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Revista Geama (ISSN 2447-0740) | Oliveira et al. (2016)
Revista GEAMA
The Journal of environment
Artigo científico
Land cover classification and change analysis in Recife-PE
municipality using unsupervised classification
Tiago Henrique de Oliveira M.Sc a*, Josiclêda Domiciano Galvíncio Ph.D.b, Rejane
Magalhães de Mendonça Pimentel Ph.D.c
aPrograma
de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de
Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.
bDepartamento de Ciências Geográficas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.
c Departamento Biologia/Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.
________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Rapid land use changes and land cover in urban environments have large impacts
on the relationship between energy and water cycles on the surface. Remote sensing
techniques allow the distinction and categorization of objects in the physical and
spatial point of view. The objective of this research is to quantify the land use change
and land cover in the municipality of Recife-PE by unsupervised classification in
multi-temporal images of the satellite Landsat 5. Was used eight images sensor
Thematic Mapper (TM), Orbit and point 214/65-66 aboard the Landsat 5 satellite,
obtained from National Institute for Space Research (INPE) with dates of passage
on May 9, 1987, September 28, 1989, June 14, 1991, 8 September 2005, August 26,
2006, July 28, 2007, September 6, 2010 and September 25, 2011. The images were
recorded, orthorectified and underwent deletion of shadow and cloud . Soon after
they passed radiometric calibration and computation of reflectance. Among the main
results can be cited decreased vegetation cover and consolidation of the urban area
as well as the preservation of large plant fragments, like the Matas da Várzea,
Curado, Barro, Jardim Uchôa e Dois Irmãos. Become important to the maintenance
and preservation of the remaining vegetated areas, especially in more densely
populated areas of the city of Recife.
Keywords: ISODATA, LANDSAT, population growth
INTRODUCTION
Currently the studies of land use and land cover
influence on the type and condition of terrestrial
vegetation, but at the same time may be affected
has gained great prominence in several surveys
as
conducted by the world. Rapid land use changes
anthropogenic land use."
a
result
of
natural
changes
and/or
and land cover in urban environments have large
By using Geographic Information System (GIS),
impacts on the relationship between energy and
its possible perform the interconnection of land use
water cycles on the surface. Silva et al. (2010)
mapping and soil cover with several other products
allege [...] " the weather and climate have a great
obtained through remote sensing and associates
Revista Geama, v.6, n.1, jul.-set., 2016.
Received: May 24, 2016 | Approved: June 26, 2016.
132
them to knowledge of the weather and climatic
According Pauleit et al., (2005) factors such as
conditions.
surface temperature, flow of rainwater and carbon
For the urban environment, Novack (2009)
sequestration are directly affected by land cover
allege that remote sensing techniques allow the
characteristics such as density of buildings and
distinction and categorization of objects in point of
distribution of green areas in urban areas, that in
view physical and spatial. But indirectly, and with
most cases have to be very fragmented.
a degree of imprecision, enables the collection of
Nucci (2001) alegam, através de seus estudos, a
information on the social and dynamic practices
conFigureção espacial da cobertura vegetal e sua
that occur in the territory and in a way
quantificação adequada pode ser utilizado como
individualize land use.
instrumento e parâmetros para avaliação da
Pielke et al. (2002) allege that several work has
qualidade ambiental em áreas urbanas. For Junior
shown that changes in land cover provides an
& Amorim (2009) the use and occupation of urban
additional amount of force to the climate, by the
land are perhaps the main defining urban
changes of the physical properties of the Earth's
environmental quality. Is necessary, therefore, be
surface. Authors such as Zhao and Jackson (2014)
adjusted and directed the forms of occupations. For
and Bright et al. (2016) observed what changes in
this the government has mechanisms such as the
surface albedo can be compared, for example,
use of the municipal director plan, the zoning and
emissions of greenhouse gases.
the law of land use and occupation.
But changes in vegetation cover can directly
Studies by Moreira & Galvíncio (2007) and
modify the surface heat flux, requiring new forms
Oliveira
of approaches to correct quantification of the
environmental changes that have occurred in Boa
impacts of the use and soil cover in climate.
