Social Impact Assessment - Coastal and Environmental Services

Transcrição

FEBRUARY 2015
COASTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (CES)
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED
BAOBAB IRON ORE PROJECT,
TETE, MOZAMBIQUE
FEBRUARY 2015
COASTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (CES)
ADDRESS
TEL
FAX
WWW
COWI
Ave.
Manganhela,
P.O.Box
Maputo
Mozambique
+258 21 358 300
+258 21 307 369
cowi.co.mz
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED
BAOBAB IRON ORE PROJECT,
TETE, MOZAMBIQUE
PROJECT NO.
14002-A
DOCUMENT NO.
1
VERSION
4
DATE OF ISSUE
14/02/2015
PREPARED
IPCA
CHECKED
CSCR/EFI
APPROVED
CSCR
95,
Lda.
Zedequias
1st
floor
2242
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
Contents
Executive Summary
10
1
INTRODUCTION
22
2
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
INSTITUTIONAL, POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 23
National policy and strategies for energy and natural
resources
23
National legislation relevant to the mining activity
27
National legislation on Social Impact Assessment and Public
Consultation
29
Applicable International Guidelines for EIA
30
National legislation related to Resettlement
32
Applicable International Guidelines for Resettlement 36
Local government and leadership
37
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
METHODOLOGY
Identification of the study area
Data gathering methods
Impact assessment methodology
Assumptions and Limitations
39
39
41
46
47
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
PROJECT CONTEXT
Country Profile
Tete Province
Chiúta and Moatize Districts
48
48
50
52
5
POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT
91
Introduction
91
Potential Impacts identified to date
91
2.2
2.3
5.1
5.2
5
6
6
CONCLUSION
127
7
REFERENCES
129
Appendix A: Impact Assessment Methodology
132
Appendix B: Methodology for the calculation of Socio economic status
indices -Possession Index
135
Appendix C: Qualitative Data Gathering Tools
140
Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix
162
Appendix E: Household Survey Questionnaire
169
Appendix F: Maps produced
205
List of Figures
Figure 1: Location of the project in Tete Province
22
Figure 2: Surveyed communities in the project area.
41
Figure 3: Focus group in Chianga
44
Figure 4: Massamba community services and resources map
44
Figure 5: Survey findings about number of spouses per Household Head
54
Figure 6: Survey findings about spouses living in the same yard
54
Figure 7: Survey findings for languages spoken
56
Figure 8: Jehovah’s Witness Church, Massamba
57
Figure 9: Mobility and Migration
58
Figure 10: Household Occupations
61
Figure 11: Informal stall, Muchena.
62
Figure 12: Survey findings about average monthly income
62
Figure 13: Survey findings about household expenses
63
Figure 14: Survey findings about durable assets
64
Figure 15: Maize farming plot, Muchena
cultivated farming plots
65 Figure 16: Revúbuè River, with
64
Figure 17: Survey findings on the use of trees
65
Figure 18: Survey findings on the average number of domestic animals owned
65
Figure 19: Survey findings on the use of animals bred
66
Figure 20: Survey findings on farming plot size
67
Figure 21: Survey findings about farming plot ownership
68
Figure 22: Wealth quintiles for Chiúta and Moatize districts.
69
Figure 23: Wealth quintiles according to gender - project area
70
Figure 24: Wealth quintiles according to age of Household Head - project area
70
Figure 25: Wealth quintiles according to the civil status of Household Head - project area
71
Figure 26: Wealth quintiles according to the employment status of Household Head project area
71
Figure 27: Typical wattle and daub house, Chianga
73
Figure 28 and Figure 29: Matacale Primary School
75
Figure 30: Survey findings about diseases
77
Figure 31: Treatment of diseases in Chiúta
77
Figure 32: Treatment of diseases in Moatize
78
Figure 33: Survey findings on knowledge about malaria
78
Figure 34: Survey findings about reasons for not using a mosquito net
79
Figure 35: Survey findings about food insecurity (not having enough food)
79
Figure 36: Survey finding about water sources
81
Figure 37: Water hole in dry river bed, Mbuzi
88
Figure 38: Hand pump, Muchena
81
Figure 39: Survey findings about water treatment
82
Figure 40: Survey findings about sanitation
82
Figure 41: Roads and railway crossing Chiúta and Moatize districts
84
Figure 42: Community cemetery,
Figure 43: Family grave at cemetery, Mbuzi
88
86
Figure 44: Sacred sites and cemeteries mentioned by communities as not being
transferable
87
Figure 45: Map of mining companies neighbouring the project area
126
Figure 46: Wealth quintiles for Chiúta and Moatize districts
136
Figure 47: Wealth quintiles according to the gender of Household Head – project area
136
Figure 48: Wealth quintiles according to the age of the Household Head – project area
137
Figure 49: Wealth quintiles according to the civil status of the Household Head – project
area
137
Figure 50: Wealth quintiles according to the employment status – project area 137
Figure 51: Wealth quintiles according to gender of Household Head – Chiúta
138
Figure 52: Wealth quintiles according to civil status – Chiúta
138
Figure 53: Wealth quintiles according to age of Household Head – Chiúta
138
Figure 54: Wealth quintiles according to gender of Household Head – Moatize 139
Figure 55: Wealth quintiles according to civil status – Moatize
139
Figure 56: Wealth quintiles according to age of Household Head – Moatize
139
7
8
List of Tables
Table 1: National legislation related to the strategic framework of the
mining activity.
26
Table 2: National legislation on the mining activity.
28
Table 3: National legislation related to social impact assessment. 30
Table 4: International guidelines for the EIA process.
31
Table 5: National legislation on resettlement
33
Table 6: National legislation related to resettlement.
34
Table 7: National legislation related to cultural heritage.
36
Table 8: International guidelines for resettlement
37
Table 9: Project affected communities
40
Table 10: Participatory exercises applied and their objectives
44
Table 11: Administrative posts and localities of Chiúta district.
52
Table 12: Administrative posts and localities of Moatize district
52
Table 13: Survey findings about employment
60
Table 14: Survey findings about types of road used
84
Table 16: Summary of the significance rating of the identified impacts122
Table 17: Ranking of evaluation criteria
133
Table 18: Ranking matrix to provide an environmental significance134
9
List of acronyms
CES
Coastal & Environmental Services
CLO
Community Liaison Officer
CoI
Corridor of Impact
CSR
Corporate Social Responsibility
DUAT
Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento de Terra/ Right to Land Use and
Benefits (Portuguese acronym)
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP
Environmental Management Plan
ESIA
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
EITI/ITIE Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative/ Iniciativa de Transparência da
Indústria Extractiva (English/ Portuguese acronym)
FGD
Focus Group Discussion
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
HH
Household
IFC
International Finance Corporation
M&E
Monitoring and Evaluation
MIREM Ministério dos Recursos Minerais/ Ministry of Mineral Resources
(Portuguese acronym)
MZM
Mozambican Metical
OP
Operational Standard
PAC
Project Affected Community
PAP
Project Affected Person
PPP
Public Participation Process
PS
Performance Standard
RAP
Resettlement Action Plan
SADC Southern Africa Development Community
SDAE
Serviço Distrital de Actividades Económicas/ District Service for
Economic Activities (Portuguese acronym)
STD
Sexually Transmitted Disease
SDPI
Serviço Distrital de Planeamento e Infra-Estruturas / District Service for
Planning and Infrastructure (Portuguese acronym)
SIA
Social Impact Assessment
TCRRP Technical Commission for the Review of Resettlement Plans
WB
World Bank
10
Executive Summary
Introduction
Capitol Resources Limitada (Capitol Resources) intends to develop an Iron Ore
Mining Project in the Chiúta and Moatize Districts of Tete Province, located in
central Mozambique. The project extends over three licence areas fully owned by
Capitol Resources. The first phase of mining activity will occur in one licence area
(Tenge-Ruoni Prospect Area 1035-L), which shares boundaries with two other coal
mining projects of companies Vale and Ncondezi.
The project has the potential to impact the lives and livelihoods of local
communities as a result of the mining activity and the construction of the required
infrastructure, such as the haul road and electrical power line.
As stated above, the project area spans the adjoining Districts of Chiúta and
Moatize and encompasses eight principal human settlements or communities, of
which two are located in Moatize District and six in Chiúta District.
The present Social Impact Assessment (SIA) has been prepared in compliance
with the Mozambican legislation for Environmental Impact Assessment. It identifies
and analyses the main impacts associated with the mining project, and provides
recommendations for preventative, mitigation, as well as enhancement measures
to be applied with regards to impacts requiring management. .
Institutional and Legal Framework
st
At the turn of the 21 century, large scale mining and energy activity took off in
Mozambique with a number of exploration and extractive industry projects, namely
in gas, heavy sands and coal. Other large scale exploration and extraction projects
are underway, which includes the extraction of iron in Tete Province. As a result of
this resource extraction boom, investors in Mozambique have been steadily
increasing over the past decade.
A boom in the mining industry, as well as the recent discoveries of natural gas in
the Rovuma Basin, represents an opportunity for developing the country’s
economy and bringing prosperity to Mozambicans. The materialization of such an
opportunity, however, depends largely on the government’s capacity to respond to
the challenges arising from the recent boom in the extractive sector, such as the
provision of supporting infrastructure and the guarantee of transparency and
accountability within the mining investment and project development processes.
In order to guide these processes, the Mineral Resources Policy and Strategy was
approved in 2013. Under the coordination of the Ministry of Mineral Resources, the
Strategy aims to improve knowledge about the existing mineral resources; optimize
and add value to mining production; preserve the environment; promote the
national institutional framework and the private sector, investment and turn the
mining industry into a main contributor to the country’s economy.
11
Also, in an effort to align national policies with international best practices and
standards, Mozambique became a signatory to the Extractive Industry
Transparency Initiative in 2009.
Finally, in addition to the abovementioned tools, Mozambique has its own
legislation governing mining activities, Environmental Impact Assessment and
Public Consultation, Land Use Planning and Permits, as well as Compensation and
Resettlement planning. This legislation is intended to be streamlined with
international best practices for Impact Assessment and Resettlement of major
donors, such as the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation.
Methodology
For the preparation of the SIA, a combination of qualitative and quantitative data
gathering methods were utilised together with a specialized impact assessment
methodology.
The qualitative methods utilised included a literature review, field observations,
interviews with key informants and focus group discussions with members of the
eight communities in the project area. The qualitative component focused on
themes such as community history, the importance of sacred sites,
local/community authority, access to services and resources, land use and the
concerns, preoccupations and recommendations that the communities had
regarding the project.. The qualitative data gathering process took place over a
period of 10 days, from 30 June -10 July 2014.
The quantitative component consisted of a socio-economic survey applied to 324
households located within a buffer zone of 5 km from the proposed mining area, as
well as the projected haul road within a buffer zone of 70 m on each side of the
indicative road alignment. The survey sought to gather data on household
demographics, education, water, sanitation, health, income and expenses,
housing, farming, food security, mobility, availability and use of services and
conflict resolution. This component was carried out over a period of 2 weeks, from
9 - 21 August 2014.
All the questionnaires were entered into a database in the CSPro statistical
package, and then it was converted into SPSS (also a statistical analysis software
package) to conduct the cleaning and analysis of the data.
Project context
Mozambique
Mozambique has an estimated population of 24 million people with low population
density. Slightly more than half of the population is female and lives in a rural
setting. As many as 75% of the population is informally self-employed in agriculture
and informal trade; and only about 20% are formally employed (INE 2009b, 2012).
In 2007, 50% of the population was literate, yet 26% had never been to school
(INE 2009b, 2012).
12
Since the end of the post-independence war (1992), Mozambique has made
progress in its development efforts. Between 2000-2010, the country had an
average annual economic growth rate of 6% and it has a current (2014) growth
rate of 7.3%, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world for this
period (forecast of the Economist Intelligence Unit for Mozambique, 2014). It has
established a stable macroeconomic climate, and inflation rates have been under
4.2% annually, which has contributed to the consistent growth of the economy.
This continued growth has enabled Mozambique to attract foreign and local
investment, as is demonstrated in the extractive industry.
In the past few years the taxing of capital gains in the extractive industry has been
partially responsible for the reduction of the national budget deficit and reduced the
State’s budget dependency on external aid from 50% in early 2000 to about 35% in
2010. However, the extractive industry only made up a modest 2% to the GDP.
Despite the strong potential of the extractive industry to boost the Mozambican
economy and decrease its dependence on foreign aid, the contribution of the
extractive industry to the Mozambican economy has not been linear, and depends
on structural factors such as national political stability, infrastructure (transport,
energy) and international market prices for ore and beneficiated mineral products.
Tete Province
Tete is the country's third biggest province and despite its low population density, it
houses 9% of the national population and is the third most populated province in
the country. The main economic activity in the province is agriculture, however the
province has a natural resource base of considerable potential that is currently
underexploited. Despite this potential, the development of the province is
undermined by the lack of qualified labour, private investment and basic
infrastructure, as well as the slow modernization of local government structures
and capacities. Over the past decade, mining activity has been a key element of
the province’s development planning and currently the extractive industry accounts
for half of the province’s forecasted GDP for 2014.
The ethnic, linguistic and cultural profiles of the two districts are very similar. Both
Chiúta and Moatize have a very rural and young population and the extended
family is the predominant form of social organisation. The most commonly used
language is ciNyungwè, while Portuguese is spoken by less than one third of the
population. The dominant religion is Catholicism, often combined with traditional
religious practices. Traditional leadership structures/positions such as the n’fumo
and nhankwava or nhankawa, and traditional ceremonies such as rain ceremonies
and initiation rites are still practised in the districts, with varied intensity.
Agriculture is the main economic activity and land use in both districts. The soil in
this area has low fertility and low capacity to lock in humidity, which leads to high
risks of crop and yield loss. Due to this, moist or wetland areas around rivers and
streams are sought after for the practice of agriculture. Other complementary
13
economic activities include trade (mostly informal), cattle breeding, fishing and
artisanal mining. Industrial activity has a modest presence.
Apart from agriculture, land is also used for habitation purposes and other
economic activities such as mining, forestry and industrial logging. Land tenure for
housing and agriculture is predominantly customary without holding a formal land
deed (DUAT). Land use for housing is characterized by a scattered housing pattern
with poor urban planning. The predominant housing structure in the districts and
the project area is the mud-and-stick hut (wattle and daub) with a grass thatched
roof. In the project area, conflicts have arisen with regards to land where two
communities are in disputes over project benefits. Additionally, man-animal
conflicts have been reported. The provision of basic social services is still
insufficient in the project area. In 2013, both districts had primary and secondary
schools, although Chiúta had no did not have the capacity in their secondary
school to teach 11 and 12 grade. In 2005, 80% of the population of Chiúta and
67% of the population of Moatize was illiterate. In both districts illiteracy is higher
amongst women. Despite the expansion of the school network, the coverage of
education services is still insufficient, particularly for secondary schooling.
In terms of health, in 2012 both districts had health services composed of rural
hospitals, health centres and health posts. Despite the expansion of the health
system, the health unit/ resident ratio and the health unit bed/ resident ratio
remained high. The most common diseases in the districts are water borne
diseases, namely malaria and diarrhoea, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs), including HIV/AIDS.
The provision and availability of potable water and sewerage sanitation systems in
the districts and the project area is low. Approximately, 67% of the districts'
population collects and consumes water from an unprotected source. Additionally,
the maintenance of water pumps in both districts is insufficient and poses a
challenge to water supply. With regards to sanitation, an estimated 75% of the
population practices open air defecation or ablutions.
Transport in the District of Chiúta is ensured by a road, while in Moatize there is
both a road and railway access. Communication is made possible through radio
and cellular phones; however there is limited network coverage in the project area.
Finally, the main source of energy in the districts is firewood. The head villages of
both districts, Vila de Moatize in Moatize and Vila de Manje in Chiúta, are linked to
the national electricity grid.
Findings
Eight communities located in the project area, two in Moatize district and six in
Chiúta district, were surveyed.
The average household size in the project area is 4.5 members. The extended
family system is predominant in the project area, in the form of small household
units that neighbour each other. Households are mainly headed by men, with low
literacy levels.
14
The mother tongue of the household is either Chewa (spoken by 60% of the
households) or ciNyungwè (spoken by 40% of households). No household speaks
Portuguese as its mother tongue, which is not surprising considering the low levels
of literacy of the households.
The surveyed households belong to two major ethnic groups of the Zambezi
Valley, namely the Chewa-Nyanja and the ciNyungwè. The Chewa-Nyanja is a
matrilineal ethnic group of the upper Zambezi River that is also present in Malawi.
The ciNyungwè is an ethnic group originating in the lower Zambezi Valley that
combines matrilineal and patrilineal characteristics. Although the surveyed
communities are aware of their ethnic background, at the community level ethnic
distinctions are not made in daily life or ceremonial events; social differentiation
seems to be rather on socioeconomic and religious grounds. Ethnicity only seems
to gain relevance for the surveyed communities regarding project expectations,
namely the concern that the project will prioritize the employment of 'foreign' labour
over local labour.
The poorest of the surveyed households are headed by women with eh the
following profile: aged approximately 50 years, widowed or separated/divorced,
formally unemployed, or self-employed in subsistence farming. These households
are considered to be more vulnerable than others because they have less access
to labour inputs, lower income generation capacity and are more dependent on
existing social support networks. As such, should these households be subject to
physical resettlement or economic displacement (i.e. loss of cropland and/home)
they might struggle more than other households to adapt to new income earning or
livelihood strategies - particularly those strategies that are not land-based.
The table below summarizes the socioeconomic characteristics and findings of the
surveyed area.
Variable
Dominant findings
Occupation


Income,
Expenditures
Assets

and




83% of household members are not employed
Of the 17% who are employed, the most common forms
of occupation are self-employment in agriculture (45% of
household members) and paid unskilled labour (23% of
household members).
Income sources are agriculture; unskilled paid labour;
sale of cash crops, food and alcoholic drinks; and
retirement pension. Except for the latter, these are all
land-based or land-related income earning strategies.
On average, Chiúta households earn more per month
(USD 181) than Moatize households (USD 153).
However, Chiúta households also have higher
expenditures (USD 60).
The most common expenditures are food items
(manufactured items such as oil and sugar, as well as
fresh items such as fish, meat and cereals), followed by
hygiene products, clothing and health care.
The vast majority of households do not use financial
services.
The rural character of the surveyed households is shown
in the assets they own (axe and hoe)
Variable
Dominant findings
Agriculture









Poverty
Vulnerability
and





Housing




15
Nearly half of agricultural land is rain fed because there
is very limited coverage of existing irrigation systems.
There are also low levels of agricultural mechanisation,
for this reason the households use an axe and hoe.
All surveyed households have at least one farming plot,
of which more than are half located close to/in the
household’s yard.
Agriculture is practised along the margins of existing
rivers and streams close to their homes to because of
the moist soil.
Over 33% of the farming plots have up to 0.5 ha but 22%
of the farming land of surveyed households has 3 ha or
more.
The most common crops are maize, beans and green
leaves.
All farmed crops are used for household consumption
and some for sale. Chiúta households are more oriented
towards crop sales than Moatize households.
The households have on average four subsistence trees,
all fruit bearing (most commonly mango and banana
trees). The trees are not young and their yield is mostly
used for household consumption.
Half of the households breed domestic animals, most
commonly small sized animals (chicken, goat and pig).
The animals bred are mostly used for sale and
household consumption. Grazing areas are community
pasture areas, separate from the farming areas.
Land is also important for the extraction of natural
resources that sustains community livelihoods such as
firewood and reed and sticks for construction.
When compared to Moatize, surveyed households in
Chiúta district have a higher proportion of poor or very
poor households, and also have higher economic
disparities i.e. close to half of the population is poor/ very
poor and almost the other half is well off/ very well off.
The poorest surveyed households are headed by single
women (71% of households) around 50 years of age;
they are widowed or separated/divorced (over 75%); and
unemployed or self-employed in subsistence farming
(45% to 68% respectively).
Some 7% of the surveyed Household Heads are elderly
people, most commonly a man.
As many as 3% of the members of the surveyed
households have some form of disability, most commonly
a physical or visual handicap.
There are active social support networks which help to
counteract the temporary or permanent vulnerability of
community members.
The average housing unit is composed of a mud and
stick (wattle and daub) main house with additional
infrastructure (kitchen, granary, chicken coop, kraal,
latrine etc.) in the yard.
The walls are not painted and the yard is not fenced.
The house is usually self-built and owned by those living
in it.
No surveyed house has tap water or electricity.
16
Variable
Dominant findings
Education




Food security



Health





Water Supply and
Sanitation








Transportation and
Communication
1



There are five primary schools, including one complete
1
primary school .
Three communities have no schools.
Aside from primary schools, there are no other schools in
the area.
The vast majority of children in school age attend school,
mostly a primary school relatively close to the household
(50% of these children walk up to 30 minutes to reach
the school and 33% walk more than 30 minutes).
Food is secured through subsistence farming and the
purchase of food items.
December, January, February and March are the hungry
months with less food available from agricultural
production and increased likelihood of hunger.
The staple diet of the households is based on maize,
beans and green leaves.
There is only one health post in the project area,
providing basic health care. The nearest health unit
providing more advanced health care is the Kazula
Health Centre, 70km away.
The most common diseases are malaria, influenza and
diarrhoea.
Chiúta households seem more prone to seek treatment
from a health unit, while Moatize households resort more
to home-made remedies and herbal medicines.
Some 3% of surveyed households have a member
suffering from a chronic illness (usually asthma and
chronic pain).
Women have their first child on average at 18 years.
Nearly two thirds have not had pre-natal care in their last
pregnancy and only about a third gave birth in a health
unit.
No surveyed household has tap water at home.
Households rely on external sources of water, the most
common of which is river water.
Households spend on average 25 to 30 minutes to fetch
water, by foot.
The nearest water source is less than 1km away, and
water is fetched on a daily basis.
As many as 90% of households do not treat their drinking
water.
Half of the households are aware of water-related
diseases.
Most households (95%) practice open air defecation.
The vast majority of households (96%) wash their hands.
50% of the households dispose of their waste in a public
dump site, 33% burn it in their yard and slightly over 10%
bury it in their yard.
Dirt trails or roads are the most common way to reach
the neighbouring villages of the surveyed communities.
Most households (93%) move around by foot.
Communication is made possible through cellular
phones, though with limited network coverage.
In the Mozambican education system a complete primary school offers all the seven grades of primary
education.
Variable
Dominant findings
Sacred Sites





Energy

17
A third of households own at least one family grave, most
of which are located in the household yard.
All surveyed communities have one or two public
cemeteries that are used by all community members.
All communities in the project affected area have sacred
sites that include sacred trees and initiation rite sites with
associated
sacred
forests,
sacred
mountains,
cemeteries, and churches.
The preparation and implementation of sacred
ceremonies are led by the community leader and involve
all community members.
Communities have mixed feelings about the
displacement of sacred sites.
The household's main source of lighting is the lantern
and they are almost completely reliant on fuelwood
(timber or charcoal) for their energy needs.
Potential Impacts Associated With the Development
The following table provides a summary of the significance rating of identified
impacts:
18
Impact/ Project
phase
Without Mitigation
Temporal scale
Spatial scale
With Mitigation
Likelihood
Severity
Significance
Severity
Significance
Very severe
Definite
HIGH
Probable
MODERATE
Long term
Study area
Very severe
Impact 1.2: post-resettlement social adaptation and income restoration
Probable
VERY HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Regional
Impact 2.1: loss of farming land and income
Severe
Probable
HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Very severe
Definite
HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Permanent
Regional
Very severe
Definite
Impact 2.2: reduced access to and increased competition over natural resources
VERY HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Impact 1.1: resettlement of households
Construction
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Regional
Impact 2.3: Loss of income and food security
Severe
Probable
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Construction
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Severe
Impact 3.1: disruption of mobility and the transit of people
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
MODERATE
Medium term
Study area
Severe
Impact 4.1: Influx of outside workers and job seekers
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Short term
Regional
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Operation
Medium term
Regional
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Moderate
Operation
Impact 4.2: abandonment of agriculture at the household level
Construction
Short term
Study area
Very severe
May occur
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Impact 4.3: employment and training of local labour
Very severe
May occur
HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Slight
May occur
LOW
Probable
LOW
Moderate
Short term
Localised
Impact 4.4: demand for local goods and service suppliers
May occur
LOW
Probable
MODERATE
Construction
May occur
LOW
Probable
MODERATE
Short term
Localized
Moderate
Impact 4.5: improved housing, social services and territorial planning
May occur
LOW
Probable
HIGH
Construction
Slight
Unlikely
LOW
Probable
MODERATE
Short term
Localized
Slight
Impact 5.1: disruption of social relations and cohesion
Unlikely
LOW
Unlikely
MODERATE
Construction
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Long term
Study area
Severe
Impact 5.2: conflicts between project workers and the local population
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Severe
Probable
Impact 5.3: loss of family graves, community sacred sites and/or access to them
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
Impact 6.1: disturbance to the surrounding communities as a result of increased noise and vibration levels
May occur
LOW
Construction
May occur
LOW
Operation
Short term
Localised
Operation
Short term
Localized
Moderate
Operation
Short term
Localized
Operation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Operation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Operation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Probable
Operation
Short term
Study area
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
19
20
Operation
Long term
Impact 6.2: traffic safety
Study area
Severe
Probable
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Construction
Regional
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Long term
Regional
Impact 6.3: pollution (air, soil, river water)
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Long term
Regional
Severe
May occur
Impact 6.4: increased incidence of communicable and vector-related diseases
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Construction
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Long term
Regional
Severe
Probable
Impact 6.5: increased occupational diseases resulting from construction activities
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Construction
Short term
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Moderate
Probable
Operation
Short term
Localized
Moderate
Probable
LOW
May occur
LOW
Long term
Impact 6.6: labour exploitation
Localized
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Unlikely
LOW
Medium term
Regional
Impact 7.1: high expectations of project benefits
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Unlikely
LOW
Construction
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Severe
Probable
Impact 7.2: conflicts at the community level due to differential project benefits
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Short term
Regional
Severe
Definite
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Operation
Medium term
Regional
Severe
Definite
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Operation
Short term
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
21
Conclusion
The overall conclusion of the SIA study and analysis is that, if the proposed mitigation measures are
properly implemented, the anticipated project impacts justify the implementation of the project. This is
due to the fact that the identified negative impacts are generally of low magnitude, limited and
temporary, and offset by the potential positive impacts. However, in order for this to occur,, specific
attention must be paid to the mitigation of the most significant impacts – potential resettlement and
the loss of farming land. All efforts must be made to avoid these two impacts, including the analysis of
an alternative project alignment, to ensure that households affected by the project at least maintain,
and must not worsen, the living standards they had experienced prior to project implementation.
The project will be implemented in an area with low levels of socio-economic development. Existing
communities strongly rely on land-based or land related income generation strategies, and land is
their most important asset. The existing communities also display a strong sense of social belonging
and cohesion. Given the relatively undisturbed socio-economic environment of the project area at
present times, the project has the potential to bring noticeable changes to the lives of existing
communities.
As stated previously, the most significant impacts are resettlement and the loss of productive farming
land, which must be properly addressed with the recommended mitigation measures in order to gain
project buy-in and acceptance from the local population and the government. This will ensure the
future sustainability of the project. The loss of farming land and resettlement may require affected
households to adapt to new income generation strategies that they are not familiar with, and
jeopardize their income restoration. Resettlement may cut off the households from social support
networks they relied on in their communities of origin, which may also jeopardize their income
restoration. In addition, the loss of sacred sites may impact negatively on the communities’ sense of
balance and well-being, limiting their acceptance and buy-in towards the project.
Minimising resettlement as much as possible, allowing access to the existing farming land and
avoiding mining in sacred sites (or, if not possible, mining in sacred sites with the authorisation of local
leadership) are some of the measures that will greatly influence the positive reception of the project
by the local communities; more so than providing cash compensation for lost assets. The project may
also bring socioeconomic development to the area and address some of many pressing social needs
of the existing communities; thus making the project a real opportunity for development.
If proper negative impact mitigation measures and positive impact enhancement measures are
implemented, the project’s potential to promote sustainable socioeconomic development in the area
will be materialized.
Finally, early and regular communication and consultation with the communities in the project area is
a vital aspect for local acceptance and ownership of the project to occur, which will benefit both the
communities and the project proponent. It is important to involve the District authorities in the process
of communicating and consulting with the communities, to ensure the alignment of the project’s
impact management with that of other projects in the district and, more broadly, the province of Tete.
22
1
INTRODUCTION
Capitol Resources Limitada (Capitol Resources) intends to develop an iron ore mining project in the
Chiúta and Moatize districts of Tete Province in central Mozambique. The project extends over three
licence areas (licence numbers1032L, 1033L and 1035L) that are 100% owned by Capitol Resources.
The first phase of the mining activity will occur in the 1035L licence area, which shares boundaries
with Vale and Rio Tinto´s coal projects. The location of the project study area in Tete Province is
illustrated in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Location of the project in Tete Province
The project will initially focus on the Tenge-Ruoni Prospect Area (1035L) for the production of pig iron.
The Tenge-Ruoni prospect is an area of significant and varied mineralisation containing magnetite,
titanium and vanadium deposits within a cluster of geological prospects called the Massamba Group.
The proposed mining project has the potential to impact the lives and livelihoods of local communities
likely to be affected by its operations and associated infrastructure. Accordingly, this Social Impact
Assessment (SIA) report has been prepared, to identify and analyse the predicted impacts associated
with the project, and make recommendations for preventive (mitigation) measures to reduce the
significance of project induced negative impacts, as well as provide guidance on how to maximise the
potential benefits that may arise for the affected communities.
2
23
INSTITUTIONAL, POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
This section outlines the institutional, policy and legal framework applicable to the project. Emphasis
is also given to the national legislation that addresses the consideration of social impacts and
developer responsibilities, as is relevant to the project.
The chapter is subdivided into subsections addressing i) national strategies for energy and natural
resources, ii) national legislation for mining activities, iii) national legislation and international
guidelines on Social Impact Assessment and Public Consultation, iv) national legislation and
international guidelines on Resettlement, and v) local government and leadership.
2.1
National policy and strategies for energy and natural resources
Despite Mozambique´s rich geological potential, until the 1990’s mining activity was limited to small to
medium scale projects in coal, gold, gems, and marble, amongst other minerals.. By the turn of the
st
21 century, however, large scale mining and extractive industries´ activity had commenced with a
number of large extraction projects for resources such as gas (2004, Inhambane province), heavy
mineral sands (2007, Nampula province) and coal (2011, Tete Province). Since then, other large
scale prospection and extraction projects are underway nationally, including the extraction of iron in
Nampula and Tete provinces (ITIE, 2014). The number of foreign investors and the scale of
investment, has been steadily increasing over the past decade: investments increased approximately
by 14 times in 8 years from USD$ 184 million in 2005 to USD$ 2,7 billion by 2013 (Mineral Resources
Policy and Strategy, 2013).
The boom in the mining industry, as well as the recent discoveries of natural gas in the Rovuma
Basin, presents an opportunity to develop the country’s economy and to bring prosperity to
Mozambicans. The materialization of such an opportunity, however, depends largely on the
government’s capacity to respond to the challenges arising from the recent boom in the extractive
sector - such as the provision of adequate transport and bulk service infrastructure to service these
investments - and its ability to guarantee transparency, accountability and appropriate compliance
monitoring of these extractive industries. There is also a need to promote equitable and sustainable
development of these non-renewable mineral resources, as well as to protect the environment and
the interests of future generations. In light of these objectives and principles, the Government of
Mozambique has developed and approved the Mineral Resources Policy and Strategy.
The Mineral Resources Policy and Strategy (MRPS) was approved in December 2013. The Ministry of
Mineral Resources (MIREM) is responsible for its implementation, in coordination with other
government institutions, public and private bodies. The MRPS aims to improve knowledge about
existing mineral resources, optimize and add value to mining production, preserve the environment,
promote the national institutional framework and private sector investment, and turn the mining
industry into a main contributor of the country’s economy.
The policy stipulates that this is to be achieved through detailed geological mapping of the national
territory, the establishment of a competitive legal and fiscal framework, Government and Private
24
2
Sector transparency and accountability in the provision of quality services and the monitoring of
mining social corporate responsibility activities. It will also to be achieved through the promotion of the
Mozambican State and the private sector’s participation in the mining sector, formal investment in the
sector, adoption of green technologies (such as dust mitigation and the selection of tractors for open
pit mining), implementation of small scale mining best practices, applied preference for the internal
processing of mineral resources, scientific research and human resources capacity building, and
development at the local level. Insofar as communities living in these mining areas, they are to be
given priority in receiving benefits from the mining activity, it is also imperative that their rights and
cultural heritage be preserved.
As prescribed by the MRPS, the Mozambican state is a compulsory participator (together with private
investors) in the ‘strategic’ projects for mineral resources exploitation such as petroleum, gas and
coal. For this purpose, two public companies have been established, one for mining and the other for
3
petroleum . In addition, three associations were established for private investors, specifically two for
4
mining and one for petroleum . In addition, a Chamber of Mines was formally created in 2012, with the
support of MIREM, as a private, non-profit association comprised of companies operating in the
mining sector at the national level. The Chamber of Mines aims to defend the interests of its members
and promote dialogue with the Mozambican Government to address the concerns of the mining
industry. Furthermore, there are over sixty associations of artisanal and small-scale miners in the
country. All these entities are obliged to operate within the guidelines of the MRPS.
The MRPS builds on other policy guidelines within the mining sector, such as the Mining Sector
Human Resources Training Strategy (2010) and the Policy for Corporate Social Responsibility in the
Mineral Resources Extractive Industry (2014).
The Mining Sector Human Resources Training Strategy aims to address the challenge of providing
qualified and skilled national labour for the national mining industry. In particular, it seeks to increase
the number of qualified professionals and reduce the dependence on foreign workers, promote
training institutions in locations with intense geologic/mining activity and establish public-private
partnerships to establish training programs.
The Policy for Corporate Social Responsibility in the Extractive Industry came into force in August
2014. With it, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) becomes mandatory for all industries extracting
mineral resources in Mozambique. The policy is guided by the ISO 26000 concept of CSR: the
responsibility of an organisation for the impact of its decisions and activities over society and the
environment.
The CSR policy aims to ensure the sustainable exploitation of mineral resources and enhance its
benefits for the Mozambican population. The policy consists of "social investment" actions that will be
formally agreed upon in writing and "agreements for local development" signed between the mining
company and the Mozambican government, witnessed by a representative of a community(ies) where
2
The Government is called to improve transparency and accountability in the public disclosure of revenues from the extractive
industry and its application. The Private Sector, on the other hand, is expected to improve transparency in the disclosure, to
Government, of data about the extractive activity undertaken, for the definition of the applicable tax regime.
3
For petroleum, Empresa Nacional de Hidrocarbonetos, E.P. (ENH). For mining, Empresa Moçambicana de Exploração
Mineira, S.A. (EMEM).
4
For Mining, Associação Moçambicana para o Desenvolvimento do Carvão Mineral (AMDC), created in 2009 and Associação
Moçambicana de Mineração (AMOMINE), created in 2007. For petroleum, Associação Moçambicana dos Operadores
Petrolíferos Internacionais (AMOPI), created in 2012.
25
the project is developed. The actions of social investment must be aligned with development plans at
local, regional and national levels. All "interested parties", including the local government and the
communities in the project area, must be involved in the decision making for the design, as well as the
monitoring and evaluation, of social investment actions. Furthermore, independent monitoring must
also take place.
The policy foresees that the existing District Consulting Councils will act as “local coordination groups”
to foster communication between communities, the government and the mining company(ies), with
regards to decision making about social investment actions. The agreements for local development
and their implementation, however, will be approved and supervised by Provincial Coordination
Groups.
Nevertheless, according to the policy for CSR, social investment must prioritize the development of
human capital, liaison with local entrepreneurs and the promotion of productive employment. The
5
agreements for local development must include funding for the implementation , monitoring and
evaluation of social investment actions, as well as the capacity building of local communities to
negotiate social investment and local service providers to provide services aligned with international
standards. The agreements must also address the project construction, operation and
decommissioning phases.
The policy calls for transparency and accountability in CSR that includes the following: the agreement
for local development must be published and its implementation reported in progress reports and
monitoring and evaluation reports, also to be published. The regularity and format of progress reports
and its monitoring and evaluation reports are yet to be defined.
Having said this, the CSR policy does not clearly specify the roles, responsibilities, timing and funding
for its implementation in practice. It is also not clear about the responsibilities of the Mozambican state
and host (or affected) communities, or the implications of not producing, implementing and/or
reporting on agreements for local development. These aspects are yet to be regulated by national
government.
The MRPS is also closely linked with other legal and/or guiding frameworks such as the Extractive
Industry Transparency Initiative and the Mining law.
Mozambique began adhering to the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI, or IETI, the
6
Portuguese acronym) in 2009, and became an EITI compliant country in October 2012 . The national
EITI Coordination Committee was established, composed of twelve institutions representing the
government, companies and civil society in equal portions (four each) and the Ministry of Mineral
Resources (MIREM) heads it. The revision of the Mining Law (see Section 2.2) will complete the
country’s formal adherence to EITI.
As part of Mozambique’s commitment to EITI, public access to the registry of mining activity at the
national level is now available, standard contract formats for mining concessions and for
5
In-kind contributions by mining companies are also considered as social investment actions and can be included in the
agreements for local development.
6
EITI is an international initiative for improved transparency in the extractive industry, launched in 2002 in the World Summit for
Sustainable Development. It compares and reconciles the payments made by mining, petroleum and gas companies to the
State whose natural resources are exploited, against amounts declared as received by the State, on an annual basis.
Adherence to EITI by a member state is voluntary.
26
prospecting/production of hydrocarbons have been created, to which a compulsory anti-corruption
clause has been added. The EITI annual compliance reports show progress in terms of coverage,
with more Companies and more payments included, such as the funds for Institutional Capacity
Building and for Social Projects.
However, Mozambique still faces a number of challenges to full comply with EITI. These include,
among others, the low fiscal contribution of mining/oil and gas companies to the national Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) and the use and management of the funds for Institutional Capacity Building
and Social Projects (CIP, 2012).
Table 1 below summarizes the strategic framework for mining activity in Mozambique:
Table 1: National legislation related to the strategic framework of the mining activity.
Legislation
Brief Description
Relevance
Guides the development of mining activity in
the country.
Defines
key
mining
development factors:
1. Competitive legal and
fiscal framework;
2.
Transparency
and
accountability
in
quality
service provision;
3. Monitoring of mining social
corporate
responsibility
activities;
4. Promotion of the State and
private sector’s participation
in the mining sector;
5. Promotion of formal
investment and green mining
technologies;
6. Scientific research and
human resources capacity
building; and,
7. Development at the local
level.
Mining Framework
Mineral Resources
Policy and Strategy,
of December 2013
27
Legislation
Brief Description
Relevance
Policy for Corporate
Social Responsibility
in the Extractive
Industry, May 2014
Guided by the ISO 26000 concept of CSR
and aims to ensure the sustainable
exploitation of mineral resources and
enhance its benefits for the population.
CSR consists of written, agreed actions of
"social investment" and "agreements for local
development".
Aims to improve knowledge about the existing
mineral resources, optimize and add value to
mining production, preserve the environment,
promote the national institutional framework
and private sector, and turn the mining
industry into a main contributor of the
country’s economy.
CSR must be aligned with (local, regional and
national) development plans.
All "Interested parties" must be consulted for
the design of agreements, and the monitoring
and evaluation of their implementation.
CSR becomes mandatory for
all
industries
extracting
mineral
resources
in
Mozambique
2.2
Each mining project must
define
social
investment
actions, to be systematized in
an “agreement for local
development”.
Each mining project must
implement,
monitor
and
evaluate each agreement
(including hiring independent
evaluators for M&E). It must
also report on the progress of
such implementation.
National legislation relevant to the mining activity
In Mozambique, the extraction of mineral resources is regulated by two main laws namely, the
Petroleum Law and the Mining Law. While the Petroleum Law regulates the use and benefits of
petrol, natural gas and methane, the Mining Law regulates the use and benefits of all other mineral
resources including iron. Thus, the Mining Law is relevant to the proposed project.
As per the Mining Law, currently in force, law no 14/2002 of June 26 (Lei de Minas), and the Mining
Law Regulations of the decree 28/2003 of June 17, all mineral resources located on the surface and
underground, inland waters, territorial seas, continental platform and the ‘exclusive economic zone”
(zona económica exclusiva) are property of the Mozambican state. However, individual and collective
persons have the right to use and benefit from such resources by obtaining a mining title. The law
foresees a number of mining titles for prospection, extraction, processing and trade of mineral
resources, issued by MIREM or, under special conditions, by the Council of Ministers. The law
defines, for each title, the requirements for issuance, its conditions, validity and the duties of the
bearer.
Furthermore, the law disaggregates the environmental classification of mining activity into three
levels, based on the type of operation and machinery to be used. Level 1 applies to field
reconnaissance, prospection and research, while level 2 applies to operation and exploitation with
mechanised machinery and level 3 applies to all activities not included in the previous levels, with
mechanised machinery.
The law also regulates the commercialization of mining products and the fiscal regime applicable to
the mining industry in Mozambique. It also defines the environmental management principles for the
mining activity, in line with the Mozambican environmental legislation and best practices currently in
place. Accordingly, the following environmental management tools subject to environmental
legislation are applicable to the mining activity:

