Ana Brito e Melo (Research Co-ordinator, WavEC) E

Ana Brito e Melo
(Research Co-ordinator, WavEC)
E-mail: [email protected]
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Topics
Ocean Energy Resources
The Technology
Global Ocean Energy Potential – Atlas & Key Indicators
Assessing Ocean Energy Potential on a Regional Scale
Final Remarks
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Wave Energy Centre (WavEC) Identity: Scope and Associates
•
PortuguesePortuguese-based non
non--profit association for supporting the creation of a
sustainable ocean energy market; founded in 2003
Associates:
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Wave Energy Centre (WavEC): Activity fields
Due Diligence; Benchmark reports;
Potential & Feasibility Studies
300
qd(t)
250
qd(t)_small frequencies
200
qd [m 3/s]
150
100
50
0
-50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-100
-150
-200
t [s]
Pico OWC;
AWS pilot plant;
...
experimental values
Numerical
Modelling
P*
Dissemination
full-scale testing
(instantaneous
values)
PRMS
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
-0.5
-1
U*
Pico & Douro OWCs;
EC-funded project CORES
OES-IA; Technical support of
seminars; EC-funded projects:
Waveplam, AquaRET
EC-funded project EQUIMAR;
Pilot Zone Proposal
R&D on tariff &
socio-economics;
iniciative for Pilot
Zone activities
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Ocean Energy Resources
Waves: uses the kinetic energy of the water particles and
the potential energy of elevated water particles
Tidal stream: make use of kinetic energy
contained in fast flowing tidal currents (generally
found in constrained channels)
Tidal
Tidal range: make use of the potential energy
Considered by
the OES-IA
from the difference in height between high and
low tides (can be found in estuarine areas)
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): uses the
temperature differential between cold water from the deep
ocean and warm surface water
Salinity gradient: uses the pressure differential between
salt and fresh water (osmotic energy)
Marine Biomass: using micro-algae cultures to produce bio-fuel
Wind offshore:
tipically considered under Wind Resource, but in fact it is also a
Marine Energy Resource
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Technology – Wave Energy
Several devices being developed
OWC
OSCILLATING BODIES
OVERTOPPING
• At present more than 50 different concepts proposed (mostly commercial approaches)
• There is no generic type of WEC that is proving to be more successful than another
• 10
10--15 have gathered significant experience at sea; proof of concept succeeded
• Proof of viability still to bring (permanent operation with significant power levels)
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Technology – Marine Current Energy
Several devices being developed
Vertical axis turbines
Horizontal axis turbines
Oscillating Hydrofoils
Venturi devices
• Still wide range of technological concepts being developed
• Early stage of development, only a small number of devices approaching the
commercial demonstration stage
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Technology – Tidal Energy (tidal range)
Tidal barrages - commercial stage
Tidal lagoons - conceptual stage
• Requires large scale infrastructures
• Interfere significantly with environment controversial
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Technology – OTEC
Two working principles
Diagram of the Closed-cycle OTEC process.
(Source: NREL)
Diagram of the open-cycle OTEC process.
(Source: NREL)
• Series of experimental studies and pilot plants built – 1970s
1970s--1990s
• Recent efforts have shown a widespread interest in reviving OTEC
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Technology – Osmotic Power (Salinity gradient)
• Of all the technologies considered, is the least mature
• Two working principles:
Reverse Electrodialysis (RED)
freshwater and saline water are
separated using a selective ion
membrane -> technical operation has
been confirmed in the laboratory
Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO)
freshwater and saline water are
separated using a semi-permeable
membrane -> 1st pilot plant operating
since January 2009 in Norway (the
development of an efficient membrane for
osmotic power has been the major focus of
the efforts made by Statkraft)
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Estimated Global Resource
Resource
Ocean wave
Tidal
TWh/y
8,000 - 80,000 (1,2)
300+
Source: Prepared by the OES-IA to the IEA
Workshop Priorities for Augmented Renewable
Energy R&D, IEA, Paris, 3 March 2005
Katrina Polaski & Philippe Schild
Marine current
800+ (5)
Salinity
2,000 (6)
• Also adopted in:
OTEC
10,000 (7)
IEA (2006), Renewable Energy: RD&D Priorities,
Insights from the IEA Technology Programmes
1. Isaacs and Seymore, 1973
2. WEC, 1993
5. Boud, 2003
6. Aaberg, 2004
7. Saga University, 2003
OES-IA report (2006), Review and analysis of
ocean energy systems development and
supporting policies
OES-IA Reports in general (since 2006)
Key Note Paper for the IPCC Scoping (2008)
Ocean Energy: Position paper for IPCC,
By H. Soerensen and A. Weinstein
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Global Wave Energy Resource Atlas
WorldWaves database (2005) - Fugro OCEANOR
Based on:
10-years of 6 hourly wave and wind parameter; for 10,000 offshore grid points on a 0.5º grid
Data from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range weather Forecast) global WAM model
• Most energetic areas:
between 4040-60º
Resource expressed in annual average power [kW/m] parallel to
coastline
World wave energy potential in kW/m wave crest length
(source: European Thematic Network on Wave Energy)
Fugro OCEANOR
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Global Distribution of Tidal Range
Source: “The Role of Advanced Hydropower and Ocean Energy in
Upcoming Energy Legislation”, Washington, DC, 08 June 2007,
George Hagerman
Source: Coordinated Action on Offshore Energy:
Ocean Energy Conversion in Europe - Recent
advancements and prospects, Centre for
Renewable Energy Sources, Greece 2006
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Tidal Dissipation on Continental Shelves
• Globally, tidal dissipation on continental shelves has been estimated at 2.5 TW
• If 11-2% of this could be tapped for power generation, tidal power could
deliver 200200-400 TWh/y
TWh/y
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Global Seewater Temperature
• OTEC resource covers an area exceeding 100 million km2 across tropical oceans
Source: Xenesys Inc.