Viagem, Recife - PE along 19 years, and found a
Similarly, it is necessary studies analyzing the
marked decrease in vegetation areas due to the
perspective of the influence that local or regional
expansion urban and consequently the increase in
changes may impact on the global climate system
surface temperature values. They identified the
over time.
formation of heat islands in various parts of the
The
major
advances
coming
from
space
technology has enabled the availability of satellite
et
al.,
(2010)
demonstrate
the
district to the images used.
Another
consequence
of
rapid
urban
products for different scales and resolutions. Thus
densification, cited by Garcia (1999), [...] "is the
various theoretical concepts and methodologies
replacement of natural surface for various types
have been developed to study land use cover [...]
and shapes of buildings, forming a compact and
"allowing the management of appropriation of
dense set, with the most varied types of coating
global geographical area or site, and combining the
and properties physical." Is created a roughness
whole vision of land use and coating soil with the
which promotes changes in air movement at the
environmental concern" (IBGE, 2006).
surface and causes changes in urban radiation
Authors such as Chen et al., (2006), Guo et al.,
gradient influencing the temperature of the air.
(2015), Sun et al., (2016) and Tian et al., (2016)
Another implication of urban density its a
prove through studies in various cities of the world,
decreased of infiltration caused by waterproofed
the consequences of the lack of urban planning
areas, especially in periods of high rainfall
application and disorderly densification process.
(FENDRICH & IWASA, 1998). Tucci (2000) allege
133
that an inhabitant produces on average an
of Recife (RMR), which provides you a demographic
impervious area of 49m² in a watershed. The 10%
density 6,989 inhabitants/km² (Censo IBGE,
increase in impervious area is approximately 100%
2010).
increase in the flood coefficient and the volume of
runoff.
Currently, the urban area of the municipality is
divided into 94 districts, 18 microregion and six
For Freitas (2005) [...] "often to evaluate
Political-Administrative Regions (RPA), the RPA 2
retrospectively the urbanization can be necessary
its a most densely occupied. According to Köppen
observe
constructive
(1948) the climate of Recife is the type As' (hot and
densification and environmental degradation, and
humid), with high temperatures and winter and
often this approach difficult the consideration of
autumn rains. The vegetation is composed of
other possibilities, such as the vision of sustainable
remnants of Atlantic Forest.
compact city with quality of life.”
2. Radiometric data
two
processes:
the
The same author also states that the urban
density
when
combined
images
of
the
Thematic
Mapper
environmental
(TM)sensor of orbit and points 214/65-66 aboard
sustainability does not have serious consequences
the Landsat 5 satellite, obtained from the Imaging
for the urban environment. To this end, it
Division (DGI) of the National Institute for Space
mentions that it is necessary to carry out
Research (INPE) were used. The satellite passage
distribution and consolidation of vegetated areas
dates in the study area occurred on May 9, 1987,
and a larger spacing between buildings, allowing a
September 28, 1989, June 14, 1991, September 8,
greater
2005, August 26, 2006, July 28, 2007, 6 September
wind
with
Eight
permeability
in
the
urban
environment. The vegetated areas in urban
2010 and 25 September 2011, Figure 2.
environment, in turn, play an important role in the
The criterion of choice used to obtain these
infiltration of rainwater and maintenance of
images was the lowest cloud cover, which prevents
favorable weather conditions.
the use of hundreds of images of Recife region. The
In this light, the aim of this research is to
TM sensor was launched aboard the satellites
quantify the land use change and land cover in the
Landsat 4 and Landsat 5, and has adequate
municipality
unsupervised
spectral separation to its main purpose, namely to
classification in multitemporal Landsat 5 satellite
offer subsidies for thematic mapping in the area of
images.
natural resources.
of
Recife-PE
by
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Study area
The city of Recife (Figure 1), the state capital of
This sensor remained active in the satellite
Landsat 5 operating with 7 spectral bands that
encompass the regions of the visible, near infrared,
Pernambuco, is located in the northeastern coast
medium
and
thermal,
having
finished
and occupies a central position, 800 km from two
operations in early 2012 due to system failures.
