04 Hartal_bangla (70_91) 6th.qxd

ivRbxwZ
evsjvG`Gk niZvj I Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK
ÞgZv KvVvGgv
evUÆ myBGK´Ö I AvBbyj Bmjvg
mvimsGÞc
niZvj@mvaviY agÆNU, AeGiva wKsev mÁ·ƒYÆ APjveÕ©v, evsjvG`Gki ivRbxwZi ‰KwU
ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ŠewkÓ¡Å| weGivax `jàGjv miKvwi `jGK PvGc ˆdjGZ niZvjGK ‰Kgvò
AejÁ¼b gGb KGi, wK¯§ evsjvG`wk gaÅweî ˆkÉYx ‰es Av¯¦RvÆ wZK `vZv msMVbàGjv
niZvjGK a»smvñK KgÆhæ wnGmGeB ˆ`GL| evsjvG`Gki Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvi
msMVGb niZvj KxfvGe ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi, Zv Õ©vbxq chÆvGq niZvj-cÉwò×qvi
Ici ài‚Z½ AvGivc KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| niZvjGK ‰KwU RwUj ivR‹bwZK KgÆwmw«¬
wnGmGe weGePbv KiGj ˆ`Lv hvq, niZvj Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK msMVKG`i Õ©vbxq
ÞgZvKvVvGgvGZ wbGRG`i AeÕ©vbGK cÉ`kÆb Kiv, eRvq ivLv ‰es D®²Z KiGZ AGbK
myweav cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| eüÕ¦Gii RbGMvÓ¤xi `†wÓ¡ AvKlÆY KiGZ cvivq niZvj ZvG`i
Õ©vbxq, AvçwjK I RvZxq chÆvGqi ivR‹bwZK ˆbZvG`i mGã myweavRbK c†Ó¤GcvlKZvi
mÁ·KÆ MGo ZzjGZ mnvqZv KGi| ‰me mÁ·KÆGK cÉwZÓ¤v I my`p† Kivi ˆÞGò Szwu K
ˆbIqvi BœQv ‰es niZvGj AskMÉnYKvixG`i A¯¦fî
Æz × Kivi mvg^ÆÅ, `ywU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ jÞY
wnGmGe KvR KGi| ‰B c†Ó¤GcvlKZv mÁ·GKÆi ˆÞGò ‰LvGb `yGy Uv welGqi Ici ài‚Z½
ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| hvi ‰KwU nGjv niZvGj AskMÉnYKvixG`i AvK‡Ó¡ Kiv ‰es AbÅwU
niZvGj Szwu K ˆbIqvi cÉeYZv| ‰ ˆÞGò, ivR‹bwZK ˆbZvG`i weGePbvq niZvj ˆQGo
‘Kg a»smvñK’ cÉwZevG`i aibGK MÉnY Kivi cÉGPÓ¡v Lye KgB AvK‡Ó¡ KGi|
gyLÅ kõàœQ: niZvj, agÆNU, Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv KvVvGgv, ivR‹bwZK
KgÆÞgZv, PëMÉvg, evsjvG`k
70
1. cÉviwÁ¿K K^v
Õ¼vaxbZvi ci ˆ^GK niZvj, mvaviY agÆNU, AeGiva ‰es mÁ·ƒYÆ APjveÕ©v
evsjvG`Gki ivRbxwZi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGq `uvwoGqGQ| me ˆ`vKvbcvU
I hvb PjvPj e®¬ ‰es RbRxeb mÁ·ƒYÆ wÕ¦wgZ nGq ˆMGj niZvjGK mdj aGi
ˆbIqv nq| ‰i gGaÅ mxwgZ cwimGi wiKkv PjvPj KiGZ ˆ`Iqv nq|
niZvGji gGZv mgw¯¼Z ivR‹bwZK KgÆKví D«¿e nGqwQj weËwUkweGivax
AvG±`vjGbi mgq| cieZÆx mgGq cvwKÕ¦vbweGivax AvG±`vjb ‰es Õ¼vaxbZvi ci
ŠÕ¼ivPvix kvmKG`i wei‚G«¬ niZvj eo aiGbi f„wgKv ˆiGLGQ| 1991 mvGji
ci ˆ^GK MYZvw¯¨K eÅeÕ©vGZI weGivax `Gji RbÅ niZvj myweavRbK AejÁ¼b
wnGmGe ZvG`i `vwe-`vIqv ÞgZvmxb `Gji KvGQ ˆcuŒQvGZ eÅen…Z nGqGQ|
evsjvG`Gki ivR‹bwZK eÅeÕ©vGZ AGNvwlZ c«¬wZwU nGjv weRqx ivR‹bwZK
`jB mewKQy cvGe| ‰wUB weGivax `jàGjvGK RvZxq msmG`i cwieGZÆ
ivRcG^i AvG±`vjbGK DrmvwnZ KGi ^vGK| niZvGji gGZv KvhÆKjvc
cÉvZÅwnK KvRKgÆ wewN³Z KGi eGj Av¯¦RvÆ wZK `vZv msÕ©v ‰es RvZxq chÆvGq
gaÅweî ˆkÉYx ‰i ZxeË wb±`v Rvbvq| cYÅ Drcv`b-cÉwò×qv ‰es ‰i Õ©vbv¯¦i
eÅvnZ Kivq niZvj A^ÆbxwZi RbÅ Pig ÞwZKi ‰KwU KgÆmwƒ P ‰es
ivR‹bwZK ˆkÉYxi RbÅ AeÞq wnGmGeB MYÅ nq| wK¯§ ‰B ˆÞvf ^vKvi ciI
niZvj ˆ^Gg ˆbB| weGivax `jàGjvi `vwe, ZvG`i Am¯§wÓ¡ RvbvGbvi RbÅ ‰wUB
‰Kgvò c¯©v; AbÅw`GK gaÅweî ‰wjU ˆkÉYx gGb KGi niZvGji gvaÅGg `wi`Ë
ˆkÉYxi AskMÉnY wbwøZ Kiv hvq eGjB niZvjeÅeÕ©v wUGK ^vGK|
ˆh welqwU wbGq ˆKvGbv weZKÆ ˆbB ˆmwU nGjv 1991 mvGj MYZvw¯¨K cÉwò×qvq
DîiGYi ci ˆ^GK niZvGji msLÅvMZ e†w«¬| Avwki `kGK niZvGji gvòv
bvUKxqfvGe ˆeGoGQ| ˆhLvGb 1947-1986 mvj chƯ¦ ˆgvU 203 w`b niZvj
WvKv nGqwQj, ˆmLvGb 1987-1990 mvGji gGaÅ 245 w`b niZvj cvwjZ nq,
hvi ˆewki fvMB ŠÕ¼ivPvi ‰ikvG`i kvmGbi wei‚G«¬| 1991 ˆ^GK 2002 mvGji
gGaÅ niZvj cvwjZ w`Gbi msLÅv nGqGQ AvKvkPzÁx¼ , 827 w`b| (BD‰bwWwc
evsjvG`k 2005)| 2002 mvGji ci AvR Aewa niZvGji aib, cwimi I