• OTEC economically feasible: requires minimum differential temperatures of 15º
15º
between warm surface seawater and deep cold seawater
• Warm surface seawater is between 25 – 29º
Deep cold seawater remains stable at 4 – 5º
This means there is some 20º difference in temperature between the two, which
offers the basic needs for OTEC application
• Favourable OTEC regions are for the most part far offshore from any land (best
places: tropical locations with steep bathymetries)
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Worlwide salinity power potential – key indicators
• It requires both the availability of salt and fresh water
• Energy potential from osmotic power depending on freshwater flow:
River
Average flow, m3/s
Power Production, GWh
Small local stream
10
88
Namsen (Norway)
290
2560
It requires the availability of both freshwater and saltwater – this
Rhine
(Germany)
2200
19520
limits
the areas where plants
can be set up
Mississippi (USA)
18000
160000
Source: UN Atlas of the Oceans
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Ocean Energy Potential – Regional scale
A few examples
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Scale of the resource assessment
• When discussing energy potential it is important to clearly define the
limitations included
Theoretical Resource - A top level statement of the energy
contained in the entire resource
Technical Resource - The proportion of the theoretical resource
that can be exploited based on existing technologies
Practicable Resource - The proportion of the technical
resource that can be exploited after removal of
physically impracticable areas for deployment
Accessible Resource - What can be exploited after
consideration of external constrains (competing
uses, environmental protected areas, etc)
Economic Resource - In general only part of
the Accessible Resource may be
commercially attractive at a particular point
in time depending on market conditions
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Wave energy potential - in waters around the EU
WERATLAS – European Wave
Energy Resource Atlas (1996)
Based on:
• 41 rather widely spaced grid
points in the Atlantic (and a
similar number in the
Mediterranean)
• ECMWF WAM model results
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Ocean Energy Resource Atlas – regional scale
UK
Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources (2004; 2008)
Commissioned by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
Consortium led by ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)
to spatially map wave, tidal and offshore wind resource potential
within the limits of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS).
Based on: UK Met Office model (UKMO), 12 km grid over 7 years
Free version GIS version and PDF maps at:
http://www.renewables-atlas.info/
Ireland
Acessible Wave Energy Resource Atlas: Ireland (2005)
The Marine Institute and SEI commissioned ESBI to complete an
atlas of the wave energy resource in Irish waters (theoretical,
technical and practicable)
Based on: WAM wave forecast model (Irish grid of 724
points surrounding the country) and recent measurements at six
recording buoys
Free version GIS version and PDF report at:
http://www.maps.marine.ie/wave/default.aspx
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Ocean Energy Resource Atlas – regional scale
USA
EPRI’s U.S. Offshore Wave Energy Resource Map
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has
issued a series of reports on the wave energy
potential of selected sites
Canada
Canada Ocean Energy Atlas (Phase 1)
Potential Tidal Current Energy Resources
Prepared For: Canadian Hydraulics Centre as part of a
contract for Natural Resources Canada
Prepared By: Triton Consultants Ltd.
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Tidal and Wave Energy Resource Assessment
estimating the amount of energy that could be exploited - approaches
OES IA publication
(public available since Oct 2009)
A. Cornett (2008), Guidance for Assessing
Tidal Current Energy Resources
Report by NRC-CHC for the OES IA Annex II
Task 1.2 Generic and site related tidal data
OES IA publication
T. Pontes and A. Candelária (2007), Wave
Data Catalogue for Resource Assessment
Overview of the available wave data
appropriate for assessing and
characterizing the wave energy resource
EMEC (UK)
Assessment of Tidal Energy Resource (2009)
Assessment of Wave Energy Resource (2009)
SEI (Ireland)
Tidal & Current Energy Resource
in Ireland (2004)
EPRI (USA)
G. Hagerman and B. Polagye (2007)
Methodology for estimating Tidal
currents Energy Resources and Power
Production by Tidal In-Stream Energy
Conversion (TISEC) Devices
Canmet (Canada)
A. Cornett (2006) Inventory of
Canada’s Marine Renewable Energy
Resources
Results of studies conducted to
quantify and map Canada’s wave
and tidal currents resource
TC 114 Marine energy - Wave, tidal and other water current converters
Working Document Part 3: Wave and tidal energy resource characterization and assessment
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Final remarks
Ocean Energy Resource Assessment is the first step enabling decisiondecision-making
for device developers, to know how much is available and where it is accessible
Resource potential assessment needs to be refined and extended
Measurement technologies & earth observation satellites have improved
The identification of sites with resource development potential requires detailed
description of a combination of factors. It is important to understand the
technologies, to help guide the resource assessment process in its collection of
relevant information
Some site specific wave & tidal resource quantification efforts have been
undertaken at several countries
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Final remarks – initiatives/potential collaborations?
European level: EU-OEA
“There is a need for a coordinated action in assessing and collating the resources
and environments in the seas around the EU Member States.”
Source: EU-OEA’s response to the European Commission’s Green Paper
(COM(2006)275 Final) “Towards a future Maritime Policy for the Union: A European
vision for the oceans and seas”
International level: OES-IA
“An International Vision for Ocean Energy”
Document to be published during 2010 by the OES-IA with inputs from all Members
Key sections: Ocean Energy Resources, Technologies and Market developmet
This document will try to provide key figures by pulling together existing figures from
national and regional studies. In a next step, the extractable energy will be estimated,
supported by existing case studies where detailed calculations were made.
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo
Thank you
05.11.2009, Paris; Ana Brito Melo