its
other regional cities, Salvador and Fortaleza,
Data from TM sensor were used in research and
disputing with them the strategic sphere of
definitions of methods in broad areas of scientific
influence in the region (PCR, 2012). It has an area
knowledge and had singular importance for the
of 218.50 km² and a population of 1,537,704
evolution of the techniques developed and used in
inhabitants, corresponding to 17.48% of the state
the worldwide remote sensing (EMBRAPA, 2009).
population, and 41.63% of the Metropolitan Region
134
Figure 1. Map of the Political-Administrative Regions (RPA) in the city of Recife, Pernambuco state capital. Source: Oliveira, T.H.
(2012).
The Landsat satellite mode operation enables to
of these targets with the values of other targets
acquire satellite imagery of much of the earth's
observed in Recife, preventing an erroneous
surface, and it is possible to obtain images from
interpretation of the results in several indices,
different times which allows the realization of
such as vegetation index and surface temperature.
multi-temporal research and the use change
Thus, after classification, the clouds values and
monitoring and coverage solo around the world.
cloud shadow had the same value throughout the
image, making it possible to exclude them in each
3. Preprocessing steps of satellite images Landsat
index and remove these values of statistical
After downloading the images to be used, all
analysis and tables to be generated. Through
bands of each Landsat scene were stacked and
Figure 3 its can observe the flowchart of
geometrically corrected, based on the image
preprocessing of the images.
orthorectified provided by Landsat 8. Later was
Through observation of meteorological data
made the exclusion of digital figures the clouds and
available in the PCD Recife (observed from the
cloud
supervised
year 2000, and made available by the Centro de
classification, given that the area of Recife has a
Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos –
high incidence of clouds, which makes it infeasible
CPTEC/INPE), it was verified the occurrence of
the use of dozens of images to over the past 25
precipitation in the days preceding the day of
years. This avoids the confusion of digital numbers
imaging of the 2005 images to 2011.
shadows
by
performing
a
135
Figure 2. Images used in carrying out the research and distribution of clouds and shadow of clouds in the satellite passing day.
Source: Oliveira, T. H. (2012).
136
But the years 2005 and 2007 showed high
rainfalls index for the month in which the image
was taken, which may explain the higher incidence
of clouds among the images used.
Figure 3. Flowchart preprocessing of the images. Source: Oliveira, T.H (2012).
At the end of processing the image was cropped
intensity of pixel (integer value between 0 and 255)
to the limit of the study area, to improve
will correspond to the bands (1, 2, ..., 7) of the
visualization of the spatial dynamics that took
satellites Landsat 5 and 7. The calibration
place on site. Given that the city of Recife is located
coefficients for TM images are proposed by
at different points (points 65 and 66) of the 214
Chander and Markham (2003).
Landsat orbit . All pre-processing and computation
of the indices was made with the separate images.
Each index generated at the end of the process was
mosaic into a image.
utilizanda
the
methodology
proposed by Allen et al. (2002), widely used by
several authors (BASTIAANSSEN et al., 1998a,b;
SILVA et al., 2005; OLIVEIRA et al., 2010).
 i 
 .Li
K i . cos Z .d r
(2)
where Lλi is the spectral radiance of each band,
Kλi is the spectral solar irradiance in each band at
solar zenith angle and dr is the square of the ratio
Radiometric calibration or spectral radiance
(Equation 1) consists in converting the gray level
of each pixel and band in monochrome radiance,
that is the reflected solar energy per unit area,
time, solid angle and length wave, measured at the
satellite in the bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7. For the
thermal band, this is the radiance radiation
emitted by each pixel and is used to obtain surface
temperature. The radiance of each pixel, and the
band was obtained by the equation proposed by
Markham and Baker (1987):
between the average distance earth - sun (ro) and
the Earth-Sun distance (r) at a given day of the
year (DSA).
5. Classification of land use and cover in the city of
Recife
In view of the need to better observe the
changes spatiotemporal of use and land cover and
perform the quantification of each class, the TM
images used, it was decided to hold a unsupervised
classification
for
the
spatial
area
of
the
municipality.
