docestadu de direitu no demokratíka haforsa lei hodi
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estadu de direitu no demokratíka haforsa lei hodi
HAFORSA LEI HODI HAMETIN ESTADU DE DIREITU NO DEMOKRATÍKA Produs husi : Asosiasaun HAK Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 (Versaun Tetun no Ingles) Rua Governador Serpa Rosa, Farol, Dili, Timor-Leste, Telp. 3313323 email: [email protected], web: www.haktl.org Haforsa Lei hodi Hametin Estadu de Direitu no Demokratika (Relatoriu Direitus Umanus 2013) Produs husi: Asosiasaun HAK Rua Governador Serpa Rosa, Farol, Dili, Timor-Leste, Telp. 3313323 email: [email protected], web: www.haktl.org Figura: Letratu husi livriñu ICRC & Manual Treinamentu UNMIT Suporta husi: 1. Unidade Asesoria Direitus Umanus ONU nia ba Timor-Leste 2. Embaisada Estadus Unidus Amerika ba Timor-Leste 3. MISERIOR Note: Produsaun relatoriu Asosiasaun HAK nian ne’e, hetan apoiu husi ajensia sira iha leten ne’e maibe kontiudu relatoriu laos hanoin husi ajensia sira ne’e. Kontiudu tomak relatoriu ne’e hanoin Asosiasaun HAK nian rasik. Kontiudu I. Kona-ba HAK......................................................................................................................3 Vizaun no Misaun.....................................................................................................................................................4 Valor no Prinsípiu.....................................................................................................................................................4 Programa....................................................................................................................................................................4 II. Metodolójia..........................................................................................................................5 III. Introdusaun..........................................................................................................................6 IV. Kontiudu Relatóriu..............................................................................................................7 Aspeitu Direitu Sivíl no Polítika.....................................................................................................7 a. Direitus Umanus no Atendementu husi Forsas Seguransa....................................................................7 b. Refujiadu......................................................................................................................................................10 c. Direitu Asesu ba Justisa.............................................................................................................................11 d. Justisa Pasadu..............................................................................................................................................12 Aspetu Direitu Ekonómia, Sosiál no Kultura.....................................................................................................13 a. Seitór Edukasuan........................................................................................................................................14 b. Seitór Saude.................................................................................................................................................16 c. Asuntu Rai...................................................................................................................................................17 V. Konkluzaun no Rekomendasaun..............................................................................................18 a. Konkluzaun.................................................................................................................................................18 b. Rekomendasaun..........................................................................................................................................18 Versaun Inglesh/Inglesh Version ................................................................................................20 Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 2 I. Kona-ba HAK K onsidera katak luta ba libertasaun Patria Timor-Leste laos de’it liu husi movimentu rezisténsia polítika no forsa armada, maibé mós liu husi movimentu sosiál ba direitu umanus no demokrasia ne’ebé mosu iha dekade tinan 90-resin. Tanba opresaun husi kolonializmu no okupasaun husi paiz extranjeiru konsiente nu’udar violasaun direitu umanus, mak kamada intelektuál no joven Timorense ne’ebé iha momentu dekade 90-resin nu’udar mós vítima ba violasaun direitu umanus oi-oin, inspiradu hodi organizaan ba partisipasaun iha luta libertasaun patria ne’e liu husi dalan foun ne’ebé mak naun-violensia hodi defende direitus umanus. Inspirasaun ne’e mak manifesta husi aktivista Timorense nain 6 hanesan: Aniceto Guterres Lopes, SH, Rev. Pdt. Arlindo Francisco Marçal STh. José Luís de Oliveira, Gilman A. E. Santos, Aderito de Jesus Soares, José Jaquelino S. da C. Gusmão no Osório Florindo, toma inisiativa hodi hari’i ofisiu ida hanaran Badan Bantuan Hukum hodi fó asisténsia legál nu’udar defensór ka adovagadu ba maluk Timór-oan sira ne’ebé hetan kaptursaun husi Militár Indonézia tanba luta ba auto-determinsaun Timor-Leste nian. Depois organizasaun ne’e hahú ninia legalidade husi notariadu Indonézia nian iha 20 de Agusto 1997 ho naran ofisiál Yayasan HAK (Yahasan Hukum Hak Asasi dan Keadilan) no membrus sira ne’e mak ativista hirak ne’ebé mak mensiona iha leten no Indonézia nain-hirak hodi hari’i organizasaun ida ho naran HAK iha loron 20 Agustu 1996, hodi fornese asisténsia legál ba prezuneirus polítikus Timorense iha momentu ne’ebá no organiza asisténsia umanitária ba prizonerus politiku sira nia famillia. Depois-de hetan tiha estatutu legál iha 1997 liu husi rejistu iha Notariadu ho forma Yayasan (fundasaun), HAK hahú habelar liu tan servisu ba direitus umanus hodi monitoriza, kampaña, no eduka povu kona-ba valór no prinsípiu direitus umanus, inklui tau-matan ba prosesu referendum no organiza asisténsia umanitária ba deslokadu sira ne’ebé mosu iha momentu ne’ebá husi asaun violénsia milísia pro Jakarta. Iha momentu defisíl ne’ebá, HAK mós lakon ninia aktivista nain-2 mak hanesan Domingos Apariçio (Viqueque) no Manuel Magalhães (Maliana). Bainhira Timor-Leste livre tiha husi okupasaun Indonézia no tama ba governasaun tranzitóriu ONU, HAK nu’udar mós parte ba movimentu libertasaun patria la nonok maibe aktivu nafatin hodi kontribui ba prosesu “hamrik husi ahuk-desan”, inklui mós perpara líder Timorense sira ne’ebé involve iha NC (National Counsultation) ka orgaun konsultativu ba governasaun ONU, nune’e mós ativu iha prosesu halo konstituisaun RDTL. Depois povu Timor-Leste hahú hetan ona nia direitu auto-determinasaun hahú husi tinan 1999-2002 YAYASAN HAK kuntinua reafirma fali ninia posisaun nu’udar orgnizasaun direitus umanus liu husi programa monitorizasaun ba lalaok servisu ONU nian duranti periudu tranzisaun, advokasian ba prosesu akontabilidade ba krimi kontra umanidade iha Timor-Leste nomós programa hasae kapasitasaun lei no direitus umanus ba entidades sira estadu nian nomós ba komunidade sira iha nivel nasional to’o iha area rural, nu’udar kontribuisaun iha faze tranzisaun hodi hari’I Estadu Timor-Leste. Atu haforsa no hakbi’it liu tan organizasaun nia ezistensia mak iha tinan 2005, naran organizasaun nian YAYASAN HAK transforma ba iha ASOSIASAUN HAK, nune’e nain ba organizasaun laos de’it ona fundador sira maibe bazeia ona ba ema sira ne’ebe ho volontarismu sai membru ba ASOSIASAUN HAK. Hahú husi tinan 2005 to’o 2011 total membru ASOSIASAUN HAK hamutuk 135 ne’ebe kompostu husi sidadaun Timor-Leste nomós maluk estranjeru sira ne’ebe hela iha rai laran nomós sira ne’ebe hela iha estranjeiru. Tuir dinamika ne’ebe mak la’o iha rai laran hodi prense rekizitu lei ne’ebe vigor iha Timor-Leste mak iha tinan 2012, halo aktualizasaun ba estatutu membru sira nian mak iha ema nain 36 mak aktualiza. No kada tinan nafatin aktualiza membru sira nia estatu iha asembleia jeral organizasaun nia ne’ebe halao kada tinan. Nune’e iha tinan 2013 membru HAK aktualizadu hamutuk ema nain 41. Oinsa atu hametin prinsípiu estadu de direitu no demokratiku, hodi garante povu sira ninia direitus umAsosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 3 anus, mak durante tinan 2013, Asosiasaun HAK kontinua hala’o servisu importa hanesan monitórizasaun no advokásia direitus umanus. Atividades importante mak hanesan edukasaun direitus umanus, simu keixa no prosesa ba iha instituisaun governantes no instituisaun estadu ne’ebé mak relevantes ba haforsa lei no prinsípius direitus umanus ne’ebé mak estadu Timor-Leste obta iha konstituisaun da Repúblika. Vizaun no Misaun Hamosu sosidade Timor-Leste ne’ebé kritiku, independent, aberta, dame iha strutura sosiál ne’ebe bazeia ba prinsípiu popular, respeitu ba direitus umanus no valores lokais hodi alkansa justisa sosiál ne’ebe realize liu husi: 1. Defende vitima violasaun direitus umanus 2. Hakbi’it kapasidade komunidade liu husi transfere matenek, dezemvolve povu nia kualidade moris, dezemvolve kuinesementu local, no partisipa iha dezemvolvementu. 3. Kontrola sosiál Valor no Prinsípiu 1. 2. 3. 4. Umanitariu ho prinsípiu naun-violensia no naun-diskriminasaun Iqualidade ho prinsípiu preoridade ba rekursus lokál no prespetiva jeneru Justisa, ho prinsípu preoridade ba interese populár no sustentabilidade Demokrasia ho prinsípiu solidaridade, transparansia, akontabilidade, partisipasaun, liberdade no responsabilidade Programa 1. Hametin Instituisaun Estadu; programa ida ne’e nia focus mak oinsa autoridade siguransa no ofisias estadu ka governu hala’o sira nia kna’ar no responsabilidade ho diak tuir lei no respeitu ba prinsípiu no valores direitus umanus. 2. Hametin Justisa; Programa ida ne’e foka liu ba dudu komponente tomak estadu nian ba kria mekanizmu hodi garante direitu vítima violasaun direitus umanus iha tempu pasadu. No inténsaun programa ida ne’e mós atu eduka públiku hodi la-repete tan hahalok violasaun direitus umanus ne’ebé hanesan iha Timor-Leste agora no futuru. 3. Advokásia ba Direitu Ekonimia Soasiál no Kultura; Programa ida ne’e, foka liu ba oinsa governu nia polítika hodi garante moris diak ba sidadun sira, liu husi asesu ba rai hodi dezemvolve sira nia moris diak iha sosidade laran, laós rai sai fila fali hun ba problema iha sosidade laran.l Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 4 II. Metodolójia M ekanismu informasaun ne’ebé Asosiasaun HAK rekoila hodi produs relatoriu ne’e hala’o liu husi toman servisu ne’ebé duranti ne’e funsináriu HAK nian halo liu husi monitorizasaun regularmente kada fulan iha distritus hanesan; Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Dili, Ermera, no Viqueque. Entaun analiza iha relatoriu ne'e nia laran, refere ba situasaun iha distritu sira ne'e de'it maibe ami fiar katak informasaun husi distritu refere bele fo imajen ba situasaun iha nasaun tomak. Iha monitorizasaun, funsináriu sira halo observasaun direitu ba servisu ofisiais sira estadu nian hanesan Polísia Nasionál Timor-Leste (PNTL) iha distritu, no halo vizita regulár ba Quartél Jerál iha Distritu no eskuadra PNTL nian iha Sub-distritu. Halo atendementu ba kazu no akonpaña vítima sira hato’o keisa ba orgáun kompetente no organizasaun direitus umanus sira seluk. Halo mós observasaun ba prokuradór no tribunál sira nia servisu. Alende ne’e funsionáriu HAK foti mós informasaun balu liu husi inkontru sira ho grupu alvu stratéjiku sira iha nivél distritu ne’ebé kompostu husi NGO lokál, líder komunitáriu sira, líder juventude, líder relijiozu, líder grupu feto sira, líderes produtóres no mós líder partidu polítiku sira. Meus seluk ne’ebé HAK uza hodi halibur informasaun kona-ba situasaun direitus umanus mak halibur informasaun husi média massa. No halo konfirmasaun informasaun ho organizasaun direitus umanus sira seluk no instituisaun relevante sira seluk relasiona ho kazu sira ne’ebé mak akontese.l Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 5 III. Introdusaun L oron 10 fulan Dezembru nu’udar loron Direitus Umanus Internasionál, iha konstituisaun da Repúblika Timor-Leste, iha artigu 9 dehan simu Direitu internasionál, tamba ne’e iha obrigasaun atu hala’o no kumpri mandatóriu ne’ebé mak hatu’ur iha konvensaun internasionál sira nian hodi la halo violasaun direitus umanus iha desijaun polítika, regulamentu no lei sira ne’ebé mak prodús nomós iha ezekusaun politika sira ne’e seim violasaun direitus umanus. Oinsa mak atu garante katak orgáun estadu no governante sira durante tinan ida nia laran hala’o sira nia kompetensia no obrigasaun tuir valores no prinsipiu direitus umanus, regulamentu no leis mak sidadaun hotu iha obrigasaun tau matan hodi garante katak estadu la viola ninia povu sira ninia direitus umanus. Nune’e mós organizasaun non govermentál (ONG) ne’ebé mak hakna’ar-an iha áreia direitus umanus kontribui mos hodi tau matan lisuk ba klala’ok estadu nian. Nune’e HAK nudar ONG ida hala’o ninia servisu liu husi monitorizasaun no observasaun hodi kontribui ba hadi’ak situasaun direitus umanus iha Timor-Leste agora no futuru mai.l Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 6 IV. Kontiudu Relatóriu H aree ba kontekstu Timor-Leste ne’ebé iha prosesu konstrusaun estadu hodi haforsa liu tan instituisaun estadu ho nia enkuadramentu legál sira hodi komprementa ba direitus umanus, nafatin sai prekupasaun husi entidades sira iha rai laran no mós komunidade internasionál hodi dudu instituisaun sira estadu nian hala’o sira nia obrigasaun no kompeténsia nafatin respeitu ba prinsípiu demokrasia no valores direitus umanus. Tuir prinsípiu direitus umanus no mós enkuadramentu legál sira, katak estadu mak iha kompeténsia no obrigasaun atu garante, respeita, proteje, no hakonu direitu fundamentál sidadaun sira nian. Nune’e bainhira entidades estadu sira la-hala’o sira nia obrigasaun no kompeténsia tuir lei haruka mak konsidera viola direitus umanus ema nian iha aspeitu direitu sívil polítiku no mós iha direitu ekonomia sosiál no kultura. Tanba ne’e ho publikasaun relatóriu ida ne’e, atu deskreve situasaun balun kona-ba direitus umanus iha Timor-Leste, hodi nune’e bele sai hanesan fontes informasaun ida ba publiku, liu-liu ukun nain sira hodi halo konfirmasaun liu tan ba aktu hirak ne’ebé mak akontese ona. Ho faktus hirak ne’e, bele hadi’a di’ak liu tan situasaun direitus umanus sidadaun sira nian iha tinan 2014 nia laran. Aspeitu Direitu Sivíl no Polítika a. Direitus Umanus no Atendamentu husi Forsas Seguransa (Polísia Nasional TimorLeste-PNTL no Falintil-Farsa Deveza Timor-Leste/F-FDTL) Direitu ba vida moris, liberdade no seguransa ba nia-an rasik, no atu la hetan tortura, tratamentu ka kastigu kruél, dezumanu no degradante, ne’e nu’udar direitu fundamentál ida ne’ebé mak ema idaidak iha, hetan rekuiñesementu iha lei internasionál (art. 6 no 7 KIDSP) ne’ebé mak Timor-Leste ratifika ona. Estadu iha obrigasaun proteje direitu hirak ne’e ba nia sidadaun sira liu husi nia instituisaun no enkuadramentu legál sira. Iha Timor-Leste, tuir Konstituisaun RDTL artigu 147, aliñia 1, PNTL sei defende legalidade demokratiku no garante sidadun sira nia seguransa internu, no F-FDTL mak garante independensia nasionál, integridade territoriál, liberdade no populasaun nia seguransa hasoru agresaun ruma husi externa tuir lei, (artigu 146, aliñia 2 Konstituisaun da Repúblika). Iha kontekstu Timor-Leste duranti tinan 2013, estadu ho nia instituisaun kompetente hanesan PNTL hala’o sira nia obrigasaun hodi hakonu dereitu hirak iha leten. Liu husi monitorizasaun HAK rekorda em-jerál autoridade seguransa sira hala’o sira nia kna’ar ba proteje no defende povu sira ninia direitus umanus ba seguransa iha progresu ne’ebé diak husi fulan ba fulan. Autoridade seguransa, liu-liu PNTL, hala’o duni sira ninia kna’ar no obrigasaun hodi garanti moris hakmatek no liberdade ba ema hotu. Ida ne’e hatudu liu husi atendementu polísia nian ba kazu ne’ebé akontese iha distritu sira ne’ebé HAK halo monitorizasaun ba. Tuir mai ne’e tabela intervensaun polísia nian ba kazu sira ne’ebé mak akontese iha komunidade iha distritu 6 hanesan: Intervensaun ba kazu Haruka MP Prosesu investigasaun Rezolve/retira Aileu 41 29 8 4 Ainaro 51 40 7 4 Baucau 283 245 2 35 Dili 146 65 72 9 Ermera 91 66 19 6 Viqueque 221 119 16 86 Husi tabela ne’e totál kazu 833 ne’ebé mak polísia atende iha distritu 6, pursentu 68 mak haruka ba Ministeriu Publiku (MP), pursentu 15 mak iha prosesu investigasaun no pursentu 17 retirada ka rezolve iha nivél komunidade hamutuk ho autoridade komunitáriu sira. No duranti hala’o sira nia obrigasaun iha komunidade, ajenti PNTL sira hahú kumpri lei no hadokan uza forsa ne’ebé makas liu iha sira nia atendementu. Nune’e mós autoridade komunitáriu sira Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 7 komesa la-kestiona kona-ba atuasaun polísia ne’ebé komete violasaun. Mezmu autoridade komunitáriu sira rekoiñese presenza autoridade seguransa sira nian iha komunidade, dala ruma tarde hodi atende kazu ruma ne’ebé akontese iha komunidade, ne’e tanba kestaun distánsia no ekipamentus transporte ne’ebé PNTL distritu sira iha la subisenti. Maibe la signifika membrus PNTL iha distritu sira ne’ebé HAK halo monitorizasaun ba, la-komete violasaun ruma bainhira hala’o sira nia obrigasaun. Tanba iha tinan 2013, HAK mós tau notas hela ba eventu balun ne’ebé akontese bainhira entidades seguransa sira kumpri sira nia obrigasaun no hala’o sira nia kompeténsia hodi ejekuta orden públiku. Kestaun profesionalizmu, inparsialidade, uza forsa ne’ebé apropriadu no uza ekipamentu seguransa ho responsabilidade tuir lei sei nafatin sai prekupasaun. Tanba iha fatin balu, ajenti seguransa sira hala’o sira nia obrigasaun no kompeténsia sei la-inparsiál, la-uza forsa ne’ebé apropriadu iha sira nia atuasaun no balun uza ekipamentu seguransa nian latuir regras ne’ebé lei haruka. Tuir HAK nia dukumentasaun ba keixa husi komunidade husi inisiu tinan 2013 to’o tinan klaran kona-ba involvementu ajenti seguransa sira nian ne’ebé komete ba violasaun, rejistu hela kazu 9. Kazu 7 indika ba membrus husi PNTL ne’ebé involve iha tratamentu a’at no agresaun fisiku hasoru ema hirak ne’ebé iha alegasaun involve iha kazu krimi ruma ka disturbiu social ruma. No kazu 2 mak indika ba membrus Unidade Polisia Militar, F-FDTL iha Dili no Baucau. Numiru hirak ne’e refleta deit situasaun ka imajen ki’ik-oan husi situasaun jerál ne’ebé mak iha Timor-Leste, ne’ebé HAK ladokumenta. Maibe dadus ne’e hatudu katak, iha sirkumstansia espesífiku katak problema atendementu husi Polísia no Polísia Militár mak boot liu no tenke rezolve. Ezemplu faktus balun ne’ebé hatudu ajenti seguransa sira nia atuasaun ne’ebé komete ba violasaun mak iha inísiu tinan 2013 (26-27 Abril), iha Distritu Aileu membrus PNTL husi Quartel Jerál Distritu Aileu, halo tratamentu ne’ebé kruel hasoru joventude nain 4 iha sela polísia, bainhira hetan kapturasaun. Kazu ne’e akontese tanba deskonfia joven hirak ne’e involve krimi baku-malu hasoru membru PNTL balun ne’ebé fora de oras servisu hodi partisipa iha festa balun iha Distritu Aileu. Kazu ida ne’e hetan atensaun husi organizasaun direitus umanus sira no orgáun soberania estadu balun no Komando Jerál PNTL hodi halo mudansa kedas ba strutura PNTL nian iha Distritu Aileu. Maibe to’o agora seidauk iha informasaun ruma klaru kona-ba akontabilidade ba publiku kona-ba mekanismu resolve kazu ida ne’e, liu-liu ba vitima sira. Kazu seluk ne’ebé akontese iha loron 19 Outobru 2013, iha Distritu Baucau, liu-liu iha parte fronteira entre Sub-distritu Quilecai, Distritu Baucau ho Sub-distritu Ossu, Distritu Viqueque, ajenti PNTL balun (la iha informasaun klaru kona-ba ajenti PNTL sira ne’e husi membru PNTL Distritu Baucau ka Viqueque ou husi fatin seluk) uza ekipamentu seguransa la ho responsabilidade no la tuir lei haruka. Tuir lamentasaun Autoridade Komunitáriu husi Suku Lelalai, Sub-distrtu Quilecai ho komunidade sira iha fatin ne’ebá, katak ajente PNTL balun ne’ebé uza kareta marka Polísia ho kilat hodi kasa (tiru rusa) iha fatin ne’ebá. Aktus ida ne’e, hatudu katak ajenti seguransa sira la-uza ekipamentu seguransa tuir lei haruka nomós uza ekipamentu seguransa hodi destroi propritáriu komunidade nian tanba iha tempu ne’ebé hanesan, ajenti sira ne’e tiru mate mós komunidade sira nia animál hakiak hanesan bibi ida no kuda ida iha área ne’ebá. Nune’e mós inpaktu husi hahalok iresponsabilidade ne’e mós hamosu Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 8 pániku no tauk ba komunidade iha area ne’eba tanba tiruteus ne’ebé akontese. Ida ne’e kontraditóriu ho autoridade seguransa sira nia kna’ar ne’ebé nu’udar ajente ba asigura moris hakmatek no siguru ba komunidade. Aktus ajente PNTL nian ne’ebé katégoria kontra prinsípiu internasionál (Konvensaun Direitu Sívil Polítiku iha artigu 10, aliñia 1 no artigu 14, aliñia 2) sira ne’ebé Timor-Leste adopta tiha ona mos mak wainhira PNTL Distritu Dili halo kapturasaun ba ema ne’ebé deskonfia hanesan autór krimi homesídio ne’ebé hanaran KIBATA (Kipas Dulu Baru Tanya) ne’ebé akontese Fulan Setembru iha Dili. Bainhira polísia halo kapturasaun ba ema ne’ebé momentu ne’ebá deskunfia nu’udar autór krimi, ajente polísia sira halo agresaun físiku ne’ebé mak’as liu to’o autór ne’e ninia oin kanek no bubu makas hodi la koiñese tiha oin. Tuir observasaun HAK nian katak aktus ida ne’e mezmu ajenti seguransa sira lakonsente, maibe ne’e aktus violasaun ida tanba tuir lei, ema hot-hotu lakon sira ninia liberdade tenki trata ho humanidade no respeitu ba dignidade inerente ema nian. Nu’udar ajenti seguransa ne’ebé hanesan mós ajenti protetór direitus umanus, bainhira ema ruma komete krimi laós hasoru ho violénsia maibe tenki fó protesaun hodi prosesa tuir dalan legál ne’ebé mak iha hodi autor sira responsabiliza sira nia hahalok. No ema hotu-hotu iha direitu atu konsidera hanesan inocente to’o momentu ne’ebé prova tiha ona nia sala tuir lei. Kuandu suspeitu hetan baku mak’as husi Polísia, signifika polísia deside ona suspeitu ninia kulpa ne’ebé mak tuir lolos, laos kna’ar polísia nian. Aktus violasaun seluk ne’ebé ajenti polísia iha Distritu Viqueque komete iha loron 18 Dezembru 2013, iha suku Uma Tolu, Sub-distritu Lacluta, bainhira polísia halo atuasaun ba konflitu entre grupu iha área ne’ebá. Iha atuasaun ne’e polísia la uza forsa ne’ebé apropriadu tanba Polísia uza pistola hodi tiru kanek ema ida iha ninia kotuk laran borus ba nia hirus-matan to’o baisa iha Ospital. Asaun ida ne’e akontese bainhira polísia halo atuasaun ba akontesementu baku malu entre grupu iha fatin ne’eba bainhira ema sira ne’e fila husi hakoi mate no tuir dalan fila ba sira nia uma, hetan provokasaun husi grupu seluk. Kazu ne’e, HAK simu keixa no hato’o ona ba Komando Jerál PNTL nian iha loron 26 Dezembru 2013 no fó koiñesementu ba orgáun soberania sira hotu. Kazu ne’e ninia andamentu, oras ne’e dau-daun, iha ona Unidade Investigasaun Disiplinár Nasional PNTL, ita hein katak iha duni prosesu investigasaun no akontabilidade ba kazu ida ne’e. Rekomendasaun : 1.Komando Jerál PNTL, liu-liu Unidade Profesional Estandarte wainhira simu keixa komunidade kona-ba membru polisia sira ne’ebé viola norma legal sira duranti hala’o sira nia obrigasaun no la tuir sira nia kompetensia tenki prosesa lai-lais kedas tuir mekanismu legal ne’ebé mak iha hodi garanti profesionalismu no responsabilidade polisia nian duranti hala’o sira nia kna’ar. 2.Husu ba Komando Jerál PNTL atu kontinua kria formasaun hodi haforsa koiñesementu konaba lei no direitus umanus ba membrus PNTL, liu-liu konaba uza forsa ne’ebé mak apropriadu duranti hala’o sira nia kna’ar hodi garanti seguransa no moris siguru ba komunidade. 3. Husu ba Sekretariu Estadu Seguransa (SES) atu buka solusaun lalais iha tinan 2014 nia laran hodi rezolve fasilidades ba PNTL sira iha nivél nasionál ba to’o iha nivél Sub-distritu sira; 4.Husu ba Komandu Jeral PNTL atu tau atensaun ba distribuisaun ekipamentus PNTL liu-liu farda uniforme no transporte ne’ebé ikilibriu entre PNTL iha nasional no distritu sira hodi hala’o sira nia obrigasaun ho diak 5. Husu ba SES nafatin koopera ho sosidade sivil sira hodi kria ka establese formasaun kuntinua hodi hadi’ak liu tan kuinesementu membrus PNTL nian kona-ba lei no direitus umanus hodi ajuda sira duranti hala’o sira nia kna’ar iha komunidade. 6.PDHJ atu proativu hodi halo investigasaun kle’an no halo publikasaun ba rezultadu ne’ebé mak hetan hodi vítima no familia vítima hetan lia lós no justisa. Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 9 7.Husu ba PDHJ no ONG (Nasional-Internasional) sira ne’ebé mak hakna’ar-an iha áreia direitus umanus, atu kontinua hala’o edukasaun ba komunidade sira konaba kna’ar polísia nian ne’ebé respeitu lei no prinsípiu direitus umanus no mós direitu suspeitu nian durante prosesu penál. b.Refujiadu Tuir Konvensaun Internasionál konaba Refujiadu, artigu 31 dehan kuandu ema ruma ne’ebé halai sai husi ninia nasaun tanba hetan ameasa ba ninia integridade pesóal, to’o iha país ruma, Estadu labele hato’o sansaun ka pena tanba sira tama iha teritóriu ne’e la liu husi dalan legál. No mós Estadu refere tenki fó périodu tempu no fasilidade ne’ebé naton to’o hetan asesu legál hodi kontinua ninia viajen, kuandu Estadu refere la kohi simu sira ninia pédidu hanesan refujiadu iha país refere. Realidade, Konvensaun Internasionál refere la obriga Timor-Leste atu simu refujiadu, maibé Timor-Leste iha duni obrigasaun atu trata refujiadu sira ho umanu no importante liu mak la bele obriga sira atu fila fali ba sira inia nasaun ka nasaun seluk ne’ebé bele afeita ba sira nia vida moris. Iha Konstituisaun da Repúblika Timor-Leste nian mós iha artigu 10 koalia konaba solidaridade, no mós iha aliñia 2 dehan katak Timor-Leste fó azilu polítiku tuir lei haruka ba ema rai seluk. Maibé realidade ne’ebé mak Estadu Timor-Leste halo ba refujiadu sira husi grupu étniku Rohingya ne’ebé tama iha loron 1 Jullu 2013 iha Alimbata, Suku Babulu, Sub-distritu Uatulari, Distritu Viqueque, la tuir prinsípiu konstituisaun nian no lei internasionál sira ne’ebé Timor-Leste adopta ona. Iha tempu ne’eba ema nain 99 mak kompostu husi 73 husi Rohingya-Myanmar, ema nain 22 husi Bangladesh, hamutuk ho ema nain 4 nu’udar ABK (Anak Buah Kapal) ró nian husi Indonézia ne’ebé hakarak husu aziliu polítiku ba Australia, maibé depois sira ninia ró a’at iha tasi klaran hodi atraka iha Alimbata. Nune’e, autoridade seguransa sira la fó asesu ba sosidade sívil balun ne’ebé hakarak hatene kondisaun refujiadu sira nian duranti iha kontrolu husi autoridade seguransa (PNTL no FFDTL) Timor-Leste nian. Momentu ne’ebá, iha tempu badak nia laran, governu liu husi autoridade seguransa sira muda lalais kedas refujiadu sira husi Ailembata-Viqueque ba kedas iha Com-Lautem (9 Jullu 2013) sein haree ba kondisaun refujiadu sira nian ne’ebé foin sai husi sofrementu duranti sira nia ró a’at iha tasi laran atu ba Darwin-Australia. To’o iha Com-Lautem liu deit loron ida, autoridade seguransa sira muda lailais kedas refujiadu sira ba teritóriu Indonézia liu husi tasi Timór ba iha Illa Liran, Wetar-Indonesia. Tuir mós informasaun ne’ebé HAK hetan katak, autoridade seguransa ameasa refujidau sira ho pistola no hadau sira nia telemovel. Situasaun ida ne’e konsidera la-trata refujiadu sira ne’e ho umanidade tanba entre refujiadu sira ne’e iha labarik no feto sira ne’ebé sira ninia kondisaun vulnaravél tebes, durante sira liu situasaun difisíl iha tasi laran. Nune’e mós iha feto isin rua ne’ebé foin partu duranti tempu hirak ne’ebé mak sira atraka iha Timor-Leste. Portantu, sitausaun ida ne’e bele konsidera viola prinsipiu katak ema ida sei labele hetan tratamentu kruél, dezumanu no degradante. Importante liu, iha posibilidade katak kuandu governu Timor-Leste muda sira ba teritória Indonézia, governo viola prinsipiu “non-refoulement”. Prinsipiu ida ne’e mak fundamental tebes tanba, tuir lei internasionál haruka, laiha reserva no derogasaun ne’ebé bele halo. Prinsipiu ne’e preve katak laiha ema ida ne’ebé bele expulsa ka haruka fila (refouler) refujiadu ida ne’ebé kontra ninian vontade rasik (refujiadu), iha kualker maneira, ba teritoriu ne’ebé mak ema ne’e sente tauk no hetan ameasa ba ninian moris no liberdade. Iha Indonézia, refujiadu sira laiha direitu atu hetan servisu, atu hetan seguransa diak ba moris, no dala barak tenke hein maisoumenus tinan ruanulu (20) to’o hetan asesu ba nasaun seluk ne’ebé bele establese sira nia moris. Alende ne’e, HAK hatene konaba refujiadu sira seluk ne’ebé hela iha Timor-Leste durante tinan ida ou liu, maibe seiduak hetan estatutu klaru ka governo rejeita sira nia pedidu ba aziliu tanba liu ona oras 72. Sira laiha posibilidade seluk atu muda ba país seluk tanba governu seidauk iha sistema. Maibe sira labele servisu iha Timor-Leste entaun labele suporta sira nia-an rasik. Sira book-an la diak. Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 10 Rekomendasaun: 1.Timor-Leste persija iha polítika ne’ebé di’ak tuir prosedimentu Internasionál no Nasionál hodi trata refujiadu sira iha futuru, por ezemplu authoridade sira persija treinamentu konaba lei refujiadu, no ema ne’ebé to’o iha ne’e presija asesu ba tradasaun hodi kompriende sira nia direitu no prosesu; 2. Husu ba Sekretariu Estadu Seguransa (SES) ne’ebé iha kompetensia ba asuntu imigrasaun, atu hahu fila fali revisaun ba dekretu lei 9/2003 konaba imigrasaun no azilu hodi dezenvolvu lei ne’ebé kumpri ba Timor-Leste nia obrigasaun tuir lei internasionál; 3.Husu ba Prezidenti da Repúblika atu reprezenta Estadu Timor-Leste hodi hato’o petisaun polítika ba Estadu Mynmar hodi kria stabilidade polítika ba hamoris situasaun moris hakmatek no dame nune’e bele kontribui ba haburas demokrasia no respeita valoris direitus umanus iha Myanmar. c. Direitu Asesu ba Justisa Tuir prinsípiu direitus umanus no lei (internasionál no nasionál) haruka, ema hot-hotu ne’ebé hetan akuzasaun ba ninia aktus ruma ne’ebé kontra lei, nafatin iha direitu atu konsidera nia hanesan ema inosente to’o tempu Tribunál hatudu ninia sala bazeia ba evidensia no ema ne’e mós nafatin iha garantia atu bele defende nia-an iha Tribunál. (DUDH, Art. 11 & KIDSP, Art. 14.2). Tanba ne’e, tuir lei internasionál direitus umanus, atu tau suspeitu ne’ebé hein julgamentu iha detensaun preventiva la bele sai prosesu bai-bain. Estadu hot-hotu tenke uza prizaun preventiva hanesan meiu ikus (KIDSP Art. 9.3). Liga ho kestaun ida ne’e HAK nafatin prekupa hodi bolu atensaun ba instituisaun kompetenti sira tau atensaun hodi resolve. Tanba tuir monitorizasaun HAK nia indika katak prizunerus sira ho statutu prizaun preventiva sei ás (Prizaun Becora 32% husi prizonerus nain 366 no Prizaun Gleno 16% husi prizonerus 63) husi totál prizunerus sira iha Prizaun Becora no Gleno. Kondisaun seluk ne’ebé mak gorvenu presiza tau atensaun mos mak kapasidade prizaun nian hodi akumula prizonerus sira. Tuir informasaun husi ofisiál prizonál sira, lolos Prizaun Becora nia kapasidade naton de’it ba prizuneru nain 250 no kada bloku sira ne’ebé ki’ik nia kapasidade ba de’it prezunerus nain 30 to’o 35. No mós ba bloku sira ne’ebé bo’ot nia kapasidade ba de’it prezunerus nain 40 to’o 45. Maibe agora Prizaun Becora, akumula ona prizunerus nain 366. Bloku sira ne’ebé ki’ik agora akumulu ona prezunerus 50 liu, no bloku sira ne’ebé ninia kapasidade boot, akumula ona prizunerus nain 65 liu. No mós bloku minoridade ne’ebé lolos ne’e nia kapasidade ba de’it prizunerus nain 12 - 15, agora akumula ona prizunerus nain 25 iha bloku. Kestaun seluk ne’ebé mak HAK prekupa mos mak ema ne’ebé hetan akuzasaun krimi ruma iha direitu atu hetan kedas informasaun klaru no detaillu ho linguajen ne’ebé nia kompriende kona-ba razaun akuzasaun kontra nia. Liga ho kestaun ida ne’e, governu iha ona esforsu hodi asigura ema hotu ne’ebé mak hakarak buka justisa bele hetan lalais no efetivu. Maibe kestaun ida ne’e sei dok husi ita nia mehi tanba prosesu julgamentu iha Tribunál sira sei la’o neineik tebes tanba rekursu umanu ne’ebé la-iklibriu ho kazu ne’ebé mak akontese no rejistu ona iha tribunál. Situasaun balun ne’ebé mak agora prizunerus sira hasoru liu-liu sira ne’ebé nia statutu nu’udar prizoAsosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 11 neirus preventiva sei susar asesu sira nia advogadu ne’ebé maioria husi Defensoria Públiku. Nune’e balu la koiñese sé mak sira ninia advogadu. Dala barak sira hasoru de’it sira ninia advogadu iha Tribunál bainhira halo julgamentu ba sira nia kazu. Tanba ne’e sira nia direitu atu hatene didiak sira nia prosesu kazu to’o ona iha ne’ebé sei sai kestaun boot ba prizunerus sira. Efeitu ba situasaun sira ne’e, iha 3 Novembru tinan ida ne’e akontese prizuneirus na’in 25 hala’i sai husi Prizaun Becora. Husi sira na’in 25 ne’e na’in 5 de’it mak nia statute nu’udar kondenadu maibe sira nain 20 seluk, nia statutu nu’udar prizoneirus preventiva. Estatus prizuneiru sira nian iha prizaun nudar detensaun preventive maioria fulan 8 ho balu to’o fulan 23 ona. Kestaun ne’e konsidera hanesan violasaun ba prizonerus nia direitu hodi hetan lalais serteja justisa ba sira nia kazu. Nune’e mos viola sira nia direitu liberdade tanba detein sira iha tempu ne’ebé naruk maibe laiha serteja justisa ba sira. Inserteja justisa husi kazu prizunerus nain 25 halai ne’ebé ema nain 20 nia statute hanesan prizunerus preventive hanesan imajen ki’ik ida deit husi ema barak ne’ebé agora daudauk detein hela iha prizaun Becora no Gleno hela ho situasaun detensaun preventiva. Rekomendasaun: 1.Husu ba Ministériu Justisa atu tau atensaun no aslera konstrusaun no rehabilitasaun ba Prizaun Baucau, Covalima, no Prizaun ba infantíl sira tuir planu sei hari’i iha Tibar; 2.Husu ba Ministériu Justisa atu fasilita ba autór justisa sira inklui hadi’a sira ninia sálariu hodi bele iha ikilibriu ho sira ninia serbisu nune’e bele aslera prosesu julgamentu iha Tribunál mós fornese seguransa ba pesoa justisa ho sira ninia familia hodi sira senti moris iha situasaun seguru nia laran; 3.Husu ba Ministériu Justisa atu tau matan didiak ba distribuisaun transporte ba Defensoria Públiku sira hodi nune’e sira bele intensivu hodi ba vizita sira ninia klienti iha prizaun hodi garante prizoneiru sira ninia direitu atu hetan defeza ne’ebé mak di’ak; 4.Husu ba Ministériu Justisa stabelese liu tan mekanismu iha Centru Formasaun Juridiku hodi loke espasu liu tan ba formadu direitu sira hodi hola parte barak liu tan iha formasaun hodi bele rezolve problema rekursus umanus ne’ebé mak sei falta iha area justisa; 5.Husu ba Ministériu Justisa atu fó korajen ba kna’ar nu’udár defensór públiku hodi formadu sira iha vontade liu tan servisu nu’udar advogadu publiku; 6.Husu ba Defensoria Publiku atu iha politika internu ne’e klaru ba defensoria sira liu-liu halo atendementu ba sira nia kliente sira no iha obrigasaun vizita sira nia kliente sira iha prizaun preventiva hodi la viola direitu detidu sira nian ba informasaun prosesu kazu ne’ebé sira hasoru. d. Justisa Pasadu Direitu ba Lia los tuir Lei Umanutári Internasionál, liuliu artigu 32 iha Protokol Addisionál Primeiru ba Konvensaun Genewa, katak familia sira iha direitu atu hatene konaba sira ninia familia ninia distinu, artigu 33 no 34 fó obrigasaun ba parte Estadu ne’ebé mak involvidu iha konflitu armada hodi buka ema ne’ebé mak lakon. Buat ne’e hala’o tiha ona komesa hahú artikula iha rezulusaun oin-oin ONU nian, dokumentus konstitusionál ba komisaun verdade no justisa, no relatóriu husi komisaun péritu ne’ebé mak hetan mandatu husi ONU konaba violasaun direitus umanus. Liu husi Instrumentu ida ne’e mos konsagra deveres estadu sira nian hodi inplementa lei para fornese sanksaun penal ba autor ne’ebé komite krimi funu no krimi kontra umanidade. No dever atu buka autor no lori autor sira ba Tribunal (Article 49 Konvensaun Genewa I, 1949, Article 50 Konvensaun Genewa II, 1949, Article 129 Konvensaun Genewa III, 1949, no Article 146 Konvensaun Genewa IV, 1949). Maibe iha Timor-Leste, vitima no familia vitima sira ne’ebé sovre violasaun direitus umanidade ne’ebé akontese husi tinan 1974-1999, sei nafatin moris iha inserteja nia laran kona-ba lia los no justisa ba sira nia sofrementu ne’ebé mak sira hasoru iha tempu okupasaun husi Militar Indonesia. Nune’e Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 12 mos ema barak mak lakon sira nia familia maibe to’o agora seidauk iha informasaun ruma ne’ebé lolos kona-ba sira nia familia nia paraderu. Mezmu Estado Timor-Leste, hahu tiha ona esforsu balun hodi buka kona-ba lia los liu husi CAVR (Comição Acuilamentu Verdade no Reconciliação) no CVA (Comição Verdade no Amizade) ne’ebé estabelese hamutuk ho estado Indonesia. Husi komisaun rua ne’e hato’o tiha ona rekomendasaun kona-ba saida mak governu Timor-Leste no Indonesia tenki halo ba vitima no familia vitima sira. Liu-liu oinsa vítima no sobreviventi sira bele hetan fila fali sira ninia familia ne’ebé mak lakon iha tempu funu nia laran ne’ebé tuir dadus CAVR mais ou menus 18.600 mak hetan oho no lakon no labarik sira ne’ebé separa husi sira nia familia mais ou menus 4500 liu ne’ebé deskunfia agora daudauk barak mak sei moris hela iha Indonesia. Estado Timor-Leste seidauk maksimaliza nia polítika hodi inplementa rekomendasaun CAVR no CVA. Iha parte seluk familia vitima no vitima sira ejize Parlamentu Nasional hodi aprova Lei Institutu Memoria no Lei Reparasaun ne’ebé trata spesifiku ba direitu vitima no familia vitima sira. Maibe realidade iha tinan 2013 seidauk iha vontade polítika husi Parlamentu Nasional hodi haree ba esbosu lei rua ne’ebé oras ne’e daudauk kaduka hela iha meja Parlamentu Nasional. Mesmu iha kampanye eleisaun jeral 2012 liu ba partidu politiku sira maioria ba halo kampaiñe hateten sei fo preoridade ba lei institutu memoria no reparasaun no leis sira seluk. Maibe bainhira kaer tiha ukun, infelizmente to’o tinan 2013 nia rohan promesa kampaiñe sira ne’e sei sai de’it retorita mamuk hodi marjinaliza liu tan vitima sira ne’ebé hela ho kondisaun vulnaravel. Familia hirak ne’ebé lakon sira nia membru familia duranti tempo konflitu politiku hahú 1974 – 1999 nafatin moris iha situasaun inserteza nia laran tanba sira laiha informasaun ne’ebé klaru kona-ba sira nia familia nia paraderu. Iha familia vitima balu halo esforsu hodi buka informasaun rasik kona-ba sira nia familia nia paraderu maibe mekanismu sira ne’e seidauk institusionaliza tuir rekomendasaun CVA katak estadu rua (Timor-Leste ho Indonesia) sei tau matan no hari’i komisaun ida hodi buka ema ne’ebé lakon forsadamente duranti tempo konflitu nia laran. Iha sorin seluk Instituisaun Direitus Umanus Nasional, PDHJ mós halo ona akordu ho Komnas HAM-Indonesia nian atu tau matan mós ba asuntu ema lakon nian liu-liu labarik sira ne’ebé separa husi sira nia familia duranti konflitu ne’ebé oras ne’e daudauk hela namkari iha teritoriu Indonesia nia laran maibe na-realidade PDHJ rasik seidauk maksimaliza sira nia kompetensia ne’ebé mak iha. Rekomendasaun: 1. Husu ba Ministeriu Negosiu Estranjeiru no Koperasaun, atu hamutuk ho Governu Indonesia aslera lalais hari’i komisaun espesiál ida hodi buka informasaun kona-ba ema ne’ebé mak lakon forsadamente durante konflitu 1974-1999. 2. Husu ba Parlamentu Nasional aprova rekomendasaun CAVR no CVA hodi governu inplementa 3. Husu ba Parlamentu Nasional hodi hahu reativu fali esbosu Lei Institusaun Memoria no Lei Reparasaun ba vitima no familia vitima sira duranti konflitu 1974-1999 hodi halo debate no aprova 4. Husu ba governu no Parlamentu Nasional hodi haree no estuda vantajen Konvensaun Internasional kona-ba ema lakon forsada hodi ratifika Aspetu Direitu Ekonómia, Sosiál no Kultura Direitu sira ne’e labele atinji hotu iha tempu badak nia laran tanba direitu ida progresivu. Maibé estado labele atraza sira nia esforsu atu hala’o sira nia obrigasaun hodi hakonu direitu sira ne’e. Satan estado la hala’o sira nia obrigasaun tuir enkuadramentu legal sira ne’ebe estado adopta ona nu’udar baze. Minímu liu bainhira halo desizaun kona-ba despeza husi fundus públiku sira tenki fo preoridade atu hatan ba obrigasaun sira ne’ebé iha enkuadramentu legal sira haruka. Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 13 a.Seitór Edukasuan Tuir padraun internasional iha hakat balun ne’ebé mak estado tenki fo hodi halo realizasaun ba direitu edukasaun. Primeiru edukasaun primaria disponivel no saugati ba ema hotu nomós obrigatoriu (art. 13.2.a, ICESCR). Ida ne’e rekuiñese mós iha Konstituisaun RDTL katak estadu rekuinese no garante sidadaun hotu nia direitu ba edukasaun no kultura nomós sei halo promósaun hodi hari’i sistema públiku universal no obrigatoriu ba edukasaun baziku ne’ebé saugati tuir nia kapasidade no lei (art. 59.1 Konst. RDTL). Nune’e rekuinese katak duranti ne’e estado liu husi governu hala’o ona nia obrigasaun balun hodi hakonu sidadaun sira nia direitu ba edukasaun. Maibe haree ba karakteristika direitu ba edukasaun tuir padraun sira ne’ebé Timor-Leste adopta ona, governu seidauk hala’o nia obrigasaun ho diak. Tanba tuir observasaun HAK nian iha distritu sira ne’ebé halo monitorizasaun ba, maioria eskola públiku sira sei hasoru problema ne’ebé bele kontribui ba halakon labarik sira nia direitu atu hetan oportunidade no kualidade edukasaun ne’ebé hanesan iha Teritóriu Timor-Leste laran tomak. Problema sira ne’e mak hanesan koaze metade husi eskola públiku sira hahú husi ensinu baziku (1086 eskola) to’o ensinu sekundáriu (44 eskola) iha teritóri TimorLeste laran tomak nia kondisaun fíziku la-favoravél hodi hala’o atividade aprendisajen. Kondisaun sira ne’ebé mak hasoru iha eskola públiku sira mak hanesan, falta meja no kadeira ba estudante sira, kondisaun fíziku ladiak bainhira tempu udan, uda-ben tama iha sala eskola, ho kondisaun fíziku ne’ebé la di’ak, ameasa mós vida estudante no mestri sira nian. La iha bee-moos no sintina, la iha bibleoteka no eskritóriu ba mestri sira la diak. Kondisaun hirak ne’e, seidauk tuir karakteristika direitu ba edukasaun tuir padraun legál sira ne’ebé mak Timor-Leste adopta ona, katak edukasaun tenki disponivél ba ema hotu. Signifika katak estadu tenke fornese instituisaun edukasaun nian no mestri naton ba ema hotu. Estadu tenki asegura katak fasilidade iha instituisaun edukasaun ninian adekuadu, estadu tenki asegura sira simu sálariu adekuadu no fornese formasaun ba mestri sira no mós fornese materiál hanorin ne’ebé adekuadu. Ezemplu ida deit nudar imajen ki’ik-oan ida husi imajen kondisaun edukasaun iha teritoriu TimorLeste tomak ami hatudu dadus husi Edukasaun Rejional Distritu Viqueque nian. Kategoria Ensinu PreEskolar Ensinu Baziku Central Ensinu Baziku Filial Ensinu Sekundaria Total Persentazen Total Eskola Alunus Salas eskola 28 1365 12 23 749 698 19 9558 106 74 4280 74 11323 211 114 8 2667 52 59% Diak Ladiak Mobilariu Iha Falta Sintina Diak Edefisiu Be-moos Laiha Diak Ladiak Iha Laiha 12 22 7 21 8 20 3444 63 7 7 23 14 5 5670 5719 63 7 45 32 46 28 52 1660 994 7 2 5 3 6 2 41% 53% 47% 79% 21% 45% 55% 57% 43% Husi tabela ida ne’e hatudu katak kondisaun eskola iha Distritu Viqueque fízikamente maioria hasoru problema. Salas eskola porsentu 41 mak ladiak no 47 pursentu mak laiha mobilariu hanesan meja no kadeira ba labarik sira hodi halo aprendisajen. Liu metade (55%) mak eskola sira edefisiu ba mestri sira ladiak. Kondisaun ne’e la fo vantajen diak ba mestri sira hodi hela metin iha eskola duranti oras eskola nian. La-siguru ba mestri/a sira hodi rai material aprendisajen sira no kaderneta estudantes sira nian. Nune’e mestri/a sira prefere lori ba sira nia uma duke rai iha eskola. Seidauk klaru lolos nia kauza, maibe laos deit edifisiu eskola ba mestri sira mak a’at, mak kauza ba mestri sira abandona alunus sira iha eskola laiha razaun klaru iha fatin barak. Dala barak labarik sira fila sedu uma antes oras eskola nian remata tanba mestri sira laiha. Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 14 Nune’e mos tuir tabela iha leten eskola barak (43%) mak laiha bee-moos, ida ne’e konserteja mesmu iha sintina diak maibe labele uza sebainhira laiha kanalizasaun bee-moos. Ida ne’e presiza tau atensan hodi rezolve tanba fo inpaktu ne’ebé makas ba labarik sira nia partisipasaun ba eskola tuir politika governu nian katak labarik hotu tenki tama eskola obrigatoriu, liu-liu ba labarik feto sira bainhira bainhira eskola laiha sitina fo inpaktu los ba sira duranti oras eskola. No injeral bainhira laiha beemoos no sintina ne’ebé ladiak sei kria amviente ne’ebé lasaudavel ba labarik sira duranti iha eskola. Kondisaun seluk ne’ebé mak presiza governu tau mós atensaun ba, mak programa merenda eskola. Programa ida ne’e, polítikamente diak hodi fo balansu nutrisaun ba labarik eskola sira iha ensinu baziku iha Teritoriu Timor laran tomak. Maibe iha implementasaun, presiza hadia nia jestaun no kontrolu ne’ebé diak ba inplementador sira hodi fornese duni hahan ne’ebé hijeni no saudavél ba labarik sira iha eskola. Kondisaun balun ne’ebé presiza tau atensaun mos mak presiza iha balansu alokasaun despeza ba programa merenda eskola iha teritoriu tomak entre eskola sira besik kapital no eskola sira iha area rural. Tanba atu grante nutrisaun ne’ebé hanesan ba labarik tomak iha eskola ensinu baziku konserteja despeza ba eskola sira besik kapital la hanesan ho eskola sira iha area rural. Nune’e bainhira governu aloka despeza merenda eskolar ne’ebé hanesan ba eskola hotu konserteja labarik sira ne’ebé mak iha eskola area rural labele hetan menu merenda eskolar ne’ebé nia koalidade hanesan ho sira ne’ebé iha kapital. Kestaun seluk ne’ebé mak Ministeriu Edukasaun tenki tau atensaun mos mak pesoa kusñeira sira ba programa merenda eskola kona-ba sira nia subsidiu. Governu tenki konsidera sira nia servisu hodi fo subsidiu ka salariu tuir standarte ne’ebé lei haruka ne’ebé laos parte ba despeza merenda eskola nian nune’e jestor sira ba programa merenda eskolar la utilize sala orsamentu programa nian hodi fornese duni aihan ne’ebé diak no kualidade ba labarik sira. Nune’e mos inplementasaun programa ida ne’e labele labarik sira mak sai fali kulpa hodi lori ai-maran tein nian ba eskola hodi tein ba sira. Alende problema kondisaun fíziku eskola sira nian ne’ebé mak agora infrenta hela iha eskola sira iha Timor-Leste laran, problema seluk mós mak kúrikulum nasionál edukasaun nian to’o oras ne’e sei dauk klaru tan ne’e sistéma aprendijajen mós seidauk hatu’ur didi’ak iha ninia fatin. Ida ne’e prejudika ba finalista ensinu sekundaria hirak ne’ebé mak atu tama ba iha ensinu suprior. Nune’e mós seidauk iha polítika ida klaru kona-ba oinsa ta’es estudante ho koalidade ba ensinu superior nasional. Desijaun ida ne’e hamihis fila fali oinsa mak atu ta’es kualidade kandidatu ne’ebé mak atu ba eskola iha UNTL. Desijaun ne’e mós ami konsidera hanesan tipu de kolujaun no deskriminasaun ne’ebé mak governu hamósu no situasaun ne’e la’o nafatin iha futuru mak la enkoraja labarik sira hodi haka’as-an estuda ho didiak hodi kompete ba iha Universidade Nasionál. Rekomendasaun: 1.Husu ba Ministeriu edukasaun hodi halo asesmentu klean hodi aloka despeza ne’ebé nesesariu ba eskola ida-ida hodi garante koalidade merenda eskolar ne’ebé hanesan ba labarik eskola ensinu baziku hotu iha teritoriu Timor-Leste. 2.Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun iha politika monitorizasaun ida ne’ebé diak hodi fiskaliza mestri/a sira hodi kumpri duni sira nia dever hanorin eskola ho diak no responsabilidade, la-abandona labarik sira iha oras aprendisajen. 3.Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun tau atensaun makas liu tan ba infrastruktura eskola publiku sira hodi hadia eskola sira ne’ebé agora daudauk laiha ona kondisaun hodi halo atividade aprendisajen iha laran no tau atensaun mos ba sanitasaun no bee-moos ba eskola sira hotu. 4.Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun kontinua fo formasaun ba Mestri no Mestra sira hodi kapasita diak liu tan sira nia kapasidade hodi hanorin 5.Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun tau atensaun ba estabelesementu bibleoteka ne’ebé adekuadu no Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 15 subsiente iha eskola sira husi eskola ensinu baziku to’o superior hodi suporta mestri no alunus sira iha prosesu aprendisajen. 6.Husu ba Ministeriu Edikusaun hodi difini politika kurikulu, klaru no lolos nomos adaptable iha situasaun global nune’e la-prejudika estudante sira bainhira remata eskola Sekundaria atu kuntinua ba ensinu superior iha nasinal no ba rai seluk. b. Seitór Saude “Ema hotu iha direitu ba moris ida ne’ebé adekuadu ba nia saude rasik no ninia familia, inklui aihan, hatais, hela fatin, kuidadu mediku no servisu social nesesariu”, art. 25.1 DUDH. Ida ne’e signifika saude nudar direitu fundamental ida mos ba ema kriatura. Nudar direitu fundamental tanba saude nudar direitu ida ne’ebé nesesariu atu hala’o direitus umanus sira seluk. Nune’e rekuinese mos iha lei internasional sira ne’ebé Timor-Leste ratifika tiha ona hanesan Konvensaun Internasional Direitu Ekonomia Sosial no Kultura (KIDESK), katak ema kriatura hotu-hotu iha direitu atu goza nivel saude a’as liu ne’ebé hetan hodi bele moris ho dignidade (art. 12 KIDESK). Nune’e mos direitu ida ne’e rekuinese iha art. 57 Konstituisaun RDTL. Nune’e tuir instrumentu legal sira iha leten ne’e, estadu iha obrigasaun atu hakonu direitu ida ne’e. Iha kontekstu Timor-Leste, governu realiza ona nia obrigasaun balun tuir mandate konstituisaun hanesan saude publiku fo asistensia saude ba ho gratuitu, stabelese Ospital, centru saude no postu saude sira hakbesik ba komunidade. Nomos kapasita rekursu umanus iha area saude nian hodi halo atendementu saude iha ospital, centru saude, no postu saude sira. Maibe iha inplementasaun atendementu saude publiku nian sei nota kestaun barak mak presiza governu tau atensaun nafatin hodi garanti ema hotu asesu ba saude ho fasil no gratuitu. Tuir observasaun HAK nia, postu saude sira iha area rural sei menus fasilidades no pesoal saude sira hodi fo asistensia saude ba komunidade. Nune’e postu saude sira iha suku balun seidauk fo asistensia saude diak ba komunidade sira. Nune’e iha fatin barak komunidade sira iha suku sei ba halo tratamentu saude iha centru saude ne’ebé dok husi sira nia suku. Iha Postu saude sira alende sei falta fasilidade saude hodi pesoal saude sira fo asistensia saude ba komunidade, falta mos fasilidade ba pesoal saude sira hodi hela besik iha postu saude para sira fo asistensia saude ne’ebé diak liu ba komunidade sira. Tanba ne’e iha postu saude balu doutór sira tenki hela iha kapitál Sub-distritu, depois dader mak ba hala’o servisu iha postu saude fatin servisu ba. Relasiona ho fasilidade saude ne’ebé la sufisiente inpaktu mos ba inplementasaun programa balun hanesan programa SISCA. Inplementasaun programa sisca iha suku no aldeia sira ne’ebé besik vila ladun problema maibe ba suku sira ne’ebé iha liu area remotas susar atu implementa didiak. Komunidade sira iha area remotas lamenta kona-ba inplementasaun sisca iha sira suku katak pesoal saude sira laiha planu ne’ebé lolos hodi komunidade sira partisipa iha programa ida ne’e. Nune’e dala ruma atividade programa programa iha suku dala ruma komunidade sira ne’ebé hela dok husi suku susar atu partisipa. Iha mos lamentasaun barak mai husi komunidade sira kona-ba asistensia saude ne’ebé sira hasoru iha ospital nasional. Komunidade lamenta katak bainhira halo tratamentu saude iha Ospital Nasional hetan tiha reseita aimoruk nian, dala ruma tenki ba sosa ai-moruk iha apotik privadu sira iha liur tanba aimoruk iha ospital laiha. Maibe iha sorin seluk hetan mos lamentasaun balun husi komunidade sira kona-ba informasaun balun husi media social sira publika katak iha ospital no sentru saude balun laiha aimoruk nesesitariu sira maibe iha aimoruk balun ne’ebé mak Ministériu Saude liu husi SAMES (Servicos Autonomos, Medicamentos e Equipamentos), sosa uza lahotu to’o balun liu prazu hodi estraga de’it. Ida ne’e presiza atensaun hodi kontrola ba despeza públiku sira hodi gasta didiak tuir de’it nesesidade hodi la gasta despeza publiku nian ba sasan sira ne’ebé la nesesariu. Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 16 Rekomendasaun: 1.Husu ba Ministériu Saudi, atu tau atensaun makas ba infrastrutura fasilidade saude husi nivel suku to’o nasional hodi fasilita servisu pesoal saude nian diak liu tan iha sira nia atendementu publiku; 2.Husu Ministeriu Saude kria kondisaun ne’ebé adekuadu ba pesoal saude sira iha area rural hodi fasilita no suporta sira nia servisu halo atendementu mediku ne’ebé diak ba komunidade sira. 3. Husu ba governu hodi iha identifikasaun klaru ba moras ne’ebé ijiste iha Timor-Leste ho nia prosentajen kada tinan ne’ebé mak iha hodi aloka tuir despeza ba ekipamentu no aimoruk nesesariu ba moras sira ne’e hodi labele halo fali despeza ba ekipamentu no aimoruk sira ne’ebé mak laos nesesariu to’o ikus mai liu prazu hodi estraga deit. c. Asuntu Rai Problema rai iha Timor-Leste eransa koloniál tanba ne’e problema ne’e la hotu to’o mai agora nune’e ita bele haree dadus ne’ebé mak Asosiasaun HAK iha no halo publikasaun tiha ona iha fulan MaiuJullu 2013 nia laran, hatudu katak kazu rai iha 50% kumpara ho krimi bai-bain seluk. Kazu vilénsia domestika 13%, tenta no violasaun sexsuál 2%, na’ok sasan no animál 10%, animál tama ema nia to’os no han ema ninia ai-han no plantasaun iha to’os laran 7%, joven sira asalta malu no baku malu 10%, PNTL baku ema joventudi sira 1%, fó oan ba malu no la iha responsabilidade 4%, oho malu 1%, no dun malu buaan 2% . Husi numiru kazu rai 81 ne’ebé iha, prosesu sira ne’ebé parte sira desputa rai hamutuk ho autoridade komunitariu sira foti mak 4% lori ba Tribunal, 1% lori ba Dirasaun Teras e Propriedade, 64% mak rezolvidu liu husi mediasaun autoridade komunitariu sira, 31% mak pendenti hela iha komunidade. Husi dadus fulan tolu nian iha leten, ita halo komparasaun ho dadus fulan 3 tuir (Agustu-Otobru) iha tinan 2013, hatudu katak persentajen kazu rai nafatin as liu iha komunidade (82%) kompara ho kazu krimi bainbain sira seluk, mesmu nia numiru kazu tun (63). Husi numiru kazu rai ne’e, 52% kazu mak sei pendent hela iha komunidade, 1% mak parte sira desputa ba rai hili dalan lori sira nia kazu ba Tribunal, no 46% kazu mak rezolvidu iha komunidade liu husi mediasaun ne’ebé autoridade komunitariu sira halo. Wainhira haree husi pursentu kazu rai nian iha komunidade no prosesu sira ne’ebé parte tomak foti hodi resolve kazu rai ne’ebé la-adekuadu tantu iha nivel komunidade nune’e mos iha Tribunal presiza tebes skuadramentu legal ne’ebé spesifiku ba rai hodi bele ajuda resolve kazu rai. Iha tinan ne’e, governu esforsu oinsa mak atu finaliza esbosu pakoti lei kona-ba rai ne’ebé iha prosesu konsultasaun. Hein katak governu kompleta lalais ideias husi komunidade tomak iha faze konsultasaun ne’e para hato’o ba Parlamentu Nasional hodi halo aprovasaun. Inportanti mak pakote lei ne’e nia kontiudu refleta duni situasaun no kondisaun povu Timor-Leste, hodi iha future lei hirak ne’e bele ajuda resolve duni problema, laos atu hodi aumenta kria problema. Espera lei ne’e mai defende duni prinsipiu no valores social rai nian hodi rai sai duni fatin hamoris no moris hakmatek ema nian, laos sai fali fontes konflitu ba ema nia moris. Rekomendasaun: 1.Husu ba Parlamentu Nasionál atu estuda didi’ak pakoti lei rai nian antes halo aprovasaun. Nune’e Lei Rai nian la mósu mai atu rezolve duni kazu rai ne’ebé mak oras ne’e dau-daun ninia pursentu ás liu kazu sira seluk iha Timor-Leste; 2. Husu ba Ministériu Estatál no Ordenamentu Teritóriu, atu kria formasaun paralegál ba líder komunitáriu sira hodi ajuda sira nia kna’ar ho diak iha komunidade, hodi ba rezolve kazu sívil sira ho di’ak liu tan.l Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 17 V. Konkluzaun no Rekomendasaun Konkluzaun Husi situasaun direitus umanus tinan 2013 nian hanesan dadus hirak ne’ebé mak ami reve tiha ona iha leten, mak konklui katak iha tinan ida ne’e isforsu estadu nian atu hakonu povu sira nia direitu, iha aspetu direitu sivil politiku iha hetan progresu, mesmu ajenti estadu liu-liu ajente instituisaun siguransa sira balun sei komete violasaun bainhira hala’o sira nia kompetensia no obrigasaun. Maibe ih aspeitu direitu ekonómia, sosiál no kultura persija tau matan mak’as liu tan husi estadu hodi proteje no hakonu liu tan povu sira ninia direitus tanba iha fatin barak iha terituriu Timor-Leste tomak sei hasoru problema edukasaun, saude no aihan ba moris ne’ebe adekuadu.. Rekomendasaun 1. Komando Jerál PNTL, liu-liu Unidade Profesional Estandarte wainhira simu keixa komunidade kona-ba membru polisia sira ne’ebé viola norma legal sira duranti hala’o sira nia obrigasaun no la tuir sira nia kompetensia tenki prosesa lai-lais kedas tuir mekanismu legal ne’ebé mak iha hodi garanti profesionalismu no responsabilidade polisia nian duranti hala’o sira nia kna’ar. 2. Husu ba Komando Jerál PNTL atu kontinua kria formasaun hodi haforsa koiñesementu konaba lei no direitus umanus ba membrus PNTL, liu-liu konaba uza forsa ne’ebé mak apropriadu duranti hala’o sira nia kna’ar hodi garanti seguransa no moris siguru ba komunidade. 3. Husu ba Sekretariu Estadu Seguransa (SES) atu buka solusaun lalais iha tinan 2014 nia laran hodi rezolve fasilidades ba PNTL sira iha nivél nasionál ba to’o iha nivél Sub-distritu sira. 4. Husu ba Komandu Jeral PNTL atu tau atensaun ba distribuisaun ekipamentus PNTL liu-liu farda uniforme no transporte ne’ebé ikilibriu entre PNTL iha nasional no distritu sira hodi hala’o sira nia obrigasaun ho diak. 5. Husu ba SES nafatin koopera ho sosidade sivil sira hodi kria ka establese formasaun kuntinua hodi hadi’ak liu tan kuinesementu membrus PNTL nian kona-ba lei no direitus umanus hodi ajuda sira duranti hala’o sira nia kna’ar iha komunidade. 6. PDHJ atu proativu hodi halo investigasaun kle’an no halo publikasaun ba rezultadu ne’ebé mak hetan hodi vítima no familia vítima hetan lia lós no justisa. 7. Husu ba PDHJ no ONG (Nasional-Internasional) sira ne’ebé mak hakna’ar-an iha áreia direitus umanus, atu kontinua hala’o edukasaun ba komunidade sira konaba kna’ar polísia nian ne’ebé respeitu lei no prinsípiu direitus umanus no mós direitu suspeitu nian durante prosesu penál. 8. Timor-Leste persija iha polítika ne’ebé di’ak tuir prosedimentu Internasionál no Nasionál hodi trata refujiadu sira iha futuru, por ezemplu authoridade sira persija treinamentu konaba lei refujiadu, no ema ne’ebé to’o iha ne’e presija asesu ba tradasaun hodi kompriende sira nia direitu no prosesu; 9. Husu ba Sekretariu Estadu Seguransa (SES) ne’ebé iha kompetensia ba asuntu imigrasaun, atu hahu fila fali revisaun ba dekretu lei 9/2003 konaba imigrasaun no azilu hodi dezenvolvu lei ne’ebé kumpri ba Timor-Leste nia obrigasaun tuir lei internasionál; 10. Husu ba Prezidenti da Repúblika atu reprezenta Estadu Timor-Leste hodi hato’o petisaun polítika ba Estadu Mynmar hodi kria stabilidade polítika ba hamoris situasaun moris hakmatek no dame nune’e bele kontribui ba haburas demokrasia no respeita valoris direitus umanus iha Myanmar. 11. Husu ba Ministériu Justisa atu tau atensaun no aslera konstrusaun no rehabilitasaun ba Prizaun Baucau, Covalima, no Prizaun ba infantíl sira tuir planu sei hari’i iha Tibar. 12. Husu ba Ministériu Justisa atu fasilita ba autór justisa sira inklui hadi’a sira ninia sálariu hodi bele iha ikilibriu ho sira ninia serbisu nune’e bele aslera prosesu julgamentu iha Tribunál mós fornese seguransa ba pesoa justisa ho sira ninia familia hodi sira senti moris iha situasaun seguru nia laran. 13. Husu ba Ministériu Justisa atu tau matan didiak ba distribuisaun transporte ba Defensoria Públiku sira hodi nune’e sira bele intensivu hodi ba vizita sira ninia klienti iha prizaun hodi garante prizoneiru Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 18 sira ninia direitu atu hetan defeza ne’ebé mak di’ak. 14. Husu ba Ministériu Justisa stabelese liu tan mekanismu iha Centru Formasaun Juridiku hodi loke espasu liu tan ba formadu direitu sira hodi hola parte barak liu tan iha formasaun hodi bele rezolve problema rekursus umanus ne’ebé mak sei falta iha area justisa. 15. Husu ba Ministériu Justisa atu fó korajen ba kna’ar nu’udár defensór públiku hodi formadu sira iha vontade liu tan servisu nu’udar advogadu publiku. 16. Husu ba Defensoria Publiku atu iha politika internu ne’e klaru ba defensoria sira liu-liu halo atendementu ba sira nia kliente sira no iha obrigasaun vizita sira nia kliente sira iha prizaun preventiva hodi la viola direitu detidu sira nian ba informasaun prosesu kazu ne’ebé sira hasoru. 17. Husu ba Ministeriu Negosiu Estranjeiru no Koperasaun, atu hamutuk ho Governu Indonesia aslera lalais hari’i komisaun especial ida hodi buka informasaun kona-ba ema ne’ebé mak lakon forsadamente durante konflitu 1974-1999. 18. Husu ba Parlamentu Nasional aprova rekomendasaun CAVR no CVA hodi governu inplementa 19. Husu ba Parlamentu Nasional hodi hahu reativu fali sbosu Lei Institusaun Memoria no lei Reparasaun ba vitima no familia vitima sira duranti konflitu 1974-1999 hodi halo debate no aprova. 20. Husu ba governu no Parlamentu Nasional hodi haree no estuda vantajen Konvensaun Internasional kona-ba ema lakon forsada hodi hodi ratifika. 21. Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun hodi halo asesmentu ne’ebé klean hodi aloka despeza ne’ebé nesesariu husi eskola ida-ida hodi garante koalidade merenda eskolar ne’ebé hanesan ba labarik eskola ensinu baziku hotu iha teritoriu Timor-Leste. 22. Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun iha politika monitorizasaun ida ne’ebé diak hodi fiskaliza mestri/a sira hodi kumpri duni sira dever hanorin eskola ho diak no respo la-abandona labarik sira iha oras aprendisajen. 23. Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun tau atensaun makas liu tan ba infrastruktura eskola publiku sira hodi hadia eskola sira ne’ebé agora daudauk laiha ona kondisaun hodi halo atividade aprendisajen iha laran no tau atensaun mos ba sanitasaun no bee-moos ba eskola sira hotu. 24. Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun kontinua fo formasaun ba Mestri no Mestra sira hodi kapasita diak liu tan sira nia kapasidade hodi hanorin. 25. Husu ba Ministeriu Edukasaun tau atensaun ba estabelesementu bibleoteka ne’ebé adekuadu no subsiente iha eskola sira hodi suporta mestri no alunus sira iha prosesu aprendisajen. 26. Husu ba Ministeriu Edikusaun hodi difini politika kurikulu, klaru no lolos nomos adaptable iha situasaun global nune’e la-prejudika estudante sira bainhira remata eskola Sekundaria atu kuntinua ba ensinu superior iha nasinal no ba rai seluk. 27. Husu ba Ministériu Saudi, atu tau atensaun makas ba infrastrutura fasilidade saude husi nivel suku to’o nasional hodi fasilita servisu pesoal saude nian diak liu tan iha sira nia atendementu publiku. 28. Husu Ministeriu Saude kria kondisaun ne’ebé adekuadu ba pesoal saude sira iha area rural hodi fasilita no suporta sira nia servisu halo atendementu mediku ne’ebé diak ba komunidade sira. 29. Husu ba governu hodi iha identifikasaun klaru ba moras ne’ebé ijiste iha Timor-Leste ho nia prosentajen kada tinan ne’ebé mak iha hodi aloka tuir despeza ba ekipamentu no aimoruk nesesariu ba moras sira ne’e hodi labele halo fali despeza ba ekipamentu no aimoruk sira ne’ebé mak laos nesesariu to’o ikus mai liu prazu hodi estraga deit. 30. Husu ba Parlamentu Nasionál atu estuda didi’ak pakoti lei rai nian antes halo aprovasaun. Nune’e Lei Rai nian la mósu mai atu rezolve duni kazu rai ne’ebé mak oras ne’e dau-daun ninia pursentu ás liu kazu sira seluk iha Timor-Leste. 