cÉwò×qvq eÅvcK cwieZÆb ‰GmGQ| ˆhvM nGqGQ AGbK wbZÅbZzb KviY| 20122013 mvGj niZvj AGbKUvB Õ©vbxqKiY nGqGQ| ‰Kmgq niZvj evÕ¦evqGbi
wbG`Ækbv AvmZ ˆK±`Éxq ivR‹bwZK chÆvq ˆ^GK| wK¯§ ‰Lb Õ©vbxq chÆvq ˆ^GKI
niZvj cvjGbi wbG`Ækbv ˆ`Lv hvq| cÉwò×qvMZ w`K ˆ^GK ‰GK ‰KwU eo
cwieZÆb ejv hvq (‰B welGq cieZÆx msLÅvq AvGjvPbv Kiv nGe|)
hvB ˆnvK, ò×geaÆgvbfvGe niZvGji ài‚Z½ evoGjI ‰B welGqi Ici
mywbw`ÆÓ¡ I weÕ¦‡Z MGelYv Lye KgB nGqGQ (ˆnvGmb 2000, gwbi‚ävgvb
2009, ivwk`yävgvb 1997, BD‰bwWwc evsjvG`k 2005)| ˆewki fvM
MGelYvB niZvjGK e†nîi cwimGi ˆ`LGZ ˆPGqGQ| ˆnvGmb (2000)
evsjvG`Gk niZvj I Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv KvVvGgv
71
ˆ`GLGQb niZvjGK ÞgZvmxb `j KZ‡ÆK ivÓ¡Çxq ÞgZvi ‰KGPwUqvKiY ‰es
mvg¯¦Zvw¯¨K ivR‹bwZK msÕ•‡wZi djvdj wnGmGe| wecixZfvGe
gwbi‚ävgvb (2005) gGb KGib, AvIqvgx jxM ‰es we‰bwci gaÅKvi
Av`wkÆK «¼±«¼B niZvGji KviY, hw`I Dwb gGb KGib ˆh `ywU `Gji gGaÅ
ò×GgB Av`wkÆK wgj NUGQ| ˆewki fvM weGkÏlK gGb KGib, evsjvG`Gk
niZvj ivR‹bwZK msÕ•‡wZi ˆÞGò Õ¼vfvweK fãyi AeÕ©vi ‰KwU wPò
(ivwk`yävgvb, 1997)| hw`I ‰B MGelYvàGjv MYZvw¯¨K ixwZbxwZi wePvGi
evsjvG`Gki ivR‹bwZK `jàGjvi Ici nZvkvi cÉwZdjb, wK¯§ Zuviv
‘msNvZgq ivRbxwZi’ Drcv`bkxj w`KwU weGePbv KGibwb| niZvj KxfvGe
msMwVZ nq, ‰B cÉwò×qvMZ welqwU eiveiB AbvGjvwPZ iGq ˆMGQ|
2005 mvGj BD‰bwWwc Beyond Hartal bvGg ‰KwU MGelYv cwiPvjbv KGi,
ˆhLvGb niZvGji BwZnvm I ‰i AbykxjGbi ‰KwU weÕ¦Z
‡ ‰es Mfxi chÆvGjvPbv
ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰LvGb `yRb ˆRÅÓ¤ mvsevw`K BivR AvnGg` ‰es ˆMvjvg gZzR
Æ v Õ©vbxq
chÆvGq ‰es evÕ¦weK AG^Æ niZvj KxfvGe msMwVZ nq, Zvi ‰KwU PgrKvi eYÆbv
ˆ`b| ‰ZrmGî½I, ‰B KvRwUI ‰B welGqi Ici AbÅvbÅ KvGRi gGZv ‰KB
RvqMvq AvGjvKcvZ KGiGQ ‰es Av¯¦RvÆ wZK mÁ·É`vq evsjvG`kGK ˆhfvGe
DcÕ©vcb KGi wVK ˆmfvGeB niZvjGK ˆ`Gki A^ÆbxwZ, wkÞveÅeÕ©v BZÅvw`i
ˆÞGò cÉwZe®¬KZv wnGmGe ˆ`GLGQ| meGkGl, Zviv niZvGji weK͸ mÁ¿vebvàGjv
D`&NvUb Kivi Ici ài‚Z½ AvGivc KGi| hw`I ‰B cÉGPÓ¡v AekÅB gƒjÅevb, ‰es
mvaviY gvbyl gGb KGiwQj 2007-08 mvGj niZvGji AbycwÕ©wZ ZvG`i RbÅ
Õ¼wÕ¦`vqK, Z`ycwi, niZvGji DcwÕ©wZGK ‰KwU AMYZvw¯¨K eÅvwa wnGmGe bv ˆ`GL
‰wUGK ‰KwU myweavRbK ivR‹bwZK DcKiY wnGmGe ˆ`Lv DwPZ|
ivR‹bwZK KgÆÞgZvi1 AvGjvPbvq AvMÉnx ˆewki fvM ˆjLK niZvjGK
ˆ`GL ‰KwU ‰KK KgÆÞgZv wnGmGe, ˆhwU ‰KB aiGYi cÉZxKx welqeÕ§mÁ·®²,
wK¯§ wekvj msLÅK gvbylGK cÉfvweZ KiGZ mÞg| Zuviv AGbKàGjv wbw`ÆÓ¡
welGq mxwgZ gGbvGhvM ˆ`b, ˆhàGjvi ivR‹bwZK KgÆÞgZv AGbK eÅvcK ‰es
DGókÅ eümsLÅK `kÆKGK AvK‡Ó¡ Kiv| niZvGji ‰B weGkl KgÆÞgZvi
w`KàGjv ‰B ˆjLvi cieZÆx AsGk AvGjvPbv Kiv nGe| cÉKZ
‡ cGÞ `ƒi ˆ^GK
ˆ`LGj gGb nq, niZvGj hviv AskMÉnY KGi Zviv wbw`ÆÓ¡ niZvj KgÆmwƒ P
(wjDKm 1975) ev welqeÕ§GZ (wUwj 1993) ‰KgZ| niZvGji msMVGbi
w`KwU ài‚Z½mnKvGi weGePbv KiGj weGkl mÞgZvi w`Kmgƒn, ZvG`i jÞÅeÕ§
‰es AviI Õ©vbxq chÆvGq ‰i KvhÆKvwiZv ˆevSv hvGe| Avgiv ˆRvGmd
‰GkwiGKi (2007:243) mGã ‰KgZ ˆh ivR‹bwZK KgÆÞgZv ivRbxwZGK
72
cÉwZwP¯¦v
`†kÅgvb KGi| ‰wU eü chÆvGqi ivR‹bwZK msMVGbi ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ ‰es
AvGjvPbviI `vwe ivGL| gyÁv¼ BGq wkeGmbvi ivRbxwZi Õ©vqx KgÆÞgZvi
weGkÏlGY ^gvm eÐg nÅvbGmb my±`ifvGe ˆ`wLGqGQb ˆh ‘Qwe I `†kÅ ŠZwi,
eî×GeÅi aib, ˆcvkvK ‰es MYgvbyGli AvPiY ‰KwU AvG±`vjb ev `jGK
mgy®Z
² KGi, Zvi m`mÅG`i msævwqZ KGi ‰es ‰Uvi ˆnZz ev wek¼ `kÆbGK
D®²Z KGi, Avi ‰me wbGqB ivR‹bwZK cvidigÅvwUwfwU MwVZ nq’ (nÅvbGmb
2004: 23)| ‰B msævi gaÅ w`Gq wZwb ivR‹bwZK KgÆÞgZvi AbÅvbÅ AGbK
weGkÏlGYi ˆPGq AvPiYMZ I mvgvwRK f„wgKvi welqeÕ§ A¯¦fî
Æz × KiGZ
AwaKZi mÞg nGqGQb| niZvjGK eySGZ nGj niZvGji mgGq AskMÉnYKvix
‰es msMVGKiv KxfvGe eü chÆvGqi jÞÅeÕ§GK ài‚Z½mnKvGi niZvj KgÆKvGí
A¯¦fî
Æz × KGi Zv gGbvGhvMmn Abyaveb KiGZ nGe| Avgiv wfbGm´Ÿ dPvGii
(2007: 120) ˆmGbMvGj cvwUÆ ˆmvkÅvwjÕ¡ AbyÓ¤vGbi AvGjvPbvi mGã ‰KgZ:
‘cvwUÆ ˆmvkÅvwjÕ¡GK mwVKfvGe eÅvLÅv KiGZ nGj eySGZ nGe ˆh ‰B AbyÓ¤vGb
ZvG`i gƒj DGókÅ nGjv Afů¦ixY ‰es ‰B AbyÓ¤vbwU nGjv Afů¦ixY cvwUÆ
ˆmvkÅvwjÕ¡ ivRbxwZi gƒj Dcv`vb|’
msGÞGc ejGZ ˆMGj ‰B cÉe®¬ `ywU gƒj hywî×i Ici wfwî KGi ‰wMGqGQ:
cÉ^gZ, niZvGji NUbv eySGZ nGj AvgvG`i ‰i weGkl KgÆÞgZvi w`KwU eySGZ
nGe| Avgiv hywî× ˆ`wLGqwQ ˆh niZvGji w`b KxfvGe Õ©vbxq ‰wjU ‰es niZvj
msMVGKiv KgÆÞgZv ˆ`Lvj ˆmUvi Ici ZvG`i ivR‹bwZK fwelÅr wbfÆi KGi|
‰ RbÅ niZvj ‰es niZvGj ˆh f„wgKv ivLv nq ˆmUv msMVKG`i ivR‹bwZK
fwelÅGZi wewf®² chÆvGqi mGã ‰es Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvq ‰wjUG`i ‘ˆeGo IVvi’
mGã mÁ·†î×| gƒjZ KZàGjv cÉZÅÞ KviY, ˆhgb `ËeÅgƒjÅ e†w«¬ wKsev miKvi
KZ‡K
Æ cÉYxZ AvBbKvbyGbi cÞ-wecÞGK ˆK±`É KGi, niZvj KgÆKví cwiPvwjZ
nGjI cÉKZ
‡ cGÞ niZvGji KgÆÞgZv AGbK Mfxi| niZvGji w`Gb weGkl KGi
Szwu K ˆbIqvi eÅvcvGi Kx aiGbi f„wgKv cvjb Kiv nq, Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvGZ
eÅwî× I ˆMvÓ¤xi fwelÅGZ ˆmUvi ‰KwU eo f„wgKv AvGQ|
w«¼ZxqZ, cÉ^g hywî×i mg^ÆGb ‰B weGkl KgÆÞgZvi wbw`ÆÓ¡ DGókÅ I
welqeÕ§i aib wbGq AvGjvPbv Kiv nGe| mv`v ˆPvGL niZvGji DGókÅ I
welqeÕ§ Lye cwiÓ•vi| ‰i DGókÅ nGjv RbRxeb wbq¯¨GY ÞgZvmxb `Gji
KvGQ weGivax `Gji Pjgvb ÞgZvGK cÉKvk Kiv| niZvj msMVbcÉwò×qv ‰es
niZvj msMVGb wewf®² KgÆGKi (actor) Ici `vwqZ½ fvMvfvwMi w`GK
fvGjvfvGe bRi w`Gj ˆ`Lv hvGe, DGókÅK‡Z welqeÕ§ ˆgvGUI ‰KwU bq|
niZvGji KZàGjv weGkl KgÆÞgZvGK eÅvLÅv KGi cieZÆx AsGk ˆ`LvGbv nGe
evsjvG`Gk niZvj I Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv KvVvGgv
73
niZvGji welqeÕ§ eü chÆvGqi, hvi mÁ·†î×Zv MvwYwZK AvKvGi e†w«¬ cvq|
‰B cÉe®¬wU 2011 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi-gvPÆ gvGmi gvV chÆvGqi MGelYvi
djvdj| MGelYvi DGókÅ wQj Õ©vbxq chÆvGq KxfvGe niZvj msMwVZ nq Zvi
‰KUv weGkÏlY `uvo KivGbv| ‰B MGelYvq XvKvi cÉavb Z^Å`vZvG`i
mvÞvrKviàGjvi (ivRbxwZK, mvsevw`K, MGelK I bvMwiK mgvR) mGã PëMÉvGg
Õ©vbxq chÆvGq niZvGj AskMÉnYKvix ‰es ‰jvKvevmxi mGã AbywÓ¤Z AbvbyÓ¤vwbK
‰es ˆdvKvm MÉ‚c AvGjvPbvi ‰KwU mg¯¼q iGqGQ| XvKvi ci PëMÉvgB cÉavb
niZvjcÉeY kni| ZvB cÉavb Z^Å`vZvG`i mGã K^v eGj ‰gb ‰KwU IqvWÆ
evQvB Kiv nGqGQ, ˆhLvGb niZvj msMVGb kni ˆKG±`Éi mGã KvQvKvwQ `ƒiGZ½i
nIqvq ‰es niZvGj cÉGqvRbxq ˆjvKej mnGRB ˆcGq hvIqvi myGhvM ^vKvq
‰Uv Õ©vbxq chÆvGq niZvj msMVb ˆevSvi ˆÞGò ‰KwU Av`kÆ RvqMv, ˆhwU
cvwKÕ¦vbweGivax AvG±`vjGbi ivR‹bwZK KgÆmwƒ Pi HwZnÅI enb KGi|
2. weRqxB me cvGe (winner-takes-all): evsjvG`Gk mvsNwlÆK ivRbxwZ
‰es niZvj
Õ¼vaxbZvi ci ˆ^GK evsjvG`k KLGbv ‰K`jxq kvmbeÅeÕ©vi AaxGb, Avevi
KLGbv mvgwiK I ŠÕ¼ivPvix miKvGii AaxGb AGbKUv mgq cvi KiGjI,
meGkGl 1991 mvGji ci ˆ^GK ‰KwU MYZvw¯¨K ˆ`k wnGmGe Avwef„ÆZ
nGqGQ| ˆmB ˆ^GKB ivR‹bwZK eÅeÕ©v cwiPvwjZ nGœQ AvIqvgx jxM I
we‰bwc bvgK `ywU ivR‹bwZK `Gji gvaÅGg ‰es `yB bvix ˆbòxi AGbKUv
eÅwî×MZ kvmGbi AaxGb| ‰KRb nGjb ˆkL nvwmbv, whwb wbnZ RvwZi wcZv
ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi KbÅv ‰es AvGiKRb LvGj`v wRqv, whwbI wbnZ mvGeK
mvgwiK ŠÕ¼ikvmK wRqvDi ingvGbi Õ¨x (KPvGbK 2000, fÅvb ˆkG´£j
2009)| hw`I ZxeË jovBGqi gvaÅGg wbeÆvPb nGœQ, Z^vwc kvmbÞgZv ‰B
`yB `Gji gGaÅB cvjve`j nGœQ| 1991 mvGji ci we‰bwc cÉ^g wbeÆvPGb
wRGZwQj, Zvi cGii wbeÆvPGb AvIqvgx jxM Rqjvf KGi ‰es Zvi ci ˆ^GK
ÞgZvi ‰B Pò×vKvi cvjve`jB PjGQ|
hw`I RbgGb ‰B wek¼vm RG¯ÃGQ ˆh ÞgZvi cvjve`Gj ‰KwU wÕ©wZkxj
I MYZvw¯¨K kvmbeÅeÕ©v cvIqv hvGe, Z^vwc weGivax `Gji fvlÅ cÉKvGki
ˆZgb ˆKvGbv myGhvM AvbyÓ¤vwbK ivR‹bwZK eÅeÕ©vq ˆbB ejGjB PGj|
evsjvG`Gki ivRbxwZGZ weRqx me cvGe gvbwmKZv weivRgvb, ˆhwUGK
XvKvq AewÕ©Z BbwÕ¡wUDU Ae MfbÆÅv´Ö Õ¡vwWR ZvG`i cÉfvekvjx ‘ˆÕ¡U Ae
MfbÆÅv´Ö’ cÉwZGe`Gb cvwUÆAvwKÆ eGj AvLÅvwqZ KGi:
74
cÉwZwP¯¦v
evsjvG`Gki kvmbeÅeÕ©vq ˆhLvGb weRqx Zvi ivR‹bwZK ˆgqv`KvGj
ÞgZvi ‰KK KZ‡Z
Æ ½ ˆfvM KGi, ˆmLvGb ÞgZvmxb `j ‰es Zvi Afů¦ixY
ˆbZ‡Z½ ivR‹bwZK ÞgZvi AcÉwZ«¼±«¼x ˆK±`É wnGmGe Avwef„Z
Æ nq| ‰B
Afů¦ixY Pò×wUi mgMÉ `j, AvBbmfv, msm`xq KwgwUmgƒn, cÉwKDiGg´Ÿ
bxwZmgƒn, D®²qb eivó, AvgjvZ¯¨ ‰es AvBbk†›Ljv iÞvKvix evwnbxi
Ici KvhÆZ KZ‡Z
Æ ½ iGqGQ| ‰Uvi AcÉwZ«¼±«¼x ÞgZv wKQyUv mxwgZ nq gvGS
gvGS DœPZi Av`vjZ ‰es mgq mgGq MYgvaÅg I bvMwiK mgvGRi
msMVbmgƒn KZ‡K
Æ MwVZ MY-wbixÞGYi gvaÅGg| (nvmvb 2006: 20)
ˆhGnZz AvbyÓ¤vwbK eÅeÕ©vq weGivax `Gji f„wgKv ivLvi myGhvM mxwgZ, 1991
mvGj MYZG¯¨ wdGi Avmvi ci ˆ^GK mvsNwlÆK ivRbxwZB evsjvG`Gki
ivR‹bwZK ŠewkÓ¡Å nGq `uvwoGqGQ (nvmvb 2006, KPvGbK 2000, gwbi‚ävgvb
2009, ingvb 2007)| hw`I weGkÏlKG`i gGaÅ ‰i wbw`ÆÓ¡ KviY mÁ·GKÆ w«¼gZ
iGqGQ, wK¯§ ˆewki fvMB ‰KgZ ˆh ivR‹bwZK mwnsmZv evsjvG`Gki
ivRbxwZi AbÅZg ŠewkÓ¡Å| ivR‹bwZK mwnsmZvi gvòv ‰es ivRcG^i
ivRbxwZi KviGY 2007 mvGji 11 Rvbyqvwi ˆ`Gk Ri‚wi AeÕ©v Rvwi Kiv nq
‰es 2007 ˆ^GK 2009 mvj chƯ¦ ˆmbv-mgw^ÆZ Zî½veavqK miKvieÅeÕ©v Pvjy
^vGK| niZvj ‰B mvsNwlÆK ivRbxwZi ‰KwU AbÅZg cÉavb DcKiY|
3. cÉ^g avc: niZvGji wÕ˜¶Ÿ/welqeÕ§
niZvj cvjGbi cÉ^g Õ¦Gi ˆhwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Zv nGjv KovKwofvGe wbqg ‰es
ˆKŒkjvw` ˆgGb Pjv (wUwj 1993, 2008)| ‰i gvGb nGjv niZvj
cvjbKvixiv ev msMVbKvixiv AvIqvgx jxM-we‰bwc ˆh `GjiB ˆnvK bv
ˆKb, Zviv ‰KBfvGe, ‰KB RvqMvq ‰es ‰KB `†kÅcU AbymiY KGi|2
hvG`i mvÞvrKvi MÉnY Kiv nGqGQ Zviv niZvGji cƒeÆ-gynƒGZÆ ‰es niZvj
PjvKvGj ‰KB aiGbi KvhÆò×Ggi K^v DGÍÏL KGiGQ| hviv niZvGj AskMÉnY
KGi bv, ZvivI Abygvb KiGZ cvGi niZvGji w`b Kx NUGe| ‰B Abygvb
niZvj mdj Kivi ˆÞGò cÉv^wgKfvGe ài‚Z½½cƒYÆ| eÕ§Z, ˆjvKRb ZvG`i
hvbevnb Pvjvq bv niZvj cvjbKvixiv R¾vwjGq w`GZ cvGi ‰B fGq,
ˆ`vKvwbiv ZvG`i ˆ`vKvb e®¬ ivGL niZvGj fvOPzGii fGq| ‰ RbÅ mvaviY
agÆNU Õ¼ZtÕ¹„ZÆ bq, AGbKUv AvGivwcZ| mvaviY gvbyl niZvGji wbqgbxwZ
RvGb ‰es ‰-I RvGb niZvGji wbG`Ækbv bv gvbGj ‰i cwiYwZ Kx nGe|
niZvj ÷i‚ nIqvi AGbK AvGM ˆ^GK fwelÅr niZvj mÁ·GKÆ Abygvb Kiv
÷i‚ nq| AvgvG`i cÉvq me Dîi`vZvB gGb KGi, wbeÆvPGbi ‰K-ˆ`o eQi
evsjvG`Gk niZvj I Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv KvVvGgv
75
AvGM ˆ^GK ˆh niZvj AvmGe Zv Rvbv mvaviY ævGbi eÅvcvi ‰es hZ wbeÆvPb
NwbGq AvmGe ZZB ‰i gvòv evoGZ ^vKGe| hLbB cÉZÅvkv Kiv nq ˆh niZvj
AvmGe, ZLbB msev`còàGjv niZvj mÁ·GKÆ msev` ‰es àRe QovGbv ÷i‚
KGi ‰es `Gji ˆbZviv ˆh niZvj wbGq AvGjvPbv KiGQb ˆm K^v QwoGq
ˆ`Iqv nq| meGkGl, `jxq ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆhw`b niZvj nGe Zvi cÉvq ‰K mµ¦vn AvGM
niZvGji ZvwiL ˆNvlYv KGib| e†nÕ·wZeviàGjvGK AwaK cQG±`i ZvwiL
wnGmGe aiv nq, KviY ‰i ci ˆ^GKB jÁ¼v mvµ¦vwnK QywU ÷i‚ nq@÷ò×evi ‰es
kwbevi ˆhGnZz mvµ¦vwnK QywUi w`b| niZvj ÷i‚ nIqvi ‰K mµ¦vn AvGM ˆ^GK
cywjk wKQy mycwiwPZ niZvj msMVbKvixGK ˆMɵ¦vi KiGZ ^vGK A^ev
niZvjcÉeY ‰jvKvàGjvGZ wbweÆPvGi ˆMɵ¦vi PvjvGZ ^vGK| niZvGji w`b Kx
NUGe, ˆmwUi RbÅ AvGMi ivZwU ài‚Z½cYƒ |Æ ˆm ivGZ, wKQy hyeK@Avgiv cGi
wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kie@ˆNvivGdiv KGi ‰es wKQy ˆ`kxq ŠZwi ˆevgv (KKGUj) weGÕ¹viY
NUvq ‰es evmmn wKQy hvbevnb fvOPzi KGi| niZvGj ‰B aiGbi mwnsmZv
LyeB Õ¼vfvweK ‰es ˆhme ‰jvKvq hvbPvwjZ ögGY ‰B aiGbi mwnsmZvi
Avkâv ˆewk ^vGK, ˆmw`K w`Gq AcÉGqvRbxq hvZvqvZ cwinvi Kiv nq|
niZvGji w`bàGjvGZ eügyLx KvhÆò×Ggi gaÅ w`Gq AvbyÓ¤vwbKZv PjGZ
^vGK| ‰i gGