
Donald W.L. Sprung
G.M. Stinson
Boris P. Stoicheff
Eric C. Svensson
John G.V. Taylor
E.L. Tomusiak
Paul S. Vincett
Erich Vogt
Physics in Canada /
Vol. 51, No. 1
1995 January/February
Physics and Education
La Physique et Véducation
Q No Force
Featuring:
"Trends in Postgraduate Enrolments in Physics at Canadian Universities (1993-1994)
"Ph.D. Degrees in Physics Awarded at Canadian Universities in 1 9 9 4
Doctorats décernés en physique dans tes universités canadiennes,
1994
"Towards a More Conceptual Way of Teaching Physics" by W . Brouwer
TRENDS IN POSTGRADUATE
UNIVERSITIES
(1993-1994)
by
ENROLMENTS
IN PHYSICS
AT
CANADIAN
Gordon Rostoker and Elizabeth Tooley
The number of PDFs and RAs declined slightly from the
abruptly reached high of 4 3 5 in 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 3 . It will be
interesting to see if the changes in the fortunes of Physics
related Networks of Centres of Excellence associated with
the Phase II competition has a severe impact on the number
of professionals on soft money.
The number of
undergraduate students in their final year is somewhat
down from last year at 536.
The number of graduate students in Physics programs
across the country continued to increase slowly, mirroring
the pattern of recent years. The trend towards having more
Ph.D. candidates than M.Sc. candidates continued
unabated, and this was accompanied by a strong increase
in the number of doctoral degrees granted (from 145 last
year to 162 this past year) while the number of M.Sc.
degrees granted declined from 2 8 7 to 2 6 6 . The numbers
of degrees granted annually in Physics over the years since
this survey began are shown in Figure 1. A steady rise in
the number of Ph.D.s granted is apparent from about 1983
onwards, and the relatively high number of students
presently in doctoral programs suggests that the increasing
number of doctorates granted annually will be a factor for
some time to come. Clearly Canada is producing large
numbers of graduates who can be considered as highly
skilled manpower. However, as in the U.S., we should
probably be asking the question if the production is
reasonable in proportion to the available positions in which
those skills will be effectively utilized and appropriately
compensated.
The number of graduate students on visas appears to have
declined from - 2 0 % in 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 3 to ~ 1 5 % this past
year, while the number of soft money professionals on visas
also declined from ~ 4 0 % to ~ 3 0 % . These numbers, both
for graduate students and PDFs/RAs, seem to have been
rather volatile over the past few years.
Finally, we note that ~ 11 % of Physics graduate students
are females (compared to - 1 2 % last year) with the
corresponding number for postdoctoral researchers being
- 8 % (up slightly from - 5 % last year).
Number of Physics Graduates from M.Sc.
and Ph.D. Programs Over the Past 17 Years
300
t =
—
Ph.D. Graduates
M.Sc. Graduates
250
I• 200
I
ë
<r
O
CD
2
3
150
100
501978
Fig. 1
48
I
I
I
I
YEARS
i
i
i
i
i
i
1994
Number of Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees granted in Physics in Canadian universities since the late 1970s. There has
been a steady rise in the number of doctorates awarded since the aariy 1980s, and the steadily increasing
enrolments in doctoral programs documented by these yearly summaries of "Trends in Postgraduate Enrolments..."
suggest that this particular trend will continua for some time.
TOTAL
Students Enrolled
1992-93
M.Sc.
Ph.D.
Students Enrolled
1993-94
M.Sc.
Ph.D.
Degrees Granted
M.Sc.
750
951
780
967
68
208
262
212
46
248
415
242
78
211
286
205
110
134
190
164
102
PDF's and RA's
Ph.D.
1992-93
1993-94
266
162
435
427
58
279
397
233
23
79
104
59
8
45
72
37
31
91
177
136
39
76
161
151
138
151
188
194
44
54
32
37
80
87
69
99
138
96
145
32
28
67
56
82
103
84
110
33
10
8
12
40
60
24
32
7
3
24
14
61
86
66
75
15
14
43
43
62
41
23
95
39
88
27
56
38
45
21
117
28
90
28
77
15
16
8
41
6
10
8
12
45
24
24
33
44
23
14
53
Breakdown by Region
Atlantic
Québec
Ontario
West
Breakdown by Field
Theoretical
Condensed Matter
Nuclear, High Energy
& Particle Physics
Biophysics & Medical
Physics a
Geophysics^
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Aeronomy, Space &
Atmospheric
Optics
Atomic & Molecular
Other
a
0
Includes only cases where these subject areas are dealt with in Physics departments, plus the Department of Biophysics at University of
Western Ontario, Department of Medical Biophysics at University of Toronto, and Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics at Dalhousie University.
b Includes only cases where these subject areas are dealt with in Physics departments, plus the Department of Geophysics and Astronomy at
University of British Columbia, the Department of Geophysics at University of Western Ontario and the Department of Earth Sciences at
Memorial University of Newfoundland.
c
Includes only cases where these subject areas are dealt with in Physics departments, plus Department of Geophysics and Astronomy at
University of British Columbia, the Departments of Astronomy at Toronto, Western Ontario and St. Mary's, and the Center for Theoretical
Astrophysics (Toronto).
Ph.D. Degrees in Physics Awarded at Canadian Universities in 1994
Doctorats décernés en physique dans les universités canadiennes, 1994
CARLETON UNIVERSITY
DUMAS. D.J., "Measurement of the Average B Hadron
Lifetime in Z° Decays, (P. Estabrooks), December, 1 9 9 3 ,
now Research Associate with Cornell University.
HELLER, O.P., "Radiobiological aspects of cellular recovery
following high and low dose-rate irradiation with/without
mild hyperthermia in a human gliomamodel, (P. Raaphorst),
October 1993, now Research Associate with the University
of Cincinnati Hospital.
MAO, K., "Kinetic Theory of Irreversible Processes in a
System of Radiation and Matter", (B.C. Eu), June 1994,
now Postdoctoral Research in the Chemistry Department at
McGill University.
MAO, M., "Structural Relaxation and the Glass Transition in
Metal-Metal Glasses", (Z. Altounian), June 1994, now
Postdoctoral Research at McMaster University.
MORIN, B., "Kinetics of Quenches", (M. Grant), Dean's
Honour List, November 1993, now Postdoctoral Research
in the Chemistry Department at McGill University.
GUELPH WATERLOO PROGRAM
ALLEN, S., "Spin-Spin Correlations in the Finite-Sized
Spherical Model of Ferromagnetism Under Twisted
Boundary Conditions" (R. Pathria), May 1994, now PostDoctoral Fellow at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo.
BOWRON, J., "Application of Confocal and Spectrally
Resolved Techniques to Scanning Laser Photoluminescence
Microscopy", (A.E. Dixon), October 1993, now Optical
Engineer with Electrohome, Kitchener.
DAMYANOVICH, A., "A Study of Tunnelling in Normal and
Tilted Rotating Frames. Search for Magnetic Flux",
(M.M. Pintar), October 1993, now Research Associate with
Toronto Hospital, Toronto.
GHIASSI-NEJAD, M., "An NMR Study of Water Dynamics
in Cartilage Tissue", (M. Pintar), May 1994, now Assistant
Professor with Shiraz University, Iran.
NGUYEN, B.-U., "Quark Mass Generation and Mixing, and
the next-to-leading order QCD calculation for HadronHadron elastic collisions", (B. Margolis), November 1993,
now Postdoctoral Research at the University of Ottawa.
REN, H., "Effects of Exchange Frustration on the Magnetic
Properties of Iron-Rich Amorphous Alloys", (D.H. Ryan),
November 1993, now graduate studies in Electrical
Engineering at McGill University.
SIXEL, K.E., "Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations
of X-Ray Beams in Radiosurgery", (E.B. Podgorsak),
November 1993, now Research Assistant at the Toronto
Bayview Regional Cancer Center.
TESSIER, Y., "Multifractal Objective Analysis, Rain and
Clouds", (S. Lovejoy), November 1993, now Postdoctoral
Research (industrial) at Collège Militaire Royal de St-Jean.
XU, V., "Experimental Study of the Structure of NickelZirconium Metallic Glasses", (W.B. Muir), November 1993,
now Postdoctoral Research at Simon Fraser University.
STRAWBRIDGE,
K., "Particle Size Analysis Using an
Integrated Light Scattering Spectrometer", (F.R. Hallett),
February 1994, now Post-Doctoral Fellow with the
Atmospheric Environment Service, Egbert.
McMASTER UNIVERSITY
ZHANG, D., "Properties of ZnO Films prepared by Ion Beam
Assisted Reactive Deposition and By rf Bias Sputtering",
(D. Brodie), May 1994, now Professor with Shandong
University, China.
ABDALLA,
A., "Stabilization of the Skyrmion by the
Quantisation of Collective Vibrations and Rotations",
(M.A. Preston), November 1994, has now returned to teach
at a university in Libya.
McGILL UNIVERSITY
BEACHEY, D., "Relativistic Treatments of the NucleonNucleon System", (Y. Nogami), November 1994, now a
postdoc at the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
ANGLIN, J., "Influence Functionals and Thermal Effects in
Quantum Field Theory", (R. Myers), Dean's Honour List,
June 1994, now Postdoctoral Research at Los Alamos,
New Mexico.
GALLEGO, J., "Two Specific Applications of Semi-Classical
Theories in Nuclear Physics", (S. Das Gupta), June 1994,
now Postdoctoral Research in the Physics Department at
McGill University.
MacDONALD, B.A., "Charge Transport and Storage in the
Radiation-Charged Electret Dosimeter", (B.G. Fallone),
Dean's Honour List, June 1994, now Research Assistant at
the Montreal General Hospital.
50
COTE, P., "The Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 3201:
Primordial Binaries and Tidal Dynamics", (D.L.. Welch),
November 1994, now a National Research Council Research
Associate at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory,
Victoria, British Columbia.
ROGGE, R., "Neutron Scattering Techniques in the Study of
Phase Transitions", (B.D. Gaulin), November 1994, now a
postdoc at AECL Chalk River Laboratories.
VITKIN, I. A., "Biophysical Studies of Pulsed Photothermal
Radiometry in Tissues and Tissue-like Media", (B.C. Wilson),
November 1994, now holds a position as Clinical Physics
Trainee at Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.
MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND
PAN, L., "Patterns and Instabilities at a Driven Fluid-Air
Interface",
(J.R. De Bruyn), March
1994, now a
postdoctoral researcher at Queen's University.
YUAN, B., "Upper Critical Field of Inhomogeneous
Superconductors", (J.P. Whitehead), March 1994, now an
instructor atClarenville Community College, Newfoundland.
QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY
JOHNSON, D., "Fabrication of Thin Film Metal Oxides using
the Langmuir Blodgett Deposition Technique", (D.T. Amm),
April 1994, Humboldt Fellowship, Germany.
MAKAR,
J., "The Effect of Uniaxial Stree on the
Magnetostriction and Magnetization of 2 % Mn Pipeline
Steel", (D.L. Atherton), March 1994, Dept. of Physics,
University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road,
Durham, England, DH1 3LE.
WU, Z , "Fatigue in Ferroelectric Films", (M. Sayer), April
1994, now at Delfax Technology, Mississauga, Ontario.
MACRI, P., "Conductances ioniques de la membrane
basolatérale et volume cellulaire chez le tubule proximal de
lapin soumis à des chocs anisotoniques", (Raynald Laprade),
janvier 1 994.
MO/SAN, C., "Une mesure de la fraction Gamma (Z0-- BB)
Gamma ( Z O - Hadrons) avec le détecteur Opal au
collisionneur LEP", (Claude Leroy), décembre 1993.
NADON, N., "Étude de la région de transition A = 130:
structure à spin élevé des noyaux de 136SM et 138SM",
(Sergio Monaro), février 1994.
SAKHI, S., "Systèmes fermioniques à basse dimension
d'espace:
supraconductivité, effet Hall quantique et
statistique
fractionnaire",
(Richard
MacKenzie
et
Manu B. Paranjape), août 1994.
TRAN ANH, C., "Croissance par épitaxie en phase vapeur
aux organo-métalliques et caractérisation des heterostructures contraintes à base INP", (John Low Brebner et
Remo Masut), mai 1994.
TURCOTTE, P., "Phénoménologie d'un boson neutre Z'
arbitraire",
(Geneviève Bélanger et David London),
septembre 1994.
SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
BONIN, Y.H., "X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Study of
Magnetic Systems", (E.D. Crozier), December 1993, now
Defence Scientist w i t h Defence Research Establishment
Atlantic (DREA), Nova Scotia.
LEE, J.G., "Resistivity and AC susceptibility of currentcarrying whiskers", (A.S. Arrott), June 1994, now doing
Post-doctoral research in micromagnetism w i t h Dr. Arrott,
Physics, S.F.U.
LENCHYSHYN, L., "Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of
Sil-x
Gex/Si
Heterostructures",
(M.L.W. Thewalt),
September 1 9 9 3 , now Post-doctoral Fellow w i t h the NRC,
Institute for Microstructural Sciences, Ottawa.
SHI, H., "Disordered Carbons and Battery Applications",
(J.R. Dahn), September 1993, now Research Scientist w i t h
EMTECH, Mississauga.
UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL
AMTOUT,
A.,
"Étude des excitons du
photoluminescence
et
diffusion
raman
(Richard Leonelli), février 1994.
rutile par
résonante",
AUBRY, P., "Étude de la production de paires de leptons
dans les interactions P-BEà 4 5 0 - G E V " , (Pierre Depommier),
février 1994.
BRETON, S., "Régulation de la perméabilité de la membrane
basolatérale du tubule contourné proximal de lapin",
(Raynald Laprade et Patrick Vinay}, août 1994.
JIN, J.-M., "Structural properties of semiconductors by Ab
Initio Total- Energy Calculations:
Surfaces and Bulk
Systems", (Laurent J. Lewis), septembre 1994.
VANDENPLAS, D., "Mesure de la polarisation des lambda
produits dans les collisions E + E- au LEP à l'aide du
détecteur Opal", (Claude Leroy), mars 1994.
UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE
AÏT-OUALI, A., "Effets de l'anisotripie cristalline et du
désordre contrôlé sur les propriétés optiques et phononiques
des composés semiconducteurs Z r ^ H f ^ " , (Serge Jandl),
soutenance en décembre 1993. Il travaille maintenant à
l'Université de Montréal dans l'équipe du Professeur
Brebner.
BÉNARD, P., "Fluctuations magnétiques des gaz d'électrons
bidimensionnels: application au composé supraconducteur
La 2 . x Sr x Cu0 4 ", (André-Marie Tremblay), soutenance en
décembre 1993.
Il travaille maintenant au Groupe de
recherche sur les diélectriques de l'Université du Québec à
Trois-Rivières.
FOURNIER, P., "Analyse de l'ancrage des vortex intergrains
pour le YBa 2 Cu 3 0 7
polycristallin",
(Marcel
Aubin),
soutenance en décembre 1993. Il travaille maintenant au
E.L. Ginzton Laboratory à l'Université Stanford en Californie.
GRENIER, P., "Étude de la dynamique de la transition de
phase ferroélectrique dans un cristal de KTa 9 3 Nb 0 7 O 3 à
l'aide d'une technique de mélange à quatre oncles résolu
dans le temps", (Serge Jandl et Daniel Houde), soutenance
en avril 1994. Il travaille maintenant au Centre Hospitalier
Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS).
UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL
BAAZI,
T., "Application de l'implantation ionique au
durcissement du T - 6 A 1 - 4 V et à la synthèse du nitrure de
bore hexagonal utilisés respectivement comme substrat et
film lubrifiant", (E.J. Knystautas), janvier 1994.
51
BERGERON.
A.,
"Réseaux
neuronaux
optiques",
(H.H. Arsenault et D. Girigras co-directeur), juillet 1994.
Stagiaire boursier du CRSNG. Institut National d'Optique.
Ste-Foy, Québec.
VILLENEUVE, P., "Photonic Bandgaps in Periodic Dielectric
Structures", (M. Piché), décembre 1994. Stagiaire boursier
post-doctoral du CRSNG, MIT, Boston USA.
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
DORÉ, D., "Processus quasi-élastiques et réactions de
transfert pour le système 24 Mg + 197 Au à 50A et 70A
MeV", (C. St-Pierre et J. Pouliot co-directeur), mai 1994.
Stagiaire boursière du CRSNG, Institut de Physique
Nucléaire de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard -ISM, France.
GAGNON, M., "Compactification de la supergravité D = 10
sur les variétés de Calabi-Yau", (Q. Ho-Kim), juin 1994.
Stagiaire
post-doctoral,
Département
de
physique,
Université Laval, Québec.
HAN, Yiping, "Stigmatic imagery of axial object by a
diffractive element", (C.A. Delisle), mai 1994. Boursière de
recherche scientifique du CRSNG, dans les laboratoires du
Gouvernement canadien, CRDV, Valcartier, Québec.
LACHANCE, R.L., "Étude d'un résonateur laser adapté
supergaussian à miroir à gradient de phase", (P.A. Bélanger
et C. Paré, co-directeur), octobre 1994.
Chercheur,
BOMEM, Ste-Foy, Québec.
LAFOREST. R., "Énergie d'excitation dans les collisions
quasi-élastiques et les réactions de transfert dans
16
0 + 197 Au à 50A MeV et 70A MeV", (R. Roy et J. Pouliot,
co-directeur), mai 1994. Stagiaire boursier du CRSNG, LPC
- ISMRA et Université de Caen, France.
BURIANYK, M., "Properties of the Lithosphere in Southern
British Columbia and Alberta from Seismic Experiments",
(E.R. Kanasewich), September, 1994, now a Postdoctoral
Fellow at the University of Alberta.
CORREIA, A., "A Magnetotelluric Study in the Region of the
Intersection of the Messejana Fault and Ferreia-Ficalho
Overthrust in Portugal", (F.W. Jones), January, 1994, now
an Associate Professor in the Department of Physics,
Universidade Evora.
HICKEY, C., "Mechanics of Porous Media", January, 1994,
(T.J.T. Spanos), now a Postdoctoral Fellow at the National
Center for Physical Acoustics at the University of
Mississippi.
KALANTZIS, F., "Imaging of Reflection Seismic and Radar
Wavefields: Monitoring of Steam-heated Oil Reservoirs and
Characterization
of
Nuclear
Waste
Repositories",
September 1994, now a geophysicist at Home Oil, Calgary.
WILMAN, A., "Multiple Quantum Coherences in In Vivo
'HMRS", July, 1994, (P.S. Allen), now a Research Scientist
at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
LEJEUNE, C., "Reconnaissance invariate des formes avec le
filtre de Fourier-Mellin et un réseau neuronique", (Y. Sheng
et H.H. Arsenault, co-directeur), avril 1994.
Stagiaire
postdoctoral au CRDV, Valcartier, Québec.
LOTFI, S., "Spectroscopie du furanne et du triophène par
diffusion inélastique d'électrons", (D. Roy), septembre
1994. Enseignant dans un collège de Rabat, Maroc.
OUSI BENOMAR, W., "Couches minces de Titanate de
Baryum
(BaTiO a )
par
dépôt
organométallique",
(R.A.Lessard), décembre 1993. Enseignant, Université
Mohammed-Cinq, Rabat, Maroc.
PAQUET, E., "La segmentation et la reconnaissance
invariante des images de profondeur à l'aide de la
transformée de Fourier de phase", (H.H. Arsenault et
M. Rioux), juin 1994.
Stagiaire boursier du CRSNG,
Université de Valencia, Université de Barcelone, Espagne.
RJEB, A.,
l'oxydation
électronique
Enseignant,
"Effet de la
du silicium
et désorption
Université de
promotion du potassium sur
(111) 7x7 par spectroscopie
thermique", (D. Roy), juin 1994.
Kinitra, Maroc.
SA/DI, A., "Contribution aux méthodes analytiques des
substances à l'aide de faisceaux de particules chargées",
(R.J. Slobodrian), décembre 1993.
Université de Fès,
Maroc.
TERRILLON, J.-C.,
"Traitement des images pour la
reconnaissance de formes en présence de bruit dépendant
du signal", (H.H. Arsenault), mars 1994.
Chercheur,
Agence Spatiale du Japon.
52
BOOTH, J., "Hyperfine Structure and Predissociation of the
B3II(£ State of Bromine, (I. Ozier), March 1994, now a
Research Scientist with Thermionics Ltd., Port Townsend,
WA (U.S.A.).
DUNCAN, F., "Analyzing Powers and Differential Cross
Sections for 1>r) -» llp/o('S0) at 4 0 3 and 4 4 0 HeV", (E. Auld),
December 1993, now a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the
Department of Physics at the University of Maryland.
EGGERT, S., "Impurity Effects in Antiferromagnetic
Quantum Spin-!4 Chains", (I. Affleck), August 1994, now
a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Institute of Theoretical
Physics in Gothenburg, Sweden.
GAO, Y., "Photoelectron Experiments and Studies of X-Ray
Absorption Near Edge Structure in Alkaline-Earth and RareEarth Fluorides", (T. Tiedje), April 1994, now a PostDoctoral Fellow in the Department of Physics at Simon
Fraser University.
MORGAN, D., "Studies of the Flux Flow Resistivity in
YBa 2 Cu 3 08 95BY Microwave Techniques", (W.N. Hardy),
December 1993, now a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the
Department of Physics at Cambridge University, U.K.
PANG, K.T., "Optical Studies of Pure Fluids About Their
Critical Points", (D. Balzarini), April 1994, now working in
Singapore.
PETERS, D., "A Study of Some Rare Eta-Meson Decays",
(J. Ng), December 1993, now a Research Scientist at
Vancouver Laser Vision.
ROGERS, D., "Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study of
Silicon Surfaces in Ultra High Vacuum", (T. Tiedje),
March 1994, now a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department
of Chemistry at the University of Toronto.
YEUNG, A., "Mechanics of Inter-Molecular Coupling in Fluid
Surfactant Bilayers", (E. Evans), August 1994, now looking
for employment.
ZHU, Y., "Study of Half Harmonic Plasma Waves in C0 2
Laser-Plasma Interactions", (J. Meyer), June 1 9 9 4 , now
looking for employment.
UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK
ZHAO, S., "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of 0 1 8
Methanol", (R.M. Lees), October, 1993, now a lab
instructor in the Physics Department at U.N.B.
This
position is for eight months only.
UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA
ALLARD,
L., "Optical Properties of Two-dimensional
Semiconductor Heterostructures:
Ion Implantation and
Carrier Diffusion", (S. Charbonneau), December 1993, now
Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Montreal, P.Q.
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
GUSSIE, G.T., "The Structure and Evolution of Planetary
Nebulae and their Envelopes", (Dr. A.R. Taylor), November
1993, now employed by the Department of Physics,
University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania. Interests: radio
astronomy, w i t h emphasis in late stellar evolution, methanol
masers, & dish-surface holography.
NORMAN, A.-L., "Isotope Analyses of Microgram Quantities
of Sulphur:
Applications to Soil Sulphur Mineralization
Studies", (Dr. H.R. Krouse), June 1994, presently a Post
Doctoral student in the Department of Physics and
Astronomy, University of Calgary.
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
EPP, R.J., "Curved-Space Quantization, and Dirac versus
Reduced Quantization of Poincaré Invariant
Gauge
Theories", (G. Kunstatter / B.S. Bhakar), October, 1993,
now (eff. Jan. 95) a post-doctoral fellow at the Department
of Physics, University of California at Davis.
MAK, K.W., "Gluon and Fermion Damping in Hot QCD",
(R. Kobes), October, 1993, now post-doctoral fellow at the
National University of Taiwan.
MARTENS, J.C., "The Collision of Slowly-Moving Heavy
Biomolecules w i t h Surfaces and Some Fundamental Studies
Related to Matrix Assisted Laser Desoption (MALD)",
(K.G. Standing), February, 1 9 9 4 , now living in Lufkin,
Texas.
MA YER, J.K., "Constraint of the Low-X Parton Behaviour of
the Proton", (G.R. Smith), October, 1993, now a Research
Associate in the Department of Physics, University of
Toronto.
RUAN, W., " A Study of Critical Phenomena and Viscous
Properties in Several NiMn AuFe and ÇrFe Spin Glasses and
Reentrant Ferromagnets", (R.M. Roshko), October, 1993,
now at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Montreal.
ZHOU, J., "Part 1 : A Dual Ion Source to Produce Cs + and
I Ion for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry; Part 2:
Investigations of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption w i t h a
Reflecting
Time-of-Flight
Mass
Spectrometer",
(K.G. Standing), May, 1994, now (eff. Jan. 95) a postdoctoral fellow w i t h the Division of Immunology, Beckman
Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California.
GAUTHIER, P., "Yields of Multicharged Ions Scattered and
Recoiled from a Clean Silicon Surface", (B. Hird),
March 1994, now Research Assistant at the University of
Ottawa, Physics Dept., Ottawa.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
BOTTOMLEY, D.J., "Optical Harmonic Generation from
Interfaces w i t h Group IV Semiconductors", (H.M. vanDriel),
June 1994, now Japanese Science and Technology Agency
Fellow at the Photon Process Section in the Opto
Electronics Div. of the Japanese Govt. Electrotechnical Lab
in Tsukuba, Japan.
BUROW, B.D., "A Measurement of the Total Photon-Proton
Cross Section in the Center of Mass Energy Range 167 to
194 GeV", (J.F. Martin), June 1994, now NSERC PDF at
the Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Germany.
CHLEBANA,
F.S., "First Measurement of the Proton
Structure Function F 2 w i t h the ZEUS
Detector",
(J.F. Martin), June 1 9 9 4 , now PDF at NIKHEF, University of
Amsterdam.
CROMBIE, M.B.,
"Measurement of Hadronic Energy
Distributions in Deep Inelastic Scattering", (R.S. Orr),
June 1994, now Systems Engineer w i t h Applied Silicon Ltd,
Ottawa, Ontario.
DUBE, P., "Spectroscopic Study of Rare-Gas Excimer
Formation and Vibrational Relaxation in a DC-Discharge
Excited Supersonic Expansion", (B.P. Stoicheff ), June 1994,
now NSERC PDF at the Joint Inst, for Lab. Astrophysics at
the University of Colorado, Boulder CO., U.S.A.
GELMAN, N.. " 19 F NMR Spin Echo and FID Studies of Bone
and Apatite Minerals", (R.F. Code), June 1 9 9 4 , now PDF at
Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto.
GRONDIN, G.R.J., "Monte Carlo Simulation of Dynamical
Fermion Problem: The Light q 2 q 2 System", (N. Isgur), June
1994, now Systems Analyst w i t h the NB Liquor Control
Board, Fredericton, N.B.
KHERANI, N.P., "Electron Flux and Energy Distribution at
the Surface of Lithium Tritide", (J.M. Perz), March 1994,
now Research Scientist w i t h Ontario Hydro, Toronto,
Ontario.
53
KlIK, M.J., "The Role of Atomic Processes in the Formation
of Rare-Gas Excimers in a Supersonic Discharge",
(B.P. Stoicheff), June 1994, now Industrial NSERC PDF
with Dalsa Inc., Waterloo, Ontario.
TURCOT, A., "The Search for the Decay K + - n* uû",
(D. Bryman I A. Astbury), May 1994, now working at
TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia.
UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO
KRIEGER, P.W., "Observations of D, Production in B Meson
Decays", (J.D. Prentice), March 1994, now PDF in the
Physics Department at Carleton University.
KRYSAC, L.C., "Nonplanar and Nonlinear Second Sound in
Helium T / , (G.M. Graham), June 1994, now PDF in the
Physics Department at Pennsylvania State University,
University Park PA, U.S.A.
MAK, G., "Femtosecond Infrared Pulse Generation Using
Optic Parametric Techniques and Application to TimeResolved Spectroscopy of Germanium", (H.M. van Driel),
November 1994, now PDF at the Max Planck Institute in
Stuttgart, Germany.
GILBERT, K., "A Quasiclassical Trajectory Study of
Impulsive Collisions between OH (v = 1-9, K = 1,2,5,10)
and 0 2 in the Upper Mesosphere",
(R.P. Lowe),
August 1994, currently Research Associate in Space and
Atmospheric Research with the Department of Physics,
University of Western Ontario, London.
SINGH, R., "Self Consistent Theory for Magnetic properties
in High temperature Superconductors:, (M.R. Singh),
January 1994, currently Postdoctoral Fellow with the
Department of Physics, University of Western Ontario,
London.
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
SINCLAIR, P.M., "Line Broadening, Shifting and Mixing of
the Raman Q Branch in D 2 and D 2 -He Mixtures",
(A.D. May), June 1994, now PDF at the Laboratoire de
Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Instrumentation Laser,
Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
JONES, G., "The Pauli Algebra Approach to Relativity",
(W.E. Baylis), June 1994, now Postdoctorate Fellow and
Sessional Instructor with Physics Department, University of
Windsor.
SMELYANSKY, V.I., "g Factors of Conduction Electrons in
Metals", (J.M. Perz), November 1994, now Research
Associate at the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences,
NRC, Ottawa, Ontario.
Y AN, Z., "Order o 6 mc 2 contributions to the fine structure
splittings of helium and helium-like ions", (G.W.F. Drake),
June 1994, now Postdoctorate Fellow with Physics
Department, University of Windsor.
THOMPSON, R.I., "Four-Wave Sum Mixing with Induced
Transparency in Atomic Hydrogen", (B.P. Stoicheff),
November 1994, now PDF with Professor Stoicheff.
YORK UNIVERSITY
VAN DE WATER, R.G.,"A Study of the Semileptonic Decay
Properties
of
Charmed
Baryons",
(T-S. Yoon),
November 1993, now PDF in the Physics Department at
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.
ZHENG, G., "An Experimental Investigation of Convective
Heat Transfer of Rotating and Gyrating Hailstone Models",
(R. List), November 1994, now PDF with Professor List.
UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA
CHEN. G. M., "Proton Cyclotron Echo - A Phenomenon of
Wave-Wave and Wave-Particle Interactions in Topside
Sounding of the Ionosphere", (R.E. Horita), November 1993,
Research Assistant at the University of Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia.
PITT,
L.,
"The
Early Phase
(M. Clements), November 1993.
of
Spark
Ignition",
POLL. H., "Automatic Forward Modelling of TwoDimensional Problems in Electromagnetic Induction",
(J. Weaver), May 1994, Defence Research Establishment
Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia.
PU, X., "Three Dimensional Numerical Modelling of GeoElectromagnetic Phenomena", (J. Weaver), May 1994,
Research Assistant at the University of Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia.
54
Dl LEO, L., "Relativistic Two and Three-Particle Bound
States in Scalar Quantum Field Theory", (J.W. Darewych),
June 1994, now Research Assistant, Department of Physics
and Astronomy, York University.
GRIFFIOEN, E., "A Numerical Solution to the One and Two
Dimensional
Line
Radiative
Transfer
Equation",
(J.C. McConnell/G.G. Shepherd), November 1993, now
Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Earth and Atmospheric
Science, York University.
KOVARIK, P., "Laser Deposition and Electron Spectroscopy
of Characterization of Carbon Films", (R.H. Prince),
June 1994, now Research Assistant, Department of Physics
and Astronomy, York University.
STEINBRECHT, W., "Lidar Measurements of Ozone, Aerosol
and Temperature in the Stratosphere", (A.I. Carswell),
June 1994, now Postdoctoral Fellow, Hohenpeissenberg
Observatory, Germany.
WHITEWAY, J., "Lidar Observations of Thermal Structure
and Gravity Wave Activity in the Middle Atmosphere",
(A.I. Carswell), June 1994, now Postdoctoral Fellow,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University.
XIAO, L., "Excited States as Resonances in the Photon
Atom Continuum
and the Natural
Line
Shape",
(J.W. Darewych), November 1993, now graduate student.
Graduate Programme in Computer Science, University of
Windsor.
TOWARDS A MORE CONCEPTUAL WAY OF TEACHING PHYSICS
by
W. Brouwer
Department of Secondary Education, University of Alberta
During the past year I had the opportunity to teach a class
of science education students, all of w h o m had taken
university level biology, chemistry, and physics courses. In
fact, the 29 students had, on average, taken over t w o
years of university physics. On one particular day, as an
introduction to the teaching of problem solving, I decided to
give them the following problems to do, individually, or in
small groups:
The students' performance on Problem 2 w a s even worse.
Even while working in groups of t w o or three, only 8 out of
the 29 students managed to reach the conclusion that the
net force on the ball was directed downward in all three
situations. For most of the students, 'the force w a s still in
the direction of the motion' and, of course, at the top of the
path 'there was no acceleration, since the ball's velocity
was zero.'
Problem 1
Normally, when w e teach introductory physics, w e can
blame our high school colleagues for such a woeful
misunderstanding of physics. However, in this case, the
students had taken several years of university physics, so
the fair thing to do is to blame ourselves, at least in part,
for the fact that students can pass university physics quite
easily without ever really understanding physics!
A ball is thrown up with an initial velocity of
20m/s. Assuming the accelaration of gravity
is 10 m/s 2 , determine
a) when the ball reaches its maximum height,
b) the maximum height reached by the ball,
c) the time when the ball returns to earth.
Problem 2
In the problem you just solved numerically
above,
a) indicate on a diagram, the velocity of the
ball while it is rising, while at the top, and
while it is falling,
b) indicate on a diagram, the acceleration of
the ball while it is rising, while at the top,
and while it is falling,
c) indicate on a diagram, the net force acting
on the ball while it is rising, while at the
top, and while it is falling.
Clearly not very difficult for a group of students who have
been taught physics by us university professors!?
Well,
I was in for a surprise. First, of course, the constant
whispering of 'What's the formula?', and 'Can w e borrow
a textbook?', and 'I didn't bring a calculator.' However,
after about 15 minutes, most of the future science teachers
had solved Problem 1 correctly.
I then proceeded to reason out Problem 1 w i t h them,
without looking for formulae.
To the students'
astonishment, it took about 4 5 seconds to solve all three
parts of problem 1 conceptually. After all, it takes gravity
only t w o seconds to bring the velocity of the ball to zero, so
the highest point of the path will be achieved in t w o
seconds, and the ball will reach the ground again in four
seconds. As for the maximum height, the simplest thing is
simply to calculate how far the ball will fall in the t w o
seconds it is descending.
'Why didn't we team to do these problems conceptually to
begin with?' w a s their rejoinder. I told them their physics
professors probably had encouraged them to reason out the
problems, before solving them numerically, but I wasn't
completely sure.
In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to
student alternate conceptions of scientific phenomena. One
of the most important results that these studies have
shown is that students come to physics w i t h a variety of
conceptions about the physical world, that may well be
quite different from those of scientists. Nevertheless, it
would be overly simplistic to treat these conceptions simply
as mistaken views of the world. First of all, students have
developed these conceptions in their interactions w i t h the
natural world and most of these naive conceptions work
reasonably well in everyday life. Secondly, many of these
conceptions, about force and motion, for example, were
once respectable notions, held by leading scientists of
ancient Greece, or in the Middle Ages. Brouwer and Singh
(1983), for example, trace six different conceptions about
the nature of gravity, commonly held by physics students
today, to a number of different scientists of the past, such
as Aristotle, Empedocles,
Averroes, Roger
Bacon,
St. Bonaventure, and Newton. The research also shows
that students are often assumed incorrectly to have a valid
conceptual
understanding
of
physics
when
they
demonstrate a competence in quantitative problem solving,
whereas the evidence is that they've only learned to
memorize a formula, without understanding the actual
physical situation.
One of the major challenges facing researchers today is to
design teaching strategies to help students progress from
the naturalistic conceptions of physics to more acceptable
explanations of today. The tenacity w i t h which the student
alternate conceptions are held, highlights the need for
suitable strategies.
Research by Osborne
(1982),
McCloskey et al (1 980), and McDermott (1 984), and many
others, has shown convincingly that simply teaching 'the
right conception' is not enough to cause most students to
make the transition from their naive conceptions to the
more sophisticated Newtonian conceptions. Even when the
goal is not to erase the earlier conception, but to help
students learn to apply the different conceptions in
55
appropriate contexts, the development of the new concepts
is still difficult.
Research has shown that not only students, but also
teachers have a lot of difficulties understanding the
concepts of motion and force covered in introductory
physics. Numerous published articles have shown that
students and adults do not come to the study of motion
with Newtonian concepts, but might more accurately be
described as Aristotelian in their approach to nature.
Traditionally physics teachers have used mathematical
proof, and experimental demonstrations as the two major
methods of convincing students of the value of the new
concepts introduced. There is no doubt that theoretical
reasoning and experiment (or observation) form two
important dimensions of science, but many philosophers of
science have recently pointed to the neglect of a 'third'
dimension of science which, in research and teaching,
might place more emphasis on the scientists' intuition,
imagination, and scientists' use of analogies and metaphors
(See Martin and Brouwer, 1993: Holton, 1985; Polanyi,
1959, for example).
In order to encourage a more explicit use of students
intuition and imagination in physics teaching, I would like to
suggest, and illustrate, at least four ways in which we can
use students' imagination to help them get a better grasp
on the laws and concepts of physics. First of all, I would
like to illustrate the view that physics has to do with the
creation of interesting models, with which we try to
describe the natural world, and less to do with a collection
of well-established laws and theories, that are considered
true in some rather dull, but erroneous way. In my physics
teaching I would like to suggest to my students taht we are
engaged in developing interesting models of reality, that
apply very well in some situations, but not so well in others.
By stressing the fact that we are working with models we
might remove some of the stigma from 7 just don't see it'
and replace it with 'Of course / don't see it yet. / have to
become more familiar with the new model for looking at
reality'. The knowledge that we are working with humanlycreated models which often simplify experience by
abstraction from reality, might give students more
confidence in their own ability to 'abstract from
experience'.
Consider, for example, Newton's First Law of Motion. Try
giving the students the task of finding some situations in
nature in which a body which is at rest, remains at rest, and
a body, which is in straight line motion with constant
velocity, continues with that motion unless it's acted on by
a force. You can easily convince yourself that there is no
place in our universe where Newton's First Law holdsl In
other words, Newton's First Law is an abstraction from
experience, and not a law primarily based on experimental
observations.
Secondly, I want to show how the creative use of stories as
tools of persuasion can appeal to the imagination of
students and provide them with imaginative anchors to
which concepts of physics can be tied. Bruner (1985), in
the spirit of Michael Polanyi (1959), suggests that the usual
56
paradigmatic way of knowing in science, which focusses
more on the logical justification of scientific knowledge,
needs to be complemented by a narrative way of knowing
that focusses more on the fully human way of creating and
learning new knowledge. The paradigmatic mode leads to
good theory, tight analysis, logical proof, and empirical
discovery guided by reasoned hypotheses. The narrative
mode is divergent and may employ literary devices such as
metaphor, analogy, or story, to bring the imagination of the
students into play in their science classes. For example, a
personal anecdote on the part of a teacher may help to
draw students into a shared world of experience, which
may resonate with the students' own experiences in some
unique way.
Thirdly, I want to illustrate the use of analogies in physics,
to help students to see difficult new problem situations in
less complex settings. The tradition of using mechanical
analogies in physics dates back to the nineteenth centuries
when leading physicists such as Lord Kelvin could claim
that they could not understand physics unless they could
construct a mechanical analogy. Most of us will remember
the analogy of electrical currents with the flow of water
through a pipe, and the less respectable model of the caloric
theory of heat. Clearly the use of analogies can be helpful
in some cases, but analogies also have a way of pinpointing
their own limitations. The use of analogies seems to have
fallen into some disfavor in the 20th century, but it is not
hard to illustrate that some simple analogies can help
students understand concepts of motion.
Finally, I want to show how creative use of art can help
draw students' attention to critical problem situations in
physics. The use of art to exaggerate important aspects of
a situation, or to dramatize the importance of certain
concepts, can also be used to involve students' imagination
in the understanding of physics. Paul Hewitt (1985), for
example, uses art to illustrate particularly puzzling events in
physics and appeals in part to students'aesthetic sense to
make the learning of physics more interesting and
challenging. Elliot Eisner also promotes what he calls 'the
aesthetic way of knowing' in the arts and the sciences:
If our educational programs put a premium on
the aesthetic as well as on the instrumental
features of what is taught, students would have
an opportunity to develop mental skills that for
most students now lie fallow. Attention to the
aesthetic aspects of the subjects taught would
remind students that their ideas within subject
areas, disciplines, and fields of study are human
constructions, shaped by craft, employing
technique, and mediated through some material.
Works of science are, in this sense, also works
of art. (Eisner, 1985, p.35)
Eisner's aesthetic way of knowing and Bruner's narrative
way of knowing are probably, if not identical, certainly very
similar. Both promote ways of knowing that go beyond the
logical and empirical, and point to the necessity of the
whole child being involved in the learning process, even in
physics.
The Use of Abstraction in Understanding
Motion
Concepts of
In the first episode shown in Figure 1, a ball is thrown
upwards, rises, and falls again. Students are asked to draw
the net force on the ball
a) while it is rising,
b) when it is at the top of its path, and
c) while it is falling.
I
î
?
Fig. 1
the ball has 'imparted a force of some kind to the ball'. Of
course, a physicist realizes that the quantity imparted is the
'momentum', or the 'kinetic energy', and not a force. For
many people w h o have not studied physics for years,
however, these concepts are not easily distinguished. Even
Isaac Newton (1667) occasionally made use of terms such
as 'force of inertia', a practice which would make the
average physicist shudder nowadays.
The problem is therefore not simply that students don't
understand the concept of accelerated motion very well, but
rather, how do w e help them understand w h a t is actually
the most fruitful w a y of looking at this situation.
O
Here I try to use what I call Galileo's innovation
'abstracting from experience':
Imagine you are throwing the ball upward
have mentally turned off all forces acting on
There is no air resistance (we commonly
that), but w e ' v e also turned off the force of
What will happen to the ball, now?
i
4
o
N o
Fo
'
i
Indicate the net force on a ball while it is rising, at the
top of its path, and while it is falling (adapted from
Osborne, 1982).
When presenting this, or similar examples, it is imperative
that all students make an attempt to answer the question,
that is, indicate the net force, and write down a reason for
their choice. Research in teaching indicates that if students
are forced to make a commitment to a particular point of
view, they are more interested and receptive to the solution
of the puzzle, and hence have a better chance of learning
and remembering the situation. Once the students have
made a choice, it is useful to have the students spend a
few minutes, comparing their predictions w i t h those of their
neighbours, trying to understand their o w n and their
neighbours' reasoning and perhaps reach a consensus on
the solution of the puzzle.
Research (Osborne, 1 9 8 2 ; Berg and Brouwer, 1991) shows
that about 6 0 % of 15-year olds suggest that on the way
up, the force is upwards, at the top the force is zero, and
on the way down, the force is downwards. Only about 6 %
of the students suggest that the net force (of gravity) is
down in all three cases. Berg and Brouwer also showed
that about 3 0 % of high school physics teachers interviewed
had difficulty w i t h this type of problem. When this puzzle
was presented to a group of primarily biology teachers who
were preparing to teach physics, the proportions were not
dramatically different from those of the students, although
after discussion w i t h their neighbours many of the biology
teachers were able to re-evaluate their initial responses.
The major conceptual difficulty in this problem arises from
the fact that it seems obvious that the person throwing up
of
but you
the ball.
assume
gravity.
The students, or prospective teachers have no difficulty in
imagining the ball rising w i t h no forces acting on the ball to
impede its motion... Will it slow down? What will cause it
to slow down? Or will it continue in its state of uniform
motion forever? Here, the students side w i t h Descartes
when he insisted that the Aristotelians were asking the
wrong question. They asked: 'What is it that keeps the
motion going?' - rather than 'What could possibly change
the motion of the ball?' (Koyre, p.73). Students agree that
without any forces acting, the ball will continue to rise
forever at the same velocity. In one student's case, the
student having completed a full-year university physics
course, the conversation w e n t something like this:
T:
"So, when I turn off the force of gravity, what
S:
T:
S:
T:
S:
happens to the ball?"
"The ball keeps on going forever."
"What forces are now acting on the ball?"
"Only the force you put in it"
"Vou mean there is still a force acting?"
"Hm... I guess not. The ball will keep on going
forever, so there can't be a force acting on it."
In my experience, students do begin to develop some
proficiency at identifying the forces acting on an object if
they are taught to focus on one force at a time.
A t this point, I usually point that Newton's First Law in fact
summarizes this kind of motion, but to stress an earlier
point, I ask the class to give me some examples where
Newton's First Law can be observed experimentally. Many
suggestions are made, but it does not take long to convince
them that there is no place in our universe where Newton's
First Law holds - at least not in the sense in which a law is
a summary of experience. Newton's First Law, in other
words, is itself an abstraction from experience.
Now w e turn back to the ball, still rising, but w e turn on the
force of gravity. Just the force of gravity. Now draw the
force that is acting on the ball. The initially complex
problem has become very simple. The only force present is
57
the force of gravity, downward, all the time, changing the
velocity of the ball so that the ball eventually comes back
to the ground. It's not hard to see this way that the force
of gravity, acting on the ball, is acting downwards even
while the ball is at the top of its path.
B
What more can we do with this simple example? Well, we
could ask the students to draw the velocity vector while the
ball is rising, at the top, and while it is falling. Quite easy,
the velocity points upwards while the ball is rising,
decreasing all the time, till it is zero at the top, and then
begins to point downwards, becoming longer as the ball
nears the ground.
But what about the acceleration? Ask the class to draw in
the acceleration vector while the ball is rising, when it is at
the top, and while it is falling. Here we come across
another major difficulty. Since the ball is slowing down
(decelerating) as it rises, it's not hard to see that the
acceleration (due to gravity) is pointing downward, and is
constant. While it is falling, it is accelerating, and students
have no great difficulty indicating the correct downward
direction.
Fig. 2
But what about when the ball is at the top of its path? Is
it accelerating downward when it is at the top? Galileo's
Aristotelian character Simplicio had great difficulty
understanding this and he didn't have Newton's Second
Law to help him. In The Two New Sciences (1639) Salviati
had great difficulty in helping Simplicio to understand what
it meant for the ball at the top to have zero velocity at a
certain instant. There may be no simple way to have
students see this intuitively. The best thing may be to
simply go back to our diagrams indicating that the force of
gravity is acting downward on the ball at all times and, by
F = m a , the acceleration must be acting downwards at all
times, also. A second useful approach is to go back to the
definition of acceleration as the rate of change of velocity
and have students recognize that even in consecutive
instances there is a Av for every At imaginable.
Now, for a bit of extra exercise, have them draw in the
force due to air resistance. Have your students try to
picture it mentally... to feel the wind in their faces, and
then have them again check with their neighbours.
Even though the velocity is zero at the top, it is still
changing, no matter how small we make the time interval
At, and therefore there is still an acceleration; in fact, if we
carried out the calculation, we would invariably get a
around 9.81m/s 2 , the acceleration due to gravity.
In tha absence of air resistance, draw the net force on
the baseball in flight towards home plate.
If they used Galileo's strategy of abstraction in the
projectile problem, the students would have reasoned that
when they eliminated all forces, the thrown ball would just
continue forever in a straight line, at the angle at which the
baseball player threw it. Then when they re-introduce the
external force, only the force of gravity is involved, so that
the net force is downward at all times.
A Convincing Story
In Figure 3, the students are supposed to imagine that
someone is twirling a ball on a string above his or her head,
in a horizontal circle. It's easier to do than to describe, but
suppose the string now breaks, at the point indicated.
What will be the initial direction of the ball's motion?
It is useful at this stage to practice this approach with a
couple of examples involving projectiles.
In Figure 2, Jose Canseco throws a baseball towards home
plate. (In the analysis we will ignore the fact that the ball
lands in the stands behind third base.) Neglecting air
resistance for now, have the students draw the net force
acting on the ball at the points indicated. When they've
finished, and have drawn in the forces, have them check
with their neighbours and try to achieve a consensus.
Physics by consensus? No, it is extremely valuable for
students to have an opportunity to present, and in the
process to analyse their own reasoning processes, and to
listen to the reasoning of their peers.
58
Fig. 3
Predict the path of the ball after the string breaks at
point A (adapted from McCloskey et al, 1980).
When they've all indicated a choice, have them check w i t h
their neighbours. In this case, the students are in for a
surprise.
Unless they've practised the strategy of
'abstraction', they will encounter quite a diversity of
opinion, w i t h initially little consensus developing.
The
alternate conceptions responsible for the different choices
are quite strongly held and students are not inclined to
change their views easily.
If w e do our little exercise of abstraction, and mentally cut
the string, in Figure 3, and explicitly ask students to
indicate the force now still acting on the ball, the almost
reluctant response is that there is no longer a force acting
on the ball. Therefore it must now continue w i t h constant
velocity in a straight line, in the direction in which it is
heading at the instant the string is cut.
Are they
convinced?
When we posed this question to incoming grade
students, the most popular responses were:
One Edmonton physics teacher, inadvertently perhaps,
decided to appeal to the students' imaginations by telling
them the story of how, when he w a s young, he and a friend
played on a merry-go-round. The story goes as follows:
10
1. The ball will continue in a circular direction for awhile
before straightening out (54%)
2. The ball will travel tangentially to the circle (19%)
3. The ball will go in a straight line angled outward (14%)
4. The ball will shoot out along the radius (4%)
There are a number of competing conceptions vying for
prominence in this example. Many students are convinced
that a body that is forced to move in a circular orbit for
some time must have gained something like a circular inertia
and therefore continue to move in a circular orbit. This
concept was very common and respectable in medieval
times, and it is only w i t h Galileo and Newton that straight
line motion w i t h constant velocity would become the only
kind of natural motion in nature. Even in Galileo's case, he
still regarded circular motion w i t h constant speed as more
natural than straight line motion, w i t h constant velocity.
Koyre (p.213) quotes Galileo to say that "...straight motion
serves to transport materials for the construction of a work;
but this, once constructed, is to rest immovable - or, if
movable, is to move only circularly."
It is also very difficult to treat this topic experimentally,
because things appear to happen so quickly in the case of
circular motion, that even in the cases when I've done a
simple experiement, students tend 'to see w h a t they expect
to see'.
The other complicating factor paradoxically, in this
situation, is that students have all experienced circular
motion, and have strong, almost physical, belief that on a
merry-go-round
you experience an outward
force!
Historically, even up to Galileo and Kepler's times,
physicists believed that a circular motion, like that of the
planets, an angel, or a force, was required to push a planet
around in its orbit.
Not a force directed towards the
'centre' of the orbit, like the Sun, but pushing from behind.
Robert Hooke, around 1 6 7 0 w a s probably the first to show
that you could get circular motion without a pushing force,
but using a force directed towards the centre of the
object's orbit. In fact, he illustrated this type of circular
motion w i t h our old friend, the pendulum. If one starts a
pendulum swinging in a circular motion, one can w a t c h it
orbit the centre in an elliptical or circular motion, and there
is clearly no 'pushing force'. The motion is kept going in a
circular direction by the tension in the string.
There is no easy way to teach students to see this
experimentally. We can prove it theoretically, but surprising
as it may seem to us physicists, theoretical proofs don't
always have the convincing power w e ' d like them to have.
I like to use a little anecdote because this particular thing
happened to me w h e n I was a kid. M y friend and I had
been playing on a merry-go-round but had rigged it up
w i t h a poplar pole so that the merry-go-round had a
radius of 25 feet instead of the usual 4 or 5 feet. He
started pushing this thing on the inside, and I'm sitting on
the end of the poplar pole going about nineteen times as
fast (an exaggeration) and I decided that this was more
than I could stand, so I decided to let go. At the time I
let go I had no clear idea what would happen to me.
Perhaps I would land on my feet, run a f e w steps and
slow down. In actual fact I went sailing straight out and
landed in a bush. Okay, I didn't go straight out this w a y ,
and I didn't go inward, but the last thing I remember
before I let go is this patch of bush straight ahead of me.
So it was like a revelation, I suddenly understood what
would happen if you were travelling in a circle and let go;
you move straight in the direction you were going. I
know its only anecdotal but it seems to convince
students better than a demo or doing the mathematical
calculation.
On the next exam, his students performed much better on
questions involving circular motion than in other years,
when he had relied only on w h a t scientists like to call
theoretical or experimental proof. The moral of the story is
that a science teacher's repertoire involves more than
experimental, or theoretical proofs. If w e can appeal to the
imagination of our students, by means of a story or
anecdote, w e have another valuable method of teaching
some of the more difficult concepts of science.
A colleague of mine, Dr. Brian Martin (personal
communication), uses student stories in a first year
university physics class, to help students generate real-life
connections to what sometimes appear to be abstract
physics principles.
When discussing Simple Harmonic
Motion in class, Martin asked his students to write a short
story illustrating the concept of Resonance in their lives.
Among the many stories the class shared, were stories
about how water waves in bathtubs could cause the water
to spill on to the floor only for waves which resonate w i t h
the dimensions of the bathtub. Try it, it only works w i t h
certain waves which reinforce each other. Other stories
related to bed springs, trampoline jumps, bunge jumping,
breaking STOP signs by small regular pushes, etc. The
interesting sidelight is that it is often not the original
teaching, but the act of writing the story that creates the
connection between the concept and real life.
59
The Use of Analogical Reasoning
In Figure 4, we see a man who, for some reason, finds
himself inside a freely-falling elevator, while holding a
helium-filled balloon. What will happen to the balloon when
it is released?
From physics problems, films and cartoons, one would think
that elevators were among the most dangerous objects in
society to be associated with. However, as one of my
students discovered some years ago, when investigating
elevator safety mechanisms, elevators are not subject to
free fall, and are among the safest objects around us. All
this aside, students have a great deal more difficulty
resolving this problem than they do in the case in which the
man releases a ball inside the freely-falling elevator. The
ball will just hover beside the man because the force of
gravity has been 'removed'. What about the balloon?
What I do with the class is take the elevator into an
imaginary location in which no forces can be detected
inside the elevator, a situation in which it is obvious to
students that they cannot define an 'up or down'. So I take
the elevator into an imaginary empty universe in which
there are no other material bodies and ask again - What
happens to the balloon when the person in the elevator
releases it?
It is clear to the students that the balloon just hovers. In
space, far away from anything else, there is no 'up' or
'down'.
Now, how can I create an up or down direction in this
elevator? Invent a gravitational forcel (Occasionally a
bright student will suggest that we could give the elevator
an acceleration, which opens up a number of other
opportunities for discussion.) But if students can see that in
the absence of the force of gravitation, the notion of up and
down cease to have meaning, then we can return to our
freely-falling elevator, inside which the effects of the force
of gravitation have been 'removed', and the sense of up and
down also removed. Of course, in any practical situation,
the sense of up and down would quickly assert itself when
the elevator hit the floor, but physics educators seldom
have to worry about that.
The Use of Art to Emphasize Important Problems in Physics
i
Fig. 4 Predict the motion of the balloon when the man in the
free-falling elevator lets go of it (adapted from Hewitt,
1988).
Well, the force of gravity may have been removed,
there is still the buoyant force !?
but
Many students, even after a number of years of physics
instruction, do not intuitively associate the buoyant force
with the force of gravity. At this point it is of course
possible to prove, theoretically or experimentally, that the
buoyant force owes its existence to the presence of a
gravitational field, and convince the students 'intellectually'
that the balloon will also just hover where it is released.
The problem has been, however, how to get the students
intuition on your side.
What seems to work for me most of the times is to use an
analogy to solve the problem in a completely different
context, and then to bring the focus back in the actual
situation under discussion. In this way I hope in a subtle
way to change the students' view of the meaning of a
particular concept, or relationship between concepts. In the
present case, I want students to gain a better
understanding of buoyancy, and the origin of buoyancy in
the gravitational force.
60
In the past decade, I've been impressed by an innovation in
physics teaching that we, teachers of the oldest science,
have not been making use of. Paul Hewitt has made a
widespread use of simple but effective drawings to illustrate
some beautiful puzzles in physics, as shown in many issues
of The Physics Teacher during the 1980s and early 1990s.
These picture puzzles show in a dramatic way some of the
most interesting applications of the various laws of physics,
including Newton's Three Laws. In the present case.
Figure 5 shows the attraction between a huge magnet and
a tiny thumbtack, and poses the question:
Which is greater,
the force of the magnet on the
thumbtack, or the force of the thumbtack on the magnet ?
The way the drawing is exaggerated would almost suggest
that the expected answer would be that the magnet, of
course, exerts the greater force on the thumbtack.
However, Newton's Third Law states that to 'every action
there exists an equal and opposite reaction.' We could write
down the magnetic force between the magnet and the
thumbtack, and see that the interaction between the two is
symmetrical, that is, the forces are equal in magnitude. But
we don't have to know the details of the force; Newton's
Third Law is enough. Similarly, if we were to ask the
question:
Which is greater, the force of the sun on the earth, or the
force of the earth on the sun?
We would again use Newton's Third Law to answer the
question. It would be an excellent assignment at this stage
to ask students to create more drawings illustrating this
most difficult of Newton's laws to understand intuitively,
and in this w a y generalizing students understanding of the
law in many different, perhaps paradoxical, situations. The
creation of such picture puzzles in different areas of science
may well be one of the best w a y s of generalizing the
understanding of physics to areas outside the classroom.
'abstract from experience' that w a s such a useful and
powerful strategy for Galileo, Descartes, and Newton.
Attention to the more human aspects of science could help
students realize that scientific theories, as well as their o w n
experiences in science, are human constructions that do not
exist independently of the knowing person. Using stories,
metaphors and analogies, and art in physics allows students
to use their imagination more fully and, in doing so, develop
their physical intuition, and help to make physics an area of
knowledge that can relate to many aspects of the student
lives.
REFERENCES
Berg, T. and Brouwer, W. (1991), Teacher Awareness of
Student Alternate Conceptions About Rotational Motion and
Gravity, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2 8 (1), 318
Brouwer, W. and Singh, A. (1983), The Historical Approach to
Science Teaching, The Physics Teacher 2 1 (4), 230-236
Compared to the huge force thot
attracts an iron tack to Q strong
magnet, the force that the tack
exerts on the magnet is
a) relatively small
b) equally huge
Bruner, J. (1985), Narrative and Paradigmatic
Modes of
Thought, in Learning and Teaching the Ways of Knowing,
Eightyfourth Yearbook of the NSSE, Chicago; University of
Chicago Press, pp. 97-1 14
Galileo, G. (1639), Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
(Stillman Drake, Translator, University of California Press,
1970)
Eisner, E. (1 985), Aesthetic Modes of Knowing, in Learning and
Teaching the Ways of Knowing, Eighty-fourth Yearbook of
the NSSE, Chicago; University of Chicago Press, pp. 23-26
Hewitt, P. (1988), Figuring Physics, The Physics Teacher 2 6
(3); 2 6 (12), 593, and other issues of The Physics Teacher
Fig. 5 The Magnet and the Thumbtack (Hewitt, 1988)
Holton, G. (1985), Thematic Origins of Sientific Thought,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Koyre, A. (1968), Newtonian Studies (University of Chicago
Press, Chicago)
DISCUSSION
In this paper, w e ' v e looked at the more basic concepts of
motion and force treated in an introductory physics course.
We've worked on the assumption that students, and
teachers, come to the study of these concepts w i t h certain
common sense conceptions about motion and force, that
have generally worked well in everyday life. Especially
since we realize that many of these student concepts were
once well-respected scientific conceptions, it would be a
mistake simply to consider these conceptions as wrong, or
that the students have been badly taught. It would be
pedagogically more sound to consider the students' naive
conceptions of force and motion as reasonable and useful
pre conceptions or alternate conceptions, as jumping-off
points towards the more acceptable conceptions.
We
should recognize that even today's conceptions are based
on models of reality, not directly on reality itself.
The ability of the teacher to help students to simplify the
problem situation, to add or remove forces at will, to solve
the problem in a simpler situation, than in our complex
world, can also help the students develop the ability to
McCloskey, M., Carmazza, A., and Green, B. (1980),
Curvilinear Motion in the Absence of External Force: Naive
Ideas About Motion of Objects, Science 210, 1139-1141
Martin, B., and Brouwer, W. (1993), Exploring
Science, Science Education 77 (4) 4 4 1 - 4 5 9
Personal
McDermott,
L.C.
(1984),
Research
on
Conceptual
Understanding in Mechanics, Physics Today, 37, 24-32
Newton, Isaac, (1729), Principia Mathematica (Motte's
Translation, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1966)
Osborne, R. (1982), Science Foundation: Where Do We Start?
Australian Science Teachers Journal, 2 8 (1), 2 1 - 3 0
Polanyi, Michael (1959), Personal
University of Chicago Press
Knowledge,
Chicago:
Posner, G., Strike, K., Hewson, P. and Gertzog, W. (1982),
Accomodation of a Scientific Conception: Towards a Theory
of Conceptual Change, Science Education 6 6 (2), 211-227
VISIONS 2 0 ( 1 993), Gage Educational publishing Co., Toronto,
Canada
Watts, D., and Zylbersztajn, A. (1981). A Survey of Some
Children's Ideas About Force, Physics Education 15, 360365
61
Books Received/Livres reçus
The following books have been received for review.
Readers are invited to write reviews of books of interest to
them. Books may be requested from the book review editor
André Roberge at INTERNET:
"[email protected].
laurentian.ca" or at Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Laurentian University, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario,
Canada, P3E 2C6. Tel: 1 - 7 0 5 - 6 7 5 - 1 1 5 1 ext 2 2 3 4 .
Les livres suivants nous sont parvenus pour la critique qui
peut être faite en anglais ou en français. Si vous êtes
intéressé de nous communiquer une revue critique sur un
ouvrage en particulier, vous êtes invités de vous mettre en
rapport avec le responsable de la critique des livres;
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d'astronomie. Université Laurentienne, Ramsey Lake Road,
Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, P3E 2C6. Téléphone: 1-7056 7 5 - 1 1 5 1 ext 2 2 3 4 .
THE ANALYSIS
OF SPACE-TIME
SINGULARITIES,
Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics, by J.S. Clarke,
Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp xiv+ 175. ISBN 05 2 1 - 4 3 7 9 6 - 2 . Price: $ 2 9 . 9 5 pbk.
THE MORAL ANIMAL, Why We Are The Way We Are: The
New Science of Evolutionary Psychology, Pantheon Books,
(Random House of Canada), 1994, pp x + 4 6 6 . ISBN 06 7 9 - 4 0 7 7 3 - 1 ; G N 3 6 5 . 3 . W 7 5 . Price: $ 3 8 . 5 0 Can., he.
10: THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
AND FIELDS
THE PHYSICS OF INTENSE BEAMS AND STORAGE RINGS,
by N.S. Dikansky, D.V. Pestrikov, AIP Press, 1994, pp
xi + 4 8 3 . ISBN 1 - 5 6 3 9 6 - 1 0 7 - 7 ; QC787.S8P4813.
Price: $ 7 0 . 0 0 he.
40: FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
A SURVEY OF THERMODYNAMICS, by Martin Bailyn, AIP
Press, 1994, pp xiv + 6 5 7 .
ISBN 0 - 8 8 3 1 8 - 7 9 7 - 3 ;
QC311.B295. Price: $ 7 5 . 0 0 he.
00: GENERAL
A GUIDE TO PHYSICS PROBLEMS, Part 1: Mechanics,
Relativity and Electrodynamics, by Sidney B. Cahn, Boris E.
Nadgorny, Plenum Press. 1994, pp xxi + 325. ISBN 0 - 3 0 6 4 4 6 7 9 - 0 ; QC32.C25. Price: $ 2 4 . 5 0 pbk.
ANCIENT INVENTIONS, by Peter James, Nick Thorpe,
Ballentine Books, (Random House of Canada Ltd.), 1994, pp
xxiii + 6 7 3 . ISBN 0 - 3 4 5 - 3 6 4 7 6 - 7 ; T16.J36.
Price $ 3 9 . 9 5 Can. he.
HUNTING DINOSAURS, by Louie Psihoyos, John Knoebber,
Random House New York, (Random House of Canada Ltd.),
1994, pp xvii + 2 6 7 . ISBN 0 - 6 7 9 - 4 3 1 2 4 - 1 ; QE711.2P78.
Price: $ 5 5 . 0 0 Can., he.
MONSTERS OF THE SEA, The History, Natural History, and
Mythology of the Ocean's Most Fantastic Creatures, Knopf,
(Random House of Canada), 1994, pp xiii-i-429. ISBN 06 7 9 - 4 0 6 3 9 - 5 ; QL121.E58. Price: $ 4 2 . 0 0 Can., he.
NOTHING IS TOO WONDERFUL TO BE TRUE, Master of
Science series, by Phillip Morrison, AIP Press, 1994,
pp xi + 4 4 4 . ISBN 1 - 5 6 3 9 6 - 3 6 3 - 9 ; 0 1 7 3 . M 8 - 7 8 .
Price: $ 2 9 . 9 5 he.
ON THE FRONTIER. MY LIFE IN SCIENCE, by Frederick
Seitz, AIP Press, 1994, pp x v + 4 1 5 . ISBN 1 - 5 6 3 9 6 - 1 9 7 - 0
QC1 6.S36A3. Price: $ 3 5 . 0 0 he.
PALE BLUE DOT, A VISION OF THE GUMAN FUTURE IN
SPACE, by Carl Sagan, Random House, 1994, pp xx + 4 3 0 .
ISBN 0 - 6 7 9 - 4 3 8 4 1 - 6 ; Q B 5 0 0 . 2 6 2 . S 2 4 . Price: $35.00pbk.
NB: The copy we hold is a "prepublication copy"!
PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS, 2nd ed., by
R. Shankar, Plenum Press, 1994, pp xiv + 6 7 6 . ISBN 03 0 6 - 4 4 7 9 0 ; Q C 1 7 4 . 1 2 . S 5 2 . Price: $ 4 9 . 5 0 he.
62
NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS, Series Research Trends
Physics, edited by K.A. Naugol'nykh, L.A. Ostrovsky,
AIP, 1994, pp xvi + 313. ISBN 1 - 5 6 3 9 6 - 3 3 8 - 8
Price: $ 3 5 . 0 0 he.
in
70: CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE,
ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
DIE KUNST OF PHONONS, Lectures from the Winter School
of Theoretical Physics, edited by Tadeusz Paszkiewicz,
Krzysztof Rapcewicz, Plenum Press, 1994, pp xii + 4 3 2 .
ISBN 0 - 3 0 6 - 4 4 6 7 7 - 4 ; QC176.8.P5W56. Price $ 1 1 0 . 0 0
he.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, by V.L. Ginzburg, E.A. Andryushin,
World Scientific Publ. Co., 1994, pp ix + 91. ISBN 981 -021630-0. Price: $ 18.00 pbk; $ 3 4 . 0 0 he.
80: CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED
AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EOS SCIENCE STRATEGY FOR THE EARTH OBSERVING
SYSTEM, by Ghassem Asrar, Jeff Dozier, AIP Press, 1994,
p p v i i + 1 1 9 . ISBN 1 - 5 6 3 9 6 - 1 9 8 - 9 ; Q C 8 6 1 . 2 . A 8 5 .
Price: $ 12.95 pbk.
OUT OF SIGHT, From Quarks to Living Cells, by Sven
Kullander, Bôrje Larsson, Cambridge University Press, 1994,
pp xiv + 278. ISBN 0 - 5 2 1 - 3 5 0 4 4 - 1 ; QC173.K93.
Price $ 2 9 . 9 5 he.
THE THEORY OF MAGNETIC RECORDING, by Neal Bertram,
Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp xvi + 3 5 6 . ISBN 05 2 1 - 4 4 5 1 2 - 4 ; TK7881.6.B47. Price: $ 6 9 . 9 5 he; $ 3 4 . 9 5
pbk.
90: GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ASTROPHYSICS
VOYAGE TO THE GREAT ATTRACTOR, EXPLORING
GALACTIC SPACE, by Alan Dressier, Alfred A. Knopf,
(Random House of Canada, Ltd.), 1 9 9 4 , p p x i + 355. ISBN
0 - 3 9 4 - 5 8 8 9 9 - 1 ; QB991 .G73D74. Price: $ 3 5 . 0 0 Can. he.
Book Reviews /Revues
des livres
COLLISION-INDUCED ABSORPTION IN GASES, Cambridge
Monographs on Atomic, Molecular and Chemical Physics,
v.2 by Lothar Frommhold, Cambridge University Press,
1993, pp xii + 4 1 0 . ISBN 0 - 5 2 1 - 3 9 3 4 5 - 0 ; QC162.F76.
Price: $ 8 9 . 9 5 he.
At a recent large scientific meeting I heard a paper in which
a group of astronomers described an experiment to measure
the transparency of the atmosphere over the south pole.
They were puzzled by a residual absorption which remained
even when the water content was essentially zero. After
much difficulty they hit on the discovery that the transient
dipoles produced during molecular collisions resulted in the
absorption of light. They described the mechanism as
"bizarre" and, although admittedly mentioned in the
literature, as "obscure". Clearly this book is long overdue!
Collision-induced absorption was discovered by H.L. Welsh
and M.F. Crawford at the University of Toronto in 1949.
Welsh, along w i t h his students, dominated the experimental
side of the subject for the next 30 years and made it a
flourishing Canadian enterprise.
With the arrival of
J. Van Kranendonk at Toronto in 1956, the theoretical
development also became Canadian territory. It is striking
that out of this large school of students and experts no one
produced a comprehensive monograph on the subject in
spite of the fact that the subject has important implications
in atmospheric physics and astronomy.
Lothar Frommhold is a leading member of the "second"
wave of international workers in the field w h o have
concentrated on developing a detailed semi-classical and
quantum description of the phenomenon. For many of the
colliding pairs (e.g. H 2 -He) it is now possible to calculate the
spectral intensities and contours w i t h a precision
approaching or surpassing that of the best experiments. As
a result, the computational theorists, of which Frommhold
is an acknowledged leader, have rightly taken over the field
(at least for low-density gases) and the experimentalists
have moved on to more challenging areas (e.g. liquids and
solids).
The foregoing explains the nature and contents of this
book. The reader will find virtually nothing about the
experimental technique, its challenges, precision, and
problems.
The experimental results are surveyed and
acknowledged; indeed the data are well collated and
summarized. The object, however, is to provide fuel for the
powerful machine of computation-based theory.
After the review of the experimental results, the theory of:
1. induced dipoles, 2. absorption in the monotomic gas
mixtures, and 3. absorption in molecular gases is described
in great detail. These three chapters comprise the bulk of
the text and will be of great interest to the specialists in the
field. A heroic job has been done in systematizing and
condensing a large and diverse literature. Even though it
will probably be read in detail by few in the future, those
who need it will find it all here.
While this monograph will reside mostly on the bookshelves
of specialists, any institution that professes astronomy,
atmospheric science, or molecular physics must have it in
its library.
Jim Hunt
EINSTEIN'S MOON, Bell's Theorem and the Curious Quest
for Quantum Reality, by F. David Peat, Contemporary
Books, 1990, pp ii + 170.
ISBN 0 - 8 0 9 2 - 3 9 6 5 - 5 ;
QC1 7 4 . 1 7 . B 4 5 P 4 3 . Price: $ 15.00 pbk.
Does NONLOCALITY challenge the Principle of Separable
Reality? ... Quantum Paradoxes, Physical Reality, Causality
and the main players: Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, David
Bohm, John Bell and Alain Aspect's Experiments should be
household concepts and names for all scientists. Also the
general public should be made aware and know that the
implications of these issues are bound to change profoundly
the mold of contemporary thinking. In the last t w o decades
a staggering amount of literature has been written by
"physicists" in an attempt to separate the "physics' from
the 'fiction'. The book EINSTEIN'S MOON is a welcomed
addition to this trend. It is a short text written w i t h clarity
and in a fascinating style. I recommend it as an excellent
introductory text that will certainly motivate readers to go
on to more specialized and mathematical books like the
UNDIVIDED UNIVERSE by David Bohm and Basil J. Hiley or
a more general book QUANTUM PARADOXES AND
PHYSICAL REALITY by Franco Selleri.
The author is a physicist living in Ottawa. He has several
books to his credit and, together w i t h Basil J. Hiley, edited
a book on QUANTUM IMPLICATIONS, (Essays in Honour of
David Bohm).
Landmarks made in this area of modern physics begin in
1935. It was Einstein w h o nudged physics into taking its
most important step in the direction of 'causality' w i t h the
famous EPR paradox. He is followed in the 1 9 5 0 ' s by
Bohm. In 1965 it was demonstrated by Bell that there
exists a 'measurable quantity' that can decide between the
values predicted by Quantum Mechanics and the Principle
of Separable Reality. In 1981 the celebrated experiments
of Alain Aspect confirmed the results predicted by quantum
mechanics. This marked the beginning of a new feature:
QUANTUM NONLOCALITY and Bohm introduced the new
notion of 'UNBROKEN WHOLENESS'. Manifestations of a
truly interconnected wholeness are being discussed
extensively by David Peat in his new book.
Now 'NONLOCALITY' cannot be viewed 'in principle' as an
observed phenomenon.
What is being observed in the
experiment are correlations of polarised photons produced
in atomic cascades. The startling aspect is that these
quantum particles remain in permanent contact however far
they may go and be separated. There is an undivided
wholeness in this quantum system. Einstein referred to it
as: "spooky action at a distance". However he died ten
years before Bell's discovery.
Antonio Weingartshofer
Department of Physics
St. Francis Xavier University
63
EXPLORING MUSIC, The Science and Technology of Tones
and Tunes, by Charles Taylor, Institute of Physics Pub. Ltd.,
1992, pp ix + 2 5 5 . ISBN 0 - 7 5 0 3 - 0 2 1 3 - 5 .
Price: $ 3 9 . 9 0 pbk.
This is a new book on the physics of music, with a
remarkably old look to it. This observation comes mainly
from many of the photographs and figures, which have a
very traditional appearance. However, the book does also
deal with some very modern topics, including computer
synthesis and MIDI. The traditional appearance of the book
is due in part to the fact that the author, Charles Taylor, is
one of the grand old contributors of the study of the
science and technology of music. His 1965 book, The
Physics of Musical Sounds (English Universities Press,
London, 1965) is a classic in the field. The traditional
appearance is also due to the origin of this book: the 19899 0 Royal Society Christmas lectures by Dr. Taylor. These
lectures are aimed at a lay audience, and as such are
accompanied by a great many demonstrations.
Such
demonstrations can often simply and elegantly be mounted
found equipment from a physics department's closets and
museums.
Dr. Taylor's excellent demonstrations with
simple equipment is one of the best features of this book.
The book is an expanded version of the text of the 1 9 8 9 - 9 0
lecture series, and includes many photographs and diagrams
from the demonstrations and illustrations used in the
lectures. It is quite complete in the range of topics, and as
such could be used as a textbook for a course on the
physics of music. As a textbook, it bears comparison with
other available texts.
A number of these have been
reviewed in Physics in Canada (vol. 39, #1, January, 1983,
and vol. 42, #1, January, 1986). In my view, the current
best available text is D.E. Hall's book Musical Acoustics: An
Introduction, (Wadsworth, Belmont, California, 1980).
Taylor's book does not come up to that standard. However
it is better than, for example. Berg & Stork The Physics of
Sound. A hindrance to its potential use as a classroom text
is the lack of any problems or exercises.
The first chapter, entitled What is Music? deals with the
basics of music, and fundamental physical principles of
sound and hearing, as well as some psycho-acoustics. The
second chapter. The Essence of an Instrument deals with
physical aspects of sound generation that are common to all
musical instruments and introduces the various families of
instruments. Chapters 3 and 4 deal, respectively, with the
string and wind families of instruments. These are quite
thorough treatments of the main acoustical features of the
instruments of these families.
Chapter 5, Scales,
Synthesizers
and Samplers, deals, as indicated, with
musical scales and systems of tuning, analogue and digital
synthesis, and sampling and computer synthesis, including
a section on the MIDI standard computer interface. The
final chapter, Reflections, Reverberation and Recitals, deals
with acoustics of concert halls and other listening spaces.
Finally, there are two appendices, one on holographic
interferometry and one on pitch and frequency. The text
ends with a short list of additional suggested readings.
Having its origin in a series of lectures to lay audiences, the
book is written in quite simple language and has very little
mathematics. Equations are almost entirely absent. As a
book for a lay person, or as an introductory text on musical
acoustics to students in a school of music, this is at about
the right level. For other courses, it might be appropriate to
treat the subject with somewhat more rigour and the use of
some mathematics. The book could also simply be read for
interest by anyone who has both an interest in music and
64
some interest in physics. It makes no very strong demands
on an intelligent reader, but might stimulate an interest in
pursuing the topic in more detail.
Juris P. Svenrie
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN SOLID POLYMERS,
Cambridge Solid State Science Series, by Vincent J.
McBrierty, Kenneth J. Packer, Cambridge University Press,
1993,
pp
xxii + 3 4 8 .
ISBN
0-521-3014908;
QD139.P6M38. Price: $ 8 4 . 9 5 he.
This book treats solid polymers using modern NMR
spectroscopy.
Its scope covers the characterization of
dynamics and structures of polymers in the solid state.
I believe that the authors have succeeded in showing what
practical information may be extracted from modern NMR
experiments on solid polymers. As pointed out by the
authors, the book is intended for polymer scientists who are
not specialists in NMR. To this end, the authors have given
an excellent treatise of NMR principles in chapters 2 and 3.
In particular, many important mathematical formalisms such
as NMR spectral lineshape, magic angle spinning (MAS)
sideband and internal Hamiltonian may be referred to in
appendices at the end of the book. For polymer scientists
who are not expert in NMR, chapter 4 provides sufficient
necessary experimental details to enable one to carry out
certain NMR experiments. Various pulse sequences and
modern multi-dimensional NMR in solids are clearly
discussed in this chapter. The remaining chapters (5-7) are
written to emphasize certain aspects of solid polymers
based on NMR studies. There is a lack of introduction to
various polymeric materials since the authors have written
for people already working in the polymer field.
For
someone wanting to enter the field of polymer science, I
don't think that this book would serve as a good text.
There is no doubt that the second half of the book can
serve polymer scientists well, since it demonstrates how
modern NMR techniques can elucidate polymer types and
their dynamical and morphological properties. Chapter 8
deals with selected topics such as network systems,
ionomers and conducting polymers.
Among the NMR
studies of solid polymers, MAS carbon-13 NMR, twodimensional NMR of deuteron exchange, and spin-diffusion
spectroscopy, as well as proton spin relaxation, are
described throughout this book.
The book has a concise and well-written account of NMR
for graduate students. It also serves as a good reference
for researchers working in this interdisciplinary area of
polymer science.
Ronald Dong
Brandon University
OPTIQUE GÉOMÉTRIQUE ET ONDULATOIRE, avec 2 0 0
exercices et problèmes résolus, 4 6 édition, par José Philippe
Pérez, Masson éditeur, 1994, pp xxii + 5 5 1 . ISBN 2-22584270-1. Prix: 189 FF, broché.
Ceci est la quatrième édition d'un ouvrage destiné à
l'enseignement de l'optique au niveau du premier cycle
universitaire. Il fait partie de la collection Enseignement de
la physique de l'éditeur français Masson.
L'auteur,
J.-P. Pérez, est professeur à l'université de Toulouse, où il
enseigne l'optique au premier et deuxième cycle.
Le livre se présente sous la forme de leçons courtes sur des
sujets précis bien délimités, et autant que possible
indépendents.
Il introduit les principes fondamentaux
(principe de Huygens, de Fermât) de l'optique géométrique,
les systèmes centrés, les lentilles et leurs abérations.
Ensuite ces connaissances sont appliquées à des exemples
concrets (différents télescopes, appareil photographique,
détecteurs, l'oeil humain, et fibres optiques). Ces exemples
sont l'occasion d'introduire de nouvelles notions, telles que
les cavités optiques et les milieux non-homogènes.
La
deuxième partie de ce livre traite de l'optique ondulatoire.
Après l'introduction du concepte de vibration et d'ondes,
l'auteur présente les phénomènes de polarisation d'ondes
lumineuses, la diffraction de Fraunhofer et de Fresnel, et les
interférences.
Cette section est aussi illustrée par des
applications actuelles: spectométrie, lasers et holographie,
traitement d'images et optique de Fourier, la biréfringence.
Le livre est complété par deux annexes: l'une rappelant les
notions mathémathiques essentielles, l'autre traitant
l'analyse de Fourier, illustrée d'exemples et de graphiques.
Tous les chapitres sont abondamment illustrés de schémas
clairs et complets, et de quelques photos noir et blanc. Ces
illustrations rendent la lecture d'un texte très concis plus
agréable et facilite la compréhension.
En effet,
l'enseignement est fortement basé sur le travail personnel
à l'aide d'exercices nombreux, résolus en totalité à la fin du
livre, présents dans chaque chapitre. Cependant l'utilisation
abondante de l'algèbre matricielle et du calcul différentiel
impose une restriction sur le type-classe pouvant tirer profit
d'un tel ouvrage. Une connaissance adéquate de ces outils
mathématiques est indispensable pour une lecture efficace.
Ceci dit, la quantité d'information rassemblée dans cet
ouvrage est importante et en fait une excellente référence
pour l'ensemble de l'optique enseignée au premier cycle.
En conclusion, ce livre représente une mine d'informations
et d'exercices résolus sur les aspects fondamentaux de
l'optique et de son application à des dispositifs utilisés de
nos jours. Son format concis et le niveau mathématique
prérequis en font un excellent ouvrage de référence plutôt
qu'un texte de cours élémentaire.
Those w i t h minimal reading knowledge of French ought to
take a look at this book. There are a large number of
problems, w i t h detailed solutions that would be appropriate
for a third-year optics course. In addition, the text itself
treats the various topics in optics concisely in ways that
often differ somewhat from treatments found in Englishlanguage texts.
While this might pose problems for
students using this as a self-study guide, it could be useful
as a supplementary for those preparing lectures on the
same material.
Richard Ares,
David Atlan, and
John Bechhoefer
RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY: A MODERN INTRODUCTION,
Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 108, by Isaac Chavel,
Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp xii + 386. ISBN 05 2 1 - 4 3 2 0 1 - 4 ; Q A 6 4 9 . C 4 5 . Price: $ 5 4 . 9 5 he.
Riemannian Geometry is of central importance in the theory
of Relativity and it was therefore of interest to see what
changes had been made in the development of the subject
and its presentation since the reviewer attended seminars
by Hermann Weyl at Princeton in the 1940's.
Weyl's
interest then was primarily in applications to general
Relativity and his lectures were full of insights and
references to his well known book Space, Time and Matter.
This new book was, frankly, a disappointment.
It is
certainly up to date and leans heavily on modern
mathematical notation but Tensor analysis in classical form
is almost absent - 4 text references. Likewise physical
applications are rarely mentioned except for passing
references to Newtonian motion and the Ricci Tensor.
A perusal of the Preface confirms that the main audience
for the book is intended to be Geometers and, for this, it is
well written, attractively produced and adequate. There are
numerous examples for the student in the text and some
hints and sketch solutions at its end. A bibliography of 302
references, mostly to recent work, and a good index
complete the book. As to be expected from Cambridge the
typography and production are excellent.
Andrew Donald Booth
Autonetics Res. Assoc. Inc.
Sooke, B.C.
SPHERICAL TENSOR OPERATORS, TABLES OF MATRIX
ELEMENTS AND SYMMETRIES, by J.A. Tuszynski, World
Scientific, 1990, pp i + 32 + .
ISBN 9 - 8 1 0 2 - 0 2 8 3 - 0 ;
Q C 2 0 . 7 . M 3 T 8 7 . Price: $ 3 8 . 0 0 he.
The tabulation of the values of commonly
used
mathematical functions has a long history which parallels
that of mathematics since the development of the printing
press. Most mathematical societies have had mathematical
tables commitees whose task w a s to arrange for the
calculation and publication of new tables as well as
reprinting older ones. The development of mechanical
calculating
devices accelerated
and simplified
the
production of these tables. The advent of the electronic
calculator had an even more dramatic impact on their
production. Initially, they were used to produce tables for
a wide variety of functions of contemporary interest
including, for example, 3-j and 6-j symbols and fractional
parentage coefficients. Today, the time required to solve a
differential equation subject to boundary conditions on a
personal computer is so short that it is unnecessary to have
access to tables of the functions which are solutions to this
differential equation. Each step in this evolutionary process
has led to increased accuracy and freedom from errors.
This evolution has now led to the stage where the
production of mathematical tables can be replaced by the
publication of the software code required to calculate those
values of a function or expression required by a user so that
they can be incorporated into a more complex calculation.
It is no longer necessary to transcribe the values of any
function into a program.
65
The values of any set of tables is strongly related to their
accuracy and reliability as well as to their ease of use. The
tables under review do not meet these criteria since they
contain many errors. Contrary to the assertion of the
author, the complete tables have been calculated by
Chatterjee, Smith and Buckmaster [Can. J. Phys, 5 4 , 1 2 2 8 ,
(1976)].
This 1976 paper tabulated the values of all
allowed non-zero reduced matrix elements V 1 l t ( 0 : £ k s 4 ) for
d" and selected values for f 7 ( 0 ^ k s 6 ) . The values of the
remaining allowed non-zero reduced matrix elements were
made available through the 'Depository of Unpublished
Data', CISTI, National Research Council of Canada. This
fact did appear as a footnote in the 1976 paper. A careful
comparison of these tables with those in the book under
review reveals that the latter contains a large number of
erroneous entries. Many reduced matrix elements which
are zero are assigned large non-zero values. It would
appear that there was a serious error in the computational
program which probably arose because of selection rule
errors for the seniority quantum numbers. Consequently,
the author's claim to have extended the tables of Chatterjee
et al. is invalid. There are many other errors in the text but
these are of minor importance compared to the major
errors.
The pace and interest pick up considerably when Lederman
begins to discuss the evolution and role of particle
accelerators. The details become richer, the. stories more
personal and original.
I was particularly taker by
Lederman's account of how, as a graduate student, he and
postdoc John Tinlot worked through a weekend pursuing an
idea of Tinlot's on how to use the "fringe" fields of a
cyclotron magnet to focus pions produced by proton-target
collisions into a secondary beam. By Monday, they had
convinced the lab director to redesign the accelerator to
produce a pion beam.
The technique led to many
interesting results and had a lasting influence on accelerator
design. One cannot read this story without gaining an
appreciation for the exhilirating high one gets when all of a
sudden an idea makes an experiment or a new technique
work. For these and further passages about Lederman's
experiments on parity violation and on the discovery of the
muon neutrino, I can unreservedly recommend this book.
As Lederman mentions, popularizations of particle physics
have usually been written by theoretical physicists, who
tend to carry certain biases about the relative importance of
observations and ideas. It is refreshing and important to
hear the story told from an experimentalist's perspective.
(Obligatory full disclosure: I am an experimentalist).
It is very strange that a publisher would decide to publish
tables which are already available in the public domain given
the costs involved. Moreover, it seems incredible that their
reviewers failed to compare the Tuszynski tables with those
due to Chatterjee et al. It is evident that the Tuszynski
tables were prepared and published without the proper care
that all authors of tables should exercise. It would seem
reasonable that the publisher should withdraw this book
from the market and advise all those who have purchased
a copy that significant errors exist.
This book first appeared in 1993, when the fate of the
superconducting supercollider (SSC) was being heatedly
debated.
Like Steven Weinberg's more philosophical
Dreams of a Final Theory, The God Particle attempts to
make the case for building the SSC. Lederman makes
several points: the search for ultimate building blocks has a
long and illustrious history. It is profound (a quotation from
Robert Wilson is particularly nice: "It has nothing to do
directly with defending our country except to make it worth
defending"). It has potential economic spinoffs (he cites
superconductivity; I was not convinced). And, not to be
forgotten, it is funl Still, with the cancellation of the SSC
and the threatened redirection of much basic science in
North America to "useful" projects, the case for
fundamental science needs to be made even more carefully
and more seriously than Lederman (or Weinberg, for that
matter) has done. It's a book that's worth writing. In any
case, whatever one's opinion on the SSC, there is much in
Lederman's book to enjoy, and I can heartily recommend it.
H.A. Buckmaster
Dept of Electrical
and Computer Engineering
R.J. Chatterjee
Dept of Physics & Astron.
The University of Calgary
THE GOD PARTICLE, by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi,
Delta (Trade Paperbacks), Houghton Mifflin Co., 1993, pp
vii + 4 3 4 . ISBN 0 - 3 8 5 - 3 1 2 1 1 - 3 . Price: $ 16.95 Can pbk.
The God Particle, by particle physicist and Nobel laureate
Leon Lederman (with help from science writer Dick Teresi)
bills itself as the funniest book about physics ever written.
The claim may even be true, although the competition is
rather fierce. Yet, if the book, like standard theories in
particle physics, is marked by a certain lack of gravity, the
issues raised are serious. The God Particle refers to the asyet-undiscovered Higgs boson, and the story Lederman tells
is of the 2500-year search for the ultimate building blocks
of matter. About half of the text is devoted to a survey of
theories of elementary particles; from the atoms of
Democritus to the particles of Newton, to the fields of
Faraday and Maxwell, to the view of quantum mechanics.
In many ways, this is the weakest section of the book.
Those readers with some background in physics may well
be tempted to skip this section entirely. As Lederman
himself confesses, the material has been well-covered by
many other popularizations -- a personal favorite is Einstein
and Infeld's The Evolution of Physics. (Actually, what
Lederman really says is that he feels like Zsa Zsa Gabor's
seventh husband: he knows what to do, but not how to
make it interesting?).
66
John Bechhoefer
THE STORY OF NUMBERS, How Mathematics has Shaped
Civilization, by John McLeish, Ballentine Books, 1994, pp
2 6 6 . ISBN 0 - 4 4 9 - 9 0 9 3 8 - 7 . Price: $ 14.95 Can., pbk.
The author has tried to trace the history of Mathematics
from neolithic times to the present. He suggests that the
various developments were produced by the needs of
Society: elementary counting to enable the enumeration of
food and chattels, elementary geometry as an adjunct to
land partition and architectural design, numerical calculation
for navigation and map making and so on. This part of the
discussion occupies about two thirds of the book. Each
civilization is examined in some detail the Amerinds,
Sumeria and Babylon, Egypt, China, Greece, Israel, India,
the Mayans, the Arabs and finally the Europe of Bacon,
Newton and Leibniz. All of this is interestingly written and
sometimes reveals unusual facts. For example, in the
discussion of Rabbinical law, decisions in such things as
adultery and Kosher food are related to Bayesian probability.
The burden of this part of the book is clearly to debunk
various historical figures, Pythagoras in particular, and the
Greeks in general.
One curious feature is the cover illustration of a monk
examining a geometric construction. There is no description
of this in the text and, surely, it would have been of interest
to note that the monk is actually Luca Pacioli, the inventor
of double entry bookkeeping?
The second part of the book starts w i t h Charles Babbage
and his calculating Engines and continues on the computing
theme to the end of the book. Perhaps, because of my o w n
special interest in this field, I found this part superficial and
irritating. Perhaps superficiality is inevitable when a large
field is to be covered in about 6 0 pages, but factual
inaccuracy is not. For example, on page 192 it is stated
that Babbage's Difference Engine was completed: it was
not. What Babbage had achieved was the construction of
a small demonstration model, the large machine has only
recently been built at the Science Museum of London.
Again, on page 198 it is implied that Babbage's son,
H.P. Babbage, completed the Analytical Engine. He did not,
although several fragments were made. On page 2 0 1 , a
Babbage 'program' for solving a 2 x 2 set of simultaneous
equations is described. It is possible that Babbage may
have produced such a program, but the method used has a
grave logical defect and will 'crash' rather frequently.
Page 217 starts w i t h a quotation which is wrongly
attributed to B.T. Bowden; it should be B.V. On page 2 3 7 ,
it is stated that early electronic computers used the decimal
system. The only one that did was the ENIAC, and this
was really a special purpose ballistic computer. All of the
von Neumann machines and their descendants were binary.
These are only a f e w of the infelicities but they are
sufficiently numerous to raise doubts about the credibility
of some of the earlier parts of the book.
The book is articulate, well produced and well illustrated.
I would recommend it as a good 'read' but not as a
scholarly source.
A.D. Booth
Autonetics Res. Assoc. Inc.
Sooke, British Columbia
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PROTON, DEEP INELASTIC
SCATTERING, by R.G. Roberts, Cambridge University Press,
1990,
pp
ix + 1 8 2 .
ISBN
0-521-35159-6;
QC793.5.P72R63. Price: $ 4 9 . 5 0 he.
After a brief (7p) introduction, the second chapter, entitled
"Structure Functions", quickly becomes very mathematical
in dealing w i t h the "Electromagnetic interaction" and the
"Weak charged current interaction". Chapter 2 ends w i t h
a brief outline of the procedure to extract structure
functions from experimental data. Chapter 2 also sets the
high-level mathematical tone for the rest of the book. The
text goes on to describe the quark-parton model in chapter
3 (Bjorken scaling, quark distributions at small and large
" x " , and polarised structure functions).
Subsequent
chapters are concerned w i t h the intricacies of "Perturbative
QCD", the Altarelli-Parisi equations, and distributions of
gluons, light quarks, and strange quarks.
This book is very well written. It can be studied for many
hours by those wishing to understand the details of current
ideas concerning the structure of the proton and deep
inelastic scattering. The curious and not-so-expert reader
can usefully spend a f e w hours, and more, perusing the
pages to gain an understanding of how this important field
is developing.
G.R. Mason
Department of Physics and Astronomy
© C A P. 1995. All rights reserved.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or
personal use, or the internal or personal use of
specific clients, is granted by the C.A.P.
The above permission does not extend to other
kinds of copying, such as copying for general
distribution, for advertising, or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for
resale. For such copying, arrangements must be
made with the publisher.
vs
'
This is a graduate level book written by one of the experts
in the field of the study of the structure of the proton. It is
written concisely and clearly; but the unfamiliar reader will
have to study each page carefully to ensure that the jargon
has sunk in before proceeding further. The subtitle Deep
Inelastic Scattering correctly indicates that the book
describes the process of extracting information about the
structure of the proton from data obtained from
experiments in which high energy electrons, muons and
neutrinos are scattered from protons. The book does not,
however, describe the experiments themselves.
1
,
Reprint Price list (B & W)
8 1 / 2 x 1 1 C o m e r Stapled (GST extra)
Add'l
Copies
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6 pages
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U
liO.io '''
67
CALL FOR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1997
INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS OLYMPIAD
Sudbury, Ontario
Department of Physics & Astronomy
Sudbury, Ontario
1 9 9 7 July
The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is an annual
international competition for senior high school students. Each
participating nation sends a team of five of its top young
physicists. The competition is intensely academic, and consists
of t w o 5-hour examinations: one theoretical (three questions)
and one experimental (one or t w o questions). In 2 1/2 years
time Canada will host the IPhO at Laurentian University in
Sudbury, ON.
The examination committee for the 1 9 9 7 IPhO are seeking the
submission of suitable questions in both theoretical and
experimental physics. A "suitable question" will:
Challenge the very brightest senior high school physics
students from around the world;
Be solvable by such students in the alloted time;
Test the students' appreciation of physics concepts,
creativity, problem solving ability and, in the case of
experimental questions, practical skills;
Be conceptually straightforward and avoid difficulty for
difficulty's sake;
Be rigorously solvable, but allowing scope for creativity;
Be divided into sections of increasing difficulty;
Be written so as to be translatable into many languages;
vs» t
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
EXPERIMENTAL SUBATOMIC PHYSICS
The Physics and Astronomy Department of Laurentian University invites
applications for a Research Associate position with the Sudbury Neutrino
Observatory Group. Underground installation of the SNO detector is
presently in progress and full operation will commence in 1996.
Accordingly the position is for an initial penod of ihree years staring in
spring 1995. The successful candidate should have a recent Ph.D. in
experimental nuclear or particle physics. Familianty with the CERN
libraries would be an asset.
Please send a letter of application, curriculum viue, and have three letters of
reference forwarded, by March 31,1995, to:
Prof. C.J. Virtue
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Sudbury, Ontario
P3E 2C6.
Laurentian University is commuted to equity in employment
and
encourages application from all qualified applicants, including vjomen,
aboriginal peoples, members of visible minorities and persons with
disabilities.
In accordance with Canadian immigration
requirements,
priority will be given to Canadian citizens and permanent residents of
Canada.
Be markable by one not necessarily fluent in the language
in which the solution is written; and
Be submitted with as complete a solution as possible.
In the case of experimental problems, it has to be possible to
create, assemble, or borrow 1 0 0 sets of apparatus ( 4 0 nations
accommodated in t w o sittings) without breaking our limited
budget.
W e draw your attention to the write-up of the examination for
the 1 9 9 3 Olympiad (held in Williamsburg, Virginia) in the
November 1 9 9 3 issue of Physics Today. These questions were
created and tested under the guidance of Tony French and met
all of the above requirements.
W e request that submissions be received by July 1, 1 9 9 5 to
give ample time for testing.
The IPhO syllabus and statutes are available by anonymous ftp
from physics.ubc.ca:
/pub/olympiad/syllabus.ipo and ...statutes.ipo
The syllabus topics are typically those of a first-year honours
course at a Canadian university.
Questions chosen will be written up in an Olympiad publication
(to be sent after the meeting to all participants) and also a
Physics in Canada article reviewing the event. Authorship will
be acknowledged.
Please submit your suggestions to:
Chris Waltham
Physics Dept., University of B.C.
Vancouver, BC V 6 T 1Z1
Tel: (604) 8 2 2 - 9 1 0 7 ; Fax: ( 6 0 4 ) 8 2 2 - 5 3 2 4
68
Physics in C a n a d a
January/February 1 9 9 5 _
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS
MPB T e c h n o l o g i e s Inc. is seeking candidates t o n o m i n a t e for
Natural Science and Egnineering C o u n c i l of Canada I n d u s t r i a l
Research Fellowships.
The Fellowships w i l l n o r m a l l y be t e n a b l e in t h e Laboratories of
MPB T e c h n o l o g i e s Inc. l o c a t e d at Dorval, Q u e b e c o r O t t a w a ,
Ontario.
Projects in w h i c h successful candidates may be i n v o l v e d i n c l u d e :
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electromagnetics a n d M i l l i m e t e i Waves
Lasers a n d Laser A p p l i c a t i o n s
Electro-optics a n d A c o u s t o - o p t i c s
Plasma, Fusion a n d Space T e c h n o l o g y
Expert Systems a n d Artificial I n t e l l i g e n c e
Robotics
Salaries a n d o t h e r benefits are t h e same as for p e r m a n e n t staff
of e q u i v a l e n t e x p e r i e n c e .
Interested recent graduates, i n d i v i d u a l s c u r r e n t l y c o m p l e t i n g
p o s t d o c t o r a t e fellowships, or candidates w h o w i l l g r a d u a t e in the
near f u t u r e w i t h a b a c k g r o u n d in physics, e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g
o r c o m p u t e r science a n d w h o are C a n a d i a n c i t i z e n s o r l a n d e d
i m m i g r a n t s are i n v i t e d t o w r i t e o r call:
Dr. M.P. Bachynski
MPB Technologies Inc.
1725 North Service Road
Trans-Canada Highway
Dorval, Quebec
CANADA, H9P 1)1
Telephone: (514) 683-1490
Fax:
(514)683-1727
Research Associate
Experimental Nuclear Physics
Chargé de recherche
Physique nucléaire expérimentale
We have an opening for a Research Associate at the TASCC Facility of AECL Research
at Chalk River, Ontario. The research activities center about the TASCC accelerator facilities (a 15 MV Tandem Accelerator and a superconducting Cyclotron booster, whose coupled operation produces heavy ion beams from lithium at 50A MeV to uranium at 10A
MeV). Research programs are available in the areas of nuclear structure at high spin, weak
interactions and exotic nuclei, heavy ion reaction mechanisms, atomic physics, accelerator
mass spectrometry, and some applications. Major experimental facilities are an Snnr-ray
spectrometer with associated particle detector array, an on-line isotope separator, a
phoswich particle detector array, a Q3D magnetic spectrometer, and the Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer, which is under construction.
Un poste de chargé de recherche est disponible à l'installation TASCC de EACL Recherche à
Qialk River en Ontario. Les activités de recherche se concentrent sur l'installation même du
TASCC (une Combinaison d'un accélérateur Tandem 15 MV et d'un cyclotron supraconducteur
qui produit des faisceaux d'ions lourds dans un évantail allant du lithium i 50A MeV i l'uranium
à 10A MeV). Les programmes de recherche portent sur la structure nucléaire en rotation rapide,
les interactions faibles et les noyeaux exotiques, les mécanismes de réaction des ions lourds, la
physique atomique, la spectrométrie de masse en accélérateur et quelques applications. Les principales installations d'essai sont un spectromètre de 8x à rayons gamma associé à un ensemble de
détecteurs de particules connecté, un séparateur d'isotopes, un ensemble de détecteurs de particules à scintillateur en sandwich, un spectromètre magnétique Q3D et le spectromètre de masse à
piège de Penning de conception canadienne qui est présentement en cours de construction.
This is a term position targeted at recent doctoral graduates. The initial one-year appointment is renewable for a second year. Salaiy range will be $42,500to $50,000 CDN.
Ce poste d'une durée déterminée s'adresse aux personnes ayant récemment obtenu un diplôme
de 3e cycle. L'affectation initiale est d'une durée d'un an renouvelable pour une deuxième année.
L'échelle de rémunération est de 42 500 à 50 000 $ canadiens.
This advertisement is primarily directed to Canadian citizens or permanent residents, but
all qualified candidates are encouraged to apply. To be eligible for employment at AECL,
candidates must satisfy immigration and security requirements. AECL has an active
employment equity program. For consideration, please forward your curriculum vitae and
publication list, quoting File No. CSP4061, and arrange for three letters of reference to be
sent, all prior to March 20,1995, to:
Cette offre s'adresse principalement aux personnes ayant la citoyenneté canadienne ou le statut
de résident permanent, mais toutes les personnes qualifiées sont invitées à postuler. Pour entrer
à l'emploi de EACL, les postulants doivent remplir les exigences d'immigration et de sécurité.
EACL a un programme actif d'équité en matière d'emploi. Pour une considération immédiate,
veuillez nous faire parvenir votre curriculum vitae et la liste de vos publications en indiquant le
numéro de dossier CSP4061 sur l'envoi et vous assurer que trois lettres de référence nous parviennent avant le 20 mars 1995.
Or. J.C. Hardy, Director of TASCC, AECL Research, Chalk RiverLabora tories, Chalk River, Ontario,
KOJ1J0.
Dr. J.C. Hardy, Directeur de TASCC, EACL Recherche, Laboratoires de Chalk River, Chalk River (Ontario) KOJ I J d
A*
AECL EACL
AECL Research
NEW ORTEC Catalog
Features Modular Pulse-Processing
Electronics and Semiconductor
Radiation Detectors
"This Isn't a Catalog.
It's a Tutor!"
The first recipient of EG&G ORTEC's new catalog,
"Modular Pulse-Processing Electronics and Semiconductor Radiation Detectors," spoke those words.
We thought they bore repeating. This "catalog" contains more tutorial information, applications advice,
and instrument selection charts for the research
scientist than anyone would expect.
Included are a myriad of new
products for pulse processing,
multichannel scaling, mass
spectrometry, LIDAR
fluorescence lifetime,
single-photon counting
radiochemistry,
picosecond timing,
and gamma-ray or
alpha-particle
spectroscopy.
Department of Physics and Engineering Physics
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Applications are invited for an appointment to a tenure stream position in the
Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan
(subject to budgetary approval), at the rank of Assistant Professor. Duties will
include u n d e r g r a d u a t e / g r a d u a t e teaching and research responsibilities at the
Plasma Physics Laboratory. Candidates must hold a Ph.D. degree or equivalent
a n d have experimental a n d / o r theoretical experience in magnetic fusion research,
preferably in tokamak research. Applications with a curriculum vitae and the
names of at least three referees should be sent before March 15,1995 to:
Dr. H.S. Caplan, Head
Department of Physics & Engineering Physics
Physics Building
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0
Canada
Request the
NEW catalog today PHONE: 800-251-9750,
FAX: 615-483-0396, or
E-mail (MCI: 709-6992: Internet: [email protected];
CompuServe: MCIMAIL:709-6992).
n EOKG
EACL R e c h e r c h e
ORTEC
In accordance with Canadian immigration requirements, this advertisement is
directed to Canadian citizens a n d permanent residents of Canada. The University
of Saskatchewan is committed to the principles of Employment Equity and
welcomes applications from all qualified candidates.
Women, people of
aboriginal descent, members of visible minorities, and people with disabilities are
invited to identify themselves as members of these designated groups on their
applications.
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La Physique au Canada I

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