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);
28





Environmental Management Plan (EMP);
Environmental Monitoring;
Mine Closure Program;
Environmental Audit; and,
Risk and Emergency Control Program.
The extractive industry boom in Mozambique has triggered the revision of the Mining Law, which
started in 2011 and concluded in August 2014 with the approval of law no. 20/2014 of August 18 (lei
de minas revista). Rather than making structural changes to the 2002 Mining Law, the revised Mining
Law aims to strengthen the role of the Mozambican state in mining activity and its supervision, with
the objective of increasing revenue from mining activities. The regulation of this revised law is
currently taking place.
This legal tool foresees, 1) the approval, by the Mozambican state, for the authorization or
transference of mining titles (for which taxes are associated); 2) the compulsory communication about
discoveries of mineral resources in areas with mining titles; 3) the participation of the State in mining
projects that are “strategic for the country”; and, 4) reduction of stabilization clauses in contracts
already in place between the State and mining entities. The law also creates the National Mining
Institute, headed by the Ministry of Mineral Resources, which is in charge of regulating mining activity
in Mozambique.
In addition to this, the revised Mining Law is focused on strengthening the punishment of illegal
mining, attracting investment to boost internal production and processing of minerals, protecting small
national miners, harmonizing mining activities and permitting processes with existing environmental
legislation, as well as adopting a number of international best mining practices on transparency and
accountability. Table 2 below summarizes the national legislation related to mining activity:
Table 2: National legislation on the mining activity.
Legislation
Brief Description
Relevance
Law nº 20/2014 of
August 18 (revised
Mining Law)
Building on the 2002 Mining Law, the revised
mining law strengthens the role of the
Mozambican state in mining activities,
particularly in the authorization/transfer of
mining titles, the control over the discoveries
of mineral resources and increased revenue
from mining activities.
Creates the National Mining Institute to
regulate the mining activity.
Strengthens the role of the
Mozambican state in the
mining industry through:
 Approval
of
the
authorisation or transfer
of mining titles
 Participation in strategic
mining projects
 Reduced
stabilization
clauses
in
existing
contracts
The disclosure of discoveries
of mineral resources in
mining
titles
becomes
compulsory.
Law nº 14/2002 of
June 26 (Mining
Law)
States that all mineral resources on national
territory are property of the Mozambican
state.
Introduces mining titles for prospection,
extraction, processing and trade of mineral
resources.
Introduces environmental classification and
MIREM issues mining titles.
Environmental Classification
level 2 applies to operation
and
exploitation
with
mechanised machinery.
Environmental management
tools apply to the mining
Mining activity
Decree 28/2003 of
June 17 (Regulation
of the Mining Law)
2.3
29
environmental management principles for
mining activities..
activity:
1. EIA
2. EMP
3. Environmental
Monitoring,
4. Mine Closure Program,
5. Environmental Audit and
6. Risk and Emergency
Control Program
Regulates the commercialization of mining
products and the fiscal regime of the mining
industry.
Specific fiscal regime applies
to the mining activity.
National legislation
Consultation
on
Social
Impact
Assessment
and
Public
In Mozambique Social Impact Assessment studies are considered within the governing EIA legislative
and regulatory framework, where socio-economic characteristics of the population surrounding a
project have to be addressed and the project impacts analysed. The legal tools prescribing the
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process are the Ministerial Decrees No 129 and 130/2006 of
the 19th of July, as well as Ministerial Decree No 45/2004 of December 29th which set out the
principles for the preparation of an EIA study and its public participation component.
Ministerial Decree 129/2006 defines the Environmental Impact Assessment procedures for
Environmental Licensing. It also outlines the contents of an EIA study, including the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) and the Public Participation Process (PPP) Report. As per this decree the
EIA study must include a baseline analysis of the environmental and social context of the project
area, a comparative analysis of the alternative project sites, identification and analysis of anticipated
positive and negative impacts, as well as present measures to enhance positive impacts and mitigate
negative ones.
Ministerial Decree 130/2006 establishes the principle of public participation as an integral component
of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process, in which the interested and
affected parties or potentially affected communities should contribute to the identification and analysis
of anticipated impacts. It is also intended to foster and promote project buy-in from an early stage.
The PPP requires the identification of project stakeholders, dissemination of relevant project
information through appropriate channels and public consultation or disclosure meetings for the
presentation and discussion of draft EIA study results.
The EIA process is further regulated by the Ministerial Decree 45/2004, which details the role of a
Technical Assessment Committee in the review of the impact assessment reports and the overall
coordination of the EIA process. It also regulates the EIA procedures through the Screening, PreFeasibility and production of Terms of Reference to the EIA study reporting process, the EIA study
itself, and, finally, the Environmental Licensing and corresponding Environmental Auditing.
Building on Decree 130/2006, Decree 45/2004 further regulates the Public Participation Process,
defining the minimum number of meetings to be conducted (one for the Pre-Feasibility and Scoping
Report, and another for the EIA study). It stipulates that meetings must be announced in the media,
project documents need to be made available for public consultation 15 days prior to the meetings,
30
and that the public consultation report be made available to the public post disclosure. It requires that
a Health and Safety Study and Emergency Management Plan must also be prepared as part of the
EIA, to address project risks to the health, and general quality of life, for the receiving or host
populations.
Table 3 below summarizes the national legislation related to environmental and social impact
assessment:
Table 3: National legislation related to social impact assessment.
Legislation
Brief Description
Relevance
Social Impact Assessment
Ministerial
Decree
No 129 of the 19th of
July
Defines the procedures for Environmental
Licencing and the contents of an EIA study
including the EMP and the PPP Report. The EIA
must present a baseline analysis of the
biophysical,
economic
and
socio-cultural
situation in the project area, carry out a
comparative analysis of the alternative project
sites, identify the positive and negative impacts
of the project over the environment and human
population, analyse the risks and present
measures to enhance the positive impacts and
mitigate the negative ones.
Sets the procedures for
Environmental Licencing
and the contents of the
EIA study, the EMP and
the PPP report.
Ministerial
Decree
No 130/2006 of the
19th of July
Sets the principle of public participation as a
procedure
for
Environmental
Impact
Assessment, with the aim to produce an accurate
EIA and promote project buy-in from an early
stage. The Public Participation Process (PPP)
requires the identification of project stakeholders,
dissemination of relevant project information in
venues suitable for public consultation and
conduction of public consultation meetings for
presentation and discussion of draft EIA study
results.
Regulates
the
EIA
procedures
Defines the principle of
public participation as a
procedure
for
environmental and social
impact
assessment
processes.
Ministerial
Decree
No
45/2004
of
December 29th
Regulates the EIA process, building on Decree
129/2006. Defines the role of the Technical
Assessment Committee in the review of the
impact assessment reports and the coordination
of the EIA process. Regulates procedures in all
stages of the EIA process, from Screening to
Environmental Licencing and Environmental
Auditing. Regulates the PPP for the EIA. Defines
the minimum number of meetings to be
conducted and guides the preparation process
and public disclosure of the PPP report.
Defines the principles for
the preparation of an EIA
study and its public
participation component.
2.4
Applicable International Guidelines for EIA
A number of international guidelines related to the EIA process provide useful guidance for the
project, particularly those required by international lenders such as the World Bank (WB) and the
International Finance Corporation (IFC). These guidelines generally default, in the case of private
sector projects, to the IFC’s social and environmental performance standards (PS), which are based
on WB operational policies (OP). The international guidelines applicable to the project are:




31
IFC Performance Standards (PS) on Environmental and Social Sustainability, (January
2012), including PS 5 on land acquisition and involuntary resettlement;
WB Environmental and Social Safeguards policies (revised August 2011);
WB Involuntary resettlement sourcebook (revised February 2011);
WB Participation and Social Assessment Tools and Techniques Guideline (1998).
These guidelines frame the ESIA process, including the design and implementation of Resettlement
Action Plans (RAPs) and other environmental and social management tools. In addition, they make
specific provisions for what is deemed to be a robust public consultation process, along with other key
aspects such as land acquisition, pollution and health and safety impacts. Although national
legislation obligations are deemed sovereign over these international guidelines, the guidelines help
to overcome potential gaps and lack of clarification in the national legislation, such as the
compensation criteria and procedures applicable for the loss of various types of assets, ecological
goods and services, and more importantly, the impacts on livelihood strategies and household food
security, that often result from a resettlement processes.
The WB’s OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment and the IFC’ PS 1 on Assessment and
Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts stipulate that the findings of the
assessment inform the decision making about project financing. The EIA is the responsibility of the
borrower and is initiated as early as possible in the project-planning phase. The EIA considers both
the natural and the social environment (human health and safety, social issues such as involuntary
resettlement and heritage or cultural resources).
OP 4.01 and PS 1 provide various tools and processes to be utilised in the EIA process (specialist
studies, risk assessment, environmental and social management systems, etc.). The use or need for
individual tools is based on the environmental screening of the proposed project, which results in the
categorization of the project into one of four WB categories.
Category A includes projects that are likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts
affecting an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works, such as the proposed
project.
OP 4.0 and PS 1 also prescribe the process of public consultation. All Category A projects require at
least two consultations with project affected groups and non-governmental organizations, one after
the Environmental Screening and another for the presentation of the draft EIA report. The meetings
are required to discuss the environmental aspects of the project with affected persons or communities
and the EIA report incorporates the findings and outcomes of these meetings. Relevant project
documents should be made available to the public prior to each meeting.
OP 4.01 and PS 1 state that during project implementation the borrower must report on, (a)
compliance with measures that have been agreed upon, including implementation of any EMP as set
out in the project documents; (b) the status of mitigation measures; and, (c) the findings of monitoring
programs. The reports developed for the proposed project, including this SIA, must follow these
standards.
Table 4 below summarizes the international guidelines for the ESIA process:
Table 4: International guidelines for the EIA process.
Legislation
Brief Description
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Relevance
32
OP 4.01 of the World Bank
Stipulates that an Environmental
Assessment must be carried out for
decision making on project financing.
Sets the core principles and
procedures for the Environmental
Assessment process.
Stipulates the principle of
Environmental Assessment for
project financing.
PS 1 of the IFC
Presents a number of Environmental
Assessment tools to be applied
according to the project and context;
to be selected based on the project
Screening and Categorization.
Sets core procedures for public
participation
of
affected
and
interested parties in the EIA process
Defines the need to conduct an
ESIA for Category “A” projects,
such as the Iron Ore Project.
2.5
National legislation related to Resettlement
Over the past decade Mozambique has experienced a steady increase of investment in the fields of
mineral resources extraction and infrastructure development. This has often led to the resettlement of
households and entire communities, with different standards and degrees of success in the
resettlement planning, development and implementation. This scenario has prompted the
Government of Mozambique to approve the first legal tool specifically addressing the issue of
resettlement in the country, namely, the Resettlement Resulting from Economic Activities Regulations
th
(Decree 31/2012 of August 8 ).
Decree 31/2012 establishes the basic requirements and principles governing the resettlement
process as resulting from public or private economic activities, with the aim of ensuring sustainable,
equitable socioeconomic growth and a better standard of living for all persons affected by
resettlement.
When the impact of resettlement is confirmed, Decree 31/2012 requires the preparation of a
Resettlement Plan and a Plan for the Implementation of the Resettlement Plan. In practice, the
combined content of these two plans is equivalent to that put forward by the international guidelines
on resettlement, i.e. the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) according the World Bank's Operational
Policy 4.12 (explained ahead in Section 2.6). The RAP presents the socioeconomic profile of the
affected population, evaluates the tangible and intangible affected assets, defines compensation
criteria and presents technical measures to restore, or improve, the living standards of the Project
Affected Peoples (PAPs). The Plan for the Implementation of the Resettlement Plan presents the
institutional matrix, budget and timeline required for the implementation.
As per Decree 31/2012, the design of the RAP precedes the issuing of a project's Environmental
Licence, the reason for which the RAP is a component of the EIA Process and is integrated in the EIA
Study submitted to Ministry of Coordination and Environmental Action (MICOA). The Resettlement
Plan is approved by the government of the district(s) in which the proposed project is located, with
advice from MICOA.
33
A RAP is currently being prepared for the proposed project, by COWI Mozambique, reflecting the
requirements of Decree 31/2012. For more information on Decree 31/2012, please refer to the RAP
7
currently being produced for the proposed project .
Table 5 below summarizes the key issues of the resettlement legislation.
Table 5: National legislation on resettlement
Legislation
Brief Description
Relevance
Resettlement
Decree 31/2012 of
th
the 8 of August Regulation
of
Resettlement
Resulting
from
Economic Activities
Establishes the basic rules governing
process of resettlement in Mozambique.
the
Creates a Technical Commission for the review
of Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) triggered by
economic projects causing resettlement, and
defines the Commission’s responsibilities and
procedures for the approval of the RAP as well
as the follow-up to its implementation. This
responsibility falls under the District Government.
Introduces procedures for
the design and the
implementation of the
RAP
Defines
the
responsibilities of the
project proponent
Defines
the
implementation of the
public
consultation
process.
It introduces specific procedures for the design
and implementation of the RAP. It defines the
contents of the RAP and the Resettlement
Implementation Action Plan, the rights of PAPs,
the responsibilities of the project proponent and
the implementation of the public consultation
process.
2.5.1
Land Use
The following legal tools regulate land use and compensation in Mozambique:

Land use:
o
o
o
o
o

Article 46 of the Constitution;
Land Planning Law (Decree 19/2007 of the 18th of July)
Land Law (Decree 19/97 of the 1st of October)
Land Law Regulations (Decree 66/98 of the 8th of December)
Regulation on urban land use (Decree 60/2006 of the 26th of December);
Compensation:
o
o
o
o
Territorial Planning Law (Law No. 19/2007 of 18 July)
Territorial Planning Law Regulations (Decree 23/2008 of 1 June)
Guidelines for the Expropriation Process due to Territorial Planning (Ministerial
Diploma 181/2010 of November 3rd);
Burial Regulations (Decree No. 42/90 of 29 December).
The Draft RAP (COWI, 2014) presents a detailed discussion of these legal tools. A brief summary of
these legal tools is provided in Table 6 below:
7
COWI for Capitol Resources (2014). Resettlement Action Plan for the Iron Ore Project in Tete Province. Currently being
produced, at the time of submission of the SIA report.
34
Table 6: National legislation related to resettlement.
Legislation
Brief Description
Relevance
Land Use and Territorial Planning
Decree 19/2007 of
18th of July - Land
Planning Law
Defines the general guidelines and planning/
management tools, with the aim of ensuring
sustainable development through, i) planning of
activities undertaken in the local territory; and, ii)
preservation of nature reserves and other
protected areas.
Article 20 refers to the expropriation of private
property belonging to, or used by, traditional
communities; due to activities of public interest or
need/utility. In these cases fair compensation
must be paid to cover, among others, the loss of
tangible and intangible goods, breakdown in
social cohesion and the loss of productive assets
Decree 19/1997 of
the 1st of October Land Use Law
Defines the land usage modalities in
Mozambique, under the principle that land
belongs to the Mozambican state and people, to
be used for sustainable socio-economic and
cultural development and not for sale as a
commodity.
Establishes the guiding
principles
of
Environmental
Management tools
Introduces the possibility
of expropriation of private
property for activities of
public interest/need, with
fair compensation
Defines the land rights of
affected people based on
customary law, and the
procedures for acquiring
titles for land use and
benefit by communities
and individuals.
Defines the rights of people affected by
development projects, based on customary law.
It also defines the procedures for acquiring titles
for land use and benefit by communities and
individuals.
This law constitutes the basis for the Territorial
Planning Policy, with the aim of, i) promoting
rational and sustainable use of natural resources;
ii) preserving environmental balance; iii)
promoting national cohesion; iii) developing
regions and the lives of citizens; iv) balancing the
quality of life in rural and urban zones; v)
improving housing, infrastructure and urban
system conditions; and, vi) safeguarding
vulnerable communities against natural or manled disasters.
Decree No. 60/2006
of the 26th of
December
Regulation on Urban
Land Use
Provides specific guidelines for the use of land in
urban centres, such as cities and towns, based
on the Land Act.
Provides guidelines for
land use in urban settings
Areas of public domain/ Protection areas
Decree 19/1997 of
the 1st of October Land Use Law
Establishes areas of total or partial protection.
For water supply mains, the partial protection
area is established by 50 m on each side of the
main.
No rights of land use and benefit may be
acquired in total and partial protection zones;
however, special licenses may be issued by
Sets the partial protection
area for water supply
mains
35
Provincial Governors for specific activities in
partial protected zones
Regulation 66/1998
of the Land Act of
the 1st of December
Specifies that the procedures for the termination
of a land title in the public interest have to follow
expropriation procedures after payment of fair
compensation.
Sets the procedures for
termination of land titles in
the case of public interest
Decree No. 19/2007
of the 18th of July Territorial Planning
Law
Defines that the expropriation for public interest
requires the payment of fairly calculated
compensation for the loss of tangible and
intangible goods, productive assets and
disruption of social cohesion.
Article 46 of
Constitution
Mozambique
the
of
Article 46 refers to the Right of Eminent Domain,
which states that, in case of expropriation of
assets, individuals and entities have the right to,
i) equitable compensation for expropriated
assets; and, ii) a new and equal plot of land.
Recognizes the right to
compensation due to
expropriation of assets
Decree 23/2008 of
the 1st of June Territorial Planning
Law Regulations
Recognizes expropriation for purposes of
territorial planning (e.g. land of public domain) in
the public interest (installation of economic or
social infrastructure with large positive social
impacts).
Recognizes expropriation
for purposes of territorial
planning in the public
interest
It also establishes that fair compensation has to
be paid before the transfer or expropriation of
property and assets takes place, covering the
real value of expropriated assets, damages and
loss of profit.
Compensation
Decree
No.
181/2010 of the 3rd
of November
Introduces guidelines and standards for the
process of expropriation for land use planning
purposes, due to development activities of public
interest/utility.
Sets
guidelines
and
standards for the process
of expropriation for land
use planning purposes
It defines, i) the contexts in which expropriation
can take place for land planning purposes; and,
ii) how to conduct the process of expropriation. It
also sets the calculation framework of
compensation costs for the expropriation of
housing,
commercial,
industrial,
service
provision, seaside and countryside infrastructure.
Decree No. 119/94
of the 14th of
September
Defines guidelines for assessing home values, in
case of impending relocation. The guidelines are
produced and updated by the Provincial
Directorates of Public Works and Housing.
Provides guidelines for
assessing home values,
in case of relocation
Regulation 66/1998
of the Land Act of
the 1st of December
Defines the compensation guidelines for the loss
of trees and crops due to development projects
(which incur in the relocation of land users).
Sets the minimum value
costs of trees and crops,
for the calculation of
compensation costs due
to relocation processes
Together with the Provincial Directorate of
Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture), it defines the
minimum value of various trees and crops used
in Mozambique. The Provincial Directorates
update the guidelines with tables of value costs
for a range of trees and crops.
36
2.5.2
Cultural Heritage
The Cultural Heritage report prepared for the proposed project (COWI, 2014) presents a detailed
discussion of these legal tools. A brief summary of these legal tools is made in Table 7 below:
Table 7: National legislation related to cultural heritage.
Legislation
Brief Description
Relevance
Resolution
No.
12/2010 (Monument
Law)
Approves the policy applicable to Monuments in
Mozambique, for their safeguard, promotion and
sustainable use.
Establishes limitations to
human
activities
undertaken in Monument
sites, for their protection.
Law No. 13/2009 of
th
25 of February
Establishes the framework for the protection of the
Assets pertaining to the National Liberation
Struggle, considered to be part of the cultural
heritage of Mozambique.
human
activities
undertaken in sites with
assets pertaining to the
National
Liberation
Struggle,
for
their
protection.
Decree No. 27/94 of
th
20
of
July
(Archaeological
Heritage Protection)
Establishes the framework for the projection of two
categories of heritage: movable and immovable
material assets; which by their archaeological
value are cultural heritage of Mozambique.
human
activities
undertaken in sites of
movable and immovable
heritage,
for
their
protection.
Decree No. 42/90 of
th
29
of December
(Burial Regulation)
The burial of corpses in rural areas may be
performed in cemeteries or other places
authorized by the authorities.
States that the burial of
corpses in rural areas
may be performed in
cemeteries
or
other
places authorized by the
relevant authorities.
Traditional leaders are to
be consulted to define
appropriate burial places
and traditions to follow
Cultural heritage
No reference to reburial of corpses in rural areas
by which development projects should abide. It is
assumed that traditional leaders are to be
consulted to define appropriate burial places and
traditions to follow.
th
Law 10/88 of 19 of
December (National
Heritage Protection
Law)
2.6
Protects national historical and cultural heritage
sites through the establishment of ‘protected
areas' around them.
Sets the process for the identification, registration,
preservation and evaluation of the spiritual and
material goods of the Mozambican cultural
heritage.
Applies to cultural heritage assets owned by state,
public entities, individuals and legal persons.
Establishes
‘protected
areas' around historical
and cultural heritage
sites, to be avoided by
project sites.
Applicable International Guidelines for Resettlement
A number of international guidelines on resettlement provide useful guidance for the project,
particularly those required by international lenders such as the World Bank (WB) and the International
Finance Corporation (IFC). Again, in the case of private sector projects these guidelines default to the
IFC’s social and environmental Performance Standards, which are based on the WB’s Operating
Policies. The international guidelines applicable to the project, and largely influenced by each other,
are:
37

IFC PS on Environmental and Social Sustainability (January 2012), including PS 5 on land
acquisition and involuntary resettlement;

WB OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement (revised February 2011).
The Draft RAP presents a detailed description of these guidelines. Table 8 below presents a summary
of such guidelines:
Table 8: International guidelines for resettlement
Legislation
Brief Description
Relevance
Resettlement
OP 4.12 of the World
Bank
Defines
resettlement
beyond
physical
resettlement and introduces a variety of tools for
planning resettlement, according to the context
and project.
PS 5 of the IFC
Sets the eligibility criteria and basic procedures
for compensation and support to project affected
people due to resettlement.
Stipulates that all affected people must be
supported in the process of resettlement,
including landowners and illegal settlers in the
project area (regardless of whether or not they
have a formal land use title).
2.7
Defines resettlement and
introduces
tools
for
resettlement planning.
Local government and leadership
Falling under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the district government is structured around
the District Administrator (Administrador do Distrito) and it’s District Services Authorities (health and
social action, education, economic activities, planning and infrastructure, registry office and district
attorney etc.). The District Administrator heads the Local Government and oversees the Heads of the
Administrative Posts (Chefe do Posto Administrativo). The District Service Directors similarly oversee
their respective Administrative Post representatives.
Below the Administrative Post level there are Locality Chiefs (Chefe da Localidade), who, with the
support from the District Services, coordinate provision of services within all sectors (health services,
education, economic activities, justice, security and public infrastructure) within their locality. The
Locality Chief provides the connection between the district and the communities or settlements.
The flow of information within this structure is hierarchical and vertical. The Locality Chief gathers
information from the communities, through the community leaders, and passes it on to the Head of the
Administrative Post, who, in turn, processes the information from all localities and forwards it to the
District Administrator. The following local leaderships and social groups provide the basis for social
and political organization, and conflict resolution, at the local level:
1
2
Administrative Post government institutions, providing the basic services of education
(primary schools), health services (Health Post and First Aid Health Post) and support to
livestock production (veterinary services);
Local leaders: the Neighbourhood Secretary (Secretário de Bairro) and the subordinate, the
Chief of Block (Chefe de Quarteirão) and the Chief of 10 Houses (Chefe de 10 casas);
38
3
4
5
Traditional leaders: n’fumo and its subordinate nhankwava, acting within the jurisdiction of the
community;
Community court chief, resolving conflicts through customary law; and,
Elders of the extended family (social support network based on kinship).
Although in some communities local leaders and traditional leaders are different people, it is common
for one same person to hold titles as both a local leader and a traditional leader. This is the case in
most of the communities in the project area, particularly for the top leaders. The two categories are
not always easily distinguishable from each other, but both are recognized by the government
8
according to the law 8/2003 of May 19 . According to the Focus Group Discussions (FGD’s)
conducted for the SIA, the communities in the project area recognize both categories of leadership
and use them strategically to reach specific objectives, namely, conflict resolution among traditional
leaders, or access to land and associated livelihoods earned from it, through the neighbourhood
secretary.
Family support networks are used for labour and material support in times of grief (in-kind support,
remittances from migrant relatives working in Tete City, etc.). Although there are churches present in
the project area, the FGD’s revealed that church based groups have little influence on the daily life of
communities relative to the extended family, traditional leaders and local leaders. However, they do
seem to have an influence over the more vulnerable households.
The FGD’s revealed that, for issues affecting community life - such as the implementation of a mining
project and the physical resettlement associated with it - the communities strongly rely on their
traditional and local leaders, from which they expect direction and advice in decision-making.
Community members do perceive themselves as players in the decision-making process, but leave
the ultimate decision making role to traditional and local leaders who, they believe, will defend
communities' interests and make the best decision possible.
The FGD’s also revealed social conflicts such as marital conflicts due to alcohol abuse and
disrespectful behaviour between community members, which are solved by the traditional and local
leaders.
Finally, these discussions also indicated that verbal communication channels play an important role in
community organization. A mixed network of traditional and local leaders is used for face-to-face
delivery of important information and meeting announcements throughout the local population. This
social network can play an important role in the mobilization of the local communities for the SIA
process, as well as their future acceptance and buy-in of the proposed project.
8
Law 8/2003 of May 19, establishing the principles and norms for the organisation, competence and functioning of local state
government.
3
39
METHODOLOGY
For the preparation of the SIA, a combination of qualitative and quantitative data gathering methods
were applied for baseline survey purposes and a specific impact assessment methodology was
applied for the ranking of impact significance. A socio-economic baseline survey was conducted on all
potential project affected people/communities, whose results fed into the EIA, SIA, and RAP
processes, and it also provided the basis for ongoing performance monitoring programmes that will be
required once the project is operational.
This section provides a detailed description of the methodology applied for the identification of the
study area and the data gathering methodology utilised for the SIA process. Appendix A: Impact
Assessment Methodology presents the impact significance assessment methodology as applied for
each identified impact.
3.1
Identification of the study area
In order to define the project area, and the identification of project affected communities to be
included in the study, three buffer zones were applied. First, a buffer zone of 10 km was established
around the Tenge-Ruoni Prospect Area 1035-L, where the first phase of mining will occur, to identify
communities to be included in the study.
Subsequently, a buffer zone of 5 km around the prospect area 1035L was established. The buffer
zone of 5km was established based on the advice of the Moatize District Services for Economic
9
Activities, as they stated it was the most adequate distance to safeguard communities against
explosions and the noise that derives from mining activities based on the district’s experience with
other mining companies. In addition, another buffer zone of 140 m wide (70m on each side of the road
centre line) along the haul road was established. The combination of both of these zones is called the
“Corridor of Impact,” which are the areas directly affected by the project.
Finally, a buffer zone of 1,020 m was established around the actual mining pit, to define the area
directly affected by the project in terms of resettlement. This buffer zone is referred to in the report as
the blasting area, i.e. the area where the blasting operations of the mining activity could affect human
settlements and make it unsafe to live as a result of the air blast, fly rock and ground vibration, or
10
where it would be unsafe to develop an activity (other than mining). . Due to this, it is believed that
the households and assets located within the blasting area must be physically displaced and
relocated outside the blasting area (see Sections 4.3.10 and 5.2.1 on the impact of physical
displacement).
As a result of these buffer zones, areas directly and indirectly affected by the project were
established:

9
The area directly affected by the project, includes:
Interviewed as part of the Social Impact Assessment, in July 2014.
10
Discussion held with the Baobab Resources Technical Systems Department, based on the Ground Vibration and Air Blast
Study report by CES (2014).
40

o
The area within the Corridor of Impact (the 5km around the prospect area and the
combine 70m on either side of the haul road), and,
o
The Blasting Area (1020m zone surrounding the mining pit), which implicates
resettlement.
The area indirectly affected by the project, includes:
o
The area outside the Corridor of Impact but within the 10 km buffer zone.
These buffer zones are consistent with the buffer zones applied in the Health Impact Assessment and
the Cultural Heritage Study conducted for this project ESIA, in order to ensure that the SIA fieldwork is
conducted in the same communities targeted by the two other studies.
Following the delineation of buffer zones, eight communities were identified within these zones for the
present study based on aerial photograph analysis and information provided by the client. Seven of
these communities are located in the Tenge-Ruoni Prospect Area 1035-L and one is located along
the haul road. Thus, of these communities, seven are directly affected by the project, i.e. are
located within the Corridor of Impact established for the study, namely: Matacale, Muchena, Mbuzi,
Nhambia, Chianga, Tenge and Mboza. The remaining community, Massamba, is indirectly affected
by the project, i.e. is located outside the Corridor of Impact but within the buffer zone of 10 km.
Given that there is only one community indirectly affected by the project, Massamba, the data
gathered in this community was utilised to inform the socio-economic profile of the project area, but it
was not used for impact assessment purposes given that the community and the socio-economic
assets it utilises are located outside the 5 km buffer zone.
Table 9 below presents the project affected communities according to their location and whether they
are directly or indirectly affected by the project:
Table 9: Project affected communities
Project
component
Nr
of
communities
Directly/
Indirectly
Affected
Communities
TengeRuoni
Prospect
Area (1035L)
7
Indirectly
Affected
Massamba
Directly
Affected
Matacale,
Muchena,
Mbuzi, Nhambia, Chianga
and Tenge
Haul road
1
Directly
Affected
Mboza
District
The location of project affected communities and buffers included in the study is depicted below.
41
Figure 2: Surveyed communities in the project area.
3.2
Data gathering methods
Following the delineation of the project area, two data gathering processes took place simultaneously,
one being quantitative and the other qualitative. The two processes gathered complementary data in
order to define the profile of the project affected people, as well as to identify and assess the project
impacts.
The quantitative component consisted of a socio-economic survey applied to households living in the
corridor of impact of the project area, and took place from 09-21 August 2014. The survey objective
was to define the socio-economic profile of the population in the project area. Accordingly, the survey
focused on aspects such as household demographics, education, water, sanitation, health, income
and expenses, housing, farming, food security, mobility, availability and access to services and
community conflict. The quantitative tool applied, the Household Survey Questionnaire, can be found
in Appendix E: Household Survey Questionnaire.
The qualitative component applied three methods: semi structured interviews with key informants,
participatory mapping exercises within focus group discussions and field observations. The main
themes outlined in the participatory group exercises served to further guide the subsequent field
observations. These methods were applied to the eight communities located within the project area,
mentioned in Section 3.1, and the data gathering process took place from 30 June – 10 July 2014 The
qualitative component aimed to establish a social, economic and cultural profile of the communities in
the project area, exploring their practices, customs and traditions and identifying their expectations,
needs and attitude towards the project. The data gathered complemented the baseline profile of the
42
project area population produced by the quantitative component, as well as further informed the
impact assessment exercise.
The qualitative component focused on analysing relevant community histories, sacred sites, authority
and hierarchy of the local leadership structures, access to services and resources and the
communities´ perceived relationship with the physical environment. In addition, it sought to establish
any concerns, preoccupations or recommendations that the communities had and that the project
developer needed to be aware of, as it relates to potential impacts on the host communities. The
qualitative data gathered during this phase has also informed the Cultural Heritage Report.
The data gathering teams first presented themselves at the District Administration before they began
the data collection and this served as an introduction to the local leaders who the team collaborated
with during the fieldwork. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted and field observations
were recorded in each of the 8 communities. As explained in Section 3.1 above, the village of
Massamba (a community indirectly affected by the project) informs the socio-economic profile of the
project area but not the impact assessment exercise. The specific qualitative and quantitative
methods applied are explained in more detail below.
3.2.1
Literature review
Available literature about the project area was reviewed, in order to inform the design of data
gathering tools (semi-structured interview guides, focus group discussion and participatory exercise
guides and the household survey questionnaire) and the SIA analysis. The main literary sources
utilised are as follows:






3.2.2
Chiúta and Moatize district profile (Perfil do Distrito by MAE, 2005);
Territorial Statistics for Chiúta and Moatize, dated March 2013 (INE, 2013);
Chiúta District Strategic Development Plan 2012-2012;
Moatize District 2013 Activity Report;
Cultural Heritage Report for the Iron Ore Project (COWI for CES, 2014); and,
Applicable Mozambican legislation and international resettlement best practices.
Interviews with key informants
Interviews were held with key informants with the aim of gathering data about the province, the
districts’ socioeconomic development context, and the project implications there. Data was also
gathered about the links between district level planning and project implementation, challenges and
opportunities posed by the project to local activities and social services, and, finally, the local
government's expectations, concerns and recommendations for the project. The following institutions
were interviewed:



Tete Provincial Directorate for Education;
Moatize and Chiúta District Services for Economic Activities; and,
Moatize and Chiúta District Services for Planning and Infrastructure.
The interviews with key informants took place simultaneously with the focus group discussions. The
interviews were aimed at gathering qualitative data for the baseline survey; as well elicit perceptions
about the project and aspects to take into consideration from the Moatize and Chiúta district
governments.
3.2.3
43
Focus Group Discussions with participatory exercises
Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were held in eight communities within the project area (as referred in
Section
3.1
and
shown
in
Figure 2 above). The discussions aimed at gathering data for the definition of the socioeconomic and
cultural profile of the population in the project area, gathering perceptions about project impacts,
expectations and concerns and evaluating their project buy-in. The history of existing communities
was explored, their social, cultural and economic dynamics mapped, the sacred sites and social
services available to and accessed by the communities were also mapped, the hierarchy of local
authority was defined and data was gathered about mobility dynamics and previous resettlement
experiences of the population in the project area.
Two days were spent in each of the selected communities and during this time the focus group
participants were selected and mobilized with the support of local leaders. In each community, a FGD
was conducted with community members and local leaders previously mobilized by the Secretário de
Bairro (neighbourhood secretary), during which all participatory exercises were applied. Figure 3:
Focus group in Chianga and Figure 4 below show examples of the participatory exercises applied.
44
Figure 3: Focus group in Chianga
Figure 4: Massamba community services and resources map
Considering the generally low literacy levels of the population in Chiúta and Moatize districts (INE,
2013 and 2013 b), the FGD exercises favoured visual expression methods to stimulate discussion. A
number of participatory exercises were designed, to gather data needed to meet the FGD objectives
mentioned above. Orientation guides on how to implement each exercise were produced in
Portuguese and compiled into a qualitative manual (see Appendix C). In Table 10 below the
participatory exercises applied in the FGD’s and their main objectives are presented:
Table 10: Participatory exercises applied and their objectives
Exercise
Objective
Histogram
 Identify the origins of their community and the important
events that marked the history of the community
Cultural and religious/sacred site
mapping
 Identify and map the main cultural and religious or sacred
sites used by the community
 Understand the relevance of each site identified and the
current uses associated with it
Leadership/Authority matrix
 Define the levels of authority within the community, their
hierarchy, roles and inter-relations
45
Mobility mapping
 Understand the mobility dynamics of the community,
including the causes and episodes of mobility, the profile of
migrants, gender and age issues regarding mobility, and
the integration of migrants.
Services mapping
 Identify and map the social services available to and
accessed by the community
 Understand the use and importance of such services
Problem-tree analysis
 Identify the main project related issues that, in the view of
the community, might be problematic or cause concern
 Understand the relationship between the issues and the
project (cause-effect)
 Identify measures, roles and responsibilities to overcome
the issues identified, including the community's focal
person that would be involved
Photographs and notes were taken for each FGD session. The FGD’s were conducted by two
anthropologists, one acting as a moderator and the other as the note taker. FGD’s were moderated in
Portuguese, with simultaneous translation into the local language spoken in the community, through a
local translator. Before the fieldwork the anthropologists were trained in Maputo from 24-26 June
2014 in the field work strategy and how to use the participatory exercises.
Subsequent to the FGD’s, visits were made to the sacred sites identified, photographs were taken of
each site and the GPS coordinates were recorded. Based on the coordinates taken in the field, maps
of the significant cultural heritage sites were produced for the Cultural Heritage study. A map of the
11
potentially affected cultural heritage sites is presented in Figure 44 .
3.2.4
Socio-economic survey
In order to gather quantitative data for the baseline study of the project area, a socio-economic survey
was conducted using a paper-based questionnaire applied to all the households living in the corridor
of impact (CoI) of the project area. As stated previously, the CoI is composed of the prospection area
12
1035L with a buffer zone of 5 km and the projected haul road with a buffer zone of 70 m on each
side (see Figure 2). As part of the survey, 324 households living in the CoI were interviewed. The
socio-economic survey also served as a census of the Project Affected People (PAP) for the
13
Resettlement Action Plan , as a list of households living within the blasting area that need to be
resettled was derived from the list of surveyed households.
After completion of the survey, the Client considered an alternative alignment of the haul road. Up to
the present date, the Client is still analysing this alternative alignment and a decision has not been
made. Should an alternative alignment be chosen for the haul road, crossing an area that was not
covered by the RAP census that has already been carried out, a new socio-economic census of the
population and assets will have to be conducted for this new area. However, the alternative alignment
11
For a visual mapping of the remaining cultural heritage sites, please refer to the Cultural Heritage Study which is part of the
current ESIA report: COWI for CES (2014). Cultural Heritage Report.
12
This was defined based on previous mining experience in the area, where the impact of mining explosion, for example, can
be felt as far as 5km distance.
13
Currently being produced, at the time of submission of the SIA report.
46
is unlikely to have implications for the present SIA report due to its proximity to the alignment in the
CoI, and the relative homogeneity of the population in the project area.
At the household level the questionnaire was administered to the Head of Household or his/her
spouse. The interview was conducted directly in Chewa or Nhúnguè by interviewers that were fluent
in the languages. Geographic coordinates and photographs were also taken for each household
interviewed.
3.2.5
Data analysis
The report’s findings largely stem from the analysis of both the qualitative and quantitative data
gathered. In what concerns the analysis of the quantitative data, all socioeconomic questionnaires
completed for the RAP census were entered into a CSPro database, later on converted into SPSS,
then the database was cleaned and the data was tabulated. After this, tables of frequencies were
extracted into a Microsoft Office Excel format and graphs were produced as needed for the SIA
quantitative analysis.
With regard to the analysis of qualitative data, the notes taken for all FGD’s were inserted into an
analysis matrix produced in Microsoft Office Excel format. The analysis matrix was structured into the
main topics of the participatory exercise, which allowed for an individual analysis of each surveyed
community; it also allowed for a comparative analysis between all the surveyed communities. The
qualitative analysis matrix is available in Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix.
Wealth quintiles were generated based on household’s ownership of selected assets from the
socioeconomic survey dataset in order to identify vulnerable groups or households, and to serve as
fodder for the discussion around vulnerability issues. Through a statistical procedure known as
Principal Components Analysis (PCA), individual surveyed households were placed on a continuous
scale of relative wealth and were broadly classified into five socio economic groups, defined as wealth
quintiles, specifically: Lowest (Q1), Second (Q2), Middle (Q3), Fourth (Q4), and Highest (Q5),
tentatively labelled as “very poor”, “poor”, “moderate”, “well off” and “very well off”. Appendix B:
Methodology for the calculation of Socio economic status indices -Possession Index explains the
methodology used for the generation of wealth quintiles in greater detail.
3.3
Impact assessment methodology
In order to assess the significance of potential impacts caused by the proposed project, a
standardised rating scale was adopted for the EIA phase, provided by Costal Environmental Services
(CES). The rating scale is based on four key factors:
1. Temporal Scale: This scale defines the duration of any given impact over time. This may extend
from the short- term (less than 5 years or the construction phase) to permanent. Generally the longer
the impact occurs the more significant it is;
2. Spatial Scale: This scale defines the spatial extent of any given impact. This may extend from the
local area to an impact that crosses international boundaries. The wider the impact extends the more
significant it is considered to be;
3. Severity/Benefits Scale: This scale defines how severe negative impacts would be, or how
beneficial positive impacts would be. This negative/positive scale is critical in determining the overall
47
impact significance. The Severity/Benefits Scale assesses the potential significance of impacts prior
to and after mitigation in order to determine the overall effectiveness of any mitigation measures.
4. Likelihood Scale: This scale defines the risk or chance of any given impact occurring. While many
impacts generally do occur, there is considerable uncertainty with regards to other impacts. The scale
varies from unlikely to definite, with the overall impact significance increasing as the likelihood
increases.
The four scales are ranked and assigned a score, to determine the overall impact significance as
presented in Appendix A: Impact Assessment Methodology.
3.4
As explained in Section 3.1, the current SIA report assumes that the first phase of mining will occur in
the Tenge-Ruoni Prospect Area 1035-L. The SIA also assumed a buffer zone of 10 km around the
Prospect Area 1035-L, to identify communities to be included in the study. Subsequently,, a Corridor
of Impact was identified comprised of a buffer zone of 5 km along Prospect Area 1035L and 140 m
along the haul road, to define the area directly affected by the project. Based on these assumptions,
the SIA defined the Tenge-Ruoni Prospect Area 1035-L, the Corridor of Impact and the buffer zone of
10 km as the project area for the study. The SIA also defined areas directly and indirectly affected by
the project: the area directly affected by the project corresponds to the Corridor of Impact, and the
area indirectly affected by the project corresponding to that outside the Corridor of Impact but within
the buffer zone of 10 km.
The study faced a limitation related to the alignment of the haul road. As already explained in Section
3.2.4, after completion of the socioeconomic survey which informs the SIA, the project proponents
considered an alternative alignment of the haul road. This alternative alignment crosses areas not
covered by the SIA data gathering process. However, this is unlikely to have implications for the
present SIA report due to the proximity of the alternative alignment to the current alignment of the
haul road in the CoI, and the relative homogeneity of the population in the project area.
Notwithstanding, it will have implications for the RAP in the sense that it will require a new census of
the population and assets located in the alternative alignment under consideration.
48
4
PROJECT CONTEXT
This section presents a summary of the socio-economic context in which the proposed project will be
developed. First a discussion on the extractive industry at the national level is provided, followed by
an analysis of the provincial context (Tete), an analysis of the district context (Chiúta and Moatize)
and a presentation of the survey findings from the project area.
The survey findings provide a baseline of the population in the project affected area, based on the
data gathered in the socioeconomic survey described in Section 3, which interviewed 324 households
living in the CoI. The profile of the population in the project affected area is compared to the district
and/or provincial profile where necessary and applicable.
Sections were added on survey findings about poverty and vulnerability, sacred sites, initial
indications of resettlement and previous experiences of resettlement by the communities in the wider
district area. These sections are relevant for the impact assessment exercise and are specific to the
project area, for this reason they are not contextualized in the national and provincial descriptions.
4.1
Country Profile
Mozambique is located on the east coast of Southern Africa and is composed of 11 provinces.
Projections by the National Statistics Institute (INE, 2009b and INE, 2010) estimate the current
national population to be around 24 million people (2014), with a national population density at around
30 inhabitants per km². Slightly more than half of the population is female (52%) and nearly three
quarters of the population live in rural settings (72%).Three provinces constitute nearly half (47%) of
the national population (Nampula, Zambézia and Tete). Over the past decade, the national population
growth rate has been 2.7% per annum, with the highest population growth observed in the provinces
of Maputo and Tete (INE, 2009b and INE, 2010).
According to INE (2009b, 2012) the average Mozambican household is composed of 5 members. In
terms of occupation, 75% of the population is informally self-employed in agriculture and informal
trade; with only about 20% being formally employed. Officially, only 5% of the population is
unemployed. In terms of education, in 2007, 50% of the population was literate, though another 26%
had never been to school. The purchase of food accounts for half of the household expenditures
(51%), followed by housing and fuel (23%) and a range of smaller expenditures.
Gender based differences are very apparent in the national statistics. In general, there are less
female headed households than male headed ones and women are more likely to be self-employed,
whereas men are more likely to be formally employed. In addition, women are more likely to be
illiterate and economically inactive in comparison to men and income levels of female headed
households are lower than those headed by men. Regional disparities between the Northern, Central,
and Southern regions of the country, as well as between urban and rural settings, are also observed
(INE, 2009).
Since the early 1990s and the end of the post-independence war (1992), Mozambique has made
progress in its development efforts. With a per capita GDP of US$650 in 2012 (IMF, 2010),
Mozambique has witnessed an annual average GDP growth of 6% between 2000-2010 and a current
growth rate of 7.3%, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world for this period
49
14
(forecast of the Economist Intelligence Unit for Mozambique, 2014 ). This continued growth has
enabled Mozambique to attract foreign and local investment.
Four main types of projects support Mozambique’s national economic growth: i) mega extractive
15
industries such as Mozal, Sasol and Vale ; ii) large scale production of cotton, sugar and tobacco; iii)
rehabilitation of infrastructure; and, iv) agricultural production at the local level. Over the past decade,
the Mozambican Government has also focused on reforming the public sector and the tax and fiscal
framework, promoting good governance and creating an enabling environment for the development of
small and medium size enterprises. The growth has been partially sustained by the support from
Official Development Assistance partners and the reduction of the Multilateral Debt (MPD, 2010b).
As a result, between 1996 and 2008 the percentage of people living below the poverty line of less
than 1 USD a day decreased from 70% to 55% (MPD, 2010). However, the benefits of economic
growth are not equally distributed amongst the population. Socioeconomic inequalities, as well as
regional and urban/rural disparities, remain high. According to the Ministry of Planning and
Development (MPD, 2010), half of the population in urban areas lives below the national poverty line
16
of 1 USD a day . Agriculture is still mostly practiced at the household level and between 2002 and
2008, the agricultural productivity of food crops remained stagnant in small and medium size farming
plots.
Nevertheless, the country has a rich geological potential, attracting both foreign and local investment.
The number of foreign investors, and scale of investments, has been steadily increasing over the past
decade. Investments increased by approximately 14 times in 8 years from USD$184 million in 2005 to
USD$2.7 billion in 2013 (Mineral Resources Policy and Strategy, 2013).
In the past few years the taxing of capital gains in the extractive industry has been partially
responsible for the reduction of the national budget deficit to the current 9%, and the reduction of the
State’s Budget dependency from external aid from 50% in early 2000 (Castel-Branco, 2011) to 35% in
2010 (MPD, 2010b). Despite this, the contribution of the extractive industry to the GDP is still very
modest at 2% (ITIE, 2014).
As of 2015, coal is expected to exceed aluminium as the leading mineral resource export in
Mozambique, once the proposed Nacala Rail Corridor becomes operational. The national economy is
also expected to grow 7.8% during 2016-2018, due to large scale investments in infrastructure and in
natural resources exploitation, particularly gas (forecast of the Economist Intelligence Unit for
Mozambique, 2014). However, according to the same source, although the budget deficit might
decrease to 7.1% during that period, the public debt might reach 50% of the GDP.
14
The Intelligence Unit of The Economist newspaper, or simply the Economist Intelligence Unit, is a private entity dedicated to
economic research and analysis. Created in the United Kingdom in 1946, it helps businesses, financial firms and governments
understand how the world is changing and how that creates opportunities to be seized and risks to be managed. For more
information please visit www.eiu.com
15
Mozal is the largest aluminium producer in Mozambique, an international company based in Maputo province. Sasol is a
South-African petroleum company producing chemicals, gas, fuels and oils with investment in Southern Mozambique. Vale is a
Brazilian mining company developing coal mining activities in Northern Mozambique. Petroleum companies ENI and Anadarko
are other mega-extractive industries which might gain prominence in the national economic growth in the short-medium term.
16
Ministério da Planificação e Desenvolvimento. 2010. Pobreza e bem-estar em Moçambique: Terceira Avaliação Nacional
2008-2009. The poverty line of 1 USD a day is known as the poverty index.
50
Despite the extractive industry´s strong potential to boost the Mozambican economy and decrease its
dependency on foreign aid, the growth of its contribution to the Mozambican economy has not been
linear and depends on structural factors such as national political stability, infrastructure (transport
and energy) and international market prices for ore and beneficiated mineral products.
In light of this, in September 2014, the mining company Rio Tinto sold its assets in Mozambique due
to deficient infrastructure coverage, among other factors. Infrastructure limitations, combined with low
coal prices, have also been mentioned by the mining company Vale as the main challenges for the
competitiveness of Mozambican coal in the international market.
Additionally, in the past two years armed attacks occurred in the centre of Mozambique, perpetrated
by former military combatants associated with the RENAMO (Mozambique National Resistance)
movement. The armed attacks targeted main transport routes along the national road EN1 but also
reached the Sena railway line, by the Moatize branch line. Movements of armed men were reported in
the Chiúta portion of the project area. In September 2014, the Government and RENAMO reached an
agreement to cease the hostilities and transportation returned to normality in the EN1 and the Sena
railway line.
Presidential elections were held in October 2014, in which RENAMO participated. This was seen as a
sign of commitment to stability. The party did not win the elections but got an increasing number of
votes (comparatively to the previous 2009 elections), including in Tete Province. RENAMO submitted
an appeal alleging fraud in the voting process, which was refused. The new government (including
ministers and provincial governors) came into force in January 2015. RENAMO now demands the
formation of a joint government or autonomy for the Centre and Northern regions of the country. This
is yet to be addressed by the new government, and RENAMO's commitment to stability may be put to
the test when this is formally answered.
4.2
Tete Province
Tete Province is located in the north-west of Mozambique and is composed of 13 districts, of which
Chiúta and Moatize are relevant to the project. The Province occupies a total surface area of 100,724
rd
km² (INE, 2013), which accounts for 13% of the national total. It is the 3 biggest province in the
country, following Niassa and Zambézia.
In 2013 the province had a total population of 2,228,527 inhabitants, which accounts for 9% of the
national population; and a population density of 22.1 inhabitants per km², which is lower than the
national average density. The province also has a negative migration balance, meaning that more
people leave the province to reside permanently elsewhere, than those who enter the province to do
so (INE, 2013).This may be linked to the high living costs and low employment opportunities for
rd
unskilled labour in Tete Province. Notwithstanding, Tete is the 3 most populated province in the
country, following Nampula and Zambézia (INE, 2012).
As noted previously, Tete is a particularly mineral resources rich province. It has coal, copper, iron,
uranium, marble and titanium deposits among other resources in varied quantities. Only a few of
these are already being commercially exploited, such as coal. The extractive industries account for
half of the province’s planned total GDP for 2014. Over the past decade the provincial government
has prioritized the research of mineral resources, the fostering of private investment in the sector,
organization and modernization of small and medium scale miners, and the promotion of local
51
processing of extracted goods. In 2014 the province planned to update the geological resource maps
17
of four districts, inspect licensed mining areas and promote prospecting for gold .
18
According to the Strategic Plan for the Development of Tete Province 2007-2011 (outdated), the
main economic activity in the province is agriculture, which is in line with the national trend.
Agricultural production is strongly dependent on variable climatic factors such as periodic flooding and
drought. The province has a considerable natural resource base (large conservation areas and
hunting concessions, mineral and water resources) that are currently underexploited. Despite this
potential, the development of the province is undermined by the lack of qualified labour, private
investment and basic infrastructure (roads, water supply, education and health care, energy) and the
slow modernization of the local government.
Over the past decade, the planning of the province’s development has been based on the promotion
of productive activities, including mining; the expansion of infrastructure; improved transport and road
access; quality and coverage of basic social services; regional cooperation for promoting investment;
protection of biodiversity; the modernization of public administration for improved service delivery,
and, the decentralization and use of State budgetary allocations at the district level (Strategic Plan for
the Development of Tete 2007-2011).
Poverty dynamics in Tete Province are complex. In 2002/2003 the average household income in the
19
th
province was around 1.758 Mt or roughly USD$85 per month , the 5 highest in the country and 13%
higher than the national average monthly household income. The average monthly income and
average expenditure at the household level were roughly the same during this period (INE, 2004).
According to INE (2010), in the 2002-2008 period, agriculture was the main occupation of the
province’s population, which is aligned with national trends for the same period. Nearly half of the
province’s population was self-employed (46%), with another 48% working for a relative without
remuneration, which was also in line with the national trend.
During the 2002-2008 period, the province is reported to have experienced a “substantial reduction” of
poverty (MPD, 2010). However, during this same period, Tete (particularly its rural areas) was one of
the areas subject to the highest national inflation rates on food items, and resultant consumption
20
poverty . Thus, a higher average income did not necessarily translate into better living standards due
to the higher than average cost of living. Despite this, in 2008/09 nearly half of the population of Tete
owned durable goods such as a radio (47%), bicycle (41.6%) and more than one tenth had a cell
21
phone (11%) (INE, 2010) ; which is a slightly more modest profile than that of the population
surveyed for the SIA.
17
Strategic Plan for the Development of Tete Province 2007-2011 and proposed 2014 Economic and Social Plan for Tete
Province.
18
The Government of Tete Province has developed an Economic and Social Plan for 2014. However, this plan was still being
finalized at the time the present document was being written, and was not available to the public. The SIA team was given
partial access to the 2014 Economic and Social Plan.
19
This is the most updated official data source about household income in Mozambique.
20
MPD (2010) employs the concept of “poverty of consumption” as poverty in terms of consumption, calculated by the per
capita consumption within the household.
21
Debate is ongoing about the results of the 3rd Poverty Evaluation. The evaluation indicators have changed, comparatively to
the previous poverty evaluations, and that seems to have ‘benefited’ the results for Tete Province.
52
4.3
As noted above, the project area crosses two neighbouring districts, namely Chiúta and Moatize. In
the project area there are eight main settlements or communities, of which two are located in Moatize
district (Mboza and Tenge-Makodwe) and the remaining six are located in Chiúta district (Nhambia,
Mbuzi, Muchena, Chianga, Matacale and Massamba). This sub-section presents the socio-economic
profile of the two districts and, as per the data analysis findings stemming from the social surveys
carried out to the communities of the project area.
4.3.1
Administrative Organisation
The District of Chiúta is located 75 km away from Tete City, the provincial capital. It occupies a total
area of 7,119 km² which accounts for 7.1% of the province’s surface area (INE, 2013). The District is
composed of two administrative posts, namely Kazula and Manje, and eight localities, as shown in
Table 11 below. The district's capital is Vila de Manje (MAE, 2005). The proposed project is located in
the Kazula Administrative Post.
Table 11: Administrative posts and localities of Chiúta district.
Administrative Post
Localities
1. Kazula
1. Kasula-Sede
2. Chipiri
3. Matenje
4. Muchena
The District of Moatize is located in the south-east of Tete Province, 20km away from Tete City, and
occupies a total area of 8,428km², which accounts for 8.4% of the province’s surface area (INE,
2013b). It is composed of three administrative posts, namely Moatize-Sede, Zobue and Kambulatsitsi,
and nine localities, as shown in Table 12 below. The district capital is Vila de Moatize (MAE, 2005).
The proposed project is also located in the Moatize and Zobue Administrative Posts.
Table 12: Administrative posts and localities of Moatize district
Administrative Post
Localities
Moatize
1. Moatize-Sede
2. Benga
3. N’Panzu
4. Msungo
Kambulatsitsi
5. Kambulatsitsi-Sede
6. Mecungas
Zobue
7. Zobue-Sede
8. Capiridzanje
9. Nkodeze
The communities in the project area are organized into neighbourhoods and share a common
authority scheme: a Community Leader governing the community, overseeing a hierarchy of Block
Chiefs (Chefe de Quarteirão) and 10-Houses Chiefs (Chefe de 10 Casas). Conflict resolution falls
under the responsibility of the Community Court Chief (Chefe do Tribunal), who in some cases may
be just as powerful as the Community Leader.
4.3.2
53
Demographics
The district of Chiúta has a total population of 89,595 inhabitants and a population density of 12.6
inhabitants per km², which is nearly half of the provincial population density. The population is
essentially rural (MAE, 2005) and young, 50% of the population is 14 years and below and 44% is
aged between 15 and 64 years old (INE, 2013). This indicates to the presence of a young labour force
in the district. Additionally, women account for more than half of the population (52%) (INE, 2013).
The district of Moatize is much more populated than Chiúta, with a total population of 292,341
inhabitants and a population density of 34.7 inhabitants per km². This is considerably higher than the
provincial population density and slightly higher than the national population density. The population
of Moatize has rural characteristics (MAE, 2005b), although less so than the rural profile of Chiúta,
due to its proximity to the provincial capital and the status of Vila de Moatize as a municipality. The
population of Moatize is also relatively young; 46% of the population is 14 years and below and 46%
is aged between 15 and 64 years old., Thus, also constitutes a young labour force. Finally, slightly
more than half of the population is female (51%), which is close to the national average (INE, 2013b).
According to the Representative of the District Service for Planning and Infrastructure (Serviço
Distrital de Planeamento e Infra-Estruturas-SDPI), for Chiúta district, there are about 180 households
in the Chiúta portion of the project area, with an estimated population of 900 people. In turn,
according to the Moatize district Representative, there are about 500-800 households in the Moatize
22
portion of project area for an estimated population of 2,500-4,000 persons . This is slightly higher
than the preliminary indications of project affected households put forward by the RAP currently being
23
prepared for the project (see Section 4.3.10), which identified 324 households (about 1,600 people )
in the project area.
Although there are more communities in the Chiúta portion (6) than in the Moatize portion (2), the
higher number of households in the Moatize portion may be explained by the fact that the most
populated community in the project area (Tenge-Makodwe) is located in Moatize. In addition, the
proximity to Vila de Moatize and the pull factor of the coal industry, with its improved infrastructure
and increased employment opportunities, may point to the greater population in Moatize.
According to Ministry of State Administration (MAE) (2005 and 2005b), the extended family is the
most common form of social organisation in both districts. It is particularly evident in rural settings,
where neighbouring households usually share kinship ties.
Survey findings indicate that the households in the project area are composed of on average 4.5
members, which is in almost in line with the national and provincial average of 5 members (INE,
2009b).. The households usually include the Household Head, his/her spouse and their kin (2 to 3
children).
As shown in Figure 5 below, monogamy is predominant in the surveyed households of the Chiúta
portion of the project area: 66% of the Household Heads have one spouse, against 19% who have
two or more spouses. In the Moatize portion of the project area, however, polygamy is more widely
practiced: 47% have one spouse, but 36% have two or more spouses. The portion of single
Household Heads is similar in both districts: 15% in the Chiúta and 16% in Moatize.
22
23
Considering the average composition of the Mozambican household by five members (INE, 2009b).
Ibidem.
54
100%
90%
80%
70%
47
16
24
10
60%
50%
2
40%
30%
20%
66
15
16
3
10%
0%
0 spouse
1 spouse
2 spouses
Chiuta
3 spouses
6 spouses
Moatize
Figure 5: Survey findings about number of spouses per Household Head
As shown in Figure 6 below, for the majority of Household Heads with two or more spouses, which
accounts for 93% of the population surveyed in both districts, each spouse lives in her/his own house,
thus constituting an individual household.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
93
93
Live in separate yards
Live in same yard
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
7
7
Chiúta
Moatize
Figure 6: Survey findings about spouses living in the same yard
These survey findings seem to be in line with the data gathered through the FGD’s which indicate that
the extended family is predominant in the project area, in the form of small household units that
neighbour each other, as shown in Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix - house and
neighbourhood theme.
The surveyed households are mainly male headed (83%). Regardless of his/her gender, the
Household Head is an adult with an average age of 40 years because 95% of surveyed Household
24
Heads fell into the age group of 35 – 45 years. Elderly people are the Heads of 7% of the surveyed
households (5% for Chiúta and 9% for Moatize) and are most commonly male (roughly two thirds in
24
A person aged 65 years or more.
both districts, against one third of women). There are no households headed by children
surveyed area.
25
55
in the
The education level of the surveyed Household Head is low: nearly 50% of the surveyed Household
Heads are illiterate (46% for Chiúta and 53% for Moatize) and 40% have primary schooling (45% for
Chiúta and 36% for Moatize), while only 4% have secondary schooling.
4.3.3
Ethnic groups, language and religion
The ethnic, linguistic and cultural profiles of Chiúta and Moatize districts are similar. In Chiúta the
most commonly used language is ciNyungwè, spoken by 85% of the population, while Portuguese is
spoken by less than 15% of the district population. The dominant religion is Catholicism, though often
26
combined with traditional religious practices. Syncretic churches such as the Zione , as well as the
Muslim religion, are also present but comprised of a more modest believer base (MAE, 2005).
In Moatize the most commonly used language is ciNyungwè, spoken by at least two thirds of the
population.Chewa is also spoken in Zobue Administrative Post, and ciSena, ciNdau and ciTawara in
Kambulatsitsi Administrative Post, due to the district´s proximity to Malawi and the Sena railway line’s
area of influence. Portuguese is spoken by only a third of the district population. The dominant religion
is the syncretic religion of Zione (MAE, 2005b).
Traditional leaderships such as the n’fumo and nhankwava or nhankawa, and traditional ceremonies
such as rain ceremony and girls/boys initiation rites, are still present in both rural and urban settings of
Chiúta and Moatize districts, though with varied degrees of intensity (MAE, 2005 and 2005b).
Traditional leaders and cultural and religious practices are still an important part of everyday life of the
communities in the project area and communities turn to the traditional leaders for decision making on
matters affecting community life (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix, under the themes of social
cohesion and historical and sacred sites).
The survey findings and the FGD’s revealed that the communities in the project area speak mostly
Chewa, and very little Portuguese; which may be explained by the low literacy levels of the surveyed
27
households. The mother tongue of the surveyed household is either Chewa, spoken by 60% of the
households (64% of Chiúta households and 56% for Moatize households), or ciNyungwè, spoken by
40 % of households (36% of Chiúta households and 43% of Moatize households). This is represented
in Figure 7 below.
This is a different linguistic profile to that of the broader Chiúta district, as was stated above
ciNyungwè is the predominant mother tongue. The same applies to the broader Moatize district,
where ciNyungwè is spoken by at least 66% of the district population. This predominance of Chewa
language may be explained by the proximity of the project area to neighbouring Malawi. No
household speaks Portuguese as its mother tongue, which is not surprising considering the low
literacy levels of the households. It is also in line with both districts' trend of knowledge of the
Portuguese language.
25
A person aged up to 18 years.
26
The term 'syncretic church' refers to religious movements or philosophies where elements of one religion are assimilated into
another. Zione is a syncretic religion that combines spiritual beliefs of traditional religious practices with Catholicism.
2727
This refers to the mother tongue of the Household Head.
56
Nyanja
64
Nhúngwe
56
36
0%
43
20%
40%
Chiuta
60%
80%
100%
Moatize
Figure 7: Survey findings for languages spoken
As per the survey data, the households in the project area belong to two major ethnic groups of the
Zambezi Valley, namely Chewa-Nyanja and ciNyungwè. The Chewa-Nyanja is a matrilineal ethnic
group of the upper Zambezi River that is also present in Malawi. The ciNyungwè is an ethnic group of
28
the lower Zambezi Valley that combines matrilineal and patrilineal characteristics . Despite this, the
FGD’s revealed that although the surveyed communities are aware of their ethnic background, at the
community level ethnic distinctions are not made in daily life or ceremonial events; social
differentiation seems to rather be socioeconomic and religious.
In terms of religion, of the surveyed households in the Chiúta portion of the project area, 43% are
catholic and 15% are protestant, but 37% declared not to have any religious belief. This inverts in the
Moatize portion of the project area, where 75% of the surveyed households have no religion, while
22% are catholic and the remaining 3% follow other religions or faiths. The FGD’s, however, revealed
that practices of traditional animist religion, based on ancestors' spiritual worship for success in
29
everyday life – as well as for projects for the extraction of natural resources - are still a centre piece
of community life and existence, and are often combined with other faiths (Appendix D: Qualitative
Analysis Matrix, under the themes of social cohesion and historical and sacred sites).
For more information on religious practices, please refer to the Cultural Heritage Study. Figure 8
below shows a church in the community of Massamba (Chiúta portion of the project area).
28
Kinship systems can either be matrilineal or patrilineal. In broad terms, the difference between both systems lies on how
descent is recognized (i.e. acquires social status) and inheritance, including land use rights, is passed down: matrilineal
descent is reckoned through females and inheritance is passed through a mother to her kin; while a patrilineal system is
reckoned through males and inheritance is passed through a father to his kin. Despite this, in both systems official power
resides primarily with men: in a patrilineal system the father and in a matrilineal system the mother’s brother (Barnard &
Spencer, 2001).
29
For example, timber companies operating in some of the surveyed communities were required to perform ritual ceremonies
to get spiritual approval for their project. From the communities' point of view, this is important for their buy-in of the economic
project in question.
57
Figure 8: Jehovah’s Witness Church, Massamba
4.3.4
Mobility
%
With regard to social mobility and migration, the two districts have fairly balanced migration rates
30
when assessed together. Chiúta district has a low positive migration balance (in contrast to the
provincial migration balance, which is negative (INE, 2013). Moatize District has a low negative
migration balance in line with the provincial trend (INE, 2013b). Migration levels seem to be low
among
the
surveyed
population.
As
shown
in
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
98
96
Living at Home
Away, working
alsewhere in the
country
Chiuta
Away, studying
elsewhere in the
country
Temporarily away
for other reason
Moatize
Figure 9 below, during the survey 96% of the members of the surveyed households lived in the
household.
30
According to INE (2013 and 2013b), the migration balance is positive when more people immigrate (enter) than those who
emigrate (leave). The opposite, negative migration balance, means that more people emigrate (leave) than those who
immigrate (enter).
%
58
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
98
96
Living at Home
Away, working
alsewhere in the
country
Chiuta
Away, studying
elsewhere in the
country
Temporarily away
for other reason
Moatize
Figure 9: Mobility and Migration
Of those who were away (4%), the majority had left for studies or working purposes. This is
corroborated by the FGD’s, who in general show that the population of the surveyed communities do
not tend to emigrate, and when they do, it is commonly temporary displacement for work or marriage
purposes. This can be seen in Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/ the mobility mapping theme.
The FGD findings on migration are in line with the survey findings (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis
Matrix/ community history theme). Currently there is some job seeking emigration towards Tete City.
However, these communities are historically of migratory origin, with their common mythological
origins lie in being immigrants from neighbouring districts who settled in the area, as well as
descendants of slaves brought in by the Portuguese colonizers. In the more recent past, these
communities have experienced temporary displacement and relocation to neighbouring districts and
countries as a result of armed conflicts (the liberation struggle of the 1970s and the postindependence armed conflict that continued until the early 1990s), as well as being occasionally
compelled to leave by floods and disease outbreaks.
4.3.5
Economy
According to MAE (2005 and 2005b) and the SDAE of Chiúta and Moatize, agriculture is the main
economic activity (occupying 95% and 81% of the economically active population, respectively) and
prevailing land use in the districts, which is in line with the provincial trend. Agriculture is
predominantly rain-fed with intercropping occurring in the periods between staple crop growing
seasons. It is practiced in a subsistence fashion at the household level. All household members
participate in farming activities and the production is mostly destined for household consumption.
Common crops include maize, sorghum, millet (the three being staple foods), green leaves, peanuts
and beans.
In general, the soil in Chiuta and Moatize districts has low fertility and low moisture/humidity
absorption and retention capacity (MAE, 2005 and 2005 b), which leads to high risks of crop yield loss
in any given year or growing season. As a result, moist (or wetland) areas around rivers and streams
are sought after for crop production, and this was stressed in the FGD sessions with communities
(Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix, under the themes of land use and services and resources
59
31
mapping). However, recession agriculture is affected by flooding from time to time; thus agriculture
is affected by variable climatic conditions. There is little use of improved or modified seed varieties,
pesticides or fertilisers.
In addition to subsistence and small-scale agriculture, there are some large individual farms mostly
producing food crops. In 2005, only 3% of Chiúta’s arable land was cultivated, predominantly by
subsistence farmers, with virtually no functioning irrigation infrastructure. In 2013, there were 9 large
agriculture fields covering a total area of 32 ha. In Moatize, in 2005 there was about 184 ha of
irrigated land under production, but by 2013 there were only 12 large agriculture fields covering a total
irrigated area of 33 ha (INE, 2013b). Commercial crops such as cotton (both districts) and tobacco
(Chiúta) are also cultivated, mostly at the household level (MAE, 2005 and 2005b).
The FGD’s confirmed that agriculture is the main economic activity in the project area´s communities,
and is mostly used for household consumption. It is rain fed and practiced around rivers and streams,
by all household members. It is complemented by the production and sale of charcoal (which is also
used for household consumption), fishing and some informal trade. Thus, ongoing access to natural
resources (land, water, forests, fish, and firewood), and the utilisation of these to supplement
household food security and sustain their overall household livelihood strategy, is of crucial
importance to these communities.
As a complement to subsistence agriculture, other economic activities such as trade, cattle breeding,
fishing and artisanal mining are practiced by the population of both districts. On a smaller scale,
industrial activity has a modest presence (MAE, 2005 and 2005b).
In the two districts, cattle breeding is not a significant productive activity, despite the existence of
extensive grazing areas. This is largely ascribed to the low coverage of extension services by the
state. Goats are mostly reared for domestic or household consumption, while cattle, goats, pigs and
sheep are produced to sell (MAE, 2005 and 2005b and interviews with SDAE of Chiúta and Moatize).
Small-scale artisanal fishing occurs in the rivers and streams of both districts, practiced by the local
population (mostly men). Catches are mostly used for household consumption, though a small portion
is also sold at local markets (MAE, 2005 and 2005b).
In Chiúta trade is mostly informal, including the commercialization of household agriculture surplus,
and takes place in market stalls. The trade network does not cover the whole district and, in some
areas, the population travels long distances to buy basic commodities. Gender divisions are
conspicuous in this trade: women sell agricultural products, firewood and reeds, while men sell fish,
meat and sticks/poles. Trade occupies 3% of the district’s economically active population, being the
second largest occupation (MAE, 2005). In 2013, Chiúta had 52 traders and offered limited
accommodation/restaurant services (seven units) and no bank(INE, 2013).
In Moatize, trade is also mostly informal, but formal trade is growing steadily in the district’s main
village, strongly fuelled by the existing coal mining industry. However, as for Chiúta, the trade network
does not cover the whole of Moatize and, in some areas the population travels long distances to buy
basic commodities. Gender divisions are similarly evident in trade in Moatize: women sell food
products and men sell building materials. Trade occupies 10% of the district’s economically active
31
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, this technical term refers to agriculture
practiced along rivers, where cultivation occurs in the areas exposed as river the water (including floods) recedes. Definition
available at: http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/aquastat/defeng.htm
60
population (MAE, 2005b). In 2013, Moatize had 92 traders of which 3 were wholesalers, and they
offered a wide range accommodation/restaurant services (47 units) and three banks (INE, 2013b).
According to MAE (2005 and 2005b), and as supported by the findings from the FGD’s, project area
trade is predominantly informal and takes place at road side stalls and local markets.
In Chiúta, industrial activity occupies 2% of the economically active population and is largely from
employment at 20 flourmills, 10 carpentry shops and three industrial units producing food and clothing
(INE, 2013 and MAE, 2005). Flourmills are important for the milling of the local population’s staple diet
and are distributed according to the most agriculturally productive areas. However, milling capacity is
not yet sufficient to meet the district needs (MAE, 2005).
In Moatize, the industrial activity occupies 6% of the economically active population with the most
important industrial activity in the district being coal mining. Moatize has six coal fields (hard coal)
concentrated in the south of the district, as part of the Moatize-Minjova Coal Basin, one of the world's
most important coal basins with an estimated reserve of 2.5 billion tons (José & Sampaio, w/d).
Industrial coal mining has been taking place since the 1940s; however most intensively since the
post-war 1990s. At present, large-scale industrial coal mining is conducted using open pit
technologies by multinational mining companies such as Vale S.A., Coal India, Jindal, Ncondezi Coal
Company and Beacon Hill Resources (KPMG, 2013).
In addition to this, there are an estimated 101 flourmills (as for Chiúta providing an important but
limited milling coverage of the communities’ needs), 22 locksmith shops, 21 carpentry shops and
about 30 small industries dedicated to food, clothing, metallic goods and furniture (INE, 2013b and
MAE, 2005b). Trade is cash based and the commodities include locally harvested and/or produced
goods (food, firewood, coal and building materials), as well as external manufactured goods (clothing,
housewares and appliances).
Apart from the proposed iron mining project by Capitol Resources, currently in its prospection phase
in the communities of Tenge, Matacale and Massamba, there is no industrial activity occurring in the
project area.
Of the members of the surveyed households, 83% are not employed, this includes people that are
seeking employment, pursuing studies, are aged less than 5 years or are occupied with domestic
chores. Of the 17% who are employed, the most common forms of occupation are similar in both
portions of the project area, but with different weight. In Chiúta self-employment assumes a very
important role: 70% of working household members are self-employed, 19% are informally employed
or have seasonal labour, and 11% are formally employed. In Moatize self-employment is less
important: 41% of working household members are self-employed, but 33% are informally employed
or have seasonal labour and 25% are formally employed. Table 13 summarizes the survey findings
about employment in the households of the project area.
Table 13: Survey findings about employment
Employment status
Chiúta (%)
Moatize (%)
Formal employment (contract, salary)
2
4
Informal employment (no contract, salary)
3
3
Seasonal work
0
2
Self-employment
13
7
Unemployed (actively seeking a job)
10
8
Housewife/husband (not seeking a job)
13
24
Unable to work & unemployed
2
2
Child (aged less than 5 years)
27
23
Student
30
27
Total
100
100
61
In terms of economic activities, agriculture (subsistence farming) and unskilled labour (mostly odd
jobs) are the most common activities surveyed household members are engaged in. Agriculture is
practiced by 44% of Chiúta household members and 47% of Moatize household members; unskilled
labour is conducted by 22% of Chiúta household members and 27% of Moatize household members.
The production of artistic crafts occupy 13% and informal trade (having a stall) occupies 9% of Chiúta
household members (but only 2% and 3% respectively in Moatize). Formally employed skilled labour
occupies 9% of Moatize household members against 3% in Chiúta. This is shown in Figure 10 below.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2
47
3
1
26
6
2
3
3
4
9
5
13
44
9
1
20
5
3
Chiuta
Moatoze
Figure 10: Household Occupations
The most common occupations are agriculture, for nearly half of the working household members
(44% in the Chiúta portion of the project area and 48% in the Moatize portion), followed by paid
32
unskilled labour (20% in Chiúta and 26% in Moatize). The third most common occupation is the
production of artistic crafts in Chiúta (for 13% of working household members) and in Moatize it is
33
formal skilled employment (9%). Although the occupation of surveyed households in agriculture is
lower than the district average, it still mimics the district occupation trend: subsistence agriculture is
the most common occupation, complemented by economic activities with self-employment and basic
technical skills.
32
Such as guarding, fetching water, clearing farming land and other heavy chores that do not require particular skills.
33
Such as a teacher, nurse, accountant, etc. This includes public servants and workers of the private sector.
62
In addition to these forms of occupation, the households in the survey area obtain income from other
sources. The most prominent in the Chiúta portion of the project area are the sale of cash crops
(mentioned by 51% of the surveyed households) and retirement pensions (20% of households). In the
Moatize portion, the principal income sources are the production of artistic crafts (21% of households),
sale of vegetables (15% of households) and retirement pensions or sale of home-made alcoholic
drinks (10% of households respectively). Except for the retirement pension, these are all land-based
or land-related income earning strategies. Figure 11 shows an informal trade stall in the project area.
Figure 11: Informal stall, Muchena.
The average monthly income of surveyed households in the Chiúta portion of the project area is
slightly higher than the monthly average income of Moatize households. On average the Chiúta
household earns MZM 5,645 per month (about USD$181) against MZM 4,767 (about USD$153)
34
earned by the Moatize household , as shown in Figure 12 below.
5800
5 645
5600
Metical
5400
5200
5000
4 767
4800
4600
4400
4200
Chiúta
Moatize
Figure 12: Survey findings about average monthly income
However, surveyed households in the Chiúta portion of the project area also have higher
expenditures than the households in the Moatize portion. On average the Chiúta household spends
MZM 1,880/month (about USD$60), which account for a third of its income (33%). The Moatize
household spends MZM 1,780 (about USD$57), slightly over a third (37%) of its income. The most
common expenditures, as reported by the surveyed households, are food items such as
34
USD amounts are calculated based on the official Exchange rate of the Bank of Mozambique for 10/10/2014 (USD 1 = MZM
31.12). This average income is well above the provincial income (nearly triple) stated in INE 2004, but in order to make a
consistent comparison it would be necessary to use a more updated source for the provincial income, which is not available.
63
manufactured items such as oil and sugar, as well as fresh items such as fish, meat and cereals,
(75%), followed by hygiene products (61%),, clothing (44%) and health care (23%). This is
represented in Figure 13 below.
7
8
Farming inputs
House rent
13
Furniture/ appliance
9
22
Health
25
16
16
Education
46
Clothing
43
9
Transport
7
12
Celular phone costs
15
4
Celular phone costs
2
Water
60
Hygiene products
62
74
Food items
77
42
43
Cereal (rice, maizel)
53
Meat/ fish
62
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
Moatize
Chiuta
Figure 13: Survey findings about household expenses
These expenditures probably reflect the rural profile of surveyed households and the contribution of
agriculture/farming plots to their subsistence, as they produce a portion of what they eat, rather than
having to buy it all.
The vast majority of surveyed households do not use banking services, 94% do not have a bank
account, which may be explained, in part, by the fact that there are no banking facilities in Chiúta
district and those existing in Moatize are limited to the district head village.
The rural character of the surveyed households is further shown in the assets they own: 99% own a
hoe and 91% own an axe. Other durable assets are also owned, but in smaller proportions: 60% own
a radio, 50% own a bicycle, 20% own a cellular phone (27% in the Chiúta portion of the project area
and 13% in the Moatize portion) and 15% own a bed. Figure 14 below represents the durable assets
owned by the surveyed households.
%
64
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
99 98
57
92 90
62
54
45
27
13
3
3
13 15
13
6
2
Chiúta
2
3
3
Moatize
Figure 14: Survey findings about durable assets
Nearly half of the farming land (49%) is rain fed, one third (31%) is irrigated with a traditional open air
well and about 6% is irrigated with river water. The remaining 15% is irrigated with alternative water
sources, most likely small irrigation schemes.
According to the surveyed households with regards to their farming plots, the three most common
crops are maize (72%), beans (15%) and green leaves (8%). While green leaves are generally used
for household consumption only, beans and maize are sold by 80% and 66% respectively in farming
households of the Chiúta portion, against 40% and 51% respectively in the Moatize portion. In
addition, sometimes beans and maize are consumed by the farming household, specifically by 52%
and 32% respectively in farming households of the Moatize portion, against 19% and 21%
respectively in the Chiúta portion. For the most part all farmed crops are used for household
consumption, though in different yield quantities; however, Chiúta households are more oriented
towards crop sales than Moatize households.
Figure 15: Maize farming plot, Muchena
Figure 16: Revúbuè River, with cultivated farming plots
Of the surveyed households, 64% of those in the Chiúta portion of the project area and 36% of those
in the Moatize portion have at least one subsistence tree in their yard. These households have on
average four trees, that are all fruit bearing, most commonly mango and banana trees. Moreover,80%
of the households´ trees are located within the household yard.. The trees are not young: 43% of
them are adult trees in the productive peak and 38% are old trees. In 91% of the surveyed
65
households, the crops of these fruit trees are mostly used for household, as shown in Figure 17
below.
100
92
90
90
80
70
60
Consumption
%
50
Sale
40
30
20
9
9
10
0
Chiuta
Moatize
Figure 17: Survey findings on the use of trees
Half of the surveyed households in the Moatize portion of the project area (56%) also breed domestic
animals, along with 44% of households in the Chiúta portion. The vast majority of them (97%) breed
small sized animals (chicken, goat and pig). Chicken is the commonly bred domestic animal in both
districts, with an average of 7 chickens owned per household. This is followed by an average of 3 pigs
and 5 goats owned per household, as shown in Figure 18 below. In general the Chiúta surveyed
households tend to breed more domestic animals than their Moatize counterparts.
8
7
7
6
6
6
unit
5
4
3
3
3
2
1
0
Chicken
Pig
Chiúta
Goat
Moatize
Figure 18: Survey findings on the average number of domestic animals owned
The most common domestic animals bred (chicken, goat and pig) are mostly used for household
consumption and sale (70%), whilst the remaining households that breed animals only do it for the
sole purpose of selling or solely consumption (30%); as shown in Figure 19 below.
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
30
20
%
100
40
30
26
21
10
%
%
66
8
30
9 10
0
20
10
2
7
4
9
4
10
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
88
87
78
63
81
66
0
Consumption & Sale
Consumption
Consumption
Sale
Sale
Consumption & Sale
Figure 19: Survey findings on the use of animals bred
4.3.6
Land and Natural Resource Use
According to the District Services for Planning and Infrastructure (Serviço Distrital de Planificação e
Infra-Estrutura or SDPI) of Chiúta and Moatize, land tenure for housing and agricultural purposes is
predominantly customary, with many residents or communities not in possession of a formal land
tenure title (Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento de Terra or DUAT).
Land use for urban housing is characterized by a scattered or unplanned spatial pattern that is
reflective of poor urban planning. Housing DUATs are more common in urban settings such as the
villages that are District capitals and Administrative Post capitals, which are more likely to have
designated urban/residential expansion areas as prescribed by any available or up to date spatial
planning tools or plans. Moatize District, for example, has already developed an Urban Plan for the
District capital, Vila de Moatize, and aims to make an Urban Plan for Vila de Benga, an important
Administrative Post capital in the coal mining area of Moatize District. However, the District
Government lacks funding for the implementation of existing urban plans; and it is for this reason that
they try to establish strategic agreements with investing institutions or organisations, to support these
endeavours.
According to the SDPI of Chiuta and Moatize districts, agricultural DUATs exist for large-scale
commercial agriculture and/or cattle breeding projects within the district; whereas small-scale
agriculture is mainly practiced on land inherited by the family (customary land tenure) and small-scale
cattle breeding is practiced on communal land used by all community members. As per the FGD
outcomes, it has been identified that the study area population uses separate areas for farming and
for cattle grazing, so as to avoid crops from being eaten by animals. Natural resources, such as
firewood and building timber, are usually extracted from land cleared for farming, or in forests nearby
human settlements.
According to the SDPI of Chiúta and Moatize, other large-scale economic activities, such as mining,
forestry (commercial plantation of trees) and industrial logging (commercial cut-down of trees), hold
67
formal DUAT titles in the project area. The use of a 37 ha area in Massamba (Chiúta) has been
authorized to an individual (DUAT was being issued at the time the present report was being written)
for agriculture and cattle breeding; and another area with a similar size has been authorized for cattle
breeding, also to an individual farmer. Furthermore, there are timber concessions in the Massamba
and Matacale surrounds (also Chiúta).
All surveyed households have at least one farming plot. More than half of these are located close to/
in the household’s yard (67% in the Chiúta portion of the project area and 52% in the Moatize
portion). Also, nearly a third of the farming plots are up to 60 minutes away from the household (38%
in the Moatize portion and 21% in the Chiúta portion). Only 10% are located more than 60 minutes
away from the household. This is in line with the FGD’s finding that the communities of the project
area practice agriculture along the margins of existing rivers and streams, close to which the
communities are located, to make the most use of the moist soil. This can be observed in Appendix D:
Qualitative Analysis Matrix under the themes of land use and service and resources mapping. Figure
15: Maize farming plot, Muchena
Figure 16: Revúbuè River, with cultivated farming plots above
show two farming plots in the project area.
The size of farming plots varies. Over 33% of farming plots are up to 0.5 ha, about 42% in the Chiúta
portion of the project area and 35% in the Moatize portion. Subsequently, 20% of farming plots have a
size of 0-5 – 1 ha, specifically 17% in Chiúta and 26% in Moatize. Finally, almost 20% of the plots
have a size of 1 – 2 ha, 18% of the farming land of all surveyed households. It is worth to highlight
that 22% of the farming land of surveyed households has 3 ha or more, which is a large area to farm
considering the very limited coverage of existing irrigation systems and low mechanisation of
agriculture in the two districts (MAE, 2005 and 2005b). The varying sizes of the farming plots is
represented in Figure 20 below.
100
90
80
70
%
60
50
40
42
35
26
30
17
20
17 19
15
12
10
6
4
3
5
0
Half ha
1 ha
2 ha
Chiuta
3 ha
4 ha
5 ha & Up
Moatize
Figure 20: Survey findings on farming plot size
The vast majority of the declared farming land (95%) is owned by the surveyed Household Head, as
shown in Figure 21 below.
100
97
93
90
80
70
60
%
68
50
40
30
20
10
2
7
0
Household Head
Other
household
member
Chiúta
Other relative
(not household
member)
Other (not
relative)
Moatize
Figure 21: Survey findings about farming plot ownership
Chickens and pigs are bred inside the household yard (where chicken, hen and kraals are kept), while
goats and cows of two thirds of surveyed households graze in community pasture areas close to the
household, but separate from the farming land.
The FGD’s revealed that, in addition to agriculture, the communities of the project area also use the
land for cattle grazing (separate from farming land) and for the extraction of natural resources that are
important livelihoods. This can be seen in Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix under the themes
of land use and services and resources use mapping.
No significant land conflict has emerged yet in the project area according to district officials consulted,
but the FGD’s revealed a significant man-animal conflict in the settlements of Nhambia, Chianga and
Mbuzi (all in the Chiúta portion of the project area), with attacks by elephants and hippopotamus’
being common place. MAE (2005 and 2005b) reported the existence of land conflicts in Chiúta, in the
Manje Administrative Post, where the district head village is located, outside the project area.. Land
conflicts were also reported throughout Moatize, mostly between war refugees and internally
displaced persons (MAE, 2005b). This type of conflict has the potential to increase as a result of the
existing and proposed mining developments. Though not confirmed in the FGD’s, but rather through
the national media, several resettled persons have been expressing their dissatisfaction with the
displacement and resettlement processes conducted by other mining entities in the area to date.
The FGD’s highlighted a dispute between two communities of the project area over the location of
mining resources and project benefits from a Capitol Resources mining project (see Section 4.3.11 for
more detail). In spite of this, no other land conflict was reported in the communities and according to
the SDAE of Chiúta and Moatize, there is plenty of unoccupied land available in the project area. For
more detail about the land use data gathered in the FGD’s, please refer to Appendix D: Qualitative
Analysis Matrix/ land use theme.
4.3.7
Poverty and vulnerability
The average household in the Chiúta and Moatize districts seems to have a modest living standard.
Although there is no data available regarding household income at the district level, Chiúta has a
69
35
more modest profile than Moatize if one looks at the ownership of durable assets : nearly half of the
Chiúta population had no such assets (45%) in comparison to a third of Moatize population (38%) not
owning any (INE; 2013 and 2013b).
Based on the data gathered in the socioeconomic findings, wealth quintiles were produced for the
surveyed population (the wealth quintiles are displayed in Appendix B: Methodology for the
calculation of Socio economic status indices -Possession Index for the project and each surveyed
district, together with an explanation of the methodology undertaken to generate the wealth quintiles).
According to the wealth quintiles, 43% of the surveyed households in Chiúta district are “very poor” or
“poor”, against 41% who are “well off” or “very well off”, and only 16% who are "moderately poor".
Among the surveyed households in Moatize district, 38% are “very poor” or “poor”, 33% are “well off”
or “very well off” and 29% are “moderately poor”. This shows that surveyed households in Chiúta
district have a higher proportion of “poor” or “very poor” households, and also have higher economic
disparities i.e. close to half of the population is poor/very poor and nearly another half is well off/very
well off. Surveyed households in Moatize district, in comparison, have a smaller proportion of “poor” or
“very poor” households and smaller disparities between poor/very poor and well off/very well off. This
is shown in Figure 22 below:
Moatize
18
20
29
17
Very poor
16
Poor
Moderate
Chiúta
22
21
16
17
24
Well off
Very well off
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure 22: Wealth quintiles for Chiúta and Moatize districts.
The wealth quintiles also indicate the main characteristics of the surveyed households in the poorest
quintiles (“very poor” or ”poor” quintiles): they are headed by women (71% of households), aged
around 50 years, widowed or separated/ divorced (i.e. constituted a family and currently are the sole
person responsible for it – over 75% of households) and unemployed or self-employed in subsistence
farming (45% to 68% of households respectively).
There are small variations of this profile in each district. Chiúta has slightly more households headed
by a woman in “poor” or “very poor” quintiles (78% against 69% of households in Moatize).
Additionally, “poor” or “very poor” households in Chiúta are headed by slightly younger people (an
average age of 44 years against 48 years in Moatize). In both districts, all households headed by a
separated/divorced person and 80% of households headed by a widow are “poor” or “very poor”.
Of the surveyed households, those that are headed by women seemed to be worse off. As many as
34% of male headed households are among the poorest surveyed households, which is less than half
of the female headed households in the same situation. On the other hand, the proportion of better off
(well off/very well off) male headed households is more than double than that of female headed
households (41% and 16% respectively). This is shown in Figure 23 below.
35
These are radio, television, telephone, computer, car, motorcycle and bicycle.
70
Female
51
20
12
8
8
Very poor
Poor
Moderate
Male
14
20
25
19
22
Well off
Very well off
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure 23: Wealth quintiles according to gender - project area
The age of the head of household also seems to influence how well off the household is: heads of
households in the poorest quintiles (again, “poor” and “very poor”) tend to be older, on average
between 42 and 50 years of age, respectively. In contrast to those in the better off households that
are younger (again, “very well off” and “well off”) where the average age of the head of households is
between 35 and 39 years old. Finally, the average age for heads of moderate households is similar to
those of “well off” households, at 40 years of age. This is shown in Figure 24 below.
60
Age Head of Household (years)
50
50
42
40
40
39
35
30
20
10
0
Very poor
Poor
Moderate
Well off
Very well off
Figure 24: Wealth quintiles according to age of Household Head - project area
The civil status of the head of household also seems to influence on how well off the household is:
heads of household in the poorest quintiles tend to have constituted a family for which they are the
sole person responsible (78% are widowed and 76% are separated or divorced). While the proportion
36
of poor/very poor households decreases when the household head is married (i.e. shares the
responsibility over the family) or single (i.e. has not yet constituted a family). The married household
heads account for about 50% of household heads. Furthermore, the proportion of well off/very well off
households increases among households headed by a married couple (50% of households) or
constituted by a single person (38%). The households that are well/very well off and are headed by a
separated/divorced person (13%) or a widow (7%) are less frequent. This is represented in Figure 25
below.
36
This includes civil, traditional, religious and de facto marriage.
Widow
64
Separated/divorced
14
38
De facto marriage (live together)
10
38
21
Mixed marriage (civil and/or…
16
Religious marriage
7
13
25
13
23
Very poor
21
50
Traditional marriage
14
Poor
50
17
24
25
19
25
Moderate
24
25
Civil marriage
Well off
25
Very well off
100
Single
27
24
0%
71
21
12
16
50%
100%
Figure 25: Wealth quintiles according to the civil status of Household Head - project area
The occupation of the head of household also seems to influence on how well off the household is.
Among households headed by a person that is not working (e.g. housewife), 68% are in the very
poor/poor quintiles and only 16% are in the well off/very well off quintiles. Among households headed
by a self-employed person (subsistence farming), 45% are very poor/poor and 32% are well off/very
well off. In households headed by a formally employed person, only 15% are very poor/poor and 56%
are well off/very well off. This is shown in Figure 26 below.
Unable to work and unemployed
33
Housewife (not seeking work)
33
36
Unemployed (activelly seeking
work)
13
33
32
21
20
16
10
30
6
17
Very poor
Poor
Self employment
29
Seazonal work
16
14
24
43
12
20
14
Moderate
Well off
29
Very well off
Informal employment
Formal employment
4
9
0%
36
6
24
29
15
50%
8
28
41
100%
Figure 26: Wealth quintiles according to the employment status of Household Head - project area
37
As already mentioned in Section 4.3.2, 7% of the surveyed household heads are elderly people (5%
for Chiúta and 9% for Moatize), most commonly a man; in both districts it is roughly 67% male,
against 33% female.
In addition to this, 3% of the members of the surveyed households have some form of disability (most
commonly a physical or visual handicap), due to which they are likely to contribute less (or not
contribute at all) to the household income.
37
A person aged 65 years or more.
72
The FGD’s have noted that according to local perceptions, the most common socially vulnerable
group are elderly persons (mentioned by all communities). They noted that households headed by
elderly people, are particularly vulnerable because they have fewer productive members, and as a
result they struggle more than other households to earn income. In light of this, it is assumed that
such households will also potentially struggle more to adapt to new income earning strategies,
particularly those that are not land-based and is potentially the case for the proposed project. As a
consequence, the surveyed communities perceive the elderly headed households to be poorer and
more dependent on existing social support networks (neighbours, church and relatives). This mimics
the profile of the poorest households established by the wealth quintiles; and can be observed in
Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/ vulnerable groups theme.
Other vulnerable groups mentioned are, by frequency of occurrence: handicapped persons, orphan
children, widows and unemployed youth.
The qualitative and quantitative data gathered in the field is congruent with the conceptual basis of the
38
National Strategy for Basic Social Security (2010-2014) , which establishes a link between
productivity, dependency and vulnerability at the household level in Mozambique. This strategy notes
that in Mozambique, households with "higher dependency levels" or larger proportions of members
that are unable to work are more likely to fall into the poorest quintiles of the population. It also notes
that households mainly or exclusively composed of elderly, handicapped or chronically ill persons,
elderly people and children, or headed by children, are in situations of extreme dependency.
4.3.8
Social Infrastructure and Services
The SDPI personnel interviewed from both Chiúta and Moatize districts noted that the provision of
basic social services is still insufficient in the project area. According to them, this is due to the lack of
funding, the scattered population distribution and settlement pattern, and the difficult access to such
areas as a result of the poor coverage or condition of the road network.
Housing
According to the FGD’s, the results of the affected community’s socio-economic baseline survey and
the SDPI of Chiúta and Moatize, the predominant housing structures in the districts and the project
area are mud (wattle and daub) huts with thatched roofs.
Buildings with durable materials (brick, cement and zinc roof sheets) are concentrated in the
District/Administrative Post capitals. Moatize district, however, does have a higher percentage of
houses built with durable materials such as brick (22%, higher than the provincial average) and zinc
sheet roof (11%, lower than provincial average), comparatively to Chiúta (INE, 2013 and INE, 2013b).
According to the survey findings, the average house in the project area is composed of a main house
with additional infrastructure in the yard. The main house is made of two to three compartments: a
living room and one or two bedrooms; the latter being, according to the FGD’s, one for adults and one
for children. In the house’s yard there are generally one or two granaries and sometimes there are
chicken coops (present in 41% of surveyed households), kraals (35%), kitchens (25%), pigpens
(21%), a pit latrine (15%) and a bathing area (10%). This is in line with the description of the typical
house made in the FGD’s, shown in Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/house and
38
Government of Mozambique. National Strategy for Basic Social Security 2010-2014.
73
neighbourhood theme. The FGD’s further revealed that children older than 9 years may sleep in a
separate room built in the yard, and that no age/gender separation is made for the latrine and bathing
areas.
Still, according to the survey findings on housing, the walls of the average house in the project area
are not painted (98% of surveyed houses), there are seldom windows and the yard is not fenced. The
main house is most commonly rectangular (65% of surveyed houses) but may also be square (34%)
and, less common, round (1%).
In the vast majority of cases, the house was self-built by the surveyed household (90%). This explains
why 96% of the surveyed households own the houses they live in, against only 4% that rent.
The materials used to build the main house, in 95-97% of the cases are extracted locally free of cost,
against 3-5% that are purchased. The floor is generally made of sand, the walls are made of wattle
and daub and the roof is made of sticks and reed. The remaining structures are usually built with
sticks and/or reeds.
The surveyed houses are not new: the households have been living in them for on average 10 years.
No surveyed house has tap water or electricity. The main source of lighting of the surveyed
households is the lantern (81%).
As shown in Appendix B: Methodology for the calculation of Socio economic status indices Possession Index/house and neighbourhood theme, the boundaries of each yard are physically
demarcated using plant fencing or trees. Neighbouring households usually share kinship ties
(extended family) and develop close relationships. Figure 27 below shows a wattle and daub house
located in the project area.
Figure 27: Typical wattle and daub house, Chianga
Education
In the district of Chiúta there is only public schooling, that consists of 74 primary schools of which 13
39
are second cycle of primary schooling which teach the final primary school grades 6 and 7, and six
40
secondary schools or first cycle secondary schools teaching grades 7-10 and there are no or second
39
Escola primária do segundo grau.
40
Escola secundária do primeiro grau
74
41
cycle secondary school that teach the final grades 11 and 12.. In 2012, the teacher/pupil ratio in the
district was 1/55 in primary schools and 1/36 in secondary schools (INE, 2013).
In 2013, there were 21,839 pupils enrolled in primary school in Chiúta. The enrolment rate has been
increasing with a 19% growth from 2009-2013 and, girls accounted for 48% of primary school pupils,
which is in line with the provincial trend. Pass rates, however, have been decreasing in the past 5
years, particularly in grade 7 at the end of primary schooling; it has reduced from 65% in 2009 to 59%
in 2013 (INE, 2013). This is below the provincial trend and brings to question the issue of the quality
of education. In 2013, there were only 1,806 pupils enrolled in secondary schools, of which 38% were
girls (a growing figure in the past 5 years), with an overall approval rate of 50%,that has also been
decreasing in the past 5 years. Finally, the gender ratio and pass rate are slightly lower than the
provincial trend.
In 2005, 84% of the population of the district of Chiúta was illiterate, mostly women; 93% of women
were illiterate against 74% of men. Illiteracy rates were also high in schooling ages; 96% in the
population aged 5-9 years and 77% in the population aged 10-14 years. Only 19% of the population
aged 5 years or more is, or has been, enrolled in school; and only 6% of the population aged more
than 5 years has finished some schooling level, 90% of which is primary schooling. This demonstrates
a generally low level of education, which is even lower among women: in 2005 only 10% of women
aged more than 5 years had been to school and only 3% had completed primary schooling. Girls'
schooling rates increase in the 10-14 age group (17%), which points that girls also start school late
(MAE, 2005).
In 2013, in the district of Moatize there are also on public schools, consisting of 157 primary schools
42
of which, 40 are second cycle primary schools , which teach the final grades 6 and 7 and 12
43
secondary schools of which three are second cycle secondary schools teaching the final grades 11
and 12. In 2012, the teacher/pupil ratio in the district was 1/55 in primary schools, and 1/24 in
secondary schools (INE, 2013b).
In 2013, there were 57,425 pupils enrolled in primary school. The primary school enrolment rate has
been increasing with a 19% growth between 2009-2013 and, in 2013, girls accounted for 48% of
primary school pupils, which is in line with the provincial trend. Pass rates have been improving in the
past 5 years, particularly in grade 7 at the end of primary schooling; from 56% in 2009 to 61% in 2013
(INE, 2013b). This is still below, but close to the provincial trend. In 2013 there were 8,455 pupils
enrolled in secondary schools, of which 46% were girls (a growing figure in the past 5 years), with an
overall approval rate of 54% that has been stable in the past 5 years. The gender ratio and approval
rate are slightly below the provincial trend.
44
In 2005 , 68%of the population of the district of Moatize was illiterate, mostly women (79% of women
versus 56% of men). Illiteracy rates were also high in schooling ages; 92% in the population aged 5-9
years and 61% in the population aged 10-14 years. As many as 40% of the population aged 5 years
of more is, or has been, enrolled in school; and only 16% of the population aged more than 5 years
has finished some schooling level, 90% of which is primary schooling. The same applies to the
women's schooling rate: in 2005 only 13% of women aged more than 5 years had been to school and
only 9% had completed primary schooling (against 22% and 21% for men aged more than 5 years).
41
Escola secundária do segundo grau
42
Escola primária do segundo grau
43
Escola secundária do segundo grau
44
Though outdated, these are the most recent oficial data sources about literacy in Moatize and Chiúta districts.
75
Girls' schooling rates increase in the 10-14 age group (40%), which means that fewer girls enrol in
45
school (MAE, 2005b) .
MAE 2005 and 2005b note that, despite the expansion of the school network, the coverage of
education services is still insufficient, particularly for secondary schooling.
In the project area there are five primary schools, specifically one each in Tenge, Mbuzi, Nhambia,
Massamba and Matacale communities. The Massamba primary school offers the full seven grades of
primary schooling (escola primária completa), while the remaining schools only offer the first three
grades (escola primária do 1º grau). Mboza, Chianga and Muchena communities have no school.
Aside from these primary schools, there are no other schools in the project area. An example of one
of the schools can be seen in Figure 28 and Figure 29: Matacale Primary School below .
46
The majority of the surveyed households' children in school age attend school (88%). Among the
stated reasons for not attending school are 'children being too young', as per the local perception
(38%) or school being too far away (30% in the Chiúta portion of the project area and 15% in the
Moatize portion). The distance argument seems contradictory with the declared average distance to
school by foot, specifically a 5-30 minute walk for 51% of children attending school, but it may occur in
the communities with no school (Mboza, Chianga and Muchena).
Of the children in school age, 96% attend primary school and only 4% attend secondary school. This
low education level of children in school age may be explained by the low coverage of the school
network mentioned in Section 4.3. In what concerns children's education, there are no significant
differences between the two districts.
Figure 28 and Figure 29: Matacale Primary School
Of the surveyed households, 51% of the children walk 5 to 30 minutes to reach the school, against
34% who walk more than 30 minutes and only 4% who walk less than 5 minutes. This relative
proximity to the school may be explained by the fact that the vast majority of surveyed children (96%)
attend primary school, and that a primary school is available in five of the surveyed communities.
45
However, MAE 2005 and 2005b indicate that in both districts, boys also tend to start school late (age group of 10-14 years).
The main difference is that, in all school ages, there are more boys enrolled than girls.
46
This refers to ages 6 – 15.
76
Again, in what concerns access to education facilities, there are no significant differences between
the two districts, but differences between specific communities may exist.
Both the FGD’s and the SDPI of Chiúta and Moatize consider the coverage of the existing school
network insufficient for the existing population.
Health and Food Security
In 2012, the district of Chiúta was served by 5 health centres with a total of 49 beds, of which 19 were
maternity ward beds (INE, 2013). In 2005, there were 25 health technicians and assistants in the
district, of which 90% had only basic/elementary health training (MAE, 2005). There were 3,200
residents per health technician (MAE, 2005). Despite the expansion of the health system during 20092012, the health unit/resident ratio and the health unit bed/resident ratio remain high: in 2012 there
47
were 17,919 residents per health unit and 1,792 residents per health unit bed .
In 2012, the district of Moatize was served by 12 health centres with a total of 132 beds, of which 60
were maternity ward beds (INE, 2013b). In 2005, there were 86 health technicians and assistants in
the district, of which 91% had only basic/elementary health training (MAE, 2005b). There were 2,100
residents per health technician (MAE, 2005b). Similar to Chiúta, despite the expansion of the health
system in Moatize during 2009-2012, the health unit/resident ratio and the health unit bed/resident
ratio remain high: in 2012 there were 24,361 residents per health unit and 2,215 residents per health
48
unit bed .
The most common diseases in the districts of Chiúta and Moatize are, in order of prevalence, malaria,
diarrhoea (both water borne diseases) and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) – which includes
HIV-AIDS. These diseases account for almost the total amount of cases of illnesses formally reported
in the districts (MAE, 2005 and 2005b). MAE 2005 and 2005b note that, despite the expansion of the
health network, the coverage of health services is still insufficient.
According to the FGD’s in the project area there is only one health post, in Muchena, which provides
basic health care. The nearest health unit to the project area providing more advanced health care is
the Kazula Health Centre, 70km away from the surveyed communities (Appendix D: Qualitative
Analysis Matrix/services and resources mapping).
As shown in Figure 30 below, the most common diseases among the surveyed households are
malaria (suffered by 83% of households in the past year), flu (70%) and diarrhoea (65%).
47
Calculations made by the Consultant based on data by INE, 2013. This source does not provide data for health technicians.
48
Calculations made by the Consultant based on data by INE, 2013b. This source does not provide data for health technicians .
Skin disease
3
6
Ear/nose/throat disease
25
15
33
Tooth ach
42
3
TB
77
Measles
66
Flu
74
Malaria
62
Diaorrea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
79
87
69
70
80
90
100
%
Moatize
Chiúta
Figure 30: Survey findings about diseases
Measures undertaken to seek treatment vary. While surveyed households in the Chiúta portion of the
project area seem more prone to seek treatment from a health unit, specifically 65% for malaria
cases, 59% for diarrhoea cases and 45% for flu cases. The Moatize households, in contrast, resort
more to homemade remedies. The households sought treatment in health unit in 47% of cases of
malaria and diarrhoea and 28% for flu, compared to using homemade remedies for 31% of cases of
malaria and flu and 37% for diarrhoea. This is depicted in Figure 31 and Figure 32 below.
%
Chiúta
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
65
58
45
27
17
22
6
Malaria
Figure 31: Treatment of diseases in Chiúta
18
10
5 5 2
Diarroea
Flu
4
8 5
3
%
Moatize
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
31
37
47 48
30
28
5 9
Malaria
23
15
7 4 4
Diarrhoea
5
4
Flu
Figure 32: Treatment of diseases in Moatize
A small percentage (3%) of surveyed households declared to have a member suffering from a chronic
illness. The most common chronic illnesses are asthma and chronic (permanent) pain, which were
mentioned by 65% of households who have a chronically ill member.
In the surveyed households, women have their first child at the average age of 18. Nearly two-thirds
(60%) of these women have not had pre-natal care in their last pregnancy (55% of surveyed
households in the Chiúta portion of the project area against 63% of households in the Moatize
portion). Of those who did have pre-natal care, 97% of them received malaria prevention pills and
88% were tested for HIV-AIDS. The high portion of pregnant woman without pre-natal care is in line
with the portion of those who gave birth at home: 64%, against 36% of institutional births (39% Chiúta
against 33% Moatize).
As shown in Figure 33 below, the vast majority (92%) of the surveyed household respondents have
heard of malaria and know it is transmitted through a mosquito bite (84% of respondents in the Chiúta
portion of the project area against 79% in the Moatize portion).
%
78
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
85
79
3
4
Chiúta
2
Moatize
Figure 33: Survey findings on knowledge about malaria
2
8
13
79
While 94% of Chiúta household respondents declared that they sleep under a mosquito net, this
decreases to 66% of Moatize households. Over one third of Moatize households (37%) do not sleep
under a mosquito net. As shown in Figure 34 below, the majority of those who do not sleep under a
mosquito net (82%), argue that they do so because they do not have a mosquito net (89% of
responses among Chiúta households and 75% of Moatize households) and a minority (17%) claim it
is too expensive to purchase a mosquito net (11% of responses among Chiúta households and 24%
of Moatize households).
2
Other
24
Difficult to buy net
Do not like to sleep under net
11
75
Do not have net
0
20
40
60
80
89
100
%
Moatize
Chiúta
Figure 34: Survey findings about reasons for not using a mosquito net
The majority (81%) of the respondents in the project area have heard of HIV-AIDS and know HIV can
be transmitted from a mother to her baby (88% of respondents). In addition, 72% know they can get
protected against HIV-AIDS by using a condom and 70% know this is also possible by keeping one
single sexual partner, while only 43% know this is possible through sexual abstinence.
In light of this, and the poor water and sanitation supply, it is not surprising that outbreaks of water
related diseases, such as malaria, cholera and dysentery, happen consistely in all the project affected
communities. In recent times, when such outbreaks occur, the Kazula Health Centre supports some
communities with medicine and chlorine for water treatment.
%
In terms of food security, the months of December, January, February and March are when there is
less food available from the agricultural production and the likelihood of the surveyed household
experiencing hunger is increased. This is illustrated in Figure 35 below, which refers to the months in
which the households face hunger:
100
80
60
40
20
0
Chiuta
Moatize
Figure 35: Survey findings about food insecurity (not having enough food)
80
In the remaining months, 91% of the households secure food through the household’s farming land
and the purchase of food items.The staple diet of surveyed households is made of maize meal,
constituting 65% of the staple diet, beans (13%) and green leaves (9%).
A more detailed analysis of the food security and health situation will be provided in the Health Impact
Assessment study. For more details on the topic, please refer to the report of that study.
Water supply and sanitation
According to information provided in the FGD’s and the SDPI of Chiúta, the water supply and
sanitation coverage in the district and the project area is low. According to INE (2013) two thirds of the
district’s population (66%) uses an unprotected water source such as rivers/lakes (35%) or an open
air well without a pump (31%), and only one-third (31%) uses protected wells.
According to the interviewed SDPI representative, in the Chiúta portion of the project area there are
two boreholes serving the communities in the project area, and 5 to 6 boreholes serving the project
concession area alone. Thus, untreated water sources such as rain, rivers/streams and open-air wells
supply water to a considerable portion of the population in the project area. According to the FGD’s in
Chiúta, there is no sanitation grid in the project area, and the population resorts mainly to traditional
pit latrines (more common) or open-air defecation (less common). In addition, they resort to burning
garbage in the house’s yard.
The water supply and sanitation situation in Moatize is slightly improved when compared to that of
Chiúta. Although two thirds of the population (69%) gets water from an unprotected source such as an
open air pump-less well or a river/lake, a third (31%) accesses a protected water source such as a
protected well (14%), tap water in the yard/at home (11%) and a hand pump (6%). The percentage of
the population with tap water is considerably higher than that of Chiúta (11% against 0.1%) and is
concentrated in the District/Administrative Post capitals (INE, 2013b). According to the SDPI of
49
Moatize, the district’s water supply coverage is 70% .
MAE 2005 and 2005b recognized that the maintenance of water pumps in both districts is insufficient
and poses a challenge to water supply.
According to the survey findings, no surveyed household has tap water at home. Thus, the
households rely on external sources of water. As shown in Figure 36 below, the main source of water
for human consumption is the river water, which is untreated (77% of surveyed households). In
addition to the river water, 10% of households in the Chiúta portion of the project area use
unprotected water sources such as open-air wells (against less than 1% of the Moatize households).
Less than a quarter of the surveyed household’s access protected water sources such as water
pumps or boreholes (24% of households in the Moatize portion of the project area against 9% in the
Chiúta portion).
49
The Chiúta SDPI was unable to provide the same data for the district.
75
River
Public water pump/borehole
7
Private well/ borehole
8
Well in yard
81
80
24
3
Water tank/ yard
Tap water/ neighbor
3
Tap water (house/ yard)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Moatize
Chiúta
Figure 36: Survey finding about water sources
Figure 37: Water hole in dry river bed, Mbuzi.
Figure 38: Hand pump, Muchena below illustrate
two of the water sources available in the project area.
Figure 37: Water hole in dry river bed, Mbuzi.
Figure 38: Hand pump, Muchena
The surveyed households spend, on average 25 to 30 minutes fetching water, usually by foot (98% of
households). The nearest water source is less than 1km away (for 93% of households in the Chiúta
portion of the project area and for 83% in the Moatize portion), but 12% of surveyed households (8%
in the Chiúta portion and 16% in the Moatize portion) must walk up to 2 km to fetch water. Water is
fetched on a daily basis (for 87% of surveyed households). Water is usually kept in a bucket (in 61%
of surveyed households), which, according to the FGD’s, is left in the kitchen (Appendix D: Qualitative
Analysis Matrix/house and neighbourhood theme).
As shown in Figure 39 below, the vast majority of surveyed households do not treat the water they
drink (90%). Of the remaining 10% who do, half of them use chlorine-based products (Certeza) and
the other half boils the water or uses other unspecified methods. This is of particular concern to the
household’s health, if one considers that all households fetch water outside of the home.
Other
6
5
Water purifier/ Chlorine
2
4
Boil
92
90
No treatment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Moatize
Chiúta
Figure 39: Survey findings about water treatment
Half of the surveyed households are aware that there are water-related diseases (55% in the Chiúta
portion of the project area against 48% in the Moatize portion). They are also aware that these
diseases have peaks in particular times of the year (96% of surveyed households).
In what concerns sanitation, over three quarters of the Chiúta population has no latrine and practices
open-air defecation (86%) and only 13% have either a traditional or an improved latrine. Nearly three
quarters of the Moatize population has no latrine and practices open air defecation (70%) and nearly
one third (29%) has a latrine, either a traditional (20%) or an improved latrine (9%) (INE, 2013b).
The majority of surveyed households (95%) practice open-air defecation and only 5% use a latrine, as
shown in Figure 40 below. This concordance with the weak presence of latrines in the house; as
already stated, latrines are present in 15% of the surveyed households.
96
100
94
90
80
70
60
%
82
50
40
30
20
10
4
2
0
Yard pit latrine Yard latrine and
bathroom
Chiúta
Neighbor's
latrine
Open air
defecation
Moatize
Figure 40: Survey findings about sanitation
With regards to hygiene, 96% of surveyed households wash hands (with soap or ashes). As for
garbage, it is positive to note that only 2% do not take any disposal measures. Nearly half (49%) of
83
surveyed households dispose of their waste in a public dump site, while 34% burns it and 14% buries
it, both in the house’s yard.
In light of what is said above, it is concluded that water supply and sanitation are critical issues for the
population of the districts and the project area.
Transport and communication
Chiúta district is crossed by three national roads (N9, N322 and N302) and three regional roads
(R603, R1050 and R1060). The road trajectories are as follows:

The N9 links Tete City to Vila de Manje and also to Vila de Kazula (the capital of Kazula
Administrative Post) via N302.
 The R603 takes off from N9 and links Vila de Manje to Macanga District.

The N322 links Kazula Administrative Post to Mopeia District (Zambézia Province) via N302
and N7.
 Vila de Mange and Vila de Kazula are linked by R1050 via N9.
 Vila de Kazula is further linked to inner farming areas of its administrative post through
R1060.
The roads are part of the Tete Corridor and link the neighbouring countries (Zambia and Malawi),
through Tete province's border posts, to the Mozambican seaports. The roads link Chiúta to Tete City
and some neighbouring districts including Moatize. Dirt roads connect the two Administrative Posts
and to their localities. (MAE, 2005)
Transport in the District of Moatize is ensured by road and railway. Moatize is crossed by three
national roads (N7, N322 and N304). These roads are also part of the Tete Corridor. Moatize is linked
to Tete City by N7 and to its neighbouring districts by the N9 (Chiúta), N304 (Angónia) and N322
(Mutarara). The N7 also links Vila de Moatize to the capital of Zobue Administrative Post and the
capital of Kambulatsitsi Administrative Post. Transportation between Administrative Posts and their
localities is ensured by dirt roads (MAE, 2005b).
The N322, taking off from N7, also links Moatize to Mopeia District in Zambézia Province. A new
bridge over the Zambezi River (Benga Bridge) is being finalized, linking Tete City and Vila de Benga,
aimed for heavy load traffic. As part of the Benga bridge project, a 260 km tar road is also being
rehabilitated, to link Tete City with neighbouring countries Zambia and Zimbabwe, through a
concession scheme (INE, 2013b).The Sena railway line, which crosses Moatize through a railway
branch line, links Vila de Moatize with Tete's southern district of Mutarara (MAE, 2005b).
Figure 41 below illustrates the above-mentioned roads and railway that cross the districts of Chiúta
and Moatize.
84
Figure 41: Roads and railway crossing Chiúta and Moatize districts
Half of the surveyed households (50%) own a bicycle. Dirt trails or roads are the most common way to
reach the neighbouring villages of the surveyed communities, for 99% of surveyed households – the
remaining 1% use a tar road and are probably located near the road to Vila de Moatize (Table 14
below).
Table 14: Survey findings about types of road used
Roads to neighbouring village s
Chiúta
Moatize
Tar road
1.3%
0%
Dirt road/trail
98.7%
100%
Total
100%
100%
The vast majority of surveyed households (93%) move around by foot, against 5% who use a bicycle
and 2% who use an automobile. This form of transportation happens on a daily basis (93% of
surveyed households). This is probably linked to the poor state of existing trails and roads, as well as
the financial capacity of surveyed households to invest in transportation means.
MAE 2005 and 2005b, as well as the interviewed SDPI of Chiúta and Moatize, noted that the existing
roads in the districts are in poor state, due to poor maintenance. The interviewed SDPI representative
also noted that the coverage of the existing road network is insufficient in both districts, including to
the productive areas.
85
Communication in the District of Chiúta is made possible through radio and cellular phone, with limited
coverage (MAE, 2005).
Communication in the District of Moatize is made possible through radio, cellular phone and
telephone (MAE, 2005b). While the third device is typically present in urbanized areas such as Vila de
Moatize, the district’s capital, the first two have broader coverage and reach the less urbanized areas
of the district.
One fifth of the surveyed households (20%) own a cellular phone (27% of households in the Chiúta
portion of the project area and 13% of households in the Moatize portion). However, as mentioned
above the cellular phone coverage in the project area is limited (MAE, 2005).
Energy
The main source of energy in Chiúta district is firewood (used by 69% of the population), followed by
petroleum/paraffin/kerosene (23%) and candles (7%) (INE, 2013). This is different from the provincial
trend, by which petroleum/paraffin/kerosene is the main energy source (53% of the population)
followed by firewood (34%). The population using some form of electricity (from the national grid, solar
panel or battery) is minimum, less than 1% (INE, 2013). According to the Strategic Plan for the
Development of Chiúta District 2012-2021 (Government of Chiúta District, 2011), Vila de Manje, the
district's capital, has the only energy supply system in the district, from the national grid. This
indicates that Chiuta's access to basic services and products is worse than in the rest of the province.
The main sources of energy in Moatize district are petroleum/paraffin/kerosene (used by 49% of the
population), followed by firewood (34%), electricity (7%) and candles (5%). This is in accordance with
the provincial trend, although comparatively there is a lower percentage of the population using
petroleum/paraffin/kerosene and a higher percentage of the population using firewood as well as
electricity (INE, 2013b). Additionally, Vila de Moatize is linked to the national electricity grid (MAE,
2005b).
The survey findings show that the energetic profile of the population of the project area is different
from the district's profile. The majority of surveyed households (80% in both districts) use a lantern to
light their house and only 10% use firewood (14% of surveyed households in the Moatize portion of
the project area and 6% of households in the Chiúta portion). The remaining 10% use energy from
solar panels (3.5%), petroleum (2%) and other sources.
According to the FGD’s (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/land use theme), the main sources of
energy in the project area are firewood and charcoal, which are locally harvested and produced.
There is no electricity in the project area.
4.3.9
Sacred sites
Regarding sacred sites, about one third (30%) of the surveyed households in the Moatize portion of
the project area and 21% of households in the Chiúta portion own have at least one family grave. A
total of 84 graves are owned by the surveyed households, of which 50 are in the Moatize portion of
the project area and 34 are in the Chiúta portion. Three quarters of the family graves (79% in the
Chiúta portion of the project area and 70% in the Moatize portion) are located within the household’s
yard, and one quarter (20% in the Chiúta portion and 29% in the Moatize portion) is located outside
the yard.
86
The high proportion of households who do not have a family grave (79% in the Chiúta portion and
70% in the Moatize portion), despite the rural profile of surveyed households, may be explained by
the fact that all surveyed communities have one or two public cemeteries used by all community
members, including for ancestors’ worshiping ceremonies (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis
Matrix/historical and sacred sites theme).
In addition to the family graves, the FGD’s revealed that all eight communities located within the
project affected area have sacred sites that are important references of their collective existence
(Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/historical and sacred sites theme). The sacred sites include:
1. Sacred mountain with sacred tree for Nsato rain ceremony and associated sacred forest
(present in all communities);
2. Cemeteries for community members (usually located in the sacred mountain, and present in
all communities);
3. Church (present in all communities);
4. Sacred trees for ceremonies other than the rain ceremony (e.g. baobab in Mbuzi, Ntalala tree
in Chianga);
5. Sacred mountains for ceremonies other than the rain ceremony (e.g. mount Leão and mount
Muniamba in Mbuzi);
6. Sites for boys and/or girls’ initiation rites and associated sacred forest (Muchena and
Massamba).
There are usually separate cemeteries for adults and for children or, within one same cemetery,
separate areas for adult and children funerals. Figure 42: Community cemetery, Mbuzi
Figure 43:
Family grave at cemetery, Mbuzi below illustrates a cemetery and a grave in Mbuzi, respectively.
Figure 42: Community cemetery, Mbuzi
Figure 43: Family grave at cemetery, Mbuzi
87
The FGD’s revealed that the surveyed communities have mixed feelings about the displacement of
sacred sites (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/historical and sacred sites theme).
Two communities, Matacale and Mbuzi (both directly affected by the project), have stated that it is not
possible to move cemeteries or graves to another location, as this will send away the ancestors’
spirits – and their protection for a successful life. The remaining communities, however, have stated
that it may be possible to move graves pending authorization from the owning family, carrying out
specific ritual ceremonies before and providing some form of compensation to the affected family.
Furthermore, two communities - Matacale and Mboza (directly affected by the project as well) - also
stated that it is not possible to move sacred sites associated with the Tsato rain ceremony (sacred
tree and mountain) to another location, as this will decrease the ceremony’s strength to attract rain.
Figure 44 below shows the location of these sites in the project area.
Figure 44: Sacred sites and cemeteries mentioned by communities as not being transferable
For a detailed description and visual mapping of the sacred sites, please refer to the Cultural Heritage
50
report , which is part of the ESIA report for the project. The Cultural Heritage report also analyses the
project impacts over cultural heritage sites, including the above-mentioned sites referred to as not
transferrable to a new location.
50
COWI for CES (2014). Cultural Heritage Report. Produced while the SIA was being finalized.
88
4.3.10 Initial indications of resettlement
A preliminary analysis of the census of the project affected people and assets conducted for the
51
52
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) , indicates that due to the clearing of the mining area and servitude
of a haul road and a power line, the project may require the displacement of 52 households living in
an equal number of residential structures and 43 farming plots. The estimated area of the affected
farming plots is 19 ha.
Preliminary analysis of the RAP indicates that, on the one hand, PAPs that will be physically
displaced by the project (i.e. whose residential structures and agricultural plots will be affected in their
entirety) will require resettlement to an alternative site. On the other hand, PAPs who will be
economically displaced by the project (i.e. whose residential structures and/or farming plots are only
partially displaced by the project) will not require resettlement, but will be compensated for these
losses.
As previously mentioned, a RAP was being produced for the proposed project at the same time the
SIA report was being finalized; based on the census of project affected people and assets, and
previous consultation with Provincial and District authorities. At present, the results of the census of
affected persons and assets and the resettlement compensation budget are being analysed by the
Client.
Following this, coordination will be occurring with the Chiúta and Moatize district authorities for the
identification of substitute land. While this takes place, public consultation will be held to present the
census data, proposed compensation packages and the resettlement sites. Upon agreement with the
PAP about the compensation packages and resettlement sites, compensation agreements will be
signed with each PAP. Following this, the RAP will be finalized and presented in one last public
consultation session to be held in the project area, however, in terms of RAP implementation the
stakeholder/PAP engagement process will continue throughout.
4.3.11 Previous experience of resettlement by the communities of the project
area
According to the SDPI of Moatize, Vila de Moatize has a previous experience with rural and urban
involuntary resettlement due to the mining activities of Vale and Rio Tinto. These experiences and
compensation strategies included the provision of social services such as (in the case of Vale) the
construction of a complete primary schooling, secondary school, police station and a health unit.
Understandably, this experience influences the district’s position on resettlement, and expectations for
future resettlement needs. In particular, the SDPI of Moatize stressed the need for Resettlement
Action Plans to be subject to urban planning and provision of social services for both the resettled and
the host community.
The district of Moatize already has an established District Resettlement Commission for the review of
53
Resettlement Action Plans, as well as the supervision of their implementation .
51
Produced at the time the SIA report was being finalized.
52
Blasting area with a buffer zone of 1020 m.
53
This Commission is foreseen in Decree 31/2012 of August 8th. For more information on the national legal resettlement
framework, please see Section 2.5.
89
The interviewed representatives of both the SDPI of Chiúta and Moatize stressed the importance of
urban planning of resettlement sites, with the objective of improving social services and stimulating
economic development at these sites. According to the SDPI of Chiúta, this district has not yet had
any previous experience of resettlement, however, it is expected that when this takes place, the
Chiúta district authorities will rely on other resettlement experiences in the province (such as those of
neighbouring Moatize district) for guidance.
As shown in Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/community history theme, the FGD’s revealed
that the communities of the project area have no previous experience with involuntary resettlement
due to economic activities. They all experienced temporary internal displacement due to war
(liberation struggle 1964-1975 and the post-independence war), floods and drought, but displaced
persons tended to return once the cause of the displacement was not longer an issue. Of the eight
surveyed communities three have experience with mining prospecting activities from Capitol
Resources (Tenge, Matacale and Massamba), and another three had in the past short experiences
with prospecting activity conducted by other mining companies (Massamba, Chianga and Mbuzi).
Three have no exposure as yet to mining projects whatsoever. In addition to the presence of Capitol
Resources, timber companies operate in Tenge and Matacale.
Although the word 'resettlement' was not applied up front during the qualitative and quantitative data
gathering process, the issue of resettlement did come up spontaneously during the FGD’s. In broad
terms, the surveyed communities are concerned about being permanently moved elsewhere, for three
main reasons:
1. Loss of farming land (as already explained, these are located close to/in the margins of
existing rivers and streams in order to have moist and fertile soil);
2. Loss of social support networks from the community;
3. Spiritual disruption due to loss of, or separation from family graves.
In what concerns the loss of farming land, surveyed communities are sceptical about the availability of
land with similar agro-ecological characteristics (see Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/problem
tree analysis theme for more details on concerns about relocation). The FGD’s also revealed that
communities are cautious towards benefits of economic projects in the area (namely employment and
social infrastructure). Two requests were common to all FGD’s:
1. Early communication with the community, from the project onset, kept on a regular basis
throughout the project;
2. The project should prioritize the employment of local labour and address the social needs of
the communities, realistically and in a consultative agreement with the community (leaders
and members).
Communities are aware that they must be an active stakeholder and participant in the project. They
envisage this participation in the provision of local labour, and as security personnel to safeguard
project assets and interests.
According to the FGD’s (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/community history and problem tree
analysis themes) Capitol Resources has already initiated prospecting activity in the communities of
90
Tenge-Makodwe and Massamba. Both communities in the former deem the impact of the mining
project as positive. However, conflict has already emerged between Massamba and its neighbouring
community of Matacale, due to expectations about project benefits, specifically with regards to
employment and social infrastructure. This is a dispute over the administrative ownership of the
mining site: the Massamba community claimed the mining site as their property and thus they should
be the primary recipient of the project benefits that is in actuality being implemented in Matacale. So
far the dispute has been resolved by the Head of the Administrative Post who gathered all community
leaders to clarify that the mining site belongs indeed to Matacale.
However, the potential of that this type of conflict has on impacting negatively the project acceptance
and ownership should not be underestimated. The fact that this conflict arose before the project fully
takes off is a sign of the local communities’ tensions over the fair distribution of expected project
benefits.
In light of this, project resettlement implications must be disclosed and discussed with the community
(leaders and members) from the onset, to avoid conflict and resistance to resettlement. It is advisable
to include the district authorities in engagement process with communities, for guidance in the
process and support with conflict resolution when necessary; in accordance with traditional or local
authority leadership structures, norms and protocols.
Apart from the community of Mboza, whose opposition to being resettled was clearly stated in the
FGD sessions, the communities of the project area see the project as an opportunity for local
development and are open to a discussion of its impacts and possible mitigation/enhancement
measures. A common desire expressed in the FGD’S was to be resettled within their community of
origin/as close as possible to it, in unoccupied land that is available.
Matters related to resettlement will be addressed in detail in the RAP for the proposed project.
5
POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT
5.1
Introduction
91
This chapter presents an assessment of the potential impacts associated with the project, during its
construction and operational phase; based on the project details made available for the SIA. The
chapter also outlines the mitigation and optimization measures applicable for each impact. The
impacts were identified and assessed according to predetermined criteria of nature, extent, duration,
intensity, occurrence as is described in Appendix A: Impact Assessment Methodology.
All anticipated changes to the socio-economic context of the receiving communities, directly or
indirectly associated with the implementation of the proposed project, are considered impacts. The
essence of impact assessment is the preparation and comparison of environmental scenarios; the
receiving community context without the project serving as a baseline, against which the impacts
associated with project implementation are compared. The implementation of the project may trigger a
number of positive and negative impacts related to:
1
Loss of household infrastructure resulting from resettlement;
2
Reduced access to land and natural resources;
3
Restricted mobility and access;
4
Job creation and socioeconomic growth;
5
Disruption of social cohesion and impacts on cultural heritage;
6
Health, safety and security;
7
Project acceptance.
Expected negative impacts identified include those arising from resettlement, the loss of productive
farming land, competition over natural resources resulting from loss of/reduced access to them, loss
of income, food insecurity, disruption of social cohesion, loss of cultural heritage, pollution and traffic
risks, increase in communicable/vector-related/occupational diseases and high expectations of project
benefits that may hinder project acceptance by the local population and government.
Expected positive impacts identified include improved social services and territorial planning,
employment and training opportunities for local labour, demand for service provision, stimulation of
local economy and project acceptance.
5.2
Potential Impacts identified to date
According to the results of field surveys, different types of socioeconomic characteristics may be
affected by the construction and operation of the project. In the paragraphs that follow, key issues
present the potential project impacts:
92
5.2.1
Negative impacts
Issue 1: Destruction of infrastructure and resettlement
According to the RAP census (see Section 4.3.10) and the Cultural Heritage Report, being produced
at the time the SIA was being finalized, the construction and operation of the project components may
require the destruction of houses, farming land, business establishments, social infrastructure
(schools, water pumps/boreholes and churches/mosques) and cultural heritage sites located within
the project area.
In the paragraphs below the impacts related to the loss of houses, farmland, business establishments
and social infrastructure are addressed. The Impacts related to the loss of cultural heritage sites are
addressed separately in the Cultural Heritage Report, therefore they are not brought in to the present
SIA report.
Impact 1.1: Physical displacement of households
As already explained, the project construction and operation phases are likely to affect houses
located within the project area. According to the FGD’s (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix under
the themes of community history and problem tree analysis), communities in the project area fear
resettlement because they will be sent far away from their productive farming plots which they
cultivate.
Should a house be affected by the project, a compensation package will have to be provided
observing the requirements of the Decree 31/2012 and other applicable national legislation (see
Section 2.5 for a more detailed discussion). Furthermore, depending on the degree of destruction and
how much land is taken by the project, it may be necessary to resettle those living in it.
The impacts associated with resettlement require the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP). The overarching principle of the RAP is that resettlement promotes local development that
benefits all, i.e. not only the affected persons and communities but also the hosting and surrounding
communities. This principle was stressed by the district government and by the communities in which
the Capitol Resources project is already present, namely Massamba, Matacale and Tenge-Makodwe.
While Tenge-Makodwe has had, so far, a positive experience from project benefits, conflict has
already emerged between Massamba and Matacale communities due to dispute over access to
benefits from the proposed project. Although the Massamba-Matacale conflict has been solved by
local authorities, the potential for conflict between communities in the near future due to differential
project benefits must inform the design and implementation of the RAP to avoid creating further
disputes, as this may hinder project acceptance by the local population.
Compensation for the lost assets will have to be provided before they are affected by the project, i.e.
before the beginning of the construction activities. Likewise, resettlement activities will have to be
implemented during the construction phase, with monitoring and evaluation programmes to be carried
out after the construction phase, i.e. during project operation. The outcomes of a badly implemented
resettlement process, particularly social unrest caused by a poorly managed or developed
resettlement process (delayed implementation, poor coordination or communication with
communities), are likely to have an impact on project acceptance and its operation.
According to the communities surveyed and the local government, the content and implementation
timeframes of the RAP are a key factor for project acceptance and buy-in. Regular consultation with
93
local communities and district government, for the design and implementation of the resettlement
process, is a key factor of a positive resettlement process.
Without mitigation
Should mitigation measures not be implemented, the significance of the project will be “high
negative”, as physical displacement of households will definitely occur and the effects of the loss of
housing and social infrastructure and the physical displacement will be severe. This is of particular
concern to households headed by the elderly, women and children who are more dependent on social
support networks and may struggle to adapt to post-resettlement, if cut-off from such networks and
not helped otherwise.
With mitigation
Should mitigation measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “moderate
negative” as the number of resettled households and persons will decrease and the effects of the loss
of housing and the physical displacement will be moderate. For this, it is particularly important to
readjust the limits of the CoI to limit resettlement to a minimum, house-for-house compensation is
provided and resettlement sites are selected in the vicinity of the affected community.
According to district authorities and local communities, there is land available in the project area for
the selection of resettlement sites. This must be considered and further analysed by the RAP team, in
coordination with the Chiúta and Moatize district authorities, for the selection of resettlement sites and
replacement farming land.
Significance statement
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
With mitigation Short term
Operation Phase
Without
Long term
mitigation
With mitigation Long term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Very severe
Definite
HIGH
Study area
Severe
Definite
MODERATE
Study area
Very severe
Probable
VERY HIGH
Study area
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
Mitigation measures


Design the RAP in line with the Decree 31/2012, IFC PS5 and the national legislation about public
consultation, and in consultation with the district government and communities of the project area
as part of the Stakeholder Engagement Plan to be designed for the project. The RAP should also
be informed by the conflict that opposed the communities of Massamba and Matacale over
project benefits in the recent past and how it was solved, in order to avoid further conflicts from
arising in the project area due to differential project benefits, as these may hinder the project
acceptance;
Implement the RAP before the beginning of the construction phase, with the involvement of the
District Resettlement Commission and in consultation with district government and communities
of the project area as part of the Communication Plan to be designed for the project;
94





Favour house-for-house, land-for-land and other in-kind compensation strategies, over cash
compensation to support the restoration of livelihood strategies;
Minimize the need for resettlement by readjusting the CoI so that households located in its limit
are not resettled, so that only compensation (for lost assets), and no physical displacement, is
required;
Select replacement land and resettlement sites as close as possible to the original land;
Where the contractor accidentally interferes with infrastructures and assets, it shall provide the
due compensation in coordination with local authorities and the project proponent, and following
the same calculation basis of the RAP;
Where the construction contractor needs to develop activities around houses and farming plots, it
shall give preference to manual means.
Impact 1.2: Post-resettlement social adaptation and income restoration
In the project area, resettlement will not be limited to physical displacement. It will also be reflected in
the loss of social support networks from neighbours, extended family and local leaders, the loss
of/reduced access to sacred sites and altered spiritual well-being, the loss of farming land and income
earning strategies and loss of access to social services.
This will be particularly true in the project area where small settlements have a strong sense of social
cohesion and land-based income strategies. As stated in the FGD’s (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis
Matrix/historical & sacred sites theme), for the communities of the project area, land has not only an
economic value, but also a social and spiritual importance. Resettled households will have to adapt to
a new hosting site/community, by establishing new social support networks, readjusting cultural and
religious beliefs and practices (sacred ceremonies, initiation rites, spiritual equilibrium with ancestors)
and adapting personal and social identities.
The resettled households will also have to restore the lost livelihoods, income and living standards.
Their arrival may add pressure to the social services available in the host community (if the selected
resettlement sites are inhabited), which are already likely to be limited as described in Section 4. Such
pressure, of course, will not happen if the selected resettlement sites are not inhabited and the social
services are designed for the resettled population only.
Although at present, only mining prospection is being conducted in the project area, a conflict has
already emerged between Massamba and Matacale communities due to a dispute over access to
benefits from the Capitol Resources Project, namely employment and social infrastructure (for more
information on this dispute, see Section 4.3.11). Local authorities have solved the MassambaMatacale conflict, however it shows how important social infrastructure and services are for the
population of the project area. According to the interviewed district authorities and the surveyed
communities, the provision of social infrastructure and services is an important element of project
acceptance (see Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix/problem tree analysis theme).
To compensate for the loss of access to social services, new social infrastructure and services will
have to be provided by the project proponent outside the project area (ideally in the selected
resettlement sites), as part of the Community Development Plan. As such, these social infrastructure
and services must be set up before resettlement takes place and be designed to benefit both the
resettled and the host population, considering the demographics of the resettlement site (the overall
population rather than just the resettled households).
It is also important to ensure that the functioning of such social services is sustainable. In light of this,
the set-up of such social infrastructure must be coordinated with the local government, who will be
95
responsible for allocating the human resources for service provision (e.g. teachers). It is also
important to consult the project affected (resettled and, if applicable, hosting) communities on their
priorities for social infrastructure and services, as well as monitor the functioning of such services
throughout the RAP implementation phase to ensure ownership and maintenance.
54
Vulnerable households are more likely to suffer at a greater extent from resettlement, due to the loss
of social support networks, limited labour availability and difficulties faced in the restoration of income
and livelihood strategies, and general adaptation to post-resettlement contexts. According to the
surveyed communities and the local government, the social adaptation and income restoration of
resettled households is also a key factor in project acceptance and buy-in. Income restoration
activities should be planned in the RAP prior to resettlement, with the aim of implementing such
activities in the resettlement site immediately after resettlement takes place. The impact is expected to
occur during both the construction and operation phases.
Without mitigation
negative”, considering that, if resettlement takes place with none of the mitigation measures stated
below, the socioeconomic vulnerability of households in the project area will increase, affecting the
district’s development and adding pressure to the district government’s limited funding for
socioeconomic development.
With mitigation
Should mitigation measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “low negative”, if
resettlement sites are selected in the vicinity of the affected community and considering that a
community livelihood plan is designed as part of the RAP and implemented by the project proponent
to benefit both the PAP and (if existing) the host communities.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
With mitigation Medium
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Severe
Probable
HIGH
Study area
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Mitigation measures
54
As stated in Section 4.3.7, in the project area these households are typically headed by a woman aged around 50 years,
widowed or separated/divorced and unemployed or self-employed in subsistence farming.
96








Readjust the CoI in order to minimize the need for resettlement, particularly in the limits of the
CoI;
As part of the design of the RAP, include a Community Development Plan for the resettlement
site, in line with Decree 31/201. The Plan must support the income restoration of PAP and should
benefit the socioeconomic needs of hosting communities. Considering that:
o The district government should be consulted for the design of the plan, with the objective of
aligning the plan with the government priorities for the project area and ensuring allocation of
human resources for the provision of social services in the infrastructure to be set-up.
o Affected and hosting communities should also be consulted to reflect their needs in the plan.
o The design of the Community Development Plan must take into account the size and
demographic profile of the beneficiary population after resettlement takes place (resettled
population and, if applicable, the hosting population), as well as the existing social services in
the resettlement site and the need for their growth/improvement;
Implement the Community Development Plan before the construction phase begins, with the
involvement of the District Resettlement Commission and in consultation with the district
government and communities of the project area as part of the Stakeholder Engagement Plan to
be designed for the project. The implementation of the plan falls under the responsibility of the
project proponent;
Privilege house-for-house, land-for-land and other in-kind compensation strategies, over cash
compensation;
Select replacement land and resettlement sites as close as possible to the original land, and at
the most similar distance to sacred sites (particularly family graves and rain ceremony sites) and
farming plots;
Include local churches, faith-based groups and any non-governmental or community based
organisation in the RAP, to support resettled households, particularly the vulnerable ones, in their
adaptation to post-resettlement; and
During the RAP implementation phase, according to the M&E plan defined in the RAP, monitor:
o The adaptation and income restoration of resettled households;
o The effectiveness of the social infrastructure and services set-up, to ensure the functioning of
the social infrastructure and its ownership by the local authorities and communities. This can
be done by the district’s Technical Commission for the Review of Resettlement Plans;
Where the construction contractor needs to develop activities around social services, it shall give
preference to manual means.
The loss of farming land is addressed in Impact 2.1: Loss of farming land and income and the loss of
sacred sites in Impact 5.3: Loss of family graves, community sacred sites and/or access to them.
Issue 2: Reduced access to land and natural resources
Impact 2.1: Loss of farming land and income
As already explained above, according to the RAP preliminary indications, there are 43 farming plots
currently used for subsistence farming, affected by the project in both its construction and operation
phases. According to the FGD’s, the loss of farming land is the most feared impact by communities in
the project area, because of the unusually moist land they use along the margins of rivers and
streams (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis Matrix under the themes of problem tree analysis, land use
and community history).
As pointed out by the baseline study, the population of the project area is mainly rural, except the
population of Vila de Moatize. They rely principally on a land-based income strategy, i.e. rain-fed
subsistence agriculture practice at the household level complemented with cattle breeding and
extraction of natural resources (firewood, fish and building materials). Farming plots are located close
to the residential areas. The surveyed communities, all located in the vicinity of a river or stream (see
Figure
97
2
Figure 2), farm on the beds of rivers and streams and benefit from the moist land, which compensates
for the lack of irrigation. This moist land is unusual, when compared to the average soil of Chiúta and
Moatize districts, which has low fertility and low capacity to lock in humidity.
Should a farming plot be affected by the project, a compensation package will have to be provided for
lost crops and trees and any infrastructure in it; this is to be calculated based on government rates or,
if possible, based on market prices that are more likely to be up to date. Depending on the amount of
farming land taken, it will be necessary to provide substitute farming land. If substitute land is provided
with different agro-ecological characteristics, it may require a change in the type of crops and
methods employed in farming. Considering the low literacy levels and basic farming methods
55
employed by the population of the project area , the change to new crops and/or farming methods
may require a long period of adaptation on the part of the affected families.
Because of this, the substitute land should have similar agro-ecological characteristics to those of the
lost land, and a similar distance from the house to the farming plot, as recommended by OP 4.12 and
PS 5.This is particularly important for vulnerable households headed by elderly, women and children
who may have less labour available and struggle to adapt their farming techniques and knowledge to
a new type of soil.
The RAP shall take into account the need for replacement farming land with the most similar agroecological characteristics, and the need to extend the benefits of land-based income restoration
activities to the communities living in the area(s) where substitute farming land is selected. If there is
55
As per the survey findings on Sections 4.3.5and 4.3.6, in the project area agriculture is mainly for subsistence purposes,
being rain fed and having low mechanisation levels (based on axe and hoe).
98
no substitute land available with similar agro-ecological characteristics, the PAPs shall be provided
with training, inputs and technical follow-up to farm that type of land.
Without mitigation
Should mitigation measures not be implemented, the significance of the project will be “very high
negative”, considering that the PAP will lose their main income and subsistence strategies, and will be
left in a vulnerable condition, straining the socio-economic development of the Administrative Posts
where they live.
With mitigation
Should mitigation measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “low negative”,
considering that substitute land and inputs for the main economic activities are provided.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
With
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Permanent
mitigation
With
Medium term
mitigation
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Very severe
Definite
VERY HIGH
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Very severe
Definite
VERY HIGH
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Mitigation measures






Compensate for the loss of crops and trees, if possible at market price;
 Provide substitute farming land, with the most similar characteristics possible to those of the
lost land (size, agro-ecological characteristics and distance to the household's residence);
Support the preparation of substitute farming land for the first sowing season, with appropriate
agrochemical or mechanical inputs;
Strengthen agriculture and cattle breeding skills for both the PAP and the communities living in
the area(s) where substitute land is located, during the first post-resettlement year, with:
o Training on the use of new crops and farming methods;
o Provision of farming inputs (seeds, seedling, tools);
o Provision of technical follow-up (extension officers, demonstration fields).
In the RAP, consider the restoration of land-based income strategies as part of a community
development plan, to ensure that benefits are reaped by both the PAP and the communities living
in the area(s) where substitute land is located, and avoid creating/worsening disputes over land
and/or the natural resources in it;
If agriculture becomes unfeasible during the post-resettlement scenario, provide long-term
support for the creation of alternatives income earning strategies. This includes the provision of
training, inputs and technical follow-up;
Particular assistance in the restoration of land-based income strategies must be given to
vulnerable households, and within these, priority should be given to households with a
99
vulnerability profile as established in Section 4.3.7 (headed by a woman, aged around 50 years,
widowed or separated/ divorced and unemployed or self-employed in subsistence farming).
Impact 2.2: Reduced access to and increased competition over natural resources,
particularly farming land
No land dispute in the project area was observed during fieldwork or mentioned by district authorities
and the surveyed communities, who also stressed the availability of land for the project. However, the
surveyed communities depend on land-based income strategies and the extraction of natural
resources is an important means of income and subsistence to them (water and fish in rivers and
streams, building materials such as sticks and reed, firewood and coal for consumption and sale).
The project may acquire land where the population farms, grazes cattle or extracts natural resources,
or land that provides access to sites for extraction of natural resources. In addition, there is a logging
industry already present in the vicinity of the project area, reducing access to trees used for firewood
and charcoal production. As a result of this cumulative impact, there might be a reduction in the
access to land, particularly the moist land where the affected communities farm, and in the access to
natural resources, including rivers and streams. Such a reduction may cause disputes and conflict
within the affected communities and with neighbouring communities. It may also limit the income
generation, lower living standards and create dependence on external aid (from the government or
the project).
Without mitigation
negative”, considering that access to key income and subsistence sources will be reduced.
With mitigation
considering that PAP will be able to maintain their income and subsistence strategies or adapt to new
ones.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
term
Mitigation measures
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
Localised
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Severe
Probable
HIGH
Localised
Moderate
May occur
LOW
100




In case of resettlement, the RAP must consider the access (availability/proximity) to farming and
grazing land, river and areas for the extraction of natural resources in the selection of
resettlement sites. Thus, the territorial planning of resettlement sites is necessary. This must be
addressed in consultation with the local government and affected communities. Should
resettlement sites be distant from rivers or streams, aquaculture programs can be fostered (with
provision of training and inputs) in the resettlement site, benefiting PAPs and members of the
hosting community;
Develop reforestation programs in the affected communities;
Create buffer zones around conservation areas and key sites for the extraction of natural
resources, managed and supervised with the participation of the local population;
Any land clearing activities should consider the potential resource-use by the PAP. For example,
felled timber should be provided to villagers as it can be used for fuel and coal production, while
grass, reed and sticks should be provided to households for construction.
Impact 2.3: Loss of income and food security
As already explained, land acquisition by the project may affect farming plots and associated crops
and trees existing in the project area. It may also reduce the access to land and other natural
resources (water, fish, firewood and building materials) in which the communities’ income and
subsistence strategies depend on.
This is particularly significant for the affected communities, who farm on moist land by the rivers and
streams. According to the survey findings, the communities in the project area face three months per
year of food insecurity and secure their food mainly by subsistence farming and purchase of food
items. Should the households lose access to land and the natural resources they rely on, their income
and food security may decrease considerably, and their economic vulnerability may increase.
Without mitigation
Should mitigation measures not be implemented, the significance of the project will be “moderate
negative”, considering that the PAP are unable to restore income levels and to adapt to other income
generating strategies.
With mitigation
considering that support will be provided for income restoration.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
Study area
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
101
Mitigation measures




Provide substitute farming land to the PAP with the most similar characteristics possible to those
of the lost land (size, agro-ecological characteristics and distance to the household's residence);
If the substitute farming land available has different agro-ecological characteristics, support
farmers to adapt to this new land through the provision of, during the first post-resettlement year:
o Training on alternative farming methods;
o Inputs;
o Technical follow-up;
As part of the RAP, design a livelihood restoration plan that is harmonized with the community
development plan. The livelihood restoration plan should include income restoration strategies
such as (but not limited to) farming, cattle breeding and fishing activities, which must:
o Target the different characteristics of the affected households;
o Benefit the population of the hosting communities;
o Be designed in consultation with affected communities and local farmers.
Local farmers should be included in the monitoring of the implementation of the livelihood
restoration plan and the community development plan, as part of the RAP.
Issue 3: Mobility
Impact 3.1: Disruption of mobility and the transit of people
Land acquisition for the project may limit the access of the local population to dirt roads, small bridges
and other transit areas located within the project area.
Considering that so far mobility in the affected communities is prohibited only to sacred sites, but not
to sites of economic activities, and that households roam freely to farm and gather natural resources,
the disruption of mobility may occur.
Without mitigation
negative” as it is short term and limited to the study area.
With mitigation
Should mitigation measures be implemented, the significance of the project will still be “moderate
negative” but at a lower level, as it is a medium term impact and limited to the study area.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
With mitigation
Short term
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
Regional
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
102
With mitigation
Short term
Regional
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Mitigation measures




Whenever traffic restrictions happen, install proper and visible signalling of the work areas
indicating alternative routes;
Map the roads and access routes used by the communities in the project area, which may be
crossed by/blocked by a project component (e.g. the haul road);
Allow the local population to continue using the existing roads and accesses. If this is not
possible, i.e. a project component blocks the normal access to an existing road:
o Establish small corridors within the project affected areas to ensure passage; or,
o Build pedestrian bridges over mapped roads that are crossed or blocked by a project
component, to allow passage;
Any roads opened for the project should be available to be used by the local population.
Issue 4: Job creation and socioeconomic growth
Impact 4.1: Influx of outside workers and job seekers
According to the FGD’s and interviews with district authorities, formal employment is low in the project
area and districts, and labour migration to Vila de Moatize and Cidade de Tete takes place, although
at apparently limitedly.
The creation of this mining project might pull outside workers and job seekers with varied skills and
education levels, which will be competing with the local population for the job vacancies as well as
living conditions. The influx of outside workers may also bring different behaviours, practices and
values to those of the local community, altering its social stability in the medium-long term.
Without mitigation
negative”, considering that job positions available for job seekers may be limited.
With mitigation
considering that employment will prioritize local labour as far as possible.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Regional
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
103
Mitigation measures







Establish clear and formal hiring requirements, to be observed by the contractor and the project
operator;
Establish a formal recruitment link with the districts and local community;
Hiring requirements must be properly publicized before the start of the recruitment process and
respected by the designated contractor. For a better impact on the communities this process
should be conducted with the involvement of local leaders;
For each position available, disclose:
o The required skills or, in cases where it is not applicable, clearly state that no special
qualifications are required;
o The exact number of jobs available, the applicable period and the remuneration to be
allocated for each type of work;
The principles and procedures for hiring should, as much as possible, give priority to the hiring of
skilled local workers;
As much as possible, training should be given to local people to perform semi-specialized tasks,
to reduce the number of outside workers for this purpose;
In the event that local expectations about employment cannot be met by the project, the available
positions should be made known to the interested parties through local authorities.
Impact 4.2: Abandonment of agriculture at the household level
Expectations of employment and paid labour from the project, or the service providers associated to it,
may lead local population to abandon agriculture.
According to the baseline and qualitative data gathered, the population of the project area is mainly
rural and agriculture is the basis of their food security, subsistence and income.
If the population abandons agriculture for paid labour, and depending on the quantity and stability of
payment, this may lead to decreased food security, subsistence and income; leaving the population of
the project area in a vulnerable position and dependant on external aid (likely to fall under the district
government, further straining its limited resources).
Without mitigation
negative”, considering that the basis of subsistence and food security may be lost.
With mitigation
Should mitigation measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “moderate
negative”, if it is possible to maintain the practice of agriculture in combination with paid work.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Study area
Very severe
May occur
Overall
significance
HIGH
104
With mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
mitigation
With mitigation
Short term
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Medium
term
Medium
term
Study area
Very severe
May occur
HIGH
Study area
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Mitigation measures



Foster agriculture and cattle breeding development programs in the project area, benefiting the
whole population (not just PAP), that can include:
o Extension officers, demonstration fields, inputs and tools;
o Buying the production for supply to the project workers.
If farming land is acquired by the project, provide PAPs with substitute farming land with the most
similar characteristics possible to those of the lost land (size, agro-ecological characteristics and
distance to the household's residence);
Encourage farmers to get organized into associations, rather than interacting at an individual
level, to facilitate the implementation of agriculture programs and the purchase of production.
Issue 5: Disruption of social cohesion and cultural heritage
Impact 5.1: Disruption of social relations and cohesion
The FGD’s show that the communities in the project area are small, with strong social cohesion and
relations, and this is characteristically defined by their social support networks. Residents know each
other, neighbours relate on a daily basis and often share extended family ties, community members
gather in times of celebration (e.g. harvest, rain ceremony) and grief (e.g. funeral), and most conflicts
are solved locally with the mediation of local leaders.
Should the need for resettlement be confirmed, social relations may be cut affecting both the resettled
households and the community of origin. Resettled households may lose important social support
networks and their sense of belonging, while the strength and cohesion of the community of origin
may be strained. This is likely to commence before the construction phase, when resettlement takes
place, and continue throughout the operation phase.
Without mitigation
negative”, if resettlement sites are distant from the community of origin of the resettled households.
With mitigation
resettlement is implemented within or in the vicinity of the affected community.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Without
mitigation
With mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
mitigation
With mitigation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
Short term
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Long term
Study area
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
Medium
term
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
105
Mitigation measures



Resettle affected households within, or as close as possible, to their community of origin;
In the resettlement area, maintain the same neighbouring structure of the affected community;
Should the former measure not be possible, involve faith-based and community based
organisations in the integration of resettled households, with particular attention to vulnerable
households.
Impact 5.2: Conflicts between project workers and the local population
The baseline study shows low educational levels among the population of the project area. As such,
the project construction and operation is likely to require external skilled labour to be recruited
elsewhere inside and outside the country.
The presence of outside workers may lead to conflict with the local population, due to differences in
wealth, amenities, access to social services, cultural and religious practices, and also the feeling that
they are stealing jobs from local workers (although the FGD’s revealed that project benefits of
improved social infrastructure and services are more important, to the communities, than
employment). Outside workers may engage in behaviours that are socially unacceptable by local
standards, such as drunkenness and disregard/lack of respect for local customs. Furthermore, the
presence of single male labour may also lead to conflicts over local women.
Without mitigation
negative”, considering that the impact may cause tensions in the social stability.
With mitigation
considering that the impact will be localized.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
Localised
Moderate
May occur
LOW
106
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
term
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
Localised
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Mitigation measures





Make recruitment and procurement rules and opportunities transparent and accessible to the
public. Information about job opportunities should be made available outside the mining
campground, possibly with the involvement of local leaders. The Human Resource manager,
together with a Community Liaison Officer (CLO) to be appointed for the project, will be in charge
of this based on the project’s Procurement Plan;
Concentrate the project’s outside workers in the project campground and allow them to bring over
their families (particularly true for long term stays in the operation phase);
As part of the Health and Safety induction, explain to workers the importance of keeping a good
relationship with local communities;
Make the CLO responsible for addressing complaints from the local population about the
behaviour of project workers;
Design and implement a Code of Conduct for project workers and suppliers. The standards
should include, inter alia, the respect of local communities and the prohibition of the use of
exploited labour and of prostitution in the storage yards.
Impact 5.3: Loss of family graves, community sacred sites and/or access to them
The Cultural Heritage Report produced for the project indicates that a number of archaeological,
sacred and religious sites that are important for the spiritual well being of the local population, will be
affected by the project. Land to be acquired for the project might imply the destruction of, or reduction
of access to such sacred sites during the project construction phase, and reduced/no access to such
sites during the operation phase. This can impact negatively on the community’s sense of well being
and their acceptance towards the project.
According to the FGD’s, these include rain ceremony sites and associated sacred forests, initiation
rites sites and associated sacred forests, family graves and community cemeteries. These sites are
located close to the communities, except for initiation rites sites that are farther off into the
surrounding woods.
The FGD’s revealed that community members believe that the ancestors of the local families are
present in these sites, and offer protection and fortune to the families and communities, through
ceremonies to be performed at the sacred sites headed by elders of the community. Thus, a
harmonious relationship with ancestors is an important factor of well being and success in everyday
life. The FGD’s also revealed that the communities in the project area still perform ceremonies in the
sacred sites regularly, and rely on their local leaders, including the elders and traditional leaders, for
the mediation with ancestor spirits and fortune in everyday life (Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis
Matrix under the themes of social cohesion and historical and sacred sites).
According to the FGD’s, there has been no experience of relocation of sacred sites, including graves,
in the communities of the project area. In what concerns graves and community cemeteries, all but
107
two communities (Matacale and Mbuzi) agree on the possibility of relocation of graves if ceremonies
are performed to get authorization from the spirit of the deceased person and physically move the
grave to another site. The relocated graves must remain close to the house of the deceased person’s
family.
Furthermore, two communities (Matacale and Mboza) stated that sacred trees (such as those used for
the rain ceremony) and associated sacred forests cannot be relocated. It will be important to conduct
community consultation about how to address the impact of the project over these sites, before any
project related activity is undertaken. With this consultation process, it may be possible to reach a
feasible solution for the communities who mentioned that it is not possible to transfer the sacred sites
and cemeteries identified in the project area – either by ensuring non disturbance of such sites and
continued access to them during the operation phase, or by negotiating the transfer to another site
without altering the sacred ceremonies conducted in it.
Without mitigation
negative”, as it may alter the spiritual well being and stability of the communities, impacting negatively
on their acceptance of the project as well as the social adaptation of resettled households.
With mitigation
Should mitigation measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “low negative”, as
the disturbance of spiritual well being and stability will be minimum.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Study area
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Mitigation measures


Limit relocation of (family/community cemetery) graves to a minimum by adjusting the CoI as
necessary;
For unavoidable relocation of graves, the following should be done before the graves are
destroyed or access to them is blocked:
 Conduct community consultation about how to address the impacts of the project on sacred
sites, before any project activity is undertaken; with the aim of reaching a consensus with
communities on what the ceremonial and compensatory requirements are;
o During the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan, agree on relocation and plan for it
with the owner families, through the traditional leaders and local authorities. In the case that
only graves are relocated, but no resettlement takes place, relocate graves to a site agreed
108



upon by owners, in coordination with community leaders, and if possible close to the owner
family;
o In the case that resettlement takes place (both the graves and the household are relocated),
define an area for a public cemetery in the resettlement site, with the capacity to
accommodate the resettled population as well as the relocated graves. Affected graves
should be relocated to this cemetery, upon agreement by resettled owners.
Conduct ceremonies and rites for relocation of graves according to local culture and religious
beliefs. Although agreements for grave relocation must be individually obtained from each owner
family, the negotiation of how to conduct the process of grave exhumation and relocation must be
discussed and agreed collectively between all affected owner families and the community leaders,
so that a common solution (e.g. ceremonies and rituals to perform) is agreed upon and applied for
all owner families. The project proponent shall support the material costs of the agreed process
for graves relocation.
Some families may be unable to indicate the graves of their ancestors because these have
disappeared with the natural processes of deposition. However, they will be in a position to
indicate in which cemetery the ancestors were buried. In this case, the families shall receive the
collectively agreed upon grave exhumation and relocation package, but it is possible that they will
leave the graves to the responsibility of the project proponent;
If community resettlement is necessary, the selection of the resettlement site must consider on
going access to existing sacred sites (such as cemeteries and rain ceremony sites) by foot.
For more information regarding the project impacts on sacred sites and other cultural heritage sites,
please refer to the Cultural Heritage Report produced for the project by COWI.
Issue 6: Health, safety and security
Impact 6.1: Disturbance to the surrounding communities as a result of increased
noise and vibration levels
Depending on the number and characteristics of the equipment to be used for its construction and
operation, the project may cause significant increases in both temporary and permanent levels of
noise and vibration. The noise generated falls within the context of occupational exposure on the
microclimate of the work place, and in the context of environmental pollution and disruption of the well
being of workers and passers-by.
Noise is expected during both construction and operation phases, increasing during the operation
phase with the mine blasting. It is likely to be limited to the mining area, caused by the following
activities and factors:






Blasting;
Movement of construction vehicles;
Operation of heavy equipment (compressors, jackhammers, pneumatic drills);
Vibrations resulting from earth movements and compaction of base layers during the construction
phase;
Construction work on days of high winds;
Construction activity of the mining area and the project campground.
Without mitigation
negative”, considering the noise generated by the mining explosions.
109
With mitigation
considering that the impact over communities surrounding the project area will be moderate.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Long term
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
Localized
Slight
May occur
LOW
Study area
Severe
Probable
HIGH
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Mitigation measures







If resettlement occurs, select resettlement sites at least 1.02 km away from mining blasting sites,
as recommended by the Blasting Assessment Report. This shall be discussed and agreed upon
56
with the Chiúta and Moatize District Administrations
Concentrate all construction activities during the daytime hours;
Inspect vehicles and equipment on a regular basis to ensure its proper functioning and limit the
release of fumes/noise;
Avoid construction works on days of high winds;
Provide ear protection equipment to staff working directly with noise generating machinery, also
during short stays in areas with excessive noise;
Install silencers and noise control mechanisms (insulates) in equipment and machines that make
high levels of noise;
Transport materials within the limits of the equipment load and speed. On unpaved roads the
speed should be limited to 20 km/h.
Impact 6.2: Traffic safety
The construction works and the mine operation activities will involve an intense traffic of heavy
vehicles and equipment at the local level, significantly increasing the traffic in the project area. As a
result, there may be an increase of people and cattle hit by cars (especially children) and car
accidents, considering that the road network in the project area is poor and the local population is
used to very slow traffic. This is of particular concern to the community of Mboza, located by the
projected haul road.
Without mitigation
56
Considering that the Administration of these districts previously recommended the selection of resettlement sites 5 km away
from the mine blasting site.
110
negative”, considering that the traffic increase will continue throughout the operation phase.
With mitigation
considering that the traffic increase will be felt in the medium term and at the level of the study area.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Long term
mitigation
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Regional
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Mitigation measures





Along the projected haul road:
o Build road verges to limit the access of pedestrians to the road;
o Hire and train flag signallers to guide motorists and pedestrians in areas with high traffic and
in areas crossing roads currently used by the local population;
o Through the CLO, notify communities about the periods of movement of large loads;
Aimed at drivers, install clear signalling of the work areas indicating alternative routes, speed
restrictions and detours on the road while the works take place;
Observe speed limits for construction vehicles (20 km/h on unpaved roads and regulated by
signalling on paved pathways);
During the construction phase, implement traffic awareness raising campaigns in all communities
located at least 1 km away from the haul road, to educate the community about road dangers and
safety procedures;
In the construction phase, limit the circulation of heavy machinery and large vehicles during
daytime hours (06H – 17H).
Impact 6.3: Pollution (waste and water waste)
As already explained, the communities in the project area rely on land-based income and subsistence
strategies. Natural resources available on the land, as well as the rivers and streams, are important to
them. Furthermore, the communities practice rain fed subsistence farming in the margins of rivers and
streams, taking advantage of the moist soil.
During interviews and FGD’s, both the district authorities and the communities expressed concern that
the project increases waste and pollutes water and soil. There are no garbage disposal facilities for
large-scale industries in the area, but there already are other mining projects around the project area
(see Figure 45: Map of mining companies neighbouring the project area).
111
Without mitigation
negative”, if pollution affects soil for agriculture and river water for consumption and fishing, which are
key to the subsistence of local communities.
With mitigation
Should mitigation measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “low negative”, as
pollution will be kept to a minimum and will not disrupt the subsistence activities of the communities.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Long term
mitigation
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Severe
May occur
HIGH
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Mitigation measures
For solid waste:


Conduct awareness raising sessions on waste management, for project workers;
Define and implement procedures for solid waste management, to include at a minimum:
o Prohibition of waste disposal in the outside environment, applicable to all workers;
o Waste handling, storage, treatment, transport and disposal at the construction camp and
construction sites;
 Carry out inspection and monitoring of waste management procedures, during project
implementation;
For waste water:



Conduct awareness raising sessions on water quality and waste water management, for project
workers;
Define and implement procedures for waste water management, to include at a minimum:
o During the construction phase, set-up mobile toilets in the construction areas;
o Waste water handling, storage, treatment, transport and discharge at the construction camp
and construction sites;
Carry out inspection and monitoring of treated waste water before discharge, during project
implementation.
In addition:

The Environmental Management Programme (EMP) report needs to be consulted, and
appropriate measures need to be put in place in accordance with the recommendations in this
report, and adhered to by the contractor and project operator (if necessary, through contractual
obligations);
112


The quality of the water of rivers and streams, as well as the quality of the soil in the project area,
which are used by the local population, must be continuously monitored;
Allow community members to pose any complaint about pollution through the Grievance Redress
mechanism (designed as part of the RAP, in case resettlement is confirmed) or through the CLO.
Impact 6.4: Increased incidence of communicable (HIV/AIDS, STDs) and vectorrelated diseases
The FGD’s revealed outbreaks of cholera, dysentery and malaria in communities of the project area,
the most recent dating back to 2000 – 2012. These vector-related diseases are linked to river floods
and the rainy season. It is important to note that the communities of the project area are all located
close to a waterbed, use basic sanitation facilities (latrines and burning or disposing of waste in a
whole in the yard) and are served by basic health services.
In light of this, and the concentration of large quantities of workers and service suppliers (particularly
truck drivers) in the area, there might be an increase of communicable diseases such as HIV-AIDS
and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Not only will there be a large concentration of workers
living or commuting to the area, but they can spend money in leisure and entertainment, they are
away from family and are more inclined to negative social behavioural patterns. Due to this, there is a
high chance that the project attracts sex workers, some community members may engage in casual
sex for cash benefits, and project workers/service suppliers may engage in unprotected sex.
Altogether, these factors are likely to increase the incidence of HIV-AIDS and other STDs in the
project area.
The concentration of large quantities of project workers, to whom water, sanitation and waste disposal
services will have to be provided, combined with stagnant water used in the mining activity, might also
cause an increase of vector-related diseases (cholera, dysentery and malaria) in the project area.
The increase in the incidence of communicable and vector-related diseases is expected to start in the
construction phase and continue throughout the operation phase.
Without mitigation
negative”, considering the lack of water/sanitation/health facilities and services in the area.
With mitigation
health services and workers’ behaviour controlling measures are provided.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
Study area
Slight
May occur
LOW
Without
mitigation
With mitigation
Long term
Regional
Severe
Probable
HIGH
Short term
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
113
Mitigation measures
The following mitigation measures are recommended for vector-related diseases:


In coordination with the District health authorities:
o Build health units for the communities in the project, serving at a regional level;
o Carry out civic education campaigns targeting the local population about on how to avoid
vector-related diseases and communicable diseases;
o Carry out awareness raising campaigns about the importance of using treated water and the
risk of using untreated water from wells or streams;
o Organize programs for large-scale distribution of water purifiers;
In alignment with the District authorities' need for social infrastructure, and as part of the
Community Livelihood Plan or the project owner’s Social Responsibility Plan, build infrastructure
that can improve the local health standards such as hand pumps, latrines and sanitary landfills. If
necessary, this infrastructure can also be used by the workers.
The following mitigation measures are recommended for communicable diseases:






Carry out awareness campaigns for workers about the transmission of STDs and HIV/AIDS,
including risk behaviours;
Provide free condoms in the project area;
Recruit a specialist organization to implement awareness raising activities about STDs and HIVAIDS at the community level, with special attention placed on sex workers, women and girls;
Encourage employees to undergo HIV testing (outside the scope of the employment contract);
Encourage employees to submit to the treatment of STDs in the early stages of
infection/diagnosis, and create conditions for this purpose (including granting short term leaves for
treatment at the health unit and funding of health care for workers);
Forward workers to clinics for early treatment and monitoring of secondary/opportunistic infections
such as tuberculosis, flu and pneumonia.
Impact 6.5: Increased occupational diseases resulting from construction activities
During the construction and operation phases, project workers will be exposed to risky situations
during their activities. There is the possibility of accidents such as falls and exposure to noise and
dust that can result in fatalities or contracting occupational diseases, depending on the type of
materials used in construction and exposure to certain chemicals.
In the opening of the mine and the construction of project facilities, it might be necessary to work at
heights, which may result in injuries or fatalities, especially when there are no adequate protective
measures or these are not respected. Apart from the risk of falls, other accidents and fatalities may
occur, such as crashes and fires, and accidents with machinery and moving vehicles.
Without mitigation
114
negative”, considering its long-term duration (operation phase).
With mitigation
considering that, if the impact occurs, it will be localized.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Long term
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Localized
Moderate
Probable
LOW
Localized
Slight
May occur
LOW
Localized
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
Localized
Slight
May occur
LOW
Mitigation measures







Assess the physical and psychological fitness of workers who have jobs that run at high altitude,
and assign fit persons to those jobs;
All workers involved in construction should receive induction training in health and occupational
safety before entering into the project and participate in Daily Health and Safety Dialogues (DHS);
Awareness about health and safety at work is a key component in compliance with Mozambican
legislation on this aspect and to prevent accidents. Appropriately qualified personnel should
deliver the training for this purpose. Workers must be trained to be able to identify the risks
associated with their business and know how to proceed in cases of emergency;
Provide personal protective equipment and enforce its use;
Ensure that workers are trained and equipped to respond to accidents;
Make an adequate first aid kit available and train all workers to use it;
Produce a manual with safety procedures for the construction and operation of the project, to be
disseminated through training in occupational health and safety. This manual should contain (but
should be not limited to) the following:
o Information about construction and work materials (summarized data sheets about risks,
safety specifications, handling, transport and storage);
o The major risks associated with various processes of construction and operation, with
associated work safety rules; and,
o Signs to be used at work and procedures to adopt in case of accident.
Do regular inspections of the work equipment used at heights or in confined spaces.
Impact 6.6: Labour exploitation
As already explained, the construction and operation of the project will result in an influx of manpower
and individuals outside the area of the project, in search of jobs and business opportunities in the
project area.
115
This may attract to the project area fringe elements that travel to undertake illegal activities, including
labour and sexual exploitation, particularly of children, as observed elsewhere in large construction
57
projects in Mozambique .
Without mitigation
negative”, considering the potential regional effect of the impact.
With mitigation
considering that the impact is unlikely to occur, and if it does, it will be confined to the project area.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Study area
Slight
Unlikely
LOW
Regional
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Study area
Slight
Unlikely
LOW
Mitigation measures






Prohibit all workers, subcontractors and service suppliers to engage with labour and sexual
exploitation, through contractual obligations enforcing such prohibition;
Strengthen the presence of the Inspection of Economic Activities and the Police in areas with the
greatest concentrations of people, to persuade labour and sexual exploitation;
Promote the collaboration between the community and the Police in reporting suspicions or cases
of exploitation;
Restrict children's access to work areas;
Sensitize workers about the prohibition to engage with labour and sexual exploitation, as well as
the risks and consequences of exploitation, and the steps to be taken if any such case is
observed;
Train the CLO to address cases of labour and sexual exploitation related to the project.
For this matter, useful guidance can be found in the Strategy of Prevention of Human Trafficking
formerly adopted by the Millennium Challenge Account – Mozambique, for large infrastructure
projects.
57
Save the Children UK and Norway. (2006). A bridge across the Zambezi.
116
Issue 7: Project acceptance
Impact 7.1: High expectations of project benefits
In an area of low socioeconomic development such the project area, there might be high expectations
towards project benefits (compensation for lost assets, improved social infrastructure and services,
employment). While compensation for lost assets must occur before the construction phase begins,
expectations of project benefits are likely to continue throughout the operation phase.
FGD’s with communities in the project area and interviews with the district government revealed that
they have high expectations about the project benefits on improved social infrastructure and services.
The communities have a strong sense of what the priorities are and expect the project to address
them, in the short-medium term. The district government is concerned that the social infrastructure/
service benefits will impact the district’s development, rather than just the project affected area, and
has requested to be consulted about project benefits.
If it is confirmed that the project will result in the loss of assets (infrastructure, farming plots, crops,
trees and other natural resources), there might also be high expectations of compensation for such
losses. This is particularly true for Moatize District, where other resettlement and compensation
processes have already taken place and the local population might already have expectations before
the project begins. If these high expectations are not properly managed, they may cause social unrest
and reduce project acceptance. Moatize District government reported that negative experiences with
project benefits have already taken place.
Without mitigation
negative”, considering that the high expectations are likely to create conflicts and reduce project
acceptance, however in the project area only.
With mitigation
considering that the high expectations are likely to create conflicts and reduce project acceptance at a
regional level.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Study area
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
Study area
Slight
May occur
LOW
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
117
Mitigation measures
Please see the mitigation measures of Impact 7.2: Conflicts at the community level due to differential
project benefits, which are applicable to the two impacts.
Impact 7.2: Conflicts at the community level due to differential project benefits
As already explained, due to the low levels of socioeconomic development and unemployment in the
project area there might be high expectations about project benefits (compensation for lost assets,
improved social infrastructure and services, employment). Differential project benefits may create
conflicts between households and between communities in the project area, and this can negatively
affect project acceptance and social stability.
As such differential project benefits must be avoided and, when this is not possible (e.g. due to
different losses), the reason(s) for the differences must be clearly explained to the PAP and
community from the onset. As much as possible, benefits of improved social infrastructure and
services should be extended to the whole community, rather than being limited to the PAP.
Without mitigation
negative”, considering that the impact may be severe at the regional level, particularly in the operation
phase.
With mitigation
considering that the impact may only be felt in the project area.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Medium
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Regional
Severe
Definite
MODERATE
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Severe
Definite
HIGH
Study area
Slight
May occur
LOW
Mitigation measures


Provide compensation for lost assets before the construction phase begins;
Design the project benefits in consultation with the district government, to harmonize them with
the past and present experiences in the district, as to avoid unbalanced and differential
distribution of project benefits;
118


Conceive project benefits of improved social infrastructure and services to be extended to the
whole community, rather than just the PAP;
Produce and implement a Stakeholder Engagement Plan to address the communities in the
project area, observing the following recommendations:
o Discuss the implementation of mitigation/enhancement measures with the community in an
honest, open, flexible and respectful manner; this is particularly important for the measures
related to the impacts most feared by the community: resettlement, loss of farming land and
loss of sacred sites. Avoid unrealistic promises to the project affected families and
communities that will be hard to keep;
o Direct interaction with project affected communities and persons should be avoided. Local
leaders and, to the extent possible district authorities, must always be present in this
interaction. This will limit illegible PAPs, avoid misunderstanding in relation to losses and
benefits and improve communication, ultimately favouring project acceptance.
o Implement mitigation/ enhancement measures in coordination with the district government or,
when possible, allow the district government to implement such measures (with resources
and support provided by the project);
o Install a functioning and community-friendly grievance redress mechanism, to which a project
officer is appointed on a full-time basis, managing the grievance redress processes and
reporting directly to the Technical Commission for the Review of Resettlement Plans;
o Point a Community Liaison Officer (CLO), in charge of regular communication with the
communities and authorities, as well as addressing the community needs in the name of the
project;
o Involve local communities as much as possible in the implementation of
mitigation/enhancement measures. They can provide labour and supervise the
implementation work.
5.2.2
Positive Impacts
Issue 4: Job creation and socioeconomic growth
Impact 4.3: Employment and training of local labour
According to the FGD’s and the baseline survey, there is a general lack of formal employment in the
project area and households are mainly self-employed in agriculture, fishing and the production/sale
of firewood and coal.
The construction and operation of the project might create opportunities for the employment and
training of local labour, both men and women. Due to lack of previous mining projects in the area,
there might be a lack of skilled labour for mining activities. It is likely that unskilled labour may be
available for simple tasks such as route and land clearing, earth movements, trenching and security.
With the provision of technical training, skilled labour may be available for simpler technical tasks and
operation of machinery. If combined with agriculture, paid labour may lead to increased income and
improved living standards of households, as well as the strengthening of the local economy.
Without enhancement
Should enhancement measures not be implemented, the significance of the project will be low
“positive”, considering that this impact will not be substantial or sustainable.
With enhancement
Should enhancement measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “moderate
positive”, considering that job opportunities also exist in the operation phase.
119
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Localised
Slight
May occur
LOW
Localised
Moderate
Probable
LOW
Localised
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
Enhancement measures


Make recruitment and procurement rules and opportunities transparent and accessible to the
public. Information about job opportunities should be made available outside the mining camp,
possibly with the involvement of local leaders. The Human Resource manager, together with the
CLO, will be in charge of this based on the project’s Procurement Plan. In order to avoid the
gathering of job seekers at the project’s gates, it might be necessary to hire labour brokers;
Prioritize local labour from the communities in the project area and surrounding communities, with
gender balance. Due to lack of previous mining projects in the area, there might be a lack of
skilled labour. Unskilled labour may be available for simple tasks such as trenching and security.
With the provision of technical training, skilled labour may be available for simpler technical tasks
and operation of machinery.
Impact 4.4: Demand for local goods and service suppliers
The construction and operation of the project will require building materials and goods that are locally
available and meet the project standards, such as wood, sand, stone, water and food.
If a decision is made to use the goods locally available, it will be necessary to enhance the local
production to meet the project needs and standards, without interfering with the subsistence of the
local population (particularly food items). This may stimulate local service suppliers, strengthen the
local economy and turn the project area into a development pole for the district. The income from the
provision of goods and services to the project, throughout its operation, may also help to improve the
living standards of the communities in the project area.
Without enhancement
Should enhancement measures not be implemented, the significance of the project will be “low
positive”, considering that there may not be significant changes to the current economy in the project
area.
With enhancement
Should enhancement measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “high positive”,
considering that the impact may boost the regional economy.
120
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
term
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Study area
Beneficial
Probable
MODERATE
Localized
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Regional
Beneficial
Probable
HIGH





Make procurement rules and opportunities transparent and accessible to the public. This will be
the responsibility of the CLO (see Issue 7: Project acceptance), as part of the project’s
Procurement Plan;
Contractors and mining operators should source local crops, meat and fish locally produced to
feed themselves and their staff.
Contractors and mining operators should source local materials for the construction of their
campsites from local businesses or individuals.
Contractors and mining operators could source local services such as food preparation, cleaning
of facilities and laundry;
If necessary, and the local population show interest, provide training and inputs for the local
production of food and building materials and supply of services for the project.
Impact 4.5: Improved housing, social services and territorial planning
Decree 31/2012 states that resettlement must be turned into an opportunity for local development.
The decree also defines the standard house and residential plot to be provided to PAP, and the need
for the provision of social infrastructure and services. These must all be in place before the project
construction phase begins. The project area has a clear lack of District level development planning
and capacity, with the exception of Vila de Moatize closely located to the community of Mboza.
The typical house in the project area is the made of reed, mud-and-stick and thatched roofs, and
there is a lack of basic social services such as roads, health, schools, potable water supply, sanitation
and electricity. Based on this, and should the need for resettlement be confirmed, PAPs shall benefit
from improved, safer houses and social infrastructure/services. The latter will also benefit the
community in which PAPs live. The provision of housing, social services and territorial planning
benefiting both the PAP and the hosting community should take place before the construction phase
begins.
Without enhancement
Should enhancement measures not be implemented, the significance of the project will be “low
positive”, considering that there will be no significant change from the current levels of housing
conditions and social services provision.
121
With enhancement
Should enhancement measures be implemented, the significance of the project will be “high positive”,
considering that there can be a regional improvement in the provision of social services.
Impact
Effect
Temporal
Construction Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Operation Phase
Without
Short term
mitigation
Spatial
Severity
Risk
or
likelihood
Overall
significance
Localized
Slight
Unlikely
LOW
Study area
Beneficial
Probable
MODERATE
Localized
Slight
Unlikely
LOW
Localized
Beneficial
Unlikely
MODERATE







Design the RAP in line with Decree 31/2012;
In the design of resettled houses, consider:
o The size of resettled households;
o The architecture of a typical house, including yard and fencing practices;
o PAP’s capacity and willingness to pay for water, sanitation and electricity.
As much as possible, employ local masons (PAP, community members) to build the resettled
houses, and buy building materials from suppliers in the project area. The latter may require
training people in the production of improved building materials, such as burnt bricks.
Make territorial planning for the resettlement sites, with the aim of benefitting the overall hosting
community rather than just the PAP. The territorial planning should consider the main land use
practices of the area, namely agriculture, cattle breeding/grazing and extraction of natural
resources;
When designing social infrastructure and services, whether as part of the RAP (community
development plan) or separately, consult the local community and the district government about
the priorities in terms of social infrastructure and services, as well as the government’s capacity to
assist with human resources for the built services (e.g. teachers, midwives and health
technicians);
Involve the benefited community in the maintenance of the social infrastructure provided, for
ownership and sustainability. This requires the provision of technical support (training, tools and if
possible a technician from the community) and creation of community management committees.
Valuable lessons may be learned from management committees for hand pumps, health units
and schools already in place in Tete Province.
Allow the local population to use the haul road to be built to Vila de Moatize.
Table 15 below provides a summary of the significance rating of the identified impacts.
122
Table 15: Summary of the significance rating of the identified impacts
Impact/ Project
phase
Without Mitigation
Temporal scale
Spatial scale
With Mitigation
Likelihood
Severity
Significance
Severity
Significance
Very severe
Definite
HIGH
Probable
MODERATE
Long term
Study area
Very severe
Impact 1.2: post-resettlement social adaptation and income restoration
Probable
VERY HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Regional
Impact 2.1: loss of farming land and income
Severe
Probable
HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Very severe
Definite
HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Permanent
Regional
Very severe
Definite
Impact 2.2: reduced access to and increased competition over natural resources
VERY HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Impact 1.1: resettlement of households
Construction
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Regional
Impact 2.3: loss of income and food security
Severe
Probable
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Construction
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Severe
Impact 3.1: disruption of mobility and the transit of people
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
MODERATE
Medium term
Study area
Severe
Impact 4.1: influx of outside workers and job seekers
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
MODERATE
Construction
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Regional
Moderate
Impact 4.2: abandonment of agriculture at the household level
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Short term
Study area
Very severe
May occur
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Operation
Medium term
Study area
Very severe
May occur
HIGH
May occur
MODERATE
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
Short term
Study area
Moderate
Operation
Short term
Regional
Operation
Impact 4.3: employment and training of local labour
Construction
Short term
Localised
Slight
May occur
LOW
Probable
LOW
Moderate
Short term
Localised
Impact 4.4: demand for local goods and service suppliers
May occur
LOW
Probable
MODERATE
Construction
May occur
LOW
Probable
MODERATE
Short term
Localized
Moderate
Impact 4.5: improved housing, social services and territorial planning
May occur
LOW
Probable
HIGH
Construction
Slight
Unlikely
LOW
Probable
MODERATE
Short term
Localized
Slight
Impact 5.1: disruption of social relations and cohesion
Unlikely
LOW
Unlikely
MODERATE
Construction
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Long term
Study area
Severe
Impact 5.2: conflicts between project workers and the local population
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Severe
Probable
Impact 5.3: loss of family graves, community sacred sites and/or access to them
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
Impact 6.1: disturbance to the surrounding communities as a result of increased noise and vibration levels
May occur
LOW
Construction
Operation
Short term
Localized
Moderate
Operation
Short term
Localized
Operation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Operation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Operation
Short term
Study area
Severe
Probable
Operation
Short term
Study area
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Long term
Impact 6.2: traffic safety
Study area
Severe
Probable
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Construction
Regional
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Long term
Regional
Impact 6.3: pollution (air, soil, river water)
Severe
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Severe
May occur
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Operation
Short term
Operation
Operation
Short term
Study area
Long term
Regional
Severe
May occur
Impact 6.4: increased incidence of communicable and vector-related diseases
123
124
Construction
Short term
Study area
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Long term
Regional
Severe
Probable
Impact 6.5: increased occupational diseases resulting from construction activities
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Construction
Operation
Short term
Localized
Moderate
Probable
LOW
May occur
LOW
Long term
Impact 6.6: labour exploitation
Localized
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Study area
Moderate
May occur
LOW
Unlikely
LOW
Medium term
Regional
Impact 7.1: high expectations of project benefits
Moderate
May occur
MODERATE
Unlikely
LOW
Construction
Moderate
Probable
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Medium term
Study area
Severe
Probable
Impact 7.2: conflicts at the community level due to differential project benefits
MODERATE
May occur
LOW
Construction
Short term
Regional
Severe
Definite
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Operation
Medium term
Regional
Severe
Definite
HIGH
May occur
LOW
Operation
Short term
Operation
Short term
Study area
Operation
125
5.2.3 Cumulative impacts
According to the District authorities, there are some economic projects in place in the vicinity of the
project area, namely timber companies and coal mining companies such as Vale and Ncondezi. The
proposed project should coordinate its actions with the other economic projects and agents present in
the area, as well as the local government, in order to:


Create synergies, with the aim of maximizing positive impacts to the local communities (social
responsibility, company infrastructures and services open to local communities); and,
Avoid increasing negative impacts over the bio-physical environment, including land, forest and
water resources, which are important for the subsistence and economy of local populations.
The need for synergies was stressed by the interviewed district authorities, who pointed that, in
relation to social services for example, the government may be able to provide the human resources
for social infrastructure built by the project proponents (e.g. teachers for a school). Both Chiúta and
Moatize district authorities expressed interest in establishing partnerships with the project for the
development of social services and infrastructure; which is already taking place with other
development projects in the area. They stressed that benefits from economic projects must benefit the
district as a whole, rather than the project area only. This balance, district versus project area, will
have to be achieved in the design of the RAP and compensation measures for the losses caused by
the project.
The district authorities also mentioned a few negative experiences resulting from a lack of
coordination, resulting in strained access to natural resources and later social unrest, which in their
view could have been avoided. They are also concerned about pollution and deforestation, based on
experiences with previous mining projects.
An important coordination platform for project activities is the Technical Commission for the Review of
Resettlement Plans (TCRRP), which is foreseen in Decree 31/2012. The TCRRP is composed of
district and provincial technicians, PAPs and other actors. Its mandate is to review the design of RAPs
in the district, with a view to harmonize them, and supervise the implementation of RAPs with a
regional development and balanced benefits perspective among the different projects.
Figure 45 below shows some of the mining concessions in the vicinity of the project area. It was not
possible to represent the timber concessions, due to the lack of geo-referencing data from the district
government.
126
Figure 45: Map of mining companies neighbouring the project area
6
127
CONCLUSION
The overall conclusion of the SIA study and analysis is that, if the proposed mitigation measures are
properly implemented, the anticipated project impacts justify the implementation of the project
because the identified negative impacts are generally of low magnitude, limited and temporary, and
offset by the potential positive impacts. However, in order for this to be so, specific attention must be
paid to the mitigation of the most significant impacts - resettlement and loss of farming land. All efforts
must be made to avoid these two impacts, including the analysis of an alternative project alignment,
to ensure that the households affected by the project at least maintain, and must not worsen, the
living standards they had experienced prior to project implementation.
The project will be implemented in an area with low levels of socio-economic development. Existing
communities strongly rely on land-based or land related income generation strategies, and land is
their most important asset. The existing communities also display a strong sense of social belonging
and cohesion. Given the relatively undisturbed socio-economic environment of the project area at
present, the project has the potential to bring noticeable changes to the life of the existing
communities.
The most significant impacts are resettlement and the loss of productive farming land, which must be
properly addressed with the recommended mitigation measures in order to gain project buy-in and
acceptance from the local population and the government, to ensure the future sustainability of the
project.
The loss of farming land and resettlement may require affected households to adapt to new income
generation strategies that they are not familiar with, and jeopardize their income restoration.
Resettlement may cut off the households from social support networks they relied on in their
communities of origin, which may also jeopardize their income restoration. The loss of sacred sites
may impact negatively on the communities’ sense of balance and well-being, limiting their acceptance
and buy-in towards the project.
Minimising resettlement as much as possible, allowing access to the existing farming land and
avoiding mining in sacred sites (or, if not possible, mining in sacred sites with the authorisation of local
leaderships) are some of the measures that will greatly influence the positive reception of the project
by the local communities; more than providing cash compensation for lost assets.
The project may also bring socioeconomic development to the area and address some of many
pressing social needs of the existing communities; thus being a real opportunity for development.
128
If proper negative impact mitigation measures and positive impact enhancement measures are
implemented, the project’s potential to promote sustainable socioeconomic development of the area
will be materialized.
Finally, early and regular communication and consultation with the communities in the project area is
a vital aspect for local acceptance and ownership of the project, which will benefit both the
communities and the project proponent. It is important to involve the District authorities in the process
of communicating and consulting with the communities, to ensure the alignment of the project’s
impact management with that of other projects in the district and, more broadly, the province of Tete.
7
129
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132
Appendix A: Impact Assessment Methodology
To ensure a balanced and fair means of assessing the significance of potential impacts a
standardised rating scale was adopted in the EIA phase, provided by CES. The rating scale adopts
four key factors that are generally recommended as best practice around the world that include:
1. Temporal Scale: This scale defines the duration of any given impact over time. This may extend
from the short- term (less than 5 years or the construction phase) to permanent. Generally the longer
the impact occurs the more significant it is.
2. Spatial Scale: This scale defines the spatial extent of any given impact. This may extend from the
local area to an impact that crosses international boundaries. The wider the impact extends the more
significant it is considered.
3. Severity/Benefits Scale: This scale defines how severe negative impacts would be, or how
beneficial positive impacts would be. This negative/positive scale is critical in determining the overall
significance of any impacts. The Severity/Benefits Scale is used to assess the potential significance of
impacts prior to and after mitigation in order to determine the overall effectiveness of any mitigation
measures.
4. Likelihood Scale: This scale defines the risk or chance of any given impact occurring. While many
impacts generally do occur, there is considerable uncertainty in terms of others. The scale varies from
unlikely to definite, with the overall impact significance increasing as the likelihood increases.
These four scales are ranked and assigned a score, as presented in Table 16, to determine the
overall impact significance. The total score is combined and considered against Table 17 below to
determine the overall impact significance.
The following limitations are inherent in the rating methodology:
Project components
The impact assessment made was based on the project details provided by CES. In lieu of the lack of
information about the project components, it was assumed that all construction activities will be
concluded within a timeframe of 5 to 20 years.
133
Value Judgements
This scale attempts to provide balance and rigor to assessing the significance of impacts. However,
the evaluation of the significance of an impact relies heavily on the values of the person making the
judgment. For this reason, impacts of especially a social nature need to reflect the values of the
affected society.
Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative impacts affect the significance ranking of an impact because it considers the impact in
terms of both on-site and off-site sources. This is particularly problematic in terms of impacts beyond
the scope of the proposed development and the EIA. For this reason it is important to consider
impacts in terms of their cumulative nature.
Seasonality
Certain impacts will vary in significance based on seasonal change thus it is difficult to provide a static
assessment. Seasonality will need to be implicit in the temporal scale and, with management
measures being imposed accordingly (i.e. dust suppression measures being implemented during the
dry season).
Table 16: Ranking of evaluation criteria
Temporal scale
Score
Short term
Less than 5 years
1
Medium term
5 – 20 years
2
Long term
20 – 40 years (a generation), and from a human
perspective almost permanent
3
Permanent
Over 40 years and resulting in a permanent and
lasting change that will always be there
4
Localized
At localized scale, a few hectares in extent
1
Study area
The proposed site and its immediate environment
2
Regional
District and provincial level
3
National
Country
3
International
Internationally
4
*
Severity
Benefit
Slight
Slight impact on the
affected system(s) or
party(ies)
Slightly beneficial on
the affected system(s)
or party(ies)
1
Moderate
Moderate impact on the
party(ies)
An impact of real
benefit to the affected
system(s) or party(ies)
2
Severe/
beneficial
Severe impact on the
party(ies)
A substantial benefit to
the affected system(s)
or party(ies)
4
Very severe/
Very severe change to the
party(ies)
A very substantial
benefit to the affected
system(s) or party(ies)
8
EFFECT
Spatial Scale
very beneficial
Likelihood
LIKELIHOOD
134
Unlikely
The likelihood of these impacts occurring is slight
1
May occur
The likelihood of these impacts occurring is
possible
2
Probable
The likelihood of these impacts occurring is
probable
3
Definite
The likelihood of these impacts will definitely occur
4
* In certain cases it may not be possible to determine the severity of an impact thus it may be
determined: Don’t know/Can’t know
Table 17: Ranking matrix to provide an environmental significance
Environmental significance
Positive
Negative
Low
4-7
4-7
8-11
8-11
12-15
12-15
16-20
16-20
An acceptable impact for which mitigation is
desirable but not essential. The impact by itself
is insufficient even in combination with other
low impacts to prevent development.
These impacts will result in either positive or
negative medium to short term effects on the
social and/or natural environment
Moderate
An important impact, which requires mitigation.
The impact is insufficient by itself to prevent
the implementation of the project but which, in
conjunction with other impacts may prevent its
implementation.
These impacts will usually result in either
positive or negative medium to long-term effect
on the social and/or natural environment.
High
A serious impact which, if not mitigated, may
prevent the implementation of the project.
These impacts would be considered by society
as constituting a major and usually long term
change to the natural and/or social
environment and result in severe negative or
beneficial effects.
Very
High
A very serious impact which may be sufficient
by itself to prevent the implementation of the
project.
The impact may result in permanent change.
Very often these impacts are immitigable and
usually result in very severe effects or very
beneficial effects.
135
Appendix B: Methodology for the calculation of
Socio economic status indices -Possession Index
Theoretically, measures of household wealth can be reflected by income, consumption or expenditure
information. However, the collection of accurate income and consumption data requires extensive
resources for household surveys. As an alternative, the asset-based measure is being increasingly
used in developing countries (Filmer &Pritchett, 1999). Based on concept of Living Standard Measure
(LSM), the Possession Index (also referred to as the Wealth Index) is widely used in Demographic
Health Surveys to measure the socio economic status of the household (Carverton & Deaton, 2001
and Rutstein & Johson, 2004).
The Possession Index is a composite measure of the cumulative living standard of a household. It is
estimated using data relating to a household’s ownership of selected assets, such as a television,
radio, bicycle, livestock, material used for housing construction, electricity, type of access to water and
sanitation, among others.
Generated with a statistical procedure known as Principal Components Analysis (PCA), the
Possession Index places individual households on a continuous scale of relative wealth. Then
households can be broadly classified into socio economic groups.
A socioeconomic status index was calculated for the SIA of the project, based on the socioeconomic
survey data. The index is broken down into points that define wealth quintiles as Lowest (Q1), Second
(Q2), Middle (Q3), Fourth (Q4), and Highest (Q5). For the purpose of the current study, the Quintiles
were tentatively labelled as “very poor” (Q1), “poor” (Q2), “moderate”(Q3), “well off” (Q4) and
“very well off” (Q5). These quintiles were used to inform the analysis of vulnerability and vulnerable
groups in the project area.
PCA involves a mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into
a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. The first principal component
accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible, and each succeeding component
accounts for as much of the remaining variability as possible. Many indicator variables are
categorizations. To determine the weights and apply them to form the index, it is necessary to break
these variables into sets of dichotomous variables (dummy variables). Filmer & Pritchett (1999)
recommended using PCA to assign the indicator weights, the procedure that is used for the DHS
wealth index. DHS uses the SPSS factor analysis procedure. This procedure first standardizes the
indicator variables (calculating scores); then the factor coefficient scores (factor loadings) are
calculated; and finally, for each household, the indicator values are multiplied by the loadings and
136
summed to produce the household’s index value. In this process, only the first of the factors produced
is used to represent the wealth index. The resulting sum is itself a standardized score with a mean of
zero and a standard deviation of one.
Below we present the Wealth Quintiles produced for the whole project area (i.e. encompassing all
surveyed households) in Figures 19-23. We also present wealth quintiles produced separately for
Chiúta district (Figures 24 - 26) and for Moatize district (Figures 27 - 29), i.e. encompassing
households surveyed in each of these districts.
Wealth Quintiles for the Project Area
Very poor
Moatize
18
Chiúta
20
22
0%
29
21
20%
17
16
40%
16
17
Poor
Moderate
24
60%
Well off
80%
100%
Very well off
Figure 46: Wealth quintiles for Chiúta and Moatize districts
Very poor
Female
51
20
12
8
8
Poor
Moderate
Male
14
0%
20
20%
25
19
40%
60%
22
80%
Well off
100%
Very well off
.
Figure 47: Wealth quintiles according to the gender of Household Head – project area
100
Age Head of Household (years)
90
80
70
60
50
50
42
40
39
40
35
30
20
10
0
Very poor
Poor
Moderate
Well off
Very well off
137
Figure 48: Wealth quintiles according to the age of the Household Head – project area
Widow
64
Separated/divorced
14
38
10
38
21
Mixed marriage (civil and/or…
16
Religious marriage
7
13
25
13
23
50
14
21
Very poor
Poor
50
17
24
25
19
25
25
Civil marriage
Moderate
24
Well off
25
Very well off
100
Single
27
0%
24
20%
21
40%
12
60%
16
80%
100%
Figure 49: Wealth quintiles according to the civil status of the Household Head – project area
Unable to work and unemployed
33
Housewife (not seeking work)
36
Unemployed (activelly seeking
work)
13
Self employment
Formal employment
21
20
16
14
0%
36
6
24
17
20
14
15
40%
10 6
12
24
29
20%
16
30
43
4
9
33
32
29
Seazonal work
Informal employment
33
60%
Well off
28
Very well off
41
80%
Poor
Moderate
29
8
Very poor
100%
Figure 50: Wealth quintiles according to the employment status – project area
Wealth Quintiles for Chiúta district
Very poor
Female
57
17
4
9
13
Poor
Moderate
Male
15
22
0%
20%
18
19
40%
26
60%
Well off
80%
100%
Very well off
Figure 51: Wealth quintiles according to gender of Household Head – Chiúta
Widow
60
Separated/divorced
20
50
14
Traditional marrige
20
50
26
19
Mixed married (civil and/or…
Very poor
19
23
Poor
100
17
16
17
Religious marriage
Moderate
16
33
Well off
100
Single
37
0%
16
20%
40%
Very well off
16
60%
26
80%
5
100%
Figure 52: Wealth quintiles according to civil status – Chiúta
100
90
80
70
60
%
138
50
48
40
38
37
36
Poor
Moderate
Well off
Very well off
40
30
20
10
0
Very poor
Figure 53: Wealth quintiles according to age (years) of Household Head – Chiúta
Wealth Quintiles for Moatize district
Very poor
Female
46
23
19
8
4
Poor
Moderate
Male
12
19
0%
20%
31
19
40%
60%
18
Well off
80%
100%
Very well off
Figure 54: Wealth quintiles according to gender of Household Head – Moatize
Widow
67
Separated/divorced
11
50
6
15
22
50
32
29
Mixed married (civil and/or
religious and/or traditional)
18
Poor
100
14
19
Very poor
32
22
14
Moderate
Well off
Religious marriage
33
33
Civil marriage
33
Very well off
100
Single
23
0%
27
20%
23
40%
60%
6
21
80%
100%
Figure 55: Wealth quintiles according to civil status – Moatize
100
90
80
70
%
60
53
50
43
41
41
34
40
30
20
10
0
Very poor
Poor
Moderate
Well off
Figure 56: Wealth quintiles according to age (years) of Household Head – Moatize
Very well off
139
140
Appendix C: Qualitative Data Gathering Tools
Instrumentos Qualitativos para Estudo de Impacto Social
1
Introdução
A componente de pesquisa que se descreve no presente documento faz parte do
58
Estudo de Impacto Social e Ambiental (ESIA) para Projecto de Ferro-Guza a ser
implementado pela Capitol Resources nos Distritos de Chiúta e Moatize.
O estudo visa enriquecer a compreensão sobre a situação actual das
comunidades existentes na área do Projecto de Mineração de Ferro, bem como
identificar as suas expectativas, necessidades e posicionamentos perante o
projecto de modo a compreender o impacto que o projecto poderá ter sobre elas.
A componente social do ESIA pretende investigar:

O ambiente socio-economico local;

Os dados demográficos da população afectada pelo projecto;

As actividades económicas e de rendimento disponíveis na área;

As práticas de uso da terra;

Os modos de vida e posses materiais;

A mobilidade;

Os aspectos de género;

Os grupos vulneráveis;

A saúde, incluindo questões relacionadas com HIV/SIDA;

Os serviços sociais disponíveis (educação, transporte, água e
saneamento, etc.), bem como estruturas sociais (grupos comunitários,
locais de culto e congregações, etc.).
O estudo da componente social também terá em conta questões relacionadas com
a herança cultural. Por questões práticas a recolha de campo para as duas
components (social e herança cultural) decorrerá ao mesmo tempo e de forma
complementar.
A componente cultural visa os seguintes aspectos:
58

Revisão das políticas e estratégias de herança culturais nacionais e locais;

Revisão das estruturas de herança cultural na area do projecto e a sua
contextualização dentro do enquadramento legal nacional e local;
Gusa é uma liga de Ferro e Carbono.
142

Revião do perfil cultural da area do projecto, incluindo locais sagrados
para a população;

O mapeamento dos locais sagrados, a sua relevência e os usos
associados a eles;

Avaliação da sensibilidade e significado dos artefactos arqueológicos e
locais culturais;

Identificação e avaliação de questões do projecto que podem impactar na
área do projecto.
O estudo qualitativo (que combina a pesquisa social e de herança cultural) irá se
centrar na história e locais sagrados da comunidade, hierarquias de autoridade,
dinâmicas de mobilidade, acesso a serviços e recursos, relacionamento com o
espaço e impactos do projecto, nas comunidades alvo.
A parte quantitativa (inquérito social por questionário) complementará a
compnente qualitativa através de informação obtida pelo cadastro e pelo estudo
sócio-económico.
2
Área do Projecto
A área do projecto é composta por uma área de concessão mineira e uma estrada,
nos distritos de Chiúta e Moatize, província de Tete. Na área do projecto, onde o
padrão de povoamento é disperso, foram identificas dez (10) comunidades ou
assentamentos humanos para a recolha de dados qualitativos, nomeadamente:

concessão mineira: seis (6) comunidades: Tenge-Makodwe, Nhamidima,
Nhambia, Matacale, Nkakame e Tchissi

estrada: fuas (2) comunidades identificadas por análise de imagem aérea,
cujo nome ainda está por identificar com ajuda das autoridades
distritais
3
Métodos de recolha de dados
Serão aplicados os seguintes métodos de recolha de dados
qualitativos:
1. Levantamento bibliográfico e de arquivo de pesquisas anteriores:
principalmente para a componente de herança cultural, mas também para
a descrição socio-demográfica da área em estudo.
2. Análise Cartográfica: através de observação de imagens de satélites e as
fotografias aéreas para inventariar os recursos existentes e tentar
localizar áreas com possíveis existências de estações arqueológicas.
INSTRUMENTOS QUALITATIVOS PARA ESTUDO DE IMPACTO SOCIAL143/210
3. Entrevistas individuais a autoridades governamentais: para recolha de
dados sobre o desenvolvimento sócio-económico do distrito, ligação entre
a planificação do distrito e o projecto, desafios e oportunidades do
projecto para o distrito, bem como expectativas, preocupações e
recomendações da província/ distrito em relação ao projecto. Deverão ser
entrevistados:
a. Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas e Habitação de Tete;
b. Direcção Provinial de Cultura de Tete
c.
Serviço Distrital de Planificação e Infra-Estruturas de Chiúta;
d. Serviço Distrital de Planificação e Infra-Estruturas de Moatize;
e. Serviço Distrital de Actividades Económicas de Chiúta;
f.
Serviço Distrital de Actividades Económicas de Moatize;
g. Servicços de Educação e Cultura de Chiúta;
h. Serviços de Educação e Cultura de Moatize.
4. Discussões de grupo focal com líderes locais das nove comunidades da
área do projecto, havendo em cada comunidade um grupo focal com
líderes tradicionais (chingore, n’fumo) e um grupo focal com líderes
comunitários (Secretário de Bairro, Chefe de Quarteirão):
a. grupo focal com líderes tradicionais: para recolha de dados sobre
1) a história e dinâmicas sócio-económicas e culturais das
comunidades, 2) recursos culturais e sagrados das comunidades
e 3) expectativas, preocupações e posicionamento face ao
projecto;
b. grupo focal com líderes comunitários (Secretário de Bairro, Chefe
de Quarteirão): para recolha de dados locais sobre 1) a hierarquia
de autoridade, 2) serviços e recursos sócio-económicos
importantes, 3) mobilidade populacional e 4) expectativas,
preocupações e posicionamento face ao projecto.
Em resumo, com as entrevistas e grupos focais, pretende-se abordar os temas:
Líderes tradicionais
Líderes comunitários
 História e dinâmicas
sócio-económicas e
culturais das
comunidades;
 Recursos culturais e
sagrados das
comunidades;
 Expectativas,
preocupações e
da
 Hierarquia
autoridade local;
 Serviços e recursos
sócio-económicos
importantes;
da
 Mobilidade
população local;
 Expectativas,
preocupações e
Autoridades
governamentais
 Desenvolvimento
sócio-económico do
distrito;
e
 Desafios
oportunidades
do
projecto
para
o
distrito;
 Expectativas,
preocupações
e
posicionamento face ao
projecto.
144
posicionamento face
ao projecto.
recomendações
para o projecto.
Todas as entrevistas serão semi-estruturadas e seguirão um guião para
orientação da exploração dos temas definidos.
Para as discussões de grupo focal, de modo a estimular participação activa na
discussão serão elaborados guiões para condução de exercícios participativos.
Para os grupos focais com líderes tradicionais serão aplicados os exercícios:
1. História da comunidade;
2. Mapeamento dos locais culturais e sagrados; e
3. Árvore de análise de problemas (impactos do projecto e recomendações).
Para os grupos focais com líderes comunitários serão aplicados os exercícios:
1. Matriz da hierarquia de autoridade;
2. Mapeamento da mobilidade;
3. Mapeamento dos serviços e recursos importantes à comunidade;
4. Árvore de análise de problemas (impactos do projecto e recomendações).
Cada discussão de grupo focal deverá ser feita com um número limitado de
participantes (idealmente 8-10), conduzida por um moderador com o apoio de um
tradutor local que deverá ser fluente na língua falada na comunidade. O
moderador deverá tomar notas escritas e fotografia de cada grupo focal.
Considerando o nível baixo de alfabetização da população da área do projecto,
vai-se privilegiar a expressão visual. Tendo em conta a divisão cultural de papéis e
tarefas dentro de agregado familiar, as opiniões e as necessidades podem diferir
entre homens e mulheres. Isto é particularmente importante no que toca às
questões culturais. Por isso, no exercício de mapeamento dos locais culturais e
sagrados, sempre que o número de participantes o permitir, serão feitas
discussões em separado com homens e com mulheres.
5. Acesso preliminar do potencial arqueológico na área de concessão. As
áreas serão prospectadas a pé. Como a área é muito extensa é
conveniente que o trabalho seja faseado, seguindo a progressão do
projecto. O presente levantamento refere-se apenas ao período anterior
aos trabalhos. Não contempla trabalhos adicionais necessários na fase de
construção, operação e encerramento do projecto.
6. Registo dos achados e das estações localizadas. Todas as estações
localizadas serão marcadas com o GPS usando o Sistema de
coordenadas geográficas de África do Sul (WGS 84) em cartesianas e
UTM compatível com o sistema de registo de base de dados, existente no
Departamento de Arqueologia e Antropologia da Universidade Eduardo
Mondlane.
7. Lavagem e processamento do material. Todo o material será lavado,
marcado e fotografado para o registo informático em preparação do
relatório e seguindo a base de dados de Departamento de Arqueologia e
Antropologia da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.
4
Documentos a recolher
No mínimo, aquando das visitas às instituições governamentais, os seguintes
documentos devem ser recolhidos: PESOP, PESOD, Relatório do Distrito,
Relatório de actividades dos serviços de educação e cultura, e Relatório de
actividades dos serviços de saúde.
Outros documentos que provem de relevância, podem ser recolhidos também.
A tabela que se segue apresenta o roteiro para a condução de discussões de
grupo focal:
Nr
1.
Método
História da
comunidade
2.
Mapa da mobilidade
3.
Mapa dos serviços e
recursos importantes
à comunidade
Objectivos

Relatar a história da comunidade;

Recolher os principais movimentos
migratórios que marcaram a
comunidade;

Recolher os grandes acontecimentos
que marcaram a história da
comunidade (secas, doenças,
conflitos);

Identificar possíveis experiências
prévias da comunidade com projectos
de mineração.




4.
Mapa dos locais
culturais e sagrados



Identificar as principais dinâmicas de
mobilidade da população local (emi/
imigração, migração sazonal)
Identificar e delimitar a área que
corresponde à comunidade (bairro,
aldeia)
Identificar as organizações, serviços e
outros recursos importantes para a
vida da comunidade
Identificar as principais formas de uso
do espaço
Identificar os locais culturais e
sagrados importantes para a
comunidade (locais de cerimónia/
realização de eventos comunitários,
locais de reunião, locais sagrados,
cemitérios, etc.);
Identificar as práticas, rituais e actores
associados a cada local;
Identificar a importância de cada local.
Temas a serem abordados
 Origem (mítica) de comunidade
 Dinâmica populacional e fluxos migratórios
 Conflitos locais
 Grandes crises
 Experiência prévia com projectos de mineração
Duração
Material
45 min.
Folhas de flipchart
Marcadores de várias
cores
Post-it
Caderno
Máquina fotográfica


Origem da comunidade
Dinâmicas populacionais e fluxos migratórios
20 min.

Que organizações / serviços ou recursos são
importantes para a vida da comunidade?
Onde se localizam os mesmos, na comunidade
e arredores?
Porque são importantes?
Que recursos provocam conflito/ disputa na
comunidade?
45 min.



Folhas de flipchart
cores
Caderno
GPS



Mapeamento e definição da importância dos
locais culturais e sagrados importantes para a
comunidade
Práticas e actores associados aos locais
culturais e sagrados
Momentos/ situações de realização dessas
práticas/ rituais
20 min.
5.
Mapa da casa e
vizinhança
6.
Matriz da hierarquia
de autoridade






Definir a tipologia habitacional típica
Identificar os elementos importantes do
quintal e vizinhança
Definir a relação com o espaço físico
Definir a relação com a vizinhança
Identificar os principais níveis de
autoridade a nível local
Identificar a hierarquia entre os
diferentes níveis de autoridade








Divisões e uso das divisões
Outras construções no quintal
Vedação
Relação com a vizinhança
Apoio a grupos vulneráveis
Quem são os líderes na comunidade?
Dentre estes líderes, quem responde a quem?
Qual é a responsabilidade de cada nível/ tipo de
líder?
20 min
20 min.
Folhas de flipchart
Cores
Caderno
7.
Árvore de análise de

problemas


Identificar as expectativas e
preocupações da comunidade em
relação ao projecto
Compreender o impacto do acesso às
infraestruturas, serviços e actividades
importantes face ao cenário actual e
face ao futuro
Identificar os campos de força que
podem facilitar e também dificultar o
acesso às infraestruturas, serviços e
actividades importantes .





Expectativas, preocupações e recomendações
da comunidade em relação ao projecto
Visão versus desejo do futuro da comunidade
Papel do projecto (de mineração) na projecção
desse futuro
Materialização do futuro desejado?
Uma vez implementado o projecto: o que pode
fazer com que tenha impactos positivos para a
comunidade, e o que pode fazer com que tenha
impactos negativos.
45 min.
Folhas de flipchart
Marcadores
Pedrinhas (10+10)
148
A tabela abaixo sumariza as entrevistas e grupos focais que vão ser conduzidos no âmbito do estudo
qualitativo:
Actividade
Entrevistas
Localização
Grupo-alvo
1) Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas e
Cidade de Tete
Habitação (DPOPH) de Tete
2) Direcção Provincial da Cultura
3) Serviço Distrital de Planificação e Infra-
Distrito de Chiúta,
Estruturas (SDPI)
Vila de Manje
4) Serviço Distrital de Actividades Económicas
(SDAE)
5) Direcção Distrital de Cultura
6) Serviço Distrital de Planificação e Infra-
Distrito de Moatize,
Estruturas (SDPI)
Vila de Moatize
7) Serviço Distrital de Actividades Económicas
(SDAE)
8) Direcção Distrital de Cultura
Total de entrevistas
Discussões de Grupo
Focal (GF)
08
Área de Concessão de
Tenge-Ruoni (1035 L)
1) Comunidade 1 Massamba
2) Comunidade 2 Nkakame
3) Comunidade 3 Muchena
4) Comunidade 4 Pondandue
5) Comunidade 5 Matakale
6) Comunidade 6 Mbuzi
7) Comunidade 7 Tenge
8) Comunidade 8 Nambia
Estrada
9) Comunidade 9 (AD)
10) Comunidade 10 (AD)
Total discussões de grupo focal
20
O plano de visitas será feito consoante o mapa abaixo.
148
149
5
150
GUIÃO DE ENTREVISTA: DPOPH E SDPI
Entrevistador(a): ____________________________________________________ Data: _____/_____/2014
Instituição contactada/ Distrito: _____________________________________________________________
Nome de Entrevistado: ___________________________________________________________________
Título de Entrevistado: ____________________________________________________________________
Telefone do Entrevistado:___________________ Email do Entrevistado:____________________________
Introdução
Bom dia (boa tarde), o meu nome é _________________________________ e trabalho com a COWI, Lda.,
uma empresa de pesquisa moçambicana. Estamos a conduzir um Estudo de Impacto Social, requerido pela
empresa CES, para um projecto de mineração de ferro nos distritos de Chiúta e de Moatize, da empresa
Capitol Resources . Para tal um dos objectivos deste estudo é conhecer melhor as dinâmicas sócioeconómicas das comunidades que se localizam na área do projecto.
Especificamente,estamos interessados em conhecer quais são os principais serviços e recursos existentes
nestas comunidades.
É nesse contexto, que gostaríamos de entrevistar o/a Sr/a para obter informações sobre o sector de infraestruturas sociais neste Distrito.
A informação fornecida nesta entrevista só será utilizada para o propósito da análise aqui em estudo, não
sendo os dados do entrevistado divulgados ou utilizados para outros fins.
150
Prestação de serviços
1. Para iniciar gostaríamos de saber quais são os tipos de infra-estruturas e serviços sociais existentes
(educação, saúde, água, saneamento, electricidade) na área do projecto (Tenge-Ruoni, P.A.)?
2. Beneficiários: Quais são os indicadores chave de cobertura da população (rácio infra-estruturas;
recursos humanos dos diferentes serviços /Pop.)? Quem utiliza os serviços? Quem não os utiliza?
3. Qualidade: como avalia a qualidade dos serviços prestados? Dificuldades/obstáculos encontrados
na prestação de serviços de qualidade? Para além desta Instituição, quem mais presta este tipo de
serviço neste posto administrativo?
Planos para o futuro
4. Serviços futuros: quais são os objectivos a médio e a longo prazo do seu sector ao nível do Posto
Administrativo de Kazula? Metas? Planos de aumento de cobertura? Novas infra-estruturas? Onde?
Quando?
5. Desafios: quais são os principais desafios para atingir estes planos futuros? Como pensam
responder aos desafios? Com o apoio de quem?
Expectativas face ao projecto
6. Já ouviu falar deste projecto de mineração de ferro da empresa Capitol Resources, na zona de
Tenge-Ruoni?
7. Qual é a sua opinião geral sobre este projecto de mineração de ferro? Porquê?
8. Quais são as suas expectativas sobre o projecto?
9. Quais são as suas maiores preocupações sobre o projecto?
10. Quais são as suas recomendações para o projecto?
151
6
152
GUIÃO DE ENTREVISTA: SDAE
Entrevistador(a): ____________________________________________________ Data: _____/_____/2014
Instituição contactada/ Distrito: _____________________________________________________________
Nome de Entrevistado: ___________________________________________________________________
Título de Entrevistado: ____________________________________________________________________
Telefone do Entrevistado:___________________ Email do Entrevistado:____________________________
Introdução
Bom dia (boa tarde), o meu nome é _________________________________ e trabalho com a COWI, Lda.,
uma empresa de pesquisa moçambicana. Estamos a conduzir um Estudo de Impacto Social, requerido pela
empresa CES, para um projecto de mineração de ferro nos distritos de Chiúta e de Moatize, da empresa
Capitol Resources . Para tal um dos objectivos deste estudo é conhecer melhor as dinâmicas sócioeconómicas das comunidades que se localizam na área do projecto.
Especificamente,estamos interessados em conhecer quais são os principais serviços e recursos existentes
nestas comunidades.
É nesse contexto, que gostaríamos de entrevistar o/a Sr/a para obter informações sobre o sector de infraestruturas sociais neste Distrito.
A informação fornecida nesta entrevista só será utilizada para o propósito da análise aqui em estudo, não
sendo os dados do entrevistado divulgados ou utilizados para outros fins .
152
Principais actividades económicas
1. Para iniciar gostaríamos de saber quais são as actividades económicas principais da população no
distrito e na área do projecto (Posto Administrativo Kazula, zona de Tenge-Ruoni)? Onde são
praticadas? Percentagem da população envolvida?
2. Quais são as principais formas de uso da terra, no distrito e na área do projecto (Posto
Administrativo Kazula, zona de Tenge-Ruoni)?
Planos para o futuro
3. Serviços futuros: quais são os objectivos a médio e a longo prazo do seu sector (Actividades
Económicas) ao nível da área do projecto (Posto Administrativo de Kazula e zona de Tenge-Ruoni)?
Metas? Onde? Quando?
4. Desafios: quais são os principais desafios para atingir estes planos futuros? Como pensam
responder aos desafios? Com o apoio de quem?
Estrutura Administrativa
5. Qual é a estrutura administrativa da área do projecto (Posto Administrativo de Kazula/ fronteira com
distrito de Moatize)?
6. Quantos regulados e quantos povoados existem na área do projecto? Quantos habitantes têm?
Percepções face ao projecto
7. Já ouviu falar deste projecto de mineração de ferro da empresa Capitol Resources, na zona de
Tenge-Ruoni??
8. Qual é a sua opinião geral sobre este projecto de mineração de ferro? Porquê?
9. Quais são as suas expectativas sobre o projecto?
10. Quais são as suas maiores preocupações sobre o projecto?
11. Quais são as suas recomendações para o projecto?
153
7
154
GUIÃO PARA GRUPO FOCAL - HISTÓRIA DA
COMUNIDADE
Data:___/____/2014
Comunidade/ Distrito:_______________________________________
Total participantes:_________ Homens__________ Mulheres__________
Grupo-alvo: líderes locais (chingore, n’fumo, outros)
Objectivos:
 Relatar a história da comunidade;
 Recolher os principais movimentos migratórios que marcaram a comunidade;
 Recolher os grandes acontecimentos que marcaram a história da comunidade (secas,
doenças, conflitos);
Metodologia: O moderador inicia expondo os objectivos do exercício.
Para iniciar a “conversa” o moderador deverá dizer que está interessado em conhecer a história
da comunidade: em conhecer quando é que eles para ali vieram, por que razão, como ali se
instalaram; quais os acontecimentos que mais marcaram aquela comunidade, e de que forma
deixaram essa marca.
Essas questões servirão para lançar a conversa que o moderador deixará seguir, colocando
outras questões exploratórias, como por exemplo:

Origem (mítica) de comunidade:

Quem eram os primeiros habitantes da comunidade?

De onde vieram? Porquê saíram de lá?

Porque se instalaram aqui?

Dinâmica populacional e fluxos migratórios:

Que tipo de grupos populacionais vivem aqui (homogeneidade)? Porque vieram para
cá?

Como foram recebidos aqui?

As pessoas ainda se deslocam muito – vão para outros lugares? Vêm para aqui?

Conflitos locais:

Houve algum grande conflito na comunidade?

Que tipo de conflito era?

O que causou o conflito? Quais as razões para o conflito?

Quem esteve envolvido no conflito?

Como foi solucionado o conflito? Quem esteve envolvido na solução (pessoas,
instituições)?

Hoje em dia, quando há conflitos na comunidade, como se resolvem?

Grandes crises:
154






A comunidade passou por alguma grande crise?
Que tipo de crise foi – doença grave, seca, fome, guerra…
O que esteve na origem da crise?
Quem esteve envolvido na crise?
Como foi ultrapassada a crise?
Que consequências deixou para a comunidade?
No início do exercício o moderador desenha uma linha numa folha de flipchart, colocada na
horizontal, e explica aos participantes que o início da linha marca o início da história da
comunidade, e que o fim da linha marca o ano actual (2014). Explica também que vai querer
mostrar ao longo da linha os principais acontecimentos que marcaram a vida da comunidade.
À medida que os participantes vão narrando a história da comunidade (origem mítica, dinâmica
populacional, conflitos, crises), o moderador escreve cada um dos episódios narrados num postit e coloca-o o mais perto possível do período temporal mencionado pelos participantes.
Se, no decurso da discussão, os participantes falarem de experiências com projectos de
mineração, estas devem ser anotadas no post-it e colocadas na linha da história da comunidade.
Se os participantes não falarem disto espontaneamente, no fim da discussão sobre a história da
comunidade o moderador deve introduzir estes temas e tomar notas escritas, no caderno, sobre
a discussão:


Mineração:
o Aqui na comunidade, ou perto, já houve pessoas que vieram praticar
mineração?
o Quando foi isso?
o Quem eram essas pessoas?
o Como foi essa experiência (de mineração) para a comunidade (explorar
consequências positivas e negativas?
o Essa experiência de mineração trouxe problemas à comunidade? Que tipo de
problemas?
o Como foram resolvidos os problemas?
Deslocação (devido por exemplo a calamidades naturais):
o Aqui na comunidade, ou perto, já houve pessoas que tiveram de deixar as suas
casas para ir morar noutro sítio?
o Porque (causas/ razões) tiveram de deixar as suas casas?
o Quando foi isso?
o Para onde foram?
o Como isso aconteceu?
o Como ficaram as pessoas, depois de terem ido para o novo sítio? (explorar se
os padrões de vida mantiveram-se, melhoraram ou deterioraram, e se
mantiveram ou não os laços com o local ou a comunidade de origem)
155
8
156
GUIÃO PARA GRUPO FOCAL - MAPA DOS
LOCAIS CULTURAIS E SAGRADOS
Data:___/____/2014
Comunidade/ Distrito:_______________________________________
Grupo-alvo: líderes locais (chingore, n’fumo, outros)
Objectivos:
 Identificar e delimitar a área que corresponde à aldeia/comunidade;
 Identificar os locais religiosos e sagrados importantes para a comunidade;
 Atribuir a importância de cada local identificado;
 Identificar as práticas, actores e momentos associados a esses locais.
Metodologia: O moderador começa por explicar os objectivos da actividade.
De seguida o moderador coloca uma folha de flipchart em branco no chão, visível a todos os
participantes. Pede aos participantes que imaginem que a folha seja a sua
comunidade/bairro/aldeia. Pergunta pelos limites da comunidade (onde termina a comunidade,
em cada direcção) e pede aos participantes para marcarem os limites nos extremos da folha. De
seguida, pergunta qual é o lugar mais importante da comunidade, onde fazem cerimónias ou
eventos da comunidade, e pede aos participantes que situem esse lugar no mapa. Em seguida,
pede-lhes que identifiquem outros lugares importantes e que os situem igualmente no mapa.
Após explorar os lugares cerimoniais da comunidade, faz o mesmo para os lugares onde só
algumas pessoas podem ir (ex. cemitérios, matas sagradas para curandeiros, ritos de iniciação)
ou lugares onde ninguém pode entrar. O moderador deixa o grupo fazer o exercício sem intervir.
Por fim, moderador pede ao grupo que apresente o mapa em plenária e discute o seguinte:
 Quais são os limites de comunidade?
 Por que razão cada um destes lugares é importante? O que se faz nesses lugares?
(explorar práticas e rituais)
o Quem organiza, participa ou orienta a cerimónia/ evento?
o A cerimónia/evento deve ser praticada apenas nesse local ou pode ser feito
noutro local?
 Quem tem acesso (pode entrar) nesses lugares sagrados?
 Quem não tem acesso (não pode entrar) nesses lugares sagrados? Porquê?
 Onde é que os membros de comunidade (mulheres / homens / jovens) se costumam
encontrar? Em que momentos (no dia-a-dia)?
 Cemitérios:
o Existem cemitérios formais (públicos/ geridos por um serviço local) e cemitérios
familiares? (tentar localizar alguns e georreferenciar)
o Os cemitérios são utilizados ou actualmente estão fechados?
o Quem controla o uso dos cemitérios?
o Quem usa os cemitérios?
o Se o cemitério ou uma campa tiver de sair desta zona, como isso deve ser feito?
156
9
GUIÃO PARA GRUPO FOCAL MATRIZ DA HIERARQUIA DE
AUTORIDADE
Data:___/____/2014 Comunidade/ Distrito:______________________________
Grupo-alvo: líderes comunitários (Secretário de Bairro, Chefe do Quarteirão)
Objectivos:
 Identificar a organização administrativa da comunidade;
 Identificar os líderes da comunidade, aos diferentes níveis, e como eles se
relacionam (quem responde a quem);
 Compreender as responsabilidades gerais de cada nível de liderança.
Metodologia: O moderador começa por explicar os objectivos da actividade.
De seguida o moderador coloca uma folha de flipchart no chão, na vertical, no
meio dos participantes, e pergunta:
 Organização administrativa:
o quantos bairros ou (se não houver bairros) zonas compõem a
aldeia?
o Quantas pessoas ou famílias moram em cada bairro ou zona?
 Hierarquia da autoridade:
o Quem são os líderes que representam a população?
o Como estão organizados os líderes? (a quem responde cada um?
Explorar de baixo para o topo)
o Qual o papel/ responsabilidade de cada líder?
o Quando possível, diferenciar as autoridades políticas (ex. chefe
de célula, secretária da OMM) das autoridades locais (Secretário
de Bairro, Chefe de Quarteirão, Chefe de 10 Casas, etc)
À medida que a discussão avança, o moderador toma notas escritas sobre a
organização administrativa e desenha, no flipchart, a hierarquia da autoridade. No
final confirma com os participantes se a hierarquia desenhada está correcta, nível
por nível.
10
GUIÃO PARA GRUPO FOCAL - MAPA
DOS SERVIÇOS E RECURSOS DA
COMUNIDADE
Grupo-alvo: líderes comunitários (Secretário de Bairro, Chefe de Quarteirão)
Objectivos:
1. Identificar e delimitar a área que corresponde ao bairro ou à aldeia;
2. Identificar os locais considerados importantes para a comunidade
(machambas, mercados, florestas, rios, locais sagrados, cemitérios, etc.) e
a razão da sua importância;
3. Identificar o tipo de relação que a comunidade tem com o espaço físico.
Metodologia:
O moderador inicia explicando os objectivos da actividade.
De seguida o moderador coloca uma folha de flipchart em branco no chão, visível
a todos os participantes. O moderador pede aos participantes que imaginem que a
folha seja a sua comunidade/bairro/aldeia. Pergunta pelos limites da comunidade
(onde termina a comunidade, em cada direcção) e pede aos participantes para
marcarem os limites nos extremos da folha. De seguida, o moderador pergunta
qual é o lugar mais importante da comunidade e pede aos participantes que
situem esse lugar no mapa. Em seguida, pede-lhes que identifiquem outros
lugares importantes e que os situem igualmente no mapa. O moderador deve
deixar o grupo fazer o exercício sem intervir.
Por fim, moderador pede ao grupo que apresente o mapa em plenária e discute o
seguinte:

Por que razão os lugares apresentados são importantes? O que se faz
nesses lugares?

Quando adequado, perguntar sobre os recursos associados a esses lugares
(ex. o que se cultiva na machamba?)

Uso da terra: onde são as áreas residenciais? As áreas de cultivo
(machamba)? As áreas de pastagem? As áreas de pesca? As áreas de
extracção de recursos naturais (carvão, lenha, minas)?

Onde é que os membros de comunidade (mulheres / homens / jovens) se
costumam encontrar? Em que momentos (no dia-a-dia)?
Durante a discussão em plenária o moderador toma notas escritas da discussão..
11
GUIÃO PARA GRUPO FOCAL - MAPA DA
MOBILIDADE
Grupo-alvo: líderes comunitários (Secretário de Bairro, Chefe de Quarteirão)
Objectivos:
1. Identificar as dinâmicas populacionais e fluxos migratórios do passado e presente da
comunidade;
2. Identificar a atitude da comunidade perante a emigração e a imigração;
3. Identificar possíveis conflitos associados à migração, em particular experiências passadas
vividas pela comunidade/ membros desta com novos membros na comunidade ou em
comunidades para onde membros da comunidade tenham migrado.
Metodologia:
De seguida o moderador inicia uma discussão em plenária, da qual toma notas escritas. Explica que,
depois de mapear os serviços e recursos importantes para a comunidade, quer falar sobre as
pessoas que entram e saem da comunidade e de que modo isso afecta a comunidade.
O moderador pode usar perguntas exploratórias, como por exemplo:
 Origem (mítica) da comunidade:
o Quem eram os primeiros habitantes da comunidade?
o De onde vieram?
o Porque se instalaram aqui?
o Desde que a comunidade foi criada até hoje, houve momentos em que a
comunidade/ membros da comunidade teve de:
 receber pessoas de fora? Que momentos? (ex. cheias, guerra pósindepedência)? Que pessoas? (de perto, de longe, de outros distritos, de
outras províncias)
 sair para outra zona? Que momentos? Para onde foram? Ficaram lá para
sempre ou regressaram?
 Dinâmica populacional e fluxos migratórios:
o Hoje em dia, a comunidade é composta basicamente por pessoas da zona ou há
pessoas que vieram de fora?
o (as pessoas que vieram de fora) Porque vieram para ali? Estão na comunidade há
muito tempo?
o Quando/como é que uma pessoa deixa de ser “de fora”?
o Hoje em dia, os membros da comunidade ainda saem muito para fora? Para onde
vão? O que vão fazer? Voltam?
o Como são recebidas as pessoas que vêm de fora, quando se instalam na
comunidade?
o O que deve fazer a pessoa que vem de fora, para ser bem recebida na comunidade?
159
12
160
GUIÃO PARA GRUPO FOCAL - ÁRVORE DE
ANÁLISE DE PROBLEMAS
Grupo-alvo:
 líderes locais locais (chingore, n’fumo, outros)
 líderes comunitários (Secretário de Bairro, Chefe de Quarteirão)
Objectivos:
1. Identificar os principais problemas vividos na comunidade;
2. Identificar as expectativas, preocupações e recomendações, do ponto de vista da
comunidade, em relação ao projecto;
3. identificar soluções/ medidas que podem mitigar os impactos negativos do projecto e
potenciar os seus impactos positivos, bem como o papel da comunidade no processo.
Metodologia:
De seguida o moderador explica que, após se falar a mobilidade na comunidade, gostaria de ter uma
última conversa sobre o projecto de mineração do ferro que se pretende implementar na zona.
O moderador coloca uma folha de flichart no chão, na horizontal, de modo visível aos participantes.
Divide-a em quatro colunas. Pede aos participantes que digam quais são os principais problemas
que afectam/ reduzem a qualidade de vida na comunidade, e lista-os na primeira coluna à esquerda
(“Problemas”).
Após completar a coluna “Problemas”, o moderador explica que a segunda coluna indica o número
de pessoas afectadas pelo problema (“Volume da população afectada”) e a terceira coluna a
gravidade do problema para a comunidade (“Gravidade do problema”). Os participantes devem
completar a 2ª e 3a colunas, para cada problema listado. Para tal, devem-lhe ser dadas 10 pedrinhas
e explicado que, para cada problema, devem marcar na coluna 2 com as pedrinhas o número de
pessoas afectadas pelo problema, numa escala de 1 a 10 em que 1 é “quase nenhuma pessoa da
comunidade” e 10 “muitas pessoas da comunidade”. Tendo completado a coluna 2, sempre no
mesmo problema, passam para a coluna 3: são-lhes dadas mais 10 pedrinhas e explicado que
devem marcar com as pedrinhas a gravidade do problema para a comunidade, numa escala de 1 a
10 em que 1 é “pouco grave” e 10 “muito grave”. Após completadas as colunas 2 e 3, o moderador
faz a soma das pedrinhas na coluna 2 e escreve o total dentro da célula, repete o mesmo para a
coluna 3. Após isto soma o total de 2 e 3 para obter a pontuação total do problema e anota-o na
respectiva célula da coluna 4.
O moderador repete estes passos para cada um dos problemas listados, sem interferir com o
processo de pontuação problema a problema pelos participantes.
No fim do exercício, obtém-se uma tabela como exemplificado abaixo. O moderador explica como
interpretar o resultado da tabela: as pontuações totais mais altas indicam que esses são os
problemas mais sérios, e as mais baixas os problemas menos sérios. De seguida o moderador
pergunta aos participantes se concordam com o resultado final da tabela. Caso não concordem com
algum resultado, o moderador deve explorar porquê e tomar notas escritas da discussão.
160
1.Problema
2.Volume
da
população afectada
3.Gravidade do
problema
4.Pontuação
(2+3)
Furos de água estão
avariadas
13
Não há Posto de
Saúde
20
Quando chove a
estrada fica má e não
se passa
Desemprego
12
15
Posto isto o moderador pergunta de que maneira o projecto de mineração de ferro pode afectar cada
um dos problemas listados, de modo positivo (resolvendo-os ou mitigando-os) e de modo negativo
(aumentando-os).
Por fim o moderador pergunta e toma notas escritas das respostas:
 O que deve ser feito para impedir que o projecto de mineração do ferro agrave os problemas
da comunidade? Quem é responsável por isso? Que papel a comunidade pode ter no
processo?
 O que pode ser feito para garantir que o projecto de mineração de ferro ajuda a resolver os
problemas da comunidade? Quem é responsável por isso? Que papel a comunidade pode
ter no processo?
 Quais são as principais preocupações da comunidade em relação ao projecto? (explorar
questões/ problemas não listados anteriormente)
 Que recomendações a comunidade tem para o projecto, para que este seja bem-sucedido e
traga benefício à comunidade?



(perspectiva) Como é que vêm a comunidade daqui a 5-10 anos?
(desejo) Como é que gostariam que fosse a comunidade daqui a 5 – 10 anos?
O que é preciso para que estas mudanças se tornem reais?
161
Appendix
162
D:
Qualitative
162
Analysis
Matrix
Community
District
Mboza
TengeMakodwe
Location
haul road
Moatize
Directly
Chiúta
Concession
area
Community History
Mobility Mapping
Services
mapping
- Origin: migrant from Macanga, seeking fertile
soil. Grew after 1976-1992 war, internally
displaced persons seeking fertile soil
- ethnically diverse (nhungwe, sena, malawian,
Portuguese
colonial
settlers).
Crisis:
drought,
hunger,
disease
- no mining or resettlement experience
- Past & present of
immigration: grew after
1976-1992 war, internally
displaced
persons
seeking fertile soil
- Origin: migrant worker from Manica, settled
pleased
with
fertile
soil
- crisis: 1976-1992 war ('83), liberation struggle,
diseases (malaria, cholera, dysentery - hospital
far
away),
drought
and
floods.
- experience of temporary displacement due to
war,
but
no
permanent
resettlement.
- mining experience: Capitol 2011.
- Origin: migrant from Chidzolomondo, seeking
fertile
soil,
area
inhabited.
- crisis: war (liberation struggle '71, 1976-1992
war '82), hunger ('83), drought ('89), dysentery
('94), flood (2005), attacks by elephants
(recent).
- previous experience of prospection of mineral
resources, but no mining
previous experience of temporary displacement
due to hunger & flood; but no permanent
resettlement.
- Origin: migrant from Mbuzi seeking fertile soil,
please with soil and Chianga stream close by.
Name comes from stream.
Crisis: war (1976-1992), hunger ('83, '92, '05),
dysentery ('93), malaria ('12) and man-animal
conflict (attacks to farming plots by elephants,
'14), floods (inundated machambas '08)
- previous experience of prospection of mineral
resources, but no mining
experience of temporary displacement (war,
floods), but no experience of permanent
resettlement
and
Resources
Land Use
Historical & Sacre
Road
to
Moatize
- river (Revubue) & streams
(drinking water, irrigation, fishing,
cattle
drinking)
catholic
church
machamba
- stall
Main:
agriculture
- separate areas for
farming and for cattle
grazing
+
firewood
extraction
- Immigration part of
community
history.
present:
more
immigration
(farming)
than
emigration
(job
seeking)
- Revubue river (drinking water,
farming plot irrigation, fishing)
sacred
mountain
water
pump
- forest (land, game, rain)
school
- mill
Main:
agriculture
- separate areas for
farming and for cattle
grazing
+
firewood
extraction
- People left to cidade de
Tete, Malawi, Zambia,
Zimbabwe due to postindependence
war.
Returned
after
'92
- Present date: receive
immigrants searching for
fertile soil
- Primary school (Grades 1, 2)
- borehole (currently broken)
mill
- machamba (food & firewood)
- river (fishing, cattle drinking,
irrigation)
- community assembly tree
- churches
Main:
agriculture.
Farming plots close to
streams.
Food
&
firewood
- man/animal conflict,
but no land dispute.
- Sacred mount
ceremony, farming
ancestors'
wors
forbidden.
cannot be move
(ceremonies
w
- cemeteries: one
members only (sac
another public.
- Sacred moun
(Nsatorain
cerem
ceremony). New c
may be chosen if t
- public cemeter
areas for adult/ ch
may be moved upo
of community leade
- cemeteries (2 for
children). Cemeter
moved
- sacred sites (rock
mount, Muniamb
Nsato rain ceremo
authorization to min
Zimbabwe due to postindependence
war.
Returned after '92
- Farming land (along streams)
- river (fishing, water for irrigation)
- forest (wood, consumption and
sale)
-Main:
agriculture.
Farming plots located
close to the house yard
and
streams
- man-animal conflict
(attacks to farming plots
by elephants, 2014)
Directly
Directly
Mbuzi
Chianga
Affected
Directly
163
Church
- mountain
(ra
Nsatosnake, link
- ceremonial tree
community
mee
- public cemeteries
and Mbuzi (close)
Community
Muchena
Nhambia
Matacale
District
Location
164
Affected
Community History
Mobility Mapping
Services
mapping
- Origin: migrants from Zumbo/ Macanga,
pleased
with
"good
living
area"
'- Colonial presence, liberation struggle ('71),
1976-1992 war ('82). People left to cidade de
Tete, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe due to ill
treatment/
armed
attacks
- crisis: war, cholera. No land based conflict
no
experience
of
mining
- no experience of involuntary resettlement
(temporary displacement due to war but no
permanent resettlement)
Zimbabwe due to ill
treatment
(colonial
rulling/ armed attacks/
war). Returned after '92
- immigration (job - Tete)
and
emigration
(agriculture) still happen
- Chewa (local) and
Nhugue (viente)
- Origin: migrants from Chipire, seeking fertile
soil
- Liberation struggle, 1976-1992 war ('85). '85:
forced displacement to Kazula. People left to
cidade de Tete, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
due
to
armed
attacks
crisis:
war,
drought
- man/animal conflict. No land dispute.
- experience of voluntary & forced displacement
(drought & war) but always returned.
- previous mining prospection experience
(2008). 'Poor' coal, mining ended. Liked it
because
of
employment.
- no previous experience of permanent
resettlement.
- Origin: migrants from nearby areas, seeking
fertile
soil
- Colonial presence, liberation struggle, 19761992 war. Armed attacks: people left to cidade
de
Tete,
Malawi,
Zambia,
Zimbabwe
- crisis: war, cholera, famine, drought
- land based conflict due to project. Matacale
claimed ownership of mining exploitation site
but was not benefited, rather Massamba was.
To solve Chefe Posto Administrativo verified
land limits and proved the site belonged to
Matacale, now benefiting from project.
- 2009: Capitol starts mining. Good experience,
employment of local labour (despite conflict
with
Massamba)
- experience of temporary displacement (war),
but no permanent involuntary resettlement
and
Resources
Land Use
Historical & Sacre
- Close by: Revubue, streams
hand
pump
market
- river (water for consumption,
irrigation,
fishing)
- health post (also house of Chefe
da
Localidade)
- wood: firewood (also coal) &
building materials
- Separate farming &
grazing areas (protect
crops from animals)
- wood: firewood (also
coal)
&
building
materials
- land tenure: customary
- Immigration for fertile
soil
(past & present),
drought & war (past) from
nearby
localities
- today: emigration only
for marriage, temporary
Machamba
- sacred mountains & tree
cemeteries
school
- river, streams (drinking water,
irrigation, fishing, cattle drinking)
churches
grazing
area
- stalls
Land:
agriculture,
cattle grazing, firewood
- separate area for
farming and grazing +
firewood
- Ruins of co
iron
s
- sacred tree within
ceremony Nsato,
year)
rites (forest, en
- pond (punishment
cemeteries (public,
and farming plots)
(ancestors): may b
but never happened
ceremonies.
- Sacred mountains
ceremony Ndzingo
Ceremonial sites
moved
- cemeteries (2): o
one for children. P
may
be
remo
agreement with fam
by
elderly
a
compensation.
- churches.
- Part of mythological
origin
nowadays:
more
immigration (work) than
emigration
(marriage,
work)
- Road to 'town', with bridges
- river (drinking water, fishing,
cattle
drinking,
irrigation)
school
- churches (source of help)
- Kazula Health Post (medication,
chlorine in cholera outbreaks)
forest
(rain,
sticks
for
construction,
firewood)
- mountain with mineral resources
(attract mining companies who
employ
local
labour)
market
water
pump
- public cemeteries (1 adults, 1
children)
- Machambas in the
margins of rivers and
streams
- two timber companies
active in the area
- Chitongue mountain:
mining (Capitol)
Directly
Directly
Directly
164
- Chitongue mounta
rain
ceremon
(participation
community).
Ceremonial sites
moved
- rain ceremony
streams
- cemiteries: one f
for children. Public.
Graves
cannot
elsewhere.
Community
Massamba
District
Location
Affected
Community History
Mobility Mapping
Services
mapping
- Origin: Sena migrants, pleased with fertile soil
&
game
- crisis: flood, hunger, war (liberation struggle
'63, 1976-1992 war), anaemia
mining experience: prospection (Gondwana,
2009),
exploitation
(Capitol,
2010)
- no experience of permanent resettlement
- Past: emigration to
Zimbabwean farms, war
internal
displacement;
- nowadays: job seeking
in Tete city, Malawi
Complete
primary
school
machamba
- lagoon and streams (drinking
water,
fishing,
irrigation)
- forest (firewood, sticks)
Indirectly
165
and
Resources
Land Use
Historical & Sacre
Main:
agriculture
- separate land for
farming, cattle grazing
and
firewood
- forest: firewood and
sticks
Public
- family cemetery/
rites.
- Mteme tree/ girls
- Canditi stream
worship
- Possible to remo
graves upon autho
and monetary comp
Community
District
Mboza
Location
haul road
166
Affected
Economic Activities
Authority Matrix
Vulnerable Groups
House & Neighbourhood
Social Cohesion
Problem Tree A
- Main: agriculture (maize,
peanut, millet, cow pea,
sweet potato, cassava)
cattle
breeding
fishing
- production & sale of coal,
firewood, straw mat
4
neighborhoods
Vertical authority matrix:
1.
community
leader
nfumo (solve problems)
2.
deputy
leader
3.
Chefe
da
Zona
(disseminate
info)
4.
Chefe Quarteirão (solve
daily
issues)
5.
Chefe
OMM
There used to be a court
chief, but retired & was not
substituted.
5
neighbourhoods
608
residents
1.
Community
leader
2.
Chefe
Quarteirão
3.
Chefe
10
casas
4. Secretário partido +
Adjunto
Secretário
5.
Community
police
(under community leader)
6. Chefe OMM & adjuntas.
Orphan children
- 3 rooms (living + 2 bedrooms).
Mud and stick. - yard: kitchen,
granary
(front),
latrine,
bathroom, krall (chicken, goat,
pig, cow) (back). All reed except
kitchen
(mud
and
stick)
- neighbours: relatives, good
relations
Conflicts
(domestic
violence,
drunkenness,
fight) solved internally.
- in-kind contribution by
relatives in times of grief.
- Project to c
coordinate wi
- Community: c
resettlement (w
not removal)
project: prioritize
local labour &
needs. Avoid
- Social infras
hospital, school
market
- Elderly, orphan,
handicapped
- 4 room (living, parents
bedroom, children's bedroom,
pantry).
Mud
and
stick
- no fencing, but trees
neighbours:
relatives,
community members. Good
relations.
- Conflicts and crisis
solved
internally.
- Address so
community.
- one must take
(mutual respect)
false
- "So far so
towards project.
Directly
- Main: agriculture (onion,
tomato,
maize,
bean,
cabbage, sugar cane,
banana, potato, sweet
potato,
tobacco)
cattle
breeding
- fishing
TengeMakodwe
Moatize
Concession
area
Directly
166
Community
District
Mbuzi
Location
Affected
Economic Activities
Authority Matrix
Vulnerable Groups
Social Cohesion
Problem Tree A
cabbage, garlic, tomato,
onion, cow pea, butter
bean, cassava, peanut,
lady'
fingers,
lettuce,
sweet potato, caphodza,
tobacco)
fishing
- production & sale of coal
5
neighbourhoods
1.
Community
leader
(govern).
2. Religious leader/ deputy
community leader (solve
conflicts).
3. 1º
Secretário
Partido
(propaganda)
4. OJM Chief (mobilize
youth)
5. Chefe do quarteirão
(solve
daily
issues)
6.
Chefe
10
casas
(disseminate information)
3
neighbourhoods
Locality Chief (n'fumo),
Leader
with
Deputy
Leader.
Chefe
de
Quarteirão
Chefe 10 casas.
Elderly
- 4 rooms (living room, parents
bedroom, girls bedr, boys bedr).
Boys older than 9 years live in
separate room outside in the
yard.
Sticks.
- yard: eating area, granary
(front), bathroom w/ latrine, krall
(pigs, goat, duck, chicken, cow),
chicken
hen
(back).
- neighbours: relatives. Good
relations.
- Conflicts and crisis
solved
internally.
Mutua
Clear,
re
communication &
community
company's role
contribution)
Set up an in
meeting,
with
agenda
- Company:
labour & addre
(health post,
- If problems
causes and solu
Elderly,
unemployed youth
- Funeral: cash/ in kind
support from community
members
- 2008 flood:
community
members
chipped in and bought
maize together
Mutua
- Early com
consultation to
needs,
com
community's
Respect
commencement
activity
- Company to s
needs
- Community to
labour
2 neighbourhoods , blocks
(40
houses)
26
local
leaders:
1 nfumo/ 1º escalão
3 nhankawa/ 2º escalão
10 nhankawa/ 3º escalão
1 chief + 12 chefe de
quarteirão
Elderly,
handicapped,
persons
- 3 rooms, mud and stick
(parents bedroom, children's
bedroom, living room). Children
9 years & older: separate room
in
the
yard.
- outside yard: kitchen, latrine,
bathing room, kralls (goat, cow,
pig) (back), granary, chicken hen
(front).
- yard not fenced (but limited by
trees)
neighbors:
relatives.
Good
relations.
- 2 room house (living +
bedroom), mud and stick with
thatched
roof
- children +7 years old: separate
house (1 room), boys & girls
separate
- outside
yard: kitchen (w/water storage),
latrine,
bathroom,
granary,
sanitary landfill, krall (all reed)
- yard fenced with plant
neighbours: good relations
United
community,
neighbours gather to chat
at night, support in times
of grief
- follow
leaders,
expect
their
orientation
´- Project: ans
needs (school, h
cell phone netw
police station)
Government to
human resourc
services
employ
respect
lo
- allocate subs
(support compan
Directly
Agriculture
(main,
consumption)
cattle
breeding
- fishing (consumption)
- production and sale of
coal
Chianga
Directly
- Main: agriculture (men,
women, children)
Muchena
Chiúta
Directly
167
'lazy'
Community
Nhambia
District
Location
168
Affected
Economic Activities
Authority Matrix
Vulnerable Groups
Social Cohesion
Problem Tree A
sorghum, millet, peanut,
cow pea, pumpkin, lady's
fingers, cabbage, tobacco,
potato, sweet potato).
cattle
breeding
- fishing
4
neighbourhoods
213
residents
Vertical authority matrix;
1.
Community
leader
(Nhakwawa, govern) and
court
chief
(solve
conflicts).
2. Deputy leader (docs)
(deputy
leader)
4. Chefe 10 casas (4):
mobilize population
5
neighbourhoods
582
residents
1.
Community
leader
(Nhakwawa,
gather/
disseminate info) and
court chief (nkulo wa kote,
solve
conflicts).
2. Deputy leader (docs)
(solve
problems)
4. Chefe 10 casas:
mobilize population
Elderly,
orphan
children,
handicapped.
- 3 room, mud and stick (parents
living
room)
- yard: kitchen, latrine, bathing
room, kralls (goat, cow, pig)
(back), granary, chicken hen
(front).
- yard not fenced (limited by
trees)
neighbours: relatives. Good
relations.
- Conflicts solved through
customary
court
whole
community
participates,
and
contributes to, sacred
ceremonies & celebrations
- in-kind support from
community members in
times of grief (death, fire)
- Elderly, orphan
children, widow and
handicapped
- 3 room, mud and stick (parents'
living room) with verandah
- outside yard: kitchen, latrine,
bathing room, krall (s) (goat,
cow, pig) (back), granary,
chicken
hen
(front).
- fenced yard (reed, sticks)
neighbors: community members,
not relatives. Good relations.
- Community members
participate and contribute
to celebrations, sacred
ceremonies
- conflicts solved through
customary court
4
neighbourhoods
1.
Community
leader
2.
community
police
3. Neighborhood secretary
4. 1º secretário partido
5.
Chefe
OMM
6.
Chefe
quarteirão
7. Chefe 10 casas
Handicapped
- 2 room (living + bedroom)
- yard: kitchen, granary (front),
latrine, bathroom, krall (pig,
goat, cow), chicken hen (back).
no
fencing
- neighbours: mostly relatives,
good relations
Conflicts
solved
internally
(hunger,
drunkenness,
domestic
problems)
whole
community
participates,
and
contributes to, sacred
ceremonies & celebrations
- Project; priorit
of local labour,
infrastructure (
water pumps, s
orphan
- community role
for
constructio
infrastructure.
concerned abo
(fertile land, rive
not want to lea
location with sam
- Project: consu
'things
th
- concerned
communication
Must treat Mata
treat Tenge
(employment,
infrastructure)
Social infrastru
water pumps,
roads, cell ph
transport, supp
bank
- community role
(masons, carpen
- Consultation
- project to add
social needs (he
cell
phone
Avoid
fa
- Respect loc
- Community c
occupation of s
project
- Community to
labour
Directly
Main:
agriculture
(sorghum, millet, butter
bean, pumpkin, peri peri,
cucumber, cassava, sweet
potato,
peanut).
- But drought: famine,
children drop out of
school; HH buy food in
Tete.
- fishing
Matacale
Directly
millet, sorghum, peanut,
cow pea, sugar cane, boer
bean,
cassava)
- cattle breeding
fishing
- production & sale of coal
Massamba
Indirectly
168
Appendix E: Household Survey Questionnaire
169
170
Questionário Nº: |__|__|__|
QUESTIONÁRIO AO AGREGADO FAMILIAR
INSTRUÇÕES PARA O ENTREVISTADOR:
 Peça para falar com o/a chefe do agregado familiar ou com a sua esposa/ o seu esposo e solicite o seu
consentimento para fazer a entrevista.
 O questionário deve, de preferência, ser ministrado simultaneamente ao/à chefe do agregado familiar e à sua
esposa/ao seu esposo. Se só um estiver disponível, fale apenas com ele (ela). Se nenhum deles estiver
disponível, informe o Supervisor disto. O Supervisor deve avaliar a possibilidade de reunir com eles noutro
lugar ou aguardar que eles cheguem à casa.
INTRODUÇÃO:
Bom dia/boa tarde. O meu nome é ………………………………………. e sou entrevistador/a da COWI, uma empresa de
pesquisa Moçambicana. A COWI foi contratada pela Capitol Resources, uma empresa mineira baseada na cidade de
Maputo e com escritório em Tete, para fazer um estudo social na área do projecto de mineração de ferro, nos distritos
de Chiúta e Moatize. O objectivo deste estudo é obter uma melhor compreensão das condições socioeconómicas dos
agregados familiares que vivem na área do projecto. As suas respostas serão usadas para preparar um relatório que
caracterizará as condições de vida das famílias que vivem na área do projecto, mas permanecerão confidenciais. A sua
participação é muito valiosa para o estudo e apreciaríamos se você e/ou a sua esposa gastasse (m) algum tempo
connosco e nos dissesse(m) como você(s) e o seu(vosso) agregado familiar vive(m).
FOLHA DE CONTROLO:
CÓDIGO DO QUESTIONÁRIO:
|_||_| / |_||_| / |_||_| / |_||_| / |_||_||_| / |_| Baseado no Indexador
Distrito
Código do Entrevistador:
Código do Supervisor:
Código do Digitador dos
Dados:
Código do Revisor de
Dados:
PA
Tipo Infra. Nr. Cadas. Nr.Infra.
Anexo
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
Data da entrevista:
Data da revisão:
Data da entrada de dados:
|__|__|/|__|__|/|__|__|
|__|__|/|__|__|/|__|__|
|__|__|/|__|__|/|__|__|
|__|__|
Data da
dados:
|__|__|/|__|__|/|__|__|
validação
dos
170
171
IDENTIFICAÇÃO DO AGREGADO FAMILIAR:
Coordenadas do Agregado Familiar
Distrito
Posto Administrativo
Localidade
x |__|__| |__|__| |__|__|
y |__| |__|__| |__|__| |__|__|
1 – Chiúta
|__|
2 – Moatize
1 – Kazula
|__|
2 – Zobue / Moatize
|__|
1 – Muchena
2 – Samoa/Moatize-sede
Vila/Povoado/Bairro
Quarteirão
Nº da Casa
Nome do chefe do agregado familiar
Nome pelo qual o chefe do agregado familiar é
mais conhecido na área
Nome do respondente
Relação do respondente com o chefe do
agregado familiar
|__|__|
1. Chefe do agregado familiar (CAF)
2. Esposa do CAF
3. Filho/filha do CAF
4. Genro/Nora do CAF
5. Pai/Mãe do CAF
6. Padrasto/Madrasta do CAF
7. Sogro /Sogra do CAF
8. Irmão/irmã do CAF
9. Avô/Avó do CAF
10. Neto/Neta do CAF
11. Sobrinho/Sobrinha do CAF
12. Adoptado/criado por/enteado do CAF
13. Outro parente do CAF
(especificar)_________________________
171 / 210
172
A
COMPOSIÇÃO DO AGREGADO FAMILIAR
Instruções para o entrevistador:
 Liste todas as pessoas do agregado familiar, desde a mais velha à mais nova. Não esqueça de incluir bebés, crianças pequenas e a pessoa entrevistada.
 “Membro do agregado familiar”: todas as pessoas que comem ou contribuem para a mesma panela, quer presentemente vivam ou não em casa.
#
Nome do membro do
agregado familiar
A1. Relação com o chefe do
agregado familiar
A2.
Sexo
A3. Idade
(anos)
A4.
Estado Civil
A5.
Residência
A6. Nível de educação mais
elevado que completou
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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14
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
|__|__|
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1. Masculino
2. Feminino
|__|__|
|__|
1.Solteiro
2.Casado pelo civil
3.Casado pela igreja
4.Casado
25
A7. Número total de
pessoas do agregado
familiar
|__|__|
1. Chefe do agregado familiar
(CAF)
2. Esposa do CAF
3. Filho/filha do CAF
99. Não sabe
|__|
1.A viver em casa
2.Ausente a
trabalhar noutro
ponto do país
|__|__|
1. Nenhum
2. Sabe ler e escrever o seu
nome e alguns números
3. Jardim infantil/ Escolinha
172
173
#
Nome do membro do
agregado familiar
A1. Relação com o chefe do
agregado familiar
|__|__|
4. Genro/Nora do CAF
5. Pai/Mãe do CAF
6. Padrasto/Madrasta do CAF
7. Sogro /Sogra do CAF
8. Cunhado/ Cunhada
9. Irmão/irmã do CAF
10. Avô/Avó do CAF
11. Neto/Neta do CAF
12.Sobrinho/Sobrinha do CAF
13.Adoptado/criado
por/enteado do CAF
A2.
Sexo
A3. Idade
(anos)
A4.
Estado Civil
tradicionalmente
5.Casado com
cerimónias mistas
(civil e/ou igreja
e/ou tradicional)
6.Casado de facto
(vivem juntos)
7.Separado/divorcia
do
8.Viúvo(a)
14.Outro parente do CAF
(especificar)____________
15.Sem parentesco com o CAF
173 / 210
A5.
Residência
3.Ausente a
trabalhar fora do país
4.Ausente a estudar
noutro ponto do país
5.Ausente a estudar
fora do país
6.Ausente
temporariamente
por outras razões
(especificar)
A6. Nível de educação mais
elevado que completou
4. Primário (1ª – 7ª classe)
5. Secundário I (8ª–10ª classe)
6. Secundário II (11ª-12ª classe)
7. Formação Profissional/ Nível
Básico (8ª – 10ª classe)
8. Formação Profissional/ Nível
Técnico (11ª-12ª classe)
9. Universitário
99. Não sabe
174
B
CARACTERÍSTICAS DO CHEFE DO AGREGADO FAMILIAR
 Assinale com [x] a opção correcta nas questões com códigos.
B1. Qual é a língua materna do CAF?
[01] Nhúnguè
[02] Sena
[03] Ndau
[04] Tawara
[05] Português
[98] Outra (especificar) _____________________________________
B2. Qual a principal religião professada pelo agregado familiar?
[01] Nenhuma
[02] Católica
[03] Protestante (especificar: Luterana, Anglicana, Metodista) _________________________________
[04] Evangélica (especificar) ___________________________
[05] Zione
[06] Animista
[07] Muçulmana
[08] Testemunha de Jeová
[98] Outra (especificar) ______________________________________
B3. Quantas esposas, ou esposos, tem o CAF?
|__|__|
Registe 00 se o CAF não tiver esposas ou esposos (CAF é solteiro, separado/divorciado ou viúvo).
Se o CAF não tiver esposas/esposos ou tiver apenas uma esposa/ esposo passe para a Secção C.
B4. As esposas ou esposos vivem todas(os) no mesmo terreno?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
174
175
C
EDUCAÇÃO
 Liste por favor todas as crianças em idade escolar (dos 6 aos 15 anos de idade)
 Providencie informação baseada na lista da Secção A acima, i.e. os números atribuídos aos membros do agregado familiar na primeira tabela devem
permanecer os mesmos ao longo do questionário.
#
C1. A criança está
actualmente matriculada
C2. Em que nível de educação
está a criança matriculada?
C3. A que distância fica, a pé, a escola
onde a criança está matriculada?
na escola?
C4. Como vai a criança
para a escola
C5. Porque é que a criança não está
matriculada na escola?
habitualmente?
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
12
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
13
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
14
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
15
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
175 / 210
#
C1. A criança está
actualmente matriculada
176
C2. Em que nível de educação
está a criança matriculada?
C3. A que distância fica, a pé, a escola
onde a criança está matriculada?
na escola?
1. Sim
2. Não
3. Não está em idade
escolar
pergunta C5
Se [3] Não está em idade
escolar: passe para a
pessoa seguinte
C5. Porque é que a criança não está
matriculada na escola?
habitualmente?
01. Jardim infantil/ Escolinha
02. Primário (1ª – 7ª classe)
03. Secundário (8ª – 10ª classe)
04. Secundário (11ª-12ª classe)
05. Formação Profissional do
Nível Básico (8ª – 10ª classe)
06. Formação Profissional do
Nível Técnico (11ª-12ª classe)
99. Não sabe
Se [2] Não: passe para a
C4. Como vai a criança
para a escola
1. Menos de 5 minutos
01. A pé
01. Já não tem idade
2. Entre 5 e 30 minutos
3. Mais de 30 minutos
02. De bicicleta
03. Carro pessoal
02. É muito jovem
03. Não consigo pagar as despesas
04. Transporte gratuito em
veículo motorizado privado
04. A escola fica muito longe
05. Casou-se
05. Transporte pago em
06. Está a trabalhar
07. Não quer estudar
06. Transporte público por
estrada (TPM)
08. Já atingiu o nível de educação que
pretendia
07. Transporte público
ferroviário
98. Outro motivo (especificar)
__________________________________
98. Outro (especificar)
_______________________
99. Todas as crianças em idade escolar
estão matriculadas.
176
177
D
SAÚDE
D1. Você ou algum dos membros do seu agregado familiar contraiu alguma destas doenças no último ano:
Doença
Contraída
D2. Qual foi a primeira medida
D3. Porque é que o doente
D3.a- A que
D3.b- Quanto
D3.c-Pagam para
tomada para tratar a doença?
não foi levado a uma
Unidade Sanitária (US) para
distância se
situa a unidade
tempo levam
para chegar à
pelos cuidados de
saúde na unidade
tratamento?
Só para doenças não
sanitária (posto
de
unidade sanitária
(posto de
sanitária?
tratadas na unidade
sanitária
saúde/hospital)
mais próxima?
saúde/hospital)
mais próxima, à
pé?
1.
Malária/febre
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
2.
Diarreia
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
3.
Constipação/Gripe
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
4.
Tosse
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
5.
Sarampo
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
6.
Tuberculose
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
7.
Dor de dentes
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
8.
Doença da pele/ Erupção cutânea
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
Doença dos ouvidos, nariz ou
garganta
10. Outra (especificar)
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
9.
|__|__|
|__|__|
Se [2] Não, passe para a
doença seguinte. Não
01. Dar muita comida e água
02. Remédio caseiro
01. Não há US na área
02. A US fica muito longe e
1. Menos de
1km
1. Menos de 5
minutos
responda às perguntas
D2 e D3.
03. Médico tradicional
04. Unidade Sanitária (US)
não há transporte
03. A US não tem pessoal
2. Entre 1 a 2km
3. Entre 3 a 5km
2. Entre 5 e 30
minutos
05. Farmácia
06. Ir à Igreja / Mesquita /Rezar
médico
04. É muito caro
4. Entre 5 a
10km
3. Entre 30
minutos a 1 hora
07. Nenhuma
05. Não havia necessidade
de tratamento
5. Mais de 10km
4. Entre 1 a 2
horas
__________________________
06. Não tinha ninguém para
ir comigo
Se [4].Unidade Sanitária: não
07. A doença não era grave,
177 / 210
5. Mais de 2 horas
[1] Sim
[2] Não
178
responda D3 e passe para a
doença seguinte
achei que podia tratar
sozinho/a em casa
08. Prefiro ir ao curandeiro
98. Outro motivo
(especificar)
_______________________
178
179
Você ou algum dos membros do seu agregado familiar sofre de:
 Considere todos os membros do agregado familiar
 Providencie informação baseada na lista da Secção A acima, i.e. os números atribuídos a cada membro do
agregado familiar na primeira tabela devem permanecer os mesmos nesta tabela.
Nr do membro do agregado
D4. Doença Crónica
1
I__I__I____________________________
D5. Deficiência
I__I__I
2
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
3
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
4
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
5
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
6
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
7
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
8
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
9
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
10
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
11
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
12
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
13
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
14
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
15
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
16
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
17
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
18
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
19
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
20
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
21
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
22
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
23
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
24
I__I__I____________________________
I__I__I
25
I__I__I____________________________
1. Nenhuma doença crónica
2. Dores permanentes
3. Tosse persistente
4. Problemas de pele (feridas, erupções)
5. Problemas de sangue
6. Problemas nos ossos
7. Convulsões
8. Asma/ problema respiratório
I__I__I
1. Nenhuma deficiência
2. Deficiência física
3. Deficiência auditiva
4. Deficiência visual
5. Deficiência mental
6. Deficiência múltipla
98. Outra (especificar no espaço do
membro do agregado)
D6. Quantas crianças morreram no agregado familiar antes dos 5 anos de idade?
|__|__| Rapazes |__|__| Raparigas
179 / 210
180
Se 00 para ambos, verifique se a D8 se aplica e faça essas perguntas, caso não se aplique, isto é, caso ela não
seja mãe de família, passe para a D13
D7. Quais foram as causas principais da sua morte?
|_________________________________________________| Rapazes
|_________________________________________________|
|_________________________________________________|
|_________________________________________________| Raparigas
|_________________________________________________|
|_________________________________________________|
D8. Para a mãe da família apenas: Com que idade teve o seu primeiro filho?
I__I__I anos
Registe 00 se nunca teve filhos e passe para a pergunta D13.
99. Não sabe
Para a mãe da
família apenas:
Na sua última
gravidez...
D9. Teve alguma
consulta de controle pré-
D10. Na consulta prénatal, deram-lhe
D11. Na consulta prénatal, fez teste de HIV-
natal?
comprimidos para não
apanhar malária?
SIDA?
I__I
1. Sim
2. Não
I__I
1. Sim
2. Não
Se 2. Não, passe para a
pergunta D13
I__I
1. Sim
2. Não
D12. Onde fez o parto do
bebé?
I__I
1. Unidade Sanitária
pública
2. Unidade Sanitária
privada
3. Em casa
_____________________
D13. Já ouviu falar de uma doença chamada malária?
[01] Sim
[02] Não
Se 2. Não, passe para a pergunta D15.
D14. Como é que se apanha malária?
[01] Picada de mosquito
[02] Picada de mosca
[03] Apanhar sol
[04] Apanhar chuva
[05] Apanhar frio
[06] Beber água suja
[07] Meio ambiente sujo (lixo, água estagnada)
[08] Por outra pessoa que tem malária
180
181
[09] Não sei
[98] Outro (especificar)__________________________________________________________
D15. O agregado familiar usa rede mosquiteira para dormir?
[01] Sim → Passe para pergunta D17
[02] Não
D16. Se não usa rede mosquiteira para dormir, qual a razão?
[01] Não temos rede mosquiteira
[02] É difícil comprar (é muito cara/ não há à venda)
[03] Não gosto de dormir com rede mosquiteira
[04] Usamos outra coisa
[05] Não é preciso usar rede
[06] Não há mosquitos
[07] Não sei
[98] Outro (especificar)__________________________________________________________
D17. Já ouviu falar de uma doença chamada HIV-SIDA?
[01] Sim
[02] Não
Se 2. Não, passe para a Secção E.
Pode-se...
D18. Proteger do HIV-SIDA mantendo somente um parceiro sexual?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
D19. Apanhar HIV-SIDA através da picada do mosquito?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
D20. Proteger do HIV-SIDA usando preservativo?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
D21. Apanhar HIV-SIDA por partilhar um prato de comida com uma pessoa seropositiva?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
D22. Proteger do HIV-SIDA através da abstenção sexual (não ter relações sexuais)?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
D23. Apanhar HIV-SIDA por feitiço?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
D24.Transmitir HIV-SIDA da mãe para o bebé?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
D25. Tomar algum medicamento para curar o HIV-SIDA?
[1] Sim
[2] Não
181 / 210
182
E
OCUPAÇÃO E EMPREGO
 Preencha a tabela para todos os membros do agregado
 Providencie informação baseada na lista da Secção A acima, i.e. os números atribuídos aos membros do
agregado familiar na primeira tabela devem permanecer os mesmos ao longo do questionário.
#
E1.
Situação de Emprego
E2. Ocupação Principal
Para os Membros Empregados
E3. Tipo de E4. Rendimento Mensal Médio
Empregador
1
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
2
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
3
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
4
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
5
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
6
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
7
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
8
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
9
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
10
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
11
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
12
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
13
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
14
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
15
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
16
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
17
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
18
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
19
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
20
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
21
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
22
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
23
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
24
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
25
|__|__|
1. Criança (com menos de
5 anos)
2. Estudante
|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
3. Com emprego formal
(contrato formal e salário
regular)
4. Com emprego informal
(sem contrato nem acordo
formal)
5. Trabalhador sazonal
6. Trabalho por conta
própria
|__|__|
Passar para F1…
1.Agricultura
2. Pesca
1. Governo
2. Empresa
Risque se 0,00 MT
Passar para F1…
3. Artesanato
privada
4. Trabalho doméstico
3. Individual
Se Não sabe, escreva 99 no
5. Comércio (loja)
6. Comércio (barraca ou outro
4. Trabalho por
conta própria
espaço dos centavos
negócio informal)
7. Comércio ambulante ou no
5. Parente (com
remuneração)
chão
8. Trabalhador não qualificado
6. Parente (sem
remuneração)
(sem habilidade - ex. guardador
carros, cobrador)
182
183
#
E1.
Situação de Emprego
E2. Ocupação Principal
7. Desempregado
(procurando activamente
emprego)
8. Doméstico (não
procurando emprego)
9. Reformado(recebe
Passar para F1…
9. Trabalhador qualificado
(com habilidade, trabalha por
Passar para F1…
conta própria - mecânico,
electricista, carpinteiro, etc)
Passar para F1…
10. Profissional (com contrato
formal - professor, enfermeiro,
pensão)
10. Incapacitado e não
empregado
Para os Membros Empregados
E3. Tipo de E4. Rendimento Mensal Médio
Empregador
contabilista, etc)
Passar para F1…
___________________________
183 / 210
184
F
RENDIMENTO ADICIONAL E DESPESAS
F1. Indique por favor se no mês anterior o seu agregado familiar teve acesso às seguintes fontes de
rendimento:
 Considere todas as fontes de rendimento, mesmo que já tenham sido mencionadas na Secção anterior.
F2. Rendimento
obtido
Fonte de Rendimento
F3. Montante do rendimento
obtido no mês anterior
F4. Frequência do
rendimento
1. Ordenado/salário
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
(provém de um contrato formal)
2. Remessas de valores
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
3. Pensão/ Reforma
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
4. Poupanças
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
5. Aluguer de casas /quartos /anexos
/terrenos
6. Venda de água
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
7. Venda de carvão
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
8. Venda de lenha
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
9. Venda de bebidas
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
10.
Venda de culturas de rendimento
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
11.
Venda de vegetais
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
12.
Venda de fruta
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
13.
Venda de animais
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
14. Venda de produtos de origem animal
(leite, ovos, carne, etc.)
15. Venda de peixe
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
16.
Venda de material de construção
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
17.
Loja
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
18.
Barraca
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
19.
Venda ambulante
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
20. Extracção de
construção
21. Artesanato
areia/pedra
para
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
22.
Mecânico
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
23.
Electricista
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
24.
Trabalho na construção civil
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
25.
Outra (especificar)
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
26.
Outra (especificar)
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
27.
Outra (especificar)
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
|__|__|
Assinale com [x] a
Risque se 0,00 MT
opção correcta.
1. Diária
2. Semanal
3. Quinzenal
Se [2] Não: passe para
a Fonte de Rendimento
Se Não sabe ou não quer
responder, escreva 99 no espaço
4. Mensal
5. Semestral
seguinte e não
responda a F3 e F4.
dos centavos
6. Anual
7.Irregularmente/quando
arranjo trabalho
_____________________
184
185
F5. Quem decide como gastar o dinheiro do rendimento da família?
Instrução ao entrevistador: seleccione só uma opção.
[01] CAF
[02] Esposa/o do/a CAF
[03] CAF e Esposa/o
[04] Todos os membros do AF
[05] Cada pessoa decide como gastar o seu próprio rendimento
[98] Outro: especificar ___________________________
F6. Indique por favor se, no mês anterior, o seu agregado familiar gastou algum dinheiro nos seguintes itens:
Instrução ao entrevistador: leia em voz alta os itens um por um.
Item de despesa
F7. Despesa no mês anterior
F8. Dinheiro gasto no mês
anterior
1. Carne/ peixe
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
2. Cereais (arroz, milho, etc.)
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
3. Outros produtos alimentares (vegetais,
açúcar, óleo, etc.)
4. Produtos de higiene
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
5. Água
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
6. Electricidade
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
7. Outra fonte de energia (petróleo, gás,
carvão, etc.)
8. Despesas com telefone/telemóvel
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
9. Transporte (incluindo combustível para
carro pessoal)
10. Roupa
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
11. Despesas com educação (propinas
escolares, fardas, livros)
12. Despesas médicas
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
13. Mobiliário ou outro equipamento
doméstico
14. Construção de novos edifícios ou
melhoramentos na vivenda
15. Renda da casa
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
16. Despesas agrícolas (sementes,
fertilizantes, etc.)
17. Manutenção do carro
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
18. Outra despesa importante
(especificar)________________________
(especificar)________________________
(especificar)________________________
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
F9. O chefe do agregado familiar tem uma conta bancária?
[1]Sim
[2] Não
Se [2] Não, passe por favor para a Secção G.
F10. Em que banco está aberta a conta?
___________________________________
185 / 210
186
____________________________________________________________________________________
G
BENS
G1. Algum dos membros do agregado familiar possui alguns dos bens listados abaixo?
 Assinale com [x] a opção correcta.
 Considere apenas bens que estejam em uso e estejam em funcionamento.
 Todas as linhas devem ser preenchidas, seja qual for a opção.
1.
Bem
Rádio/Aparelhagem de música
Posse
Quantidade
Principal utilizador
[1] Sim
2.
Televisão
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
[2] Não
|__|__|
3.
Vídeo/Leitor de DVD e CD
|__|__|
4.
Telefone/Telemóvel
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
5.
|__|__|
Relógio de pulso/Relógio
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
6.
Cama (não apenas colchão ou esteira)
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
7.
Fogão eléctrico
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
8.
Fogão a gás
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
9.
Ferro de engomar
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
10.
Frigorífico/ geleira
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
11.
Congelador
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
12.
Máquina de costura
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
13.
Charrua
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
14.
Enxada
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
15.
Machado
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
16.
Carro de bois
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
17.
Tractor
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
18.
Bicicleta
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
19.
Motocicleta
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
20. Veículo motorizado (automóvel, camião,
machimbombo, camioneta, etc.)
21. Bomba de água
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
22.
Outro bem importante (especificar)
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
23.
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
24.
[1] Sim
[2] Não
|__|__|
|__|__|
1. CAF
2. Esposa/o do/a CAF
3. Filhos do/a CAF
4. Todos
186
187
H
PROPRIEDADE
H1.
Há quanto tempo é que você e o seu agregado familiar vivem nesta casa? (anos)
|__|__|
H2.
Como é que adquiriu cada um dos componentes da propriedade?
Instruções para o entrevistador: escreva o código da opção correcta para cada um dos componentes da propriedade.
Componente da propriedade
1. Casa principal
Modo de aquisição
|__|__|
2. Quarto(s)
|__|__|
3. Cozinha
|__|__|
4. Latrina
|__|__|
5. Casa de banho
|__|__|
6. Casa para banho
|__|__|
7. Casa espiritual
|__|__|
8. Celeiro
|__|__|
9. Capoeira
|__|__|
10. Pocilga
|__|__|
11. Curral
|__|__|
12. Varanda
|__|__|
13. Vedação
|__|__|
14. Garagem
|__|__|
15. Barraca/loja
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
[01] Autoconstrução
[02] Compra
[03] Herança
[04] Recebido como donativo
[05] Recebido como empréstimo
[06] Aluga (paga renda)
[98] Outro (especificar)
__________________________________
H3.
Qual é o valor aproximado da casa?
Instruções para o entrevistador: para ajudar o entrevistado pergunte “Se você quisesse vender a propriedade, quanto
pensa que ela podia valer?”.
|__|__|__|.|__|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|__| MT
Se não sabe, escreva 99 no espaço dos Centavos.
Se não paga renda, passe para Secção I.
H4.
Para aqueles que pagam renda, registe por favor a periodicidade:
[01] Mensal
[02] Trimestral
[03] Semestral
[04] Anual
[98] Outra (especificar) __________________________________
187 / 210
I
188
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA HABITAÇÃO
I1. Qual é a forma da casa principal da propriedade?
[1] Redonda
[2] Quadrangular (quatro lados iguais)
[3] Rectangular
[4] Em forma de L
I2. Qual é o principal material de construção do chão da casa principal e como é que o adquiriu?
Instruções para o entrevistador: seleccione só uma opção.
Material
Modo de aquisição
1. Barro/Terra
|__|__|
2. Cascalho
|__|__|
3. Cimento
|__|__|
4. Tijolo
|__|__|
5. Ladrilhos
|__|__|
|__|__|
[01] Comprado
[02] Extraído localmente
[03] Outro (especificar)____________________________
I3. Qual é o principal material de construção das paredes da casa principal e como é que o adquiriu?
Material
1. Blocos de betão
Modo de aquisição
|__|__|
2. Tijolos de barro
|__|__|
3. Tijolos queimados
|__|__|
4. Pau Maticado
|__|__|
5. Estacas de madeira (não maticadas)
|__|__|
6. Estacas de bambu (não maticadas)
|__|__|
7. Caniço/ outra vegetação
|__|__|
8. Plástico/ outro material sintético
|__|__|
|__|__|
[01] Comprado
I4. Qual é o principal material de construção do tecto da casa principal e como é que o adquiriu?
Material
1. Chapas de zinco/ferro
Modo de aquisição
|__|__|
2.
Madeira
|__|__|
3.
Madeira e chapas de zinco/ferro
|__|__|
4.
Telha
|__|__|
5.
Betão
|__|__|
6.
Colmo/ caniço
|__|__|
7.
Plástico/ outro material sintético
|__|__|
8.
Outro (especificar)
|__|__|
188
189
[01] Comprado
I5. Qual é o principal material de construção da vedação e como é que o adquiriu?
 seleccione só uma opção.
 Se não tem vedação, escreva 00.
Material
1. Cimento
Modo de aquisição
|__|__|
2.
Plantas
|__|__|
3.
Arame farpado
|__|__|
4.
Chapas de zinco/ferro
|__|__|
5.
Madeira
|__|__|
6.
Outro (especificar)
|__|__|
7.
Não tem vedação
|__|__|
[01] Comprado
I6.
Quantas janelas tem a casa?
|__|__|
Se não tem janelas, escreva 00 e passe para I8.
I7. Qual é o principal material das janelas e como é que o adquiriu?
Material
1. Vidro
Modo de aquisição
|__|__|
2.
Rede Mosquiteira
|__|__|
3.
Vidro e rede mosquiteira
|__|__|
4.
Madeira
|__|__|
5.
Pano
|__|__|
6.
Outro (especificar)
|__|__|
[01] Comprado
I8.
As paredes estão pintadas?
[01] Sim, totalmente
[02] Sim, parcialmente
[03] Não
I9.
Quantos quartos/compartimentos compõem a habitação?
Compartimentos
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sala de Estar
Sala de Jantar
Quartos de dormir
Casa de banho
Casa para banho
Latrina
Número
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
189 / 210
190
Compartimentos
Número
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
7. Cozinha
8. Celeiro
9. Capoeira
10. Pocilga
11. Curral
12. Casa espiritual
13. Garagem
14. Barraca/ loja
15. Outro compartimento (especificar o uso)
Número total de compartimentos
I10. Qual é a principal fonte de água do agregado familiar?
Fonte de Água
Para Consumo Humano
1. Água
canalizada
na
[1] Sim [2] Não
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
casa/quintal (torneira)
Água canalizada de vizinhos
Tanque de água no quintal
(água comprada fora)
Poço/furo no quintal
Poço/furo privado
Poço/furo público/ bomba
manual/fontanário
Rio/lago
__________________________
Para Cozinhar
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[1] Sim
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[2] Não
[1] Sim
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[2] Não
[1] Sim
[1] Sim
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[2] Não
[2] Não
[1] Sim
[1] Sim
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[2] Não
[2] Não
[1] Sim
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[2] Não
[1] Sim
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[2] Não
I11. Com que periodicidade o agregado familiar vai buscar água fora da habitação?
[01] Mais do que uma vez por dia
[02] Todos os dias
[03] Dia sim, dia não
[04] 2-3 vezes por semana
[05] Uma vez por semana
[06] 2-3 vezes por mês
[07] Uma vez por mês
[08] Nunca (usa água da habitação, não tem de ir buscar água fora)
I12. Quanto tempo gasta para ir buscar água? (minutos)
Instruções ao entrevistador:
 meia hora = 30 minutos, 1 hora = 60 minutos, 2 horas = 120 minutos
 Se o agregado não busca água fora da habitação, escreva 00 e passe para I14.
|__|__|__|
190
191
I12.a Qual é a distância para a fonte de água mais próxima?
[01] Menos de 1km
[02] Entre 1 a 2km
[03] Entre 3 a 5km
[04] Entre 5 a 10km
[05] Mais de 10km
I13. Que meio de transporte usa para ir buscar água?
[01] A pé
[02] Bicicleta
[03] Carro próprio do agregado familiar
[04] Boleia/ Transporte gratuito em veículo motorizado privado
[05] Transporte pago em veículo motorizado privado
[06] Transporte público (machimbombo)
[98] Outro (especificar)_______________________
I14. Como é que o agregado familiar guarda a água para beber?
[01] Em qualquer recipiente, por exemplo um balde ou caixa
[02] Num balde ou bidon que só uso para a água
[03] Não guardo água
I15. Antes de beber a água, dá-lhe algum tratamento?
[01] Nenhum tratamento
[02] Ferver
[03] Certeza ou cloro
[04] Colocar a água num recipiente e deixar baixar a sujidade
[05] Usar um filtro de água
I15.a. Sabe de alguma doença relacionada com água da qual você ou a sua família tem sofrido?
[01] Sim
[02] Não
Se não, assinale e passe para I16.
I15.a.a. Se sim, essa(s) doença(s) ocorre durante todo o ano?
[01] Sim, ocorre todo o ano
[02] Não, ocorre uma vez à outra
I16. Qual é a fonte principal de combustível para iluminação do agregado familiar?
[01] Electricidade
[02] Petróleo
[03] Capim
[04] Madeira/ Lenha
[05] Velas
[06] Lanterna
[07] Bateria/ painel solar
191 / 210
192
I17. Quais as instalações sanitárias que o agregado familiar tem e usa?
[01] Casa de banho e WC dentro de casa
[02] Latrina simples no quintal
[03] Latrina para necessidades e para banho no quintal
[04] Latrina/WC do vizinho
[05] Terreno/mato a céu aberto
I18. Aqui em casa usam sabão ou cinza para lavar as mãos?
[01] Sim
[02] Não
I19. Como é que o agregado familiar se desfaz do seu lixo?
[01] Enterra-o no quintal
[02] Queima-o no quintal
[03] Despeja-o num caixote de lixo/ contentor/ lixeira pública (fora de casa)
[98] Outro (especificar) __________________________________
I20. Como é que o agregado familiar trata as fezes das crianças?
[01] Deita na latrina/ criança usa a latrina
[02] Deita no lixo da casa
[03] Enterra no quintal da casa
[04] Queima no quintal
[05] Deita numa vala/ caixote de lixo/ contentor/ lixeira pública (fora de casa)
[05] Deixa a céu aberto/ não faz nada
192
193
J
AGRICULTURA
Liste por favor toda a terra possuída (mesmo que não esteja a ser usada actualmente) ou normalmente usada pelo agregado familiar:
#
J1.
Nome do
terreno /talhão
J2.
o
Localizaçã
J3.
Tamanh
o aproximado
J4.
o
Proprietári
J5.
Acordo de
utilização
J6.
Principal
forma
de
irrigação
J7.
Principa
l
cultura
cultivada
J8. Uso
principal da
colheita
J9.
A
machamb
a foi
usada na
última
época
agrícola?
J10. Quantidade
aproximada produzida
na última época
agrícola
Quantidade
Unidade
s
s
1
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
2
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
3
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
J11. Rendimento obtido
no último ano, resultante
da venda da principal
cultura
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|_
_| MT
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|_
_| MT
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|_
_| MT
4
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|_
_| MT
5
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|_
_| MT
6
|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|,|__|_
_| MT
J12. Número
total
de
terrenos/talhõ
es
|__|__|
1. Dentro do
01. meio
1. CAF
01.
1. Água da chuva
1. Feijão
1. Consumo
1. Sim
1. Saco de 100 Kg
quintal
campo de
2. Outro membro
02. Uso do
2. Poço
2. Milho
do agregado
2. Não
2. Saco de 90 Kg
2. A menos de
futebol (CF)
do agregado
agregado
3. Bombagem do
3. Arroz
familiar
30 minutos de
02. 1 CF
familiar
familiar
rio /lago/
4. Mandioca
2. Troca
Se 2 Não
4. Lata de 25 L
casa
03. 2 CF
3. Outro parente
03.
barragem
5. Amendoim
3. Venda
passe
5. Carroça
3.30 min -1h de
04. 3 CF
(não membro do
a meias
98. Outra
6. Abóbora
4. Consumo
para a
distância de casa
05. 4 CF
agregado
04. Espaço
(especificar)
7. Tomate
do agregado
machamb
_______________
4.1h - 2h de
06. 5 CF ou
familiar)
cedido sem
______________
8. Batata
familiar e
a seguinte
distância de casa
mais
4. Outro: não
renda
_
9.Batata doce
venda
e não
5. Mais de 2 h
99.
parente
05.
10.Cana
98. Outro
responda
de distância de
sabe
alugado/ cedido
açúcar
(especificar)
J10 e J11
com renda
11. Cebola
__________
98.
12. Hortícolas
_
casa
Não
Habitação
Plantação
Espaço
Outro
(especificar)
3. Saco de 50 Kg
98.Outra
193 / 210
Risque se não vendeu nada
194
______________
(especificar)
_
____________
_
Se 1: Habitação
99.
passe para o
Machamba
terreno seguinte
fora de uso
e não responda
de J6 a J11
J13. Há comida suficiente na sua comunidade?
[01] Sim  passe para J15
[02] Não
194
195
J14. Quais são os meses que passam fome na sua comunidade?
Meses
Passam fome
Janeiro
[1] Sim [2] Não
Fevereiro
[1] Sim [2] Não
Marco
[1] Sim [2] Não
Abril
[1] Sim [2] Não
Maio
[1] Sim [2] Não
Junho
[1] Sim [2] Não
Julho
[1] Sim [2] Não
Agosto
[1] Sim [2] Não
Setembro [1] Sim [2] Não
Outubro
[1] Sim [2] Não
Novembro [1] Sim [2] Não
Dezembro [1] Sim [2] Não
J15. Vocês produzem a vossa alimentação ou compram?
[01] Produzimos parte e compramos parte
[02] Produzimos toda e não compramos
[03] Compramos toda e não produzimos
J16. De que é composta a vossa dieta alimentar?
Instruções para o entrevistador: não leia as opções
[01] Feijão
[1] Sim [2] Não
[02] Farinha de milho
[1] Sim [2] Não
[03] Arroz
[1] Sim [2] Não
[04] Mandioca
[1] Sim [2] Não
[05] Amendoim
[1] Sim [2] Não
[06] Abóbora
[1] Sim [2] Não
[07] Tomate
[1] Sim [2] Não
[08] Batata
[1] Sim [2] Não
[09] Batata-doce
[1] Sim [2] Não
[10] Cana açúcar
[1] Sim [2] Não
[11] Hortícolas/verduras
[1] Sim [2] Não
[12] Carne
[1] Sim [2] Não
[13] Peixe
[1] Sim [2] Não
[14] Ovo
[1] Sim [2] Não
[15] Fruta
[1] Sim [2] Não
[15]Outra (especificar)
[1] Sim [2] Não
________________
195 / 210
196
K
ÁRVORES
Indique por favor quantas das seguintes árvores o agregado familiar possui actualmente, onde estão
localizadas, a sua idade média e o seu uso:
#
K1. Tipo
árvore
de
K2. Número
aproximado de
árvores possuídas
K3. Localização da
maioria das árvores
K4. Idade
média
K5. Uso
K6. Rendimento
obtido com árvores no
ano anterior
1
Laranjeira
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
2
Limoeiro
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
3
Coqueiro
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
4
Cajueiro
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
5
Mangueira
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
6
Bananeira
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
7
Papaieira
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
8
Tangerineira
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
9
Eucalipto
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
10
Moringa
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
11
Canhueiro
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
12
Abacateira
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
13
Mafurreira
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
14
Outra (especificar)
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
_______________
15
Outra (especificar)
_______________
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
16
Outra (especificar)
_______________
|__|__|
|__|
|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
99. Não sabe
Se nenhuma,
1. Dentro do quintal
da habitação
1. Muda com
menos de 3
01. Consumo do
agregado familiar
registe 00 →Passe
para a árvore
2. Na machamba
3. Noutro
anos
2. Nova
02.
98.
seguinte e não
responda de K3 a
terreno/talhão do
agregado
3. Adulta(pico
de produção)
(especificar)
_______________
K6.
4. Na terra de outra
pessoa
4. Velha
99.
Risque se não vendeu
nada
Venda
Outro
Nenhum
L
ANIMAIS
Indique por favor quantos dos seguintes animais o agregado familiar possui actualmente, o seu uso e onde se
localiza o pasto:
#
L1.
Tipo de animal
L2. Número
aproximado
de
animais possuídos
L3.
Principal uso do animal
L4.
Pasto
L5. Rendimento obtido
com animais no ano
anterior
1
Galinha
|__|__|
|__|__|
Passar para L5
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
2
Coelho
|__|__|
|__|__|
Passar para L5
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
3
Peru
|__|__|
|__|__|
Passar para L5
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
4
Pato
|__|__|
|__|__|
Passar para L5
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
5
Pomba
|__|__|
|__|__|
Passar para L5
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
6
Porco
|__|__|
|__|__|
Passar para L5
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
7
Cabrito
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
8
Ovelha
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
9
Vaca/ boi
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
10
Burros
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
196
197
#
L1.
Tipo de animal
L2. Número
aproximado
de
animais possuídos
L3.
Principal uso do animal
L4.
Pasto
L5. Rendimento obtido
com animais no ano
anterior
12
Outro (especificar)
__________________
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
13
Outro (especificar)
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|.|__|__|__|MT
__________________
Não considere gatos
Se nenhum, registe
01.
Consumo do agregado
01.
ou cães
00 e passe para o
animal seguinte.
familiar
02. Venda/ aluguer
agregado familiar
02. Pasto do agregado
Não responda de L3
a L7.
03.
04.
familiar
03. Pasto/terra comuni-
Trabalho agrícola
Consumo e venda
__________________________
Machamba/terreno do
Risque se não vendeu
nada
tária
_______________________
Se 00 a tudo, passe para a secção M
L6. Alguma vez um dos seus animais ficou doente?
[1] Sim [2] Não
Se [2] Não, passe para a Secção M
L7. Especifique por favor a doença:
_________________________________________________________________________
M MOVIMENTO E ACESSO A SERVIÇOS E RECURSOS
Tome por favor em consideração cada um dos serviços/instalação/recursos listados abaixo que são usados
pelo agregado familiar:
Serviços/instalação/recursos
M1. Você, ou algum membro do
seu agregado familiar, usa algum
dos serviços/instalação/recursos
listados?
M2. Quanto tempo
demora, em minutos,
desde a habitação até ao
serviço/instalação/recurso?
M3. Qual o principal meio
que você ou os membros do
seu agregado familiar utilizam
para chegar até ao
serviço/instalação/ recurso?
1.
Escola primária
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
2.
Escola secundária
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
3.
Centro de formação profissional
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
4.
Centro de saúde/ Hospital
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
5.
Igreja/mesquita
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
6.
Armazém/lojas
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
7.
Mercado para comprar mercadorias
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
8.
Mercado para vender mercadorias
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
9.
Moagem
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
10. Paragem de machimbombo/chapa
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
11. Estação de caminho de ferro
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
12. Combustível para cozinhar
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
13. Água
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
14. Terreno para cultivar
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
15. Polícia
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
16. Banco
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
17. Administração /Governo Local
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
18. Outra (especificar)_______________
[1] Sim
[2] Não
[9]
|__|
|__|__|
Marque [9] com [x] se o serviço
1. Nenhum
01. A pé
197 / 210
198
não é usado porque não existe
2. Menos de 5 minutos
02. Bicicleta
Se [2] ou [9] passe para o próximo
3. Entre 5 e 30 minutos
4. Entre 30 minutos e 1
03. Carro pessoal
04. Transporte gratuito
hora
5. Mais de 1 hora
05. Transporte pago em veículo
serviço e não responda M2 e M3.
em
motorizado privado
06. Transporte público (TPM)
07. Comboio
__________________________
M4. Qual é o tipo de estrada que vai até à próxima vila/bairro?
[01] Asfaltada
[02] Areia/lama/ terra batida
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
M5. Sobre a deslocação dos membros do agregado familiar:
 Preencha a tabela para todos os membros do agregado
 Providencie informação baseada na lista da Secção A acima, i.e. os números atribuídos aos membros
do agregado familiar na primeira tabela devem permanecer os mesmos ao longo do questionário.
 Seleccione só uma opção.
M6. Principal meio de
M7. Frequência da
M8. Destino da
M9. Razão da
transporte usado
deslocação
deslocação
deslocação
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
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|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
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|__|__|
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|__|__|
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|__|__|
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|__|__|
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|__|__|
|__|__|
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|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
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|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
|__|__|
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|__|__|
[01] A pé
[02] Bicicleta
[03] Carro pessoal
[01] Todos dias
[02] Algumas vezes por
semana
[01] Dentro do
bairro
[02] Outro bairro
[01] Ir a machamba
[02] Trabalhar
[03] Estudar
198
199
[04] Transporte gratuito em
[05] Transporte pago em
[06] Transporte público
[07] Comboio
[98] Outro
N
[03] Uma vez por semana
[04] 2-3 vezes por mês
[05] Uma vez por mês
[06] Algumas vezes por
ano
[07]Irregularmente
(quando necessário)
[98] Outro (especificar)
__________________
[03] Localidade
[04]
Posto
Administrativo
[05] Sede do
distrito
[06] Cidade mais
próxima
[04] Fazer negócios
[05] Comprar
[06] Ir ao hospital
[07] Ir à igreja
[08] Visitar
família/amigos
[09] Passear/lazer
[98] Outro
(especificar)
_____________
LOCAIS SAGRADOS, RELIGIOSOS E CAMPAS
Fale-nos por favor sobre quaisquer campas que pertençam ao seu agregado familiar e onde se localizam.
Se NÃO tiver campas escreva 00 na primeira linha, risque os espaços restantes e passe para N3.
#
N1. Número de campas
N2. Onde se localizam
1 – Dentro do quintal da casa
2 – Fora do quintal da casa
1
|__||__|
|__|
2
|__||__|
|__|
3
|__||__|
|__|
4
|__||__|
|__|
5
|__||__|
|__|
N3. O agregado familiar possui outros locais sagrados ou religiosos?
[01] Sim
[02] Não
Se [2] Não, passe para a Secção O
N4. Onde está(ão) localizado(s)?
#
N5. Nome/identificaçã
o do local sagrado
N6. Onde se localizam
1 – Dentro do quintal da casa
2 – Fora do quintal da casa
1
|__|
2
|__|
3
|__|
4
|__|
5
|__|
O
GESTÃO DE CONFLITOS E FONTES DE INFORMAÇÃO
O1. Quais são hoje em dia as suas três principais preocupações no que respeita à sua comunidade?


Seleccione no máximo três opções

NÃO leia as opções em voz alta.
Escreva o número de cada resposta válida na coluna "Opinião" e deixe em branco as opções não
mencionadas
Preocupações
1. Falta de oportunidades de emprego
Opinião
2. Falta de oportunidades de negócio
|__|
3. Falta de mercados/lojas
|__|
4. Falta de insumos agrícolas
|__|
|__|
199 / 210
200
5. Fome
|__|
6. Falta de Unidades Sanitárias
|__|
7. Má qualidade dos serviços prestados nas Unidades Sanitárias
|__|
8. Falta de escolas
|__|
9. Má qualidade dos serviços prestados nas escolas
|__|
10.Falta de transporte
|__|
11.Más estradas/ estradas em mau estado de manutenção
|__|
12.Falta de água/ difícil acesso a água/ água de má qualidade
|__|
13.Falta de energia/ difícil acesso a energia/ energia de má qualidade
|__|
14.Crime
|__|
15. Outra preocupação (especificar)
|__|
16. Outra preocupação (especificar)
|__|
O2. A quem pede ajuda quando tem um conflito com outras pessoas da comunidade?
[01] Chefe da Aldeia/Chefe de Quarteirão
[02] Secretário do Bairro
[03] Tribunal Comunitário
[04] Régulo/ Chingore/ Chefe de Terras/ N’fumo
[05] Curandeiro
[06] Líder religioso
[07] Parente/ membro da família
[08] Polícia
[09] Ninguém
O3. Qual a pessoa ou meio de informação em que você mais confia para darem informação exacta
sobre coisas importantes que acontecem na sua comunidade?
[01] Administrador Distrital
[02] Chefe do Posto
[03] Chefe da Localidade
[04] Secretário do Bairro
[05] Chefe da Aldeia/ Chefe de quarteirão
[06] Anciãos
[07] Régulo/ Chingore/ Chefe de Terras/ N’fumo
[08] Curandeiro
[09] Líder religioso
[10] Parente/ membro da família
[11] Amigos/vizinhos
[12] Rádio
[13] Televisão
200
201
P
PERDAS E GANHOS DE RECURSOS COMUNAIS
P1. Todos os projectos trazem coisas boas e coisas más. Na sua opinião, que coisas boas podem acontecer
com o projecto de mineração do ferro?
Avalie por favor numa escala de 1 a 5, onde 1 = é totalmente improvável, 2 = não é provável, 3 = manter-se-á
na mesma, 4 = relativamente provável, 5 = muito provável.
 escreva 9 se o entrevistado não sabe ou não tem opinião.
 Leia cada opção em voz alta para o entrevistado.
Recursos
1. Oportunidades de emprego
Opinião
1
2
3
4
5
9
2.
Oportunidades de negócio
1
2
3
4
5
9
3.
Mais infra-estruturas
1
2
3
4
5
9
4.
Alfabetização (mais escolas)
1
2
3
4
5
9
5.
Saúde (mais postos de saúde)
1
2
3
4
5
9
6.
Transporte e comunicação (abertura de estradas)
1
2
3
4
5
9
7.
Acesso a água (mais poços, bombas)
1
2
3
4
5
9
8.
Acesso a energia
1
2
3
4
5
9
9.
Outros recursos importantes para a comunidade (especificar)
1
2
3
4
5
9
10. Outros recursos importantes para a comunidade (especificar)
1
2
3
4
5
9
P2. Na sua opinião, que coisas más podem acontecer com o projecto de mineração do ferro?
Avalie por favor numa escala de 1 a 5, onde 1 = é totalmente improvável, 2 = não é provável, 3 = manter-se-á
na mesma, 4 = relativamente provável, 5 = muito provável.
Instruções para o entrevistador
 escreva 9 se o entrevistado não sabe ou não tem opinião.
 Leia cada opção em voz alta para o entrevistado.
Recursos
1. Terra de cultivo (menos terra/ ficar sem terra de cultivo)
1
2
Opinião
3
4
5
9
2. Terra de pastagem (menos terra/ ficar sem terra de pastagem)
1
2
3
4
5
9
3. Plantas medicinais (acesso mais difícil, menos locais para sua extracção)
1
2
3
4
5
9
4. Material de construção (acesso mais difícil para sua extracção)
1
2
3
4
5
9
5. Acesso a água (acesso mais difícil)
1
2
3
4
5
9
6. Oportunidades de negócio (menos oportunidades)
1
2
3
4
5
9
7. Transporte e comunicação (maior dificuldade de circulação/ mobilidade)
1
2
3
4
5
9
1
2
3
4
5
9
1
2
3
4
5
9
Q
PERCEPÇÃO DO PROJECT0
Q1. Qual é a sua opinião geral sobre este projecto de mineração do ferro?
Instrução para o entrevistador: seleccione só uma opção.
[1] Estou muito feliz com ele
[2] Estou feliz com ele
[3] Espero para ver  passe para Q3
[4] Não estou feliz com ele  passe para Q3
[5] Não estou nada feliz com ele  passe para Q3
[9] Não tenho opinião  passe para Q3
201 / 210
202
Q2. Porque é que se sente feliz com o projecto?
 Não leia em voz alta as opções listadas abaixo.
 Seleccione até 3 opções .
Teremos:
[01] Empregos
[02] Hospitais
[03] Estradas
[05] Escolas
Q3. Qual é a sua principal preocupação no que respeita ao projecto?
 Seleccione só uma opção.
 Escreva o número de cada resposta válida na coluna "Opções" e deixe em branco as opções não
mencionadas.
Razões
1. Vão levar o nosso ferro e a comunidade não vai ganhar nada
Opções
2. Não serão pagas compensações satisfatórias pelos prejuízos
I__I__I
3. Vamos ter de sair e não há áreas de substituição tão boas como esta
área
4. Não vai dar trabalho à mão de obra local
I__I__I
5. O meio ambiente será afectado negativamente
I__I__I
6. Serão rompidas as estruturas e relações comunitárias
I__I__I
7. Haverá mais acidentes durante a construção
I__I__I
8. Os meios de subsistência das pessoas serão afectados negativamente
(especificar
porquê)_____________________________________________
98. Outra
(especificar)___________________________________________
I__I__I
I__I__I
I__I__I
I__I__I
R
PREFERÊNCIAS DE COMPENSAÇÃO
R1. Não está confirmado que o projecto requeira que alguns agregados familiares sejam deslocados.
Todavia, no caso de uma casa/construção e/ou parte(s) dela ter de ser deslocada ou deitada abaixo, o que é
que prefere como compensação pela perda sofrida?
Instrução para o entrevistador: Seleccione só uma opção.
[01] Substituição por uma nova construção
[02] Materiais de construção
[03] Pagamento em dinheiro
R2. Se a sua terra for afectada pelo projecto, o que é que prefere como compensação pela perda?
[01] Terra de substituição
202
203
R3. Se as suas culturas forem afectadas pelo projecto, o que é que prefere como compensação pela sua
perda?
[01] Quantidade equivalente do produto esperado no fim da campanha
[02] Assistência para cultivar um local alternativo
[99] Não tem culturas afectadas
R4. Se as suas árvores forem afectadas pelo projecto, o que é que prefere como compensação pela sua
perda?
[01] Mudas de substituição
[99] Não tem árvores afectadas
S
PREFERÊNCIAS DE MUDANÇA DE LOCAL
S1. Se você e o seu agregado familiar tiverem de ser mudados para outro local, onde seria o melhor local
para irem, de forma a vocês poderem manter o vosso nível de vida actual?
Instrução ao entrevistado: se ainda não pensou ou não sabe, passe para o desenho da casa.
___________________________________________________________________________________
S2. Porque é que escolheu esse local?
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
S3. A que distância fica esse local de onde se situa actualmente o seu agregado familiar?
[1] Menos de 1 km/meia hora a pé
[2] 1 a 5 km/entre meia hora e duas horas a pé
[3] Mais de 5 km/mais de duas horas a pé
S4. Há alguma coisa que precise de ser feita nesse local, de forma a torná-lo mais atraente para as pessoas
que foram deslocadas para lá?
 Escreva o número de cada resposta válida na coluna "Necessário" e deixe em branco as opções não
mencionadas.
 Múltiplas respostas possíveis.
Melhoramentos
1. Escolas
Necessário
I__I__I
2. Unidades sanitárias
I__I__I
3. Bombas de água públicas
I__I__I
4. Sistema de água canalizada
I__I__I
5. Energia
I__I__I
6. Mercados
I__I__I
7. Transporte
I__I__I
8. Estradas
I__I__I
9. Banco
I__I__I
10.
I__I__I
Polícia
11. Outro (especificar)________________________________
I__I__I
I__I__I
I__I__I
203 / 210
204
DESENHO DA CASA
COMENTÁRIOS ADICIONAIS RELEVANTES (DO ENTREVISTADOR)
204
205
Appendix F: Maps produced
1 – Location of the project
2 – Communities in the project area
3 - Mining companies neighbouring the project area
4 - Sacred sites and cemeteries mentioned by communities as not being transferable
5 – Roads and railways in the project area
205 / 210
206
206
207
207 / 210
208
208
209
209 / 210
210
210

Social Impact Assessment - Coastal and Environmental Services

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