31. Husu ba Ministériu Estatál no Ordenamentu Teritóriu, atu kria formasaun paralegál ba líder komunitáriu sira hodi ajuda sira nia kna’ar ho diak iha komunidade, hodi ba rezolve kazu sívil sira ho di’ak liu tan.l Asosiasaun HAK - Relatoriu Direitus Umanus Tinan 2013 19 STRENGTHENING LAW TO ENSURE THE RULE OF LAW AND DEMOCRACY Prodused by Human Rights Report 2013 HAK Association Rua Governador Serpa Rosa, Farol, Dili, Timor-Leste, Telp. 3313323 email: [email protected], Web: www.haktl.org Contents I. About HAK ....................................................................................................................22 Vision and Mission .........................................................................................................................23 Values and Principles .........................................................................................................................23 Programs ...................................................................................................................................23 II. Methodology....................................................................................................................24 III. Introduction....................................................................................................................25 IV. Content of the Report Civil and Political Rights ...............................................................................................26 ..............................................................................................................26 a. Human Rights and the Conduct by the Security Forces ........................................................26 b. Refugees c. Rights to Access to Justice ...................................................................................................30 d. Justice for Past Crimes ...................................................................................................31 .........................................................................................................................28 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights...................................................................................................32 a. Education Sector ..............................................................................................................32 b. Health Sector .........................................................................................................................34 c. Land issues V. Conclusions and Recommendations a. Conclusion b. Recommendations .........................................................................................................................35 ..........................................................................37 .........................................................................................................................37 ..............................................................................................................37 HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 21 I. About HAK T he struggle for the liberation of Timor-Lestewas fought not only through the political resistance movement and armed forces, but also through a social movement for human rights and democracy which arose over the course of more than nine decades. Due to the oppression from colonisation and occupation by foreign countries resulting in constant human rights violations, young, strong and intelligent Timorese, who themselves were victims of various violations of human rights over the course of more than 90 years, were inspired to organise and participate actively in the liberation struggle by way of a new, non-violent struggle to defend human rights. This inspiration was manifested specifically by six Timorese activists, Aniceto Guterres Lopes LLB (SH), Rev. Arlindo Francisco Marcal B.Th (STh), Jose Luis de Oliveira, Gilman A. E. Santos, Aderito de Jesus, Jose Jaquelino Soares da Costa Gosmao and Osorio Florindo. By their initiative, they together established an office known as “Badan Bantuan Hukum” (Legal Aid Office) which would provide legal assistance, through human rights defenders and lawyers, for those who had been captured and detained by the Indonesian military due to the struggle for self-determination of Timor-Leste. After establishing the organisation on 20 August 1996, these Timorese activists together with follow Indonesian activists obtained legal status for the organisation through the Indonesian Notary on 20 August 1997 and the organisation officially become known as Yayasan HAK (Yayasan Hukum Hak Asasi dan Keadilan, which is Bahasa Indonesian for “Law, Human Rights and Justice Foundation”). At this point in time, HAK’s objective was to provide official legal assistance to Timorese political prisoners and organising humanitarian assistance to the families of political prisoners. In 1997, after obtaining legal status, HAK beganin creasing the scope of our human rights work, conducting monitoring activities, campaigning and educating the people on human rights values and principles. This included monitoring the referendum process and organising humanitarian assistance to the internally displaced people, a problem that arose due to the violence inflicted by pro-Jakarta militia. HAK didn’t escape those difficulties either; HAK also lost two of our activist comrades, Domingos Apariçio (from Viqueque) and Manuel Magalhães (from Maliana). When Timor-Leste was freed from occupation and the UN established the transitional government, as a part of the national liberation movement, HAK continued to actively contribute to the process “rebuilding from the ashes”. This work included preparing the Timorese leaders, who were involved in the National Consultation or the consultative organ of UN Transitional Government, so they were equipped to actively participate in the drafting of the Constitution of RDTL. Between 1999 and 2002, following the realisation of self-determination, Yayasan HAK continued to reaffirm our position as a human rights organisation through our monitoring of the UN in the execution of its mandate during the transitional period, our advocacy for an accountability process for the crimes against humanity which occurred in Timor-Leste, and in working to increase the capacity of state institutions, and communities both at a national and rural level, with regards to law and human rights. As such, this was HAK’s contribution to the transition phase of rebuilding the State of Timor-Leste. In 2005, so as to strengthen and preserve the existence of the organization, Yayasan HAK became Asosiasaun HAK, thereby transforming into an organisation which did not only belong to our founders but one which belonged to all those who voluntarily wished to become members of the Association. Between 2005 and 2011, HAK had 135 members, consisting of both Timorese and international friends, who lived inside and outside of Timor-Leste. However, in 2012, due to domestic political dynamics which led to a change in the applicable laws of Timor-Leste, HAK was required to update the status of each member and hold an annual general assembly for members. As a result, in 2012 our membership dropped to 36 but increased again to 41 in 2013. HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 22 In 2013, as part of our ongoing work to strengthen the principles of democracy and the rule of law so as to guarantee the human rights of the people, the HAK Associationhas continued to implement the important work of conducting human rights monitoring and advocacy. In particular, this has involved human rights education, and receiving complaints from the community and delivering them to the relevant institutions of State to ensure human rights principles are being implemented as required by the Constitution of the Republic. VISION AND MISSION To build a Timorese Society which is critical, independent, open and peaceful, with a social structure based on the principles of solidarity, respect for human rights and local values in order to achieve social justice by: 1. Defending the victims of human rights violations; 2. Empowering communities through knowledge-sharing, developing the quality of life within communities, elevating local knowledge, and participating in the development process; 3. Monitoring State Institutions as they implement their responsibilities. VALUES AND PRINCIPLES 1. Humanity – though the principles of non-violence and non-discrimination 2. Equality – through the principles of prioritizing local resources and gendered perspectives 3. Justice – by prioritizing the principles of public interest and sustainability 4. Democracy – through the principles of solidarity, transparency, accountability, participation, freedom and responsibility. PROGRAMS 1. Strengthening States Institutions - this program is focused on ensuring security institutions and government officials carry out their roles and responsibilities, properly and according to a proper respect of the values and principles of human rights. 2. Strengthening Justice - this program is focused on pushing the all the relevant entities of the State to establish a mechanism that ensures the fulfilment of the rights of victims of past human rights violations. Moreover, this program aims to educate the public so that there will never again be a repetition of the behaviour that led to these human rights violations. 3. Advocacy on Economic, Social and Cultural rights – this program is focused on ensuring the Government’s policies are directed to improving the quality of its people’s lives, by ensuring that access to land enables people to build a better life from themselves within society, rather than once again becoming a problem within the community.l HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 23 II. Methodology H AK utilised our usual monthly monitoring activities as the principle mechanism by which to gather the data to produce this report. In particular, HAK’s regional staff conducted their regular monitoring in the districts of Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Dili, Ermera and Viqueque. As such, the analysis within this report is based on the situation in these particular districts but we believe this information can as a reflection of the broader situation across the whole country. During their monitoring, HAK’s staff directly observed to work of the National Police of Timor-Leste (PNTL) in each district, regularly visiting the District Commands and sub-stations of the PNTL in various sub-districts. HAK attended to a number of cases and assisted victims to deliver their complaints to the competent institutions and other human rights organisations. HAK also observed the work of the Tribunal and Public Prosecutor. In addition, HAK’s staff collected information from meetings with its strategic target groups at the district level, including local NGOs, community leaders, youth leaders, religiously leaders, women’s groups, agricultural groups and political party leaders. HAK also utilised mass media to gather further information, and sought confirmations from other human rights organisation and relevant institutions in relation to cases which arose.l HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 24 III. Introduction D ecember 10 is known widely as the International Human Rights Day. In the Constitution of Timor-Leste, Article 9 states that all international law is applicable in Timor-Leste. Therefore, Timor-Leste has an obligation to carry out and comply with all mandates and obligations contained in the international conventions so as to ensure it does not violate human rights in making and executing all political decisions, regulations and laws. In order to ensure that during the year all the organs of State carry out their competencies and obligations according to the values and principles of human rights law and policy, all citizens must take responsibility to monitor the State and guarantee there are no violations of the people’s human rights. As such, non-Government organisations (NGOs) who work in the area of human rights have a particular responsibility to work together to watch over the Government’s actions. Therefore, HAK, as an NGO, works to monitor and observe as our way of contributing to the human rights situation in Timor-Leste now and in the future.l HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 25 IV. Content of the Report G iven that Timor-Leste is still in the process of state-building to further strengthen our state institutions with a legal framework that respects and complies with human rights, it continues to be relevant and important that domestic entities and the international community continue pushing and encouraging the institutions of State to carry out their obligations and competencies with ongoing respect for the principles of democracy and the values of human rights. Based on the principles of human rights and legal frameworks, the State has the authority and the obligation to guarantee, respect, protect and fulfil the fundamental rights of all its citizens. In this way, when State entities fail to carry out their obligations and competencies according to the law, this violates the civil and political rights of its citizens as well as their economic, social and cultural rights. Therefore, this report aims to describe the general human rights situation in Timor-Leste, there by providing a source of information for the public, and especially the authorities, to confirm specific actions that have happened. We hope that with this information, we can further improve the human rights situation in 2014. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS a. Human Rights and the Conduct by the Security Forces (National Police of TimorLeste (PNTL) and Falintil-Armed Forces of Timor-Leste (F-FDTL) The right to life, liberty and security of person and to freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment are fundamental rights to which all people are entitled and which are recognised under international law (Article 6 and 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)) as ratified by Timor-Leste. The State has an obligation to protect these rights for every citizen through its institutions and legal framework. In Timor-Leste, according to our Constitution under Article 147 (1), the PNTL have a responsibility to defend democratic legality and guarantee the internal security of citizens. While, under Article 146 (2) of the Constitution, F-FDTL have a responsibility to guarantee national independence, territorial integrity, and the freedom and security of the population against any form of aggression or external threat. During 2013, in the Timorese context, the State and its competent institutions, such as the PNTL, carried out their obligations to ensure the above mentioned rights. Through our monitoring, HAK observed that in general the security forces did properly carry out their role to protect and defend the people’s human rights from month to month. The security forces, particularly PNTL, did actually carry out their role and obligations in order guarantee peace and freedom for everyone. This is supported by the way in which the police handled cases arising in their district. The table below shows the number of police interventions in the community and way they have been dealt with across the 6 districts. Case Intervention Referral to the Public Prosecutor In the process of investigation Resolved/closed Aileu 41 29 8 4 Ainaro 51 40 7 4 Baucau 283 245 2 35 Dili 146 65 72 9 Ermera 91 66 19 6 Viqueque 221 119 16 86 From the table above, a total of 833 cases were handled by the police in the 6 districts, of these 68 percent have been sent to Public Prosecutor, 15 percent are still under investigation and 17 percent have been closed or resolved within the community together with local authorities. In carrying out their duties in the community, PNTL agents began to better comply with the law and reduce their use of physical force when executing their duties. Similarly, there was a reduction in concern from local authorities regarding violations arising from police conduct. Though local authorities recognised this, they HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 26 still reported that police were often late in attending to cases which occurred in the community due to distance and insufficient transport. While the situation is improving, this doesn’t mean that in the districts where HAK carried out our monitoring PNTL members did not commit any violations when carrying out their obligations. In 2013, HAK documented several reports of incidents occurring when the security forces failed to carry out their obligations in securing public order. Issues of professionalism, impartiality, use of appropriate force and responsible use of equipment continued to be a concern. In some places, security forces were not impartial, did not use appropriate force and some did not their equipment according to the rules as prescribed by the law. Between the beginning and middle of 2013, HAK registered nine cases in which the security forces committed various violations. Seven of these cases involved members from PNTL who engaged in mistreatment and physical aggression against specific people who were alleged to have been involved in criminal behaviour or disturbances against the peace. The other two cases reportedly involved members of the Military Police from F-FDTL in Dili and Baucau. These cases reflect just a small proportion of the cases throughout the country, which HAK has not documented. However, this data reflects that in specific circumstances there is a problem with Police and Military Police conduct, which must be resolved. One example, which is demonstrative of this conduct from members of the security forces, arose in the early half of 2013, on 26 and 27 April in Aileu District. The conduct by police agents from the District Headquarters, inflicted against four young people after they were arrested arguably constituted cruel treatment. This case arose because the young people were suspected of being involved in a fist fight with some off-duty members of PNTL, who were attended a celebration in Aileu. This case was brought to the attention of human rights organisations, state institutions, and the PNTL General Command in Dili, which immediately restricted the PNTL in Aileu. However, to date, the public has yet to receive transparent information regarding accountability and the mechanisms used to resolve this case, particularly for the victims. In another case that occurred on 19 October 2013 in the Baucau District, specifically in the border region between the Sub-district of Quelicai in Baucau and the Sub-district of Ossu in Viqueque, some members of the PNTL (it is not clear whether they were from Viqueque or Baucau or from somewhere else) were caught irresponsibly and illegally using security equipment. Based on the complaint from the local authorities and community members of Lelalai Village in Quelicai, some members of the PNTL were using marked police vehicles and weapons to hunt deer in the area. This action clearly involves improper use of security equipment by police agents. They also used this equipment to destroy community property because the community reported that a goat and horse which the community had reared were shot and killed. More over, this irresponsible behaviour provoked fear and panic in the near by community because of the gun shots. This behaviour is absolutely contrary to the role of the security forces as agents for creating peace and security in the community. Actions by the police which are considered contrary to the international principles enshrined in the ICCPR, under Articles 10 (1) and 14 (2), and adopted by Timor-Leste also occurred when the Dili District Police arrested the person suspected of committing the murder, known as KIBATA (Kipas dulu Baru Tanya–Act First, Question Later) which occurred in September in Dili. When the police arrested the suspect, he was severely beaten to the point of wounding his face and causing it to swell beyond recognition. According to HAK’s observations of the incident, although this was done without wrongful intent, this constitutes a violation because according HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 27 to the law all people who have lost their liberty must be treated with respect for their inherent dignity and humanity. To this end, security forces, as the protectors of human rights, cannot confront the perpetrators of criminal acts with violence; instead they must provide protection to ensure that perpetrators are processed according to properly constituted legal processes so that they might take full and proper responsibility for their behaviour. Moreover, all people have the right to be considered innocent until the point at which they are found guilty according to the law. When police beat suspects, this demonstrates that police have taken it upon themselves to decide that person’s guilt, which is not the proper role of the police. Another violation was committed by police agents from Viqueque District, on 19 December 2013, in Uma Tolu Village in the Sub-district of Lacluta, when attending to a group conflict in the area. Police conduct involved inappropriate use of force because police used their guns and ended up shooting one person in the back with the bullet piercing through his chest, and him being taken to hospital. This act arose when police tried to intervene to stop fighting from one group returning from a funeral and the other group which provoked them. On 26 December 2013, HAK received this complaint and forwarded it onto the PNTL General Command and informed other institutions of State. This case is currently in the hands of the National Disciplinary Investigation Unit of the PNTL, we hope there will be a proper investigation process and accountability for this case. Recommendations: 1. Appeal to the PNTL General Command, particularly to the Professional Standards Unit, when receiving complaints from the community about their police officers committing violations while carrying out their duties, these must be processed immediately and quickly through existing legal mechanisms in order ensure the professionalism and accountability of the police in the performance of their duties. 2. Appeal to the PNTL General Command to continue providing training to increase the knowledge of human rights law among their police officers, especially regarding appropriate use of force when carrying out their duties in order to ensure the peace and security of the community. 3. Appeal to the Secretary of State for Security (SES) to, within this year, resolve the problem of inadequate police facilities at the national and district level. 4. Appeal to the PNTL General Command to ensure balanced distribution of equipment, especially uniforms and transportation between PNTL at the national and district levels to assist them in properly carrying out their duties. 5. Appeal to SES to continue cooperating with civil society to establish ongoing training to improve the knowledge of PNTL members about law and human rights that will assist them in carrying out their duties in the community. 6. Appeal to the Ombudsman for Human Rights and Justice (PDHJ) to proactively investigate violations and publish the results so that victims and their families can receive justice. 7. Appeal to PDHJ as well as national and international NGOs working on human rights, to continue educating the community about the role of police in guaranteeing human rights, as well as the principles of human rights and especially those of suspects throughout the judicial process. b. Refugees According to Article 31 of the International Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, if anyone, who escapes their country because of threats to their life or personal integrity and arrives in another country, must not be sanctioned or penalised by that State because they have arrived illegally. The receiving State must also provide reasonable time and facilities in order to continue their journey if that State does not wish to receive their claim for asylum. In reality, the Refugee Convention does not oblige Timor-Leste to receive refugees, however Timor-Leste does have an obligation to treat refugees with humanity and, more importantly, Timor-Leste can not force them to return to their country or to another country whether their life may be at risk. Moreover, Article 10 of the Constitution of Timor-Leste refers to solidarity and sub-section 2 requires HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 28 that Timor-Leste give political asylum to others in accordance with our laws. However, Timor-Leste’s actions towards the Rohingya refugees who arrived in Alimbata, Viqueque on 1 July 2013 did not in any way follow the principles of our Constitution or international law as adopted by Timor-Leste. At that time, 99 people, including 73 Rohingya people from Myanmar, 22 Rohingya people from Bangladesh, and four crewmen from Indonesia, who were trying to reach Australia to seek political asylum, found themselves in distress in the middle of the ocean and ended up washed up in Alimbata. The security authority prevented all access from civil society groups who sought information about the condition of the group while under control of PNTL and F-FDTL. Then, on 9 July 2013, the Government quickly transferred the refugees from Alimbata, Viqueque to Com, Lautem without consideration for suffering they had endured while their boat was in distress in the middle of the ocean. They spent just one day in Com before being forcibly removed to Indonesian territory, specifically the island of Liran in Wetar, Indonesia. According to information that HAK received, during this action the security forces threatened the refugees with handguns and seized their phones. It is clear from this situation that the refugees were not treated humanely, particularly as there were vulnerable women and children among the group that they had just been through a traumatic experience on the sea. Moreover, one woman, who was heavily pregnant on arrival, gave birth while they were stranded in Timor-Leste. Therefore, it is possible to argue that this situation violated the principle that all people will be free from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. More importantly, it is possible that when the Government of Timor-Leste moved the refugees to Indonesian territory, the Government violated the principle of “non-refoulement”. This principle is so fundamental that no reservations or derogations may be made to it. It provides that no one shall expel or return (“refouler”) a refugee against his or her will, in any manner what soever, to a territory where he or she fears threats to life or freedom. In Indonesia, refugees do not have the right to work, to live with security and many wait more than 20 years to they obtain access to other nations where they can properly establish their life. Aside from this, HAK knows other refugees who have been living in Timor-Leste for a year or more but who have yet to receive any clear status or who the Governmentbrejected their asylum request because it was submitted later than 72 hours after they entered Timorese territory. They have no possibility to be able to move to another country because the Government has yet to establish an appropriate system. However, they can not work in Timor-Leste and therefore can not support themselves. They are simply stuck Recommendations: 1. Timor-Leste needs proper policies that comply with international and national procedures so that, in the future, they can process refugees. For example, the authorities need training about refugee law, and, for those already here, they need access to translation service and other help to understand their rights and the progress of their case. 2. Appeal to Secretary of State for Security, as the competent institution for immigration issues, to reinitiate the revisions to the Decree Law 9/2003 on Immigration and Asylum so that the law can be developed to comply with Timor-Leste’s international obligations. 3. Appeal to his Excellency, the President of the Republic of Timor-Leste, as the representative of TimorLeste to deliver a political petition to the State of Myanmar appealing to the need for political stability HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 29 to begin the return to peace and stability, which in turn will contribute to the preservation of democracy and respect of human rights in Myanmar. c. Right to Access to Justice According to the principles of human rights and both international and national law, all those facing a criminal accusation retain the right to be considered innocent until proven guilty by a Tribunal based on evidence, and to defend themselves in the Tribunal (UDHR Art. 11 & ICCPR Art. 14.2). For this reason, under international human rights law, to detain a person who is awaiting trial in pre-trial detention must not become the usual practice. Every State must use pre-trial detention as a means of last resort (ICCPR Art. 9.3). As such, HAK continues to be concerned that attention must be given to this issue by the competent institutions in order to resolve this problem. According to HAK’s monitoring there remains a very high proportion of prisoners waiting in pre-trial detention in both prisons (32% of the 366 prisoners in Becora Prison and 15% of the 63 prisoners in Gleno Prison). Another issue which the Government must consider is the capacity of the prisons to accommodate prisoners. According to information from prison officials, the actual capacity of Becora Prison is just 250 prisoners, and each small block is sufficient to accommodate just 30-35 prisoners, while each larger block should only accommodate up to 40 or 45 prisoners. However, currently Becora Prison accommodates 366 prisoners, small blocks currently hold more than 50 prisoners and the bigger blocks hold more than 65 prisoners. Moreover, the block allocated for juveniles, which should only hold 12-15 prisoners, currently holds 25 juveniles. Another issue with which HAK is concerned is that all those who have been accused of committing a crime have the right to promptly receive clear and detailed information about the reasons for the accusation against him in a language which they understand. As such, the Government is already making efforts to ensure that all people which seek justice can obtain it quickly and effectively. However, this situation is still far from that which we imagine because the judicial process in the Courts continues to be very slow due to a lack of human resources in comparison to the cases that have been registered with the Courts. The situation confronting many prisoners, particularly those on remand in pre-trial detention, is the difficulty of accessing their lawyers, the majority of whom are from the Public Defender’s Office. As such, there are some prisoners who don’t know who their lawyers are, while most only meet their lawyers at the Court just before hearings related to their cases. As a result, their right to know in detail the progress of their case is becoming a big concern for prisoners. This situation led to the escape of 25 prisoners from Becora Prison on 3 November 2013. Of these 25 escapees, just 5 were convicted prisoners; the other 20 were still on remand in pre-trial detention. The majority of whom had been awaiting on pre-trial detention anywhere from 8 months to 23 months. We consider that this situation infringes on the prisoners’ rights to promptly obtain certainty as to the outcome of their cases. It also violates their right to liberty because they are being detained for long periods without any decision on their culpability. The uncertainty faced by those 25 escapees, of which 20 were remand prisoners, is just a small indication of the much larger problem currently faced by many people who are detained in Becora and Gleno prison. Recommendations: 1. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to pay attention to and accelerate the construction and rehabilitation of Baucau and Covalima Prisons and the juvenile detention centre being planned in Tibar. 2. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to facilitate the work of the various justice sector actors, including amending their salary to balance with their work so they can accelerate the judgement process in the courts and providing a sense of security to them and their families. HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 30 3. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to consider the distribution of transport the Public Defender to aid them in more frequently visiting their clients in prison to ensure detained persons have the right to properly defend themselves. 4. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to establish further mechanismsin the Judicial Training Centre so that more graduates can be accepted into the program to the resolve the human resources problem as it currently exists in the justice sector. 5. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to promote the role of Public Defenders so that graduates are more willing to work as public lawyers. 6. Appeal to Public Defender to establish and implement clear internal policies for Defenders, particularly regarding their responsibilities to their clients, and the obligation to visit their clients in pre-trial detention so that there are not further violations of their right to clear information about the case against them and its progress. d. Justice for Past Crimes The Right to Truth, according to international humanitarian law, specifically Article 32 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, commands that family members have the right to know about the fate of their relatives. Under Articles 33 and 34, the State Parties to the armed conflict are obligated to find and determine the whereabouts of all those who are missing. To a certain extend this obligation has been carried out, beginning with various UN resolutions, the constituting documents of the commission for truth and justice, and the report of the Commission of Experts that was mandated by the UN to investigate human rights violations. These instruments also establish the obligation of States to implement these laws by conferring penal sanctions on the perpetrators which commit war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the responsibility to find and bring those perpetrators to trial (Article 49 of Geneva Convention I (1949), Article 50 of Geneva Convention II (1949), Article 129 of Geneva Convention III (1949) and Article 146 of Geneva Convention IV (1949). However, in Timor-Leste, victims and their family members, who suffered human rights violations between 1974 and 1999, continue to live with uncertainty due to the lack of truth about and justice for their suffering. Likewise, there are many people whose family members have disappeared and who have yet to receive any information as to their whereabouts. This despite the fact that the State of Timor-Leste has initiated several efforts to seek the truth, including through the CAVR (Commission for Truth and Reconciliation) and CTF (Commission of Truth and Friendship) which was established together with Indonesia, and that these two Commissions have delivered their recommendations regarding actions with the Governments of Timor-Leste and Indonesia must take for the victims and their families. In particular, that the victims and survivors must be able to find their disappeared relatives, which according to the data gathered by CAVR includes approximately 18,600 killed or missing person and approximately 4,500 children who are believed to be currently living in Indonesia. The State of Timor-Leste has yet to maximize its political power to implement the recommendations of CAVR and CTF. Besides this, the victims and their families have been demanding that National Parliament approve the draft law on the Memorial Institute and the draft law on Reparations, which specifically address the rights of victims and their families. However, the reality is that in 2013 there has been no political will from the National Parliament to review these two draft laws which are currently sitting of the desks of Members of Parliament. This despite that fact that during the run-up to the national elections in 2012, the majority campaigned saying they would give priority to these two laws, and others. However, since being elected, their campaign promises have become empty rhetoric further marginalising the victims who remain living in vulnerable conditions. The families who lost their relatives during the political conflict of 1974-1999, remain living in uncertainty beHAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 31 cause they have no accurate information about the whereabouts of their relatives. Some victims’ families are themselves engaging in efforts to find out further information about their family members but these efforts haven’t yet been institutionalised as the CTF has recommended to the States of Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Conversely, the National Human Rights Institutions, the PDHJ and Komnas HAM from Indonesia, signed an agreement relating to the issue of disappeared and missing person, particularly the separated children who currently live scattered across Indonesia. However, in reality, the PDHJ have not yet maximised their competency to implement this agreement. Recommendations: 1. Appeal to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation to cooperate with the Indonesian Government to accelerate efforts to establish the special commission to search for missing and disappeared person from the 1974-1999 conflict; 2. Appealto the National Parliament to endorse the recommendations from CAVR and CTF so the Government can begin implementation; 3. Appeal to the National Parliament to reactivate the discussion to approve the draft law on the Memorial Institute and the draft law on Reparations for victims and their families; 4. Appeal to the Government and National Parliament to consider the advantages the International Convention on Enforced Disappearances in order to move towards ratification. ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS These particular rights cannot all be achieved in the short-term because they are considered progressive rights. However, the State cannot delay efforts which are aimed at addressing their obligations to fulfil these rights. Yet, in the case of Timor-Leste, the State is not carrying out their obligations according to the basic legal framework which it has adopted. At the very least, when making decisions about the allocation of public funds, the State must prioritise allocations which can properly address its legal responsibilities as mandated by the Government’s own legal framework. a. Education Sector Based on international standards, there are some steps which the State must take in order to realise the rights to education. The first is accessible and free, compulsory primary schooling for all (Article 13 (2) (a) of ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). This right is also recognised in Timor-Leste’s Constitution, namely that the State recognises and guarantees the right of every citizen to basic education and culture and that, to the greatest extent possible according to its capacity and the law, the State will establish a public system which is universal, compulsory and free (Article 59 (1) of the Constitution). As such, we recognise that the State, through the Government, has partially carried out its obligation to fulfil the rights of all citizens to education. However, when considering the specific aspects of the right to education according to the standards which Timor-Leste has adopted, the Government has yet to properly implement its obligations. From HAK’s observations in our monitoring districts, the majority of public schools confront numerous problems which diminish the opportunity children have to receive a good quality education that is consistent throughout the territory of Timor-Leste. Almost half of public schools, from primary schools (1086) up to secondary school (44 schools) in Timor-Leste have structural and physical problems that are not favourable to a productive learning environment. The problematic conditions which public schools confront include a lack of tables and chairs for students as well as physical problems which result in leaking buildings during rainy periods or, worse, potential threats to the lives of students and teachers. Many schools don’t have clean water and toilets, or libraries, or adequate HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 32 offices for teachers. These conditions do not satisfy the necessary requirements of the right to education based on the legal standards adopted by Timor-Leste, that education must be accessible to all. As such, the State must provide sufficient educational institutions and teachers for all. The State must guarantee that the facilities of educational institutions are adequate, the salaries of teachers are adequate and provide adequate training and training materials to teachers. One small example from Viqueque District Regional Education Office highlights this point but also reflects the overall situation for education in the territory of Timor-Leste: Category Total of schools Students Class rooms Table & Chairs Good Have Bad Lacking Toilets Teachers’ Offices Good Don’t have Good Bad Clean water Have Don’t have Pre-school 28 1365 12 23 749 698 12 22 7 21 8 20 Primary School (Central) 19 9558 106 74 4280 3444 63 7 7 23 14 5 Primary School (Branch) 74 11323 211 114 5670 5719 63 7 45 32 46 28 Secondary School 8 2667 52 52 1660 994 7 2 5 3 6 2 59% 41% 53% 47% 79% 21% 45% 55% 57% 43% Percentage This table demonstrates that most schools in Viqueque have problems with their physical condition. Forty-one percent of classrooms have problems and forty-seven percent are lacking sufficient tables and chairs for the students to properly learn. In more than half of schools (55%) the teachers’ offices are in poor condition. This situation doesn’t encourage teachers to stay at school during school hours and means they don’t have a security place to store their teaching materials and student reports. Therefore, teachers prefer to take these home rather than store at school. The cause of these is unclear but it is not just the physical teaching conditions that give rise to poor attitudes among teachers, who then abandon their students at school. In many places, children return home early because they don’t have teachers. Similarly, the table also shows that many schools (43%) don’t have clean water, therefore even if there are proper toilets, they cannot be used when there is no water system.This situation needs to be resolve because it can have a significant impact on participation rates at school, particularly for female students who won’t want to attend during school hours, despite the Government policy of compulsory education for all. Moreover, just generally, a lack of clean water and toilets will create an insanitary environment for school children. Another situation that the Government must give attention to is the school feeding program (“Merenda Eskola”). Politically this is a good program because it is designed to provide balanced nutrition to all Timorese school children while at primary school. However, the management and control of the program’s implementers must be addressed to ensure they provide food which is hygienic and healthy for the children. In some situations, greater attention needs to be given to ensure balance distribution of funds between schools in rural areas and those in or near the Capital, so as to guarantee that all children in the rural areas have access to the same menu, with the same quality, as those children in the Capital. Another issue to which the Ministry of Education must give adequate consideration is the subsidy received by the people who cook for the program. The Government must consider their work and provide a subsidy or salary that complies with the standards set down in the law and which is separate from the program budget, so that the program managers will not misuse funds but rather ensure they use it to purchase good, healthy food for the children. This program must also not victimise the children by obliging them to carry firewood from the house to be used by the program to cook the food. Aside from the physical problems with schools, there is also the issue of the national education curriculum, which has not yet established a clear system of learning or been properly implemented. This in turn prejuHAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 33 dices those secondary school graduates who wish to progress onto higher education. To this end, there is also no clear policy on how to select the top students to attend tertiary education, and sometimes the Ministry of Education gets confused between guaranteeing quality of students and its policy of ensuring the children of veterans are given the opportunity through recommendations from village chiefs if their mother or father was a veteran. This policy further narrows the options for filtering the quality of candidates that are chosen to study at the National University of Timor-Leste (UNTL). This policy is also arguably a type of collusion or discrimination created by the Government, which, if allowed to continue in the future, will discourage children from studying hard to compete for places in the National University. Recommendations: 1. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to conduct a detailed assessment so as to ensure that public funds are allocated according the needs of each school in order to ensure that the quality of the school feeding program is the same for all students across Timor-Leste. 2. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to establish a strong monitoring policy to review teachers to ensure they comply properly with their teaching responsibilities and they don’t abandon their students during school hours. 3. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to given greater attention to the infrastructure of public schools and ensure they repair those schools that are currently run-down so that those schools can provide a more productive working environment, and to address the issue of sanitation and clean water in all schools. 4. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to continue providing training to teachers so as to elevate their teaching capacity. 5. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to address the need to establish adequate library facilities in each school to support the students and teachers with their studies. 6. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to clearly and properly define the curriculum policy and adapt to the global education system so that secondary school graduates are not prejudiced in continuing onto tertiary education at national level or in other countries. b. Health Sector “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services” (Article 25 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)). Therefore, health is one of the most fundamental rights of human beings. It is a fundamental right because this right is necessary in order ensure other rights can be achieved. This is also recognised in international law which Timor-Leste has ratified, specifically ICESCR, which states that all human beings have the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health in order to live with dignity (Article 12, ICESCR). The Constitution of Timor-Leste similarly recognises this right under Article 57. Therefore, according to the above mentioned legal instruments, the State has an obligation to fulfil this right. In the context of Timor-Leste, the Government has already realised in part this right. Specifically, the public health services provide free medical assistance, hospitals have been established, the medical centres and posts are nearby and accessible to the community. They are also focused on increasing the capacity of health care workers in the hospitals, medical centres (Sentru Saude) and medical posts (Postu Saude). However, there are still many issues with the implementation and attendance of health care services which the Government must still address in order to guarantee easy and free access to health services. Based on HAK’s observations, the medical posts in rural areas are still lacking the facilities and health workers to provide health assistance to community, as a result in some villages (sucos) the medicalposts do not yet provide decent medical assistance to their respective communities. Instead, those who require medical HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 34 assistance still travel to the health centres which are often a long way from their village. Aside from lacking adequate facilities for health workers to deliver proper assistance to the community, many medical posts lack adequate facilities so that health workers can live near the medical posts in order to provide better services to the community. Consequently, many doctors have to live in the sub-district capital and travel to their respective posts each morning. The inadequate medical facilities also impact on other health programs, in particular the SISCA health program. There were no major problems identified with the implementation of the SISCA program in villages and hamlets near to the towns, however, in more remote areas there were difficulties with proper implementation. Remote communities complained that health workers with the SISCA program did not have an accurate plan which then impedes community participation in the program. As a result, sometimes it is difficult for the program to reach those who live far from the village centre. There are many complaints from the community about the medical assistance that they receive at the National Hospital.The community complains that during medical treatment at national hospital, after receiving their medication prescription, sometimes they are required to go and purchase it from a private pharmacy because the hospital has no stock of the medicine. On the other hand, there are also some complaints from community that according to information obtained through social media, the Ministry of Health, through Sames (the area responsible for the purchase of medicines and equipment), actually has some of the medicine which the hospitals and medical centres require but it has not completely distributed its supplies before the expiry date and therefore has had to destroy some medications. This situation requires attention to control public funds so that they are spent just according to what is needed and not wasted on unnecessary items. Recommendations: 1. Appeal to Ministry of Health to pay close attention to infrastructure of health facilities from the village level right up to the national level to facilitate health workers in improving the delivery of medical services. 2. Appeal to Ministry of Health to create adequate conditions for health workers in rural areas to deliver effective medical assistance to the community. 3. Appeal to the Government to clearly identify those diseases which exist in Timor-Leste, including incidents per year, so that they can allocate public funds to ensure the necessary equipment and medicine is available to address these diseases rather than again distributing public funds to equipment and medicine which is unnecessary and will therefore just expire. c. Land Disputes Land issues in Timor-Leste are a long-standing problem from colonial times which has still not been resolved. We can see from HAK’s data published in our monitoring report for May-July 2013 that land problems made up fifty percent of the cases arising at the village level. The rest of cases reported by village chiefs were as follows: domestic violence (13%), attempted and sexual violations (2%), theft of animals and property (10%), animals trespassing onto farms and destroying food and plantations (7%), violence among youths (10%), violence by police against youth (1%), impregnating a women and abandoning responsibility (4%), murder (1%) and witchcraft (2%). The 81 land cases reported above were resolved in the following ways: four percent were brought to trial, one percent brought to the Land and Property Department, thirty-one percent remained pending and sixtyfour percent were resolved. If we compare the above data to HAK’s data from the following three months (August to October), land cases still form the largest percentage of cases in the community (82%) as compared with usual criminal cases, although the actual number of cases reduced to just 63. From the number of land cases, fifty-two percent remain unresolved in the community, one percent elected to take their case to court, while forty-six percent were resolved within the community through mediation carried out by local authorities. HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 35 When we consider the high percentage of land cases arising in the community and the process they using to resolve these cases, whether in the community or the course it is clearly that a specific legal framework is required to help resolve these cases. This year the Government has made efforts towards finalising the package of three land laws which are currently in the consultation process. We hope the Government will incorporate the ideas from the community and complete this process as quickly as possible so that the draft laws may be re-introduced to National Parliament for approval. It is especially important this package of laws actually reflects the situation and condition of the Timorese people, so that in the future these specific laws can properly help to resolve these land disputes, rather than simply creating more problems. We particularly hope that the law will actually respect and protect the social value and principles which we ascribe to land according to our culture, so that land become a source of life and peace for all people, not just a source of conflict in people’s lives. Recommendations: 1. Appeal to National Parliament to carefully study the package of land laws before approving them, other wise the land law will not actually resolve the problem of land disputes, which are currently the highest percentage of cases being reported in Timor-Leste. 2. Appeal to Ministry of State Administration to provide paralegal training to local leaders to help them better carry out their duties and to better resolve land disputes.l HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 36 V. Conclusions and Recommendations a. Conclusion In 2013, the human rights situation, as demonstrated by the data here in included, it is possible to conclude that efforts by the State to fulfil the rights of the people, in respect of civil and political rights, have made some progress, despite some violations being committed by certain members of the security institutions when carrying out their duties. However, with regards to economic, social and cultural rights, the remains a need for much greater attention from the State in order to better protect and fulfil these specific rights because in many areas, there remain significant impediments to ensure that communities receive proper access to health, education and food to ensure a secure livelihood. b. Recommendations 1. Appeal to the PNTL General Command, particularly to the Professional Standards Unit, when receiving complaints from the community about their police officers committing violations while carrying out their duties, these must be processed immediately and quickly through existing legal mechanisms in order ensure the professionalism and accountability of the police in the performance of their duties. 2. Appeal to the PNTL General Command to continue providing training to increase the knowledge of human rights law among their police officers, especially regarding appropriate use of force when carrying out their duties in order to ensure the peace and security of the community. 3. Appeal to the Secretary of State for Security (SES) to, within this year, resolve the problem of inadequate police facilities at the national and district level. 4. Appeal to the PNTL General Command to ensure balanced distribution of equipment, especially uniforms and transportation between PNTL at the national and district levels to assist them in properly carrying out their duties. 5. Appeal to SES to continue cooperating with civil society to establish ongoing training to improve the knowledge of PNTL members about law and human rights that will assist them in carrying out their duties in the community. 6. Appeal to the Ombudsman for Human Rights and Justice (PDHJ) to proactively investigate violations and publish the results so that victims and their families can receive justice. 7. Appeal to PDHJ as well as national and international NGOs working on human rights, to continue educating the community about the role of police in guaranteeing human rights, as well as the principles of human rights and especially those of suspects throughout the judicial process. 8. Timor-Leste needs proper policies that comply with international and national procedures so that, in the future, they can process refugees. For example, the authorities need training about refugee law, and, for those already here, they need access to translation service and other help to understand their rights and the progress of their case. 9. Appeal to Secretary of State for Security, as the competent institution for immigration issues, to reinitiate the revisions to the Decree Law 9/2003 on Immigration and Asylum so that the law can be developed to comply with Timor-Leste’s international obligations. 10. Appeal to his Excellency, the President of the Republic of Timor-Leste, as the representative of TimorLeste to deliver a political petition to the State of Myanmar appealing to the need for political stability to begin the return to peace and stability, which in turn will contribute to the preservation of democracy and respect of human rights in Myanmar. 11. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to pay attention to and accelerate the construction and rehabilitation of Baucau and Covalima Prisons and the juvenile detention centre being planned in Tibar. HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 37 12. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to facilitate the work of the various justice sector actors, including amending their salary to balance with their work so they can accelerate the judgement process in the courts and providing a sense of security to them and their families. 13. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to consider the distribution of transport the Public Defender to aid them in more frequently visiting their clients in prison to ensure detained persons have the right to properly defend themselves. 14. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to establish further mechanismsin the Judicial Training Centre so that more graduates can be accepted into the program to the resolve the human resources problem as it currently exists in the justice sector. 15. Appeal to the Ministry of Justice to promote the role of Public Defenders so that graduates are more willing to work as public lawyers. 16. Appeal to Public Defender to establish and implement clear internal policies for Defenders, particularly regarding their responsibilities to their clients, and the obligation to visit their clients in pre-trial detention so that there are not further violations of their right to clear information about the case against them and its progress. 17. Appeal to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation to cooperate with the Indonesian Government to accelerate efforts to establish the special commission to search for missing and disappeared person from the 1974-1999 conflict; 18. Appeal to the National Parliament to endorse the recommendations from CAVR and CTF so the Government can begin implementation; 19. Appeal to the National Parliament to reactivate the discussion to approve the draft law on the Memorial Institute and the draft law on Reparations for victims and their families; 20. Appeal to the Government and National Parliament to consider the advantages the International Convention on Enforced Disappearances in order to move towards ratification. 21. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to conduct a detailed assessment so as to ensure that public funds are allocated according the needs of each school in order to ensure that the quality of the school feeding program is the same for all students across Timor-Leste. 22. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to establish a strong monitoring policy to review teachers to ensure they comply properly with their teaching responsibilities and they don’t abandon their students during school hours. 23. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to given greater attention to the infrastructure of public schools and ensure they repair those schools that are currently run-down so that those schools can provide a more productive working environment, and to address the issue of sanitation and clean water in all schools. 24. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to continue providing training to teachers so as to elevate their teaching capacity. 25. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to address the need to establish adequate library facilities in each school to support the students and teachers with their studies. 26. Appeal to the Ministry of Education to clearly and properly define the curriculum policy and adapt to the global education system so that secondary school graduates are not prejudiced in continuing onto tertiary education at national level or in other countries. 27. Appeal to Ministry of Health to pay close attention to infrastructure of health facilities from the village level right up to the national level to facilitate health workers in improving the delivery of medical services. 28. Appeal to Ministry of Health to create adequate conditions for health workers in rural areas to deliver effective medical assistance to the community. 29. Appeal to the Government to clearly identify those diseases which exist in Timor-Leste, including inciHAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 38 dents per year, so that they can allocate public funds to ensure the necessary equipment and medicine is available to address these diseases rather than again distributing public funds to equipment and medicine which is unnecessary and will therefore just expire. 30. Appeal to National Parliament to carefully study the package of land laws before approving them, otherwise the land law will not actually resolve the problem of land disputes, which are currently the highest percentage of cases being reported in Timor-Leste. 31. Appeal to Ministry of State Administration to provide paralegal training to local leaders to help them better carry out their duties and to better resolve land disputes.l HAK Association - Human Rigths Report 2013 39 Konselho Kurador: 1. Jose Luis de Oliveira 2. Oscar da Silva 3. Santina Soares Konselho Fiskal: 1. Abdullah Hadi Sagran 2. Fernando Antonio da Costa 2. Maria Manuela Leao Pereira Konselho Exekutivu: 1. Manuel Monteiro Fernandes 2. Rogerio Soares Suporta husi: Unidade Asesoria Direitus Umanus Nacoens Unidas ba Timor-Leste Embaisada Etadu Unidus Amerika iha Timor-Leste
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