(1)
where a and b are the minimum and maximum
spectral radiances (Wm-2SR 1μm-1), ND is the
obtained by the equation (ALLEN et al., 2002 ):
the top of the atmosphere (Wm-2 uM-1), Z is the
Radiometric calibration
b a
Li  ai  i i ND
255
 i ) is defined
the surface and the incident solar radiation flux,
To obtain the letters of spectral radiance and
was
Reflectance (Eq. 2) of each band (
as the ratio of the solar radiation flux reflected by
4. Obtaining reflectance
reflectance
Reflectance
Thus we used the Unsupervised Classification
tool available in ENVI 4.5 program. As a statistical
method we used the Classifier ISODATA (Iterative
137
Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique) where
identified as rivers, streams, canals and other
several studies (COSTA & SOUZA JR., 2005;
bodies of water linear, or ponds and weirs.
GALVÃO & MENEZES, 2005; JR & ALMEIDA,
Cloud and shade: pixels related to cloud and
2010) obtained good results for medium spatial
cloud shadow with different degree of density that
resolution images.
may damage the rating.
As recommended by the authors (NEW 1989;
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
WATRIN & ROCHA, 1992 and VENTURIERI,
1996) was used the combination of bands 3-4-5
RGB (red bands, Infrared near and medium
Through unsupervised classification (Isodata),
infrared, respectively) for the Landsat satellite.
held in the studied images, you can see more easily
Altogether they were defined five categories of land
the spatiotemporal evolution of the use and land
use and occupation for the city of Recife classified
cover in the city of Recife (Figure 4). Note that the
conform the Technical Manual of Land Use (IBGE,
vegetation observed in the 1987 image was
2006):
gradually diminished when compared to images
Urban area: [...] "include areas of intensive use,
current, especially in areas that were sparser, in
system,
the case of RPA 1, 2 and 6. These areas as well as
dominated non-agricultural artificial surfaces. Are
large areas of exposed soil observed mainly in the
included in this category [...] areas of roads,
RPA 4, 5 and 6 between the images 1987 and 1991,
services and transport, energy, communications
began to give way, in most cases, new industrial
and associated land areas occupied by industrial
areas and / or more consolidated urban areas.
structured
by
buildings
and
road
and commercial complexes and institutions, may
When observing the images from 2005 to 2011
in some cases find themselves isolated from urban
is visualized a much more consolidated urban area
areas. The urbanized areas can be continuous,
with the permanence of some small fragments of
where the non-linear areas of vegetation are
more spacialized sized vegetation tree in the city,
exceptional, or discontinuous, where vegetated
as well as the forest fragments, such as Matas da
areas occupy more significant surfaces. "(IBGE,
Várzea, Curado, Barro, Jardim Uchôa e Dois
2006).
Irmãos, for example, located further north and
Vegetation: [...] "area that had any kind of
west, which from Law of use and occupation of land
vegetation comprising a set of forest, ranging from
of 1996 began to enjoy greater protection to its
original forests and fields (primary) and modified
classification as environmental conservation units.
to
secondary
spontaneous
shrub,
Thus it can be said that the increase in the
herbaceous and / or gramíneo-woody in various
number of housing units, mainly influenced by
successional stages of development, spread over
population growth, has been following the most
different
central area of the city to the more peripheral
geographical
forests,
environments
and
situations. "(IBGE, 2006).
areas as areas of hills to the north (RPA 2) and
Soil exposed: includes natural soil areas
south of the city ( the RPA 6) and areas located in
without vegetation, with little or too much
the neighborhoods of Lowland and Caxangá,
moisture and area and shape variably;
Figures 5 and 6, respectively, which in some cases
Water: water bodies with spatial representation
for the resolution of the sensor used, can be
entailed the removal of vegetation and soil sealing.
.
138
Figure 4. Spatio temporal evolution of land use and occupation in the city of Recife for the images used. Source: Oliveira, T.H (2012).
139
For Caxangá the population growth was 4.12%
pressing areas of preservation of the neighborhood
per year of the period 1991 to 2000. The high
", can be seen in Figure 7, given that over 50% of
population increase that the Metropolitan Region
the district's area is occupied by the Nature
of Recife has suffered in recent decades came to
Conservation
influence the urbanization of these areas, as noted
Várzea/Curado.
Unit
(UCN)
of
Várzea
and
by SOUZA et al. (2006) through the analysis
A study conducted by the Polis Institute (2009)
supported for the Census data - IBGE. In the case
showed that policy to eradicate mocambos held in
of Várzea neighborhood, Cavalcanti et al. (2008,
the 40s of the last century, promoted the removal
p.101), through social study carried out in all
of 12,000 shacks located in the center of Recife and
districts of Recife, warned that the Lowland
[...] "most of the families who occupied the area
neighborhood had a population growth of 2.05%
surrounding
per annum during the period 1991-2000, and "this
neighboring municipalities and the hills of the
reality indicates the presence of settlements
north of the city (INSTITUTO POLIS, 2009).
the
central
area
migrated
to
Figure 5. Increase in the number of housing units and removal of vegetation near the forest Lowland, Várzea neighborhood – Recife
– PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H (2012).
140
Figure 6. Increase in the number of housing units and removal of vegetation in the neighborhood of Caxangá – Recife – PE. Source:
Oliveira, T.H (2012).
Figure 7. Anthropic pressure area surrounding the Forest of Várzea, Várzea neighborhood – Recife – PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H
(2012).
141
Cont. Figure 7. Anthropic pressure area surrounding the Forest of Várzea, Várzea neighborhood – Recife – PE. Source: Oliveira,
T.H (2012).
Viewing the table 1 can be observed the values
of resident population and a strong population
Metropolitan Region of Recife for the years 70, 80,
90 and 2000 of the last century.
growth in the city of Recife in relation to the
Table 1. Quantitative population in Recife and the Metropolitan Area (M.R.) of Recife.
Residente Population
Local
Population
Increase
Population
Increase
Population
Increase
Population
1970
1970-80
1980
1980-90
1991
1990-2000
2000
Recife
1.060.701
143.198
1.203.899
94.330
1.298.229
124.676
1.422.905
Recife M.R.
1.827.173
568.169
2.395.342
524.655
2.919.981
417.583
3.337.565
Source: Modified of SOUZA et al. (2006)
Already by Table 2 is possible to observe the
population
distribution
for
each
Political
inhabitants in the years 1991 and 2000. The other
RPAs
showed
progressive
increase
of
the
Administrative Region for Census 1991, 2000 and
population for the three censuses. The largest
2010. Note that the RPA 1, although more
increases in the number of inhabitants occurred in
consolidated, showed a decrease in the number of
the RPA 6.
Table 2. Quantity of population in the city of Recife for Political Administrative Regions.
RPA
Residente Population
1991
RECIFE
2000
difference of the
2010
1.298.229
1.422.905
1.537.704
RPA 1 - Center
83.010
78.098
RPA 2 - North
197.710
RPA 3 - Northwest
difference of the
population
population
(1991-2000)
(2000-2010)
124.676
114.799
78.114
-4.912
16
205.986
221.234
8.276
15.248
258.096
283.525
312.981
25.429
29.456
RPA 4 - West
222.936
253.015
278.947
30.079
25.932
RPA 5 - South-west
231.523
248.483
263.778
16.960
15.295
RPA 6 - South
304.954
353.798
382.650
48.844
28.852
SOURCE: IBGE, Census of 1991, Census of 2000 e Census of 2010.
As a result of rapid urban densification, Garcia
various types and shapes of buildings, forming a
(1999) cites the replacement of natural surface for
compact and dense set, with the most varied types
142
of coating and various physical properties. Thus
class between the years 1987 and 2005, Figure 4,
forms a roughness which promotes changes in air
to the neighborhood of Cohab, for example.
movement at the surface, which causes changes in
urban
radiation
gradient
influencing
Through the graph, Figure 8, you can see the
the
changes in the values of the main uses and
temperature of the air. The Instituto Polis (2009)
coverage of the city of Recife. It is noticeable how
states that the city outskirts, densely populated,
the exposed soil area was increasing between 1987
exhibited high growth rates in the years 1991-
and 1991 and the subsequent decline from the year
2000, as [...] "Cohab (39%), Barro (57%) ,
2005 to almost 1/3 of the area shown in previous
Macaxeira (71%), Passarinho (76%) and Caçote
years.
(77%) " which can be viewed by expanding urban
Figure 8. Temporal variation graph of the urban area, exposed soil and vegetation of Recife in square kilometers (Km²). Source:
140.00
Área (km²)
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
1987
1989
Área Urbana
1991
Solo Exposto
2005
Vegetação
These areas pass, in most of cases by a process
of expansion in the number of
buildings,
as
seen
for
residential
example
in
2006
the
neighborhoods of Peixinhos, Santo Amaro and
2007
2010
2011
Corpos hídricos, sombra e nuvem
events with precipitation exceeding 30mm. Thus
occurred the gradual reduction of green areas
inside the lots which ultimately produce greater
pressure on drainage public infrastructure.
Campo Grande, Figure 9, and expansion or
Nobrega (2016) conducted a study aimed at
implementation of new industries, as noted in
investigating the efieitos of use changes and land
neighborhood
Another
cover in a sub-basin of the Jamari River, located in
implication of urban density its a decreased of
the Brazilian Amazon basin. Using realistic
infiltration
areas,
scenarios of deforestation observed increase in
especially in periods of high rainfall (FENDRICH
surface runoff and decreased evaporation and
& IWASA, 1998).
infiltration for the model used.
Curado,
caused
by
Figure
10.
waterproofed
Research conducted by Oliveira et al (2015)
Tucci (2000) allege that an inhabitant produces
found increased waterproofing large areas and
on average an impervious area of 49m² in a
decreased of permeable soil and/or green areas in
watershed. The 10% increase in impervious area is
the neighborhood of Santo Amaro, Recife - PE,
approximately
which comes influence the number of flooding
coefficient and the volume of runoff.
100%
increase
in
the
flood
Figure 9. Decreased of soil areas exposed and residential constructive densification in Santo Amaro neighborhoods, Peixinhos and
Campo Grande – Recife – PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H (2012).
143
Figure 10. Decrease in bare soil areas and expansion of industrial areas in the neighborhood of Curado – Recife - PE. Source:
The spatial distribution of small areas with
limited the occupation of some areas of these
vegetation cover presence was also decreasing
districts, allowing that established vegetation
spatially, especially in neighborhoods of RPA RPA
there develops a greater biomass.
2 and 3 (Figure 11). The steep slopes in some places
of the RPA 2 is presented as one of the factors that
144
Figure 11. Decrease in vegetation cover in the neighborhoods of Nova Descoberta and Vasco da Gama – Recife - PE. Source: Oliveira,
T.H (2012).
Through Table 3 is possible to observe the
temporal change of the built and waterproofed
Figure 12. Decreased vegetation cover in areas of RPA-2, Recife
– PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H (2012).
areas and vegetated areas for RPA 1, 2 and 6.
Because of the high incidence of cloud cover in the
areas that comprise the RPA 3, 4 and 5, was
preferable not to use the values obtained for the
same. However, through Table 4, it is noted that
the vegetated areas have been decreasing in this
RPA, especially in the RPA 2, while the urban area
was densifying each year.
Thus for RPA 6 it can be seen that in 1987, the
vegetation occupied about 27.68% of total area of
RPA and in 2011 began to occupy just over 21%.
Figure 13. Distribution of vegetation in areas with steep slopes
in the area RPA-2, Recife – PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H (2012).
Already constructed area from 26.14% in 1987 to
63.68% in 2011. For the RPA 2 the increased
urbanized area was considerable, from 49.45% in
1987 to 82.83% occupancy the RPA area in 2011.
With respect to the vegetated area there was a
decrease in the area from 42.29% in 1987 to 12.97%
in 2011, Figure 12. Most of these vegetation areas
is located in areas of high gradient, which prevents
the occupation of these areas, Figure 13.
145
Cont. Figure 13. Distribution of vegetation in areas with steep
slopes in the area RPA-2, Recife – PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H
(2012).
Cont. Figure 13. Distribution of vegetation in areas with steep
slopes in the area RPA-2, Recife – PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H
(2012).
Table 3. Built area values and vegetated area for RPA 1, 2 and 6 (Km²).
RPA 11
RPA 22
Image
Urban area
Vegetated
Urban area
area
09-05-1987
7,04
2,21
7,32
28-09-1989
8,02
1,03
9,11
14-06-1991
6,06
2,81
7,11
08-09-2005
9,75
1,15
12,01
26-08-2006
9,47
1,28
11,39
28-07-2007
9,69
1,38
11,19
06-09-2010
9,41
1,42
11,78
25-09-2011
8,41
1,85
12,26
Vegetated
area
6,26
3,80
5,86
2,39
2,63
1,94
2,65
1,92
RPA 63
Urban area
11,00
15,34
12,31
24,83
24,34
24,57
25,54
26,8
Vegetated
area
11,65
9,76
13,54
9,93
10,18
10,80
9,82
8,87
1 The
RPA 1 has a total area of 15,25 Km². 2 The RPA 2 has a total area of 14,80 Km². 3 The RPA 6 has a total area of 42,08 Km². Source: Oliveira, T.H
(2012)
For RPA 1, the area known as the Expanded
Center of the city of Recife, technical convention
it more difficult the vegetal supression aiming at
the change in the pattern of use.
adopted by Recife City Hall delimiting the center
Yet other areas such as the Graveyard Senhor
on Avenida Agamenon comprising the districts of
Bom Jesus of Redemption (marker 5), also known
Recife, Boa Vista, Santo Antonio, São Jose, Santo
as Santo Amaro cemetery lost part of the vegetated
Amaro, Ilha do Leite and Cabanga, there were no
area that contained, as can be seen between
major changes in the values of vegetated areas and
September 1989 and September 2010 images,
building area when compared to other RPA's, due
Figure 14.
to high consolidation of much of its area, including
For Morero et al. (2007) in Brazilian cities there
the location of several historic buildings. The
is a economy space for green/leisure areas, despite
vegetated area decreased from 14.49% in 1987 to
the studies conducted by the Brazilian Academy
12.13% in 2011. The urban occupation went from
demonstrate the importance of these areas, which
46.16% in 1987 to 55.14% in 2011.
according to the author "comes to deteriorate the
Through Figure 14 can see that most of the
quality of life of the inhabitants." Similarly
vegetated areas located in RPA 1 is distributed in
Caporusso and Matias (2008) state that green
public areas such as the Treze de maio Park
areas have not shown the same growth when
(Marker 1), Tiradentes Squares (Marker 2) and the
compared to urban areas, and in most cases are
Republica Squares (Marker 3) and the Campo das
presented only as an expression of landscape
Princesas Palace (Marker 4 and Figure 15) making
design and local characteristics (VIEIRA, 2004).
146
Figure 14. Indication of some of the main public areas located in the Central region expanded – Recife - PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H
(2012).
Figure 15. Distribuição da vegetação em áreas públicas do município do Recife – PE. Source: Oliveira, T.H (2012).
Costa (2004, p. 68), in a study conducted in the
Vieira & Biondi (2008) found a decrease in
region of Piracicaba (SP) with aerial photo
vegetation cover in the city of Curitiba, from 39%
mosaics, shows the reduction of green areas as a
to 30% of the territory between the years 1986 and
result of high urban growth between 1960 and
2004. This decrease occurred as a result of the
1990. The author states that since 1980 has
process
increased the need to "invest in green areas within
Administrative of city.
the consolidated urban area and the preservation
of
urban
growth
in
all
regional
For Carvalho (2001, p. 231) the vegetation has
of natural sites in the urban environment" in the
significant
region.
mitigation process of the urban environment by
benefits,
"especially
in
climate
147
creating pleasant microclimate that contributes
The second and third author are Fellows of CNPq
significantly to the environmental comfort and
Productivity.
well-being
of
the
population."
It
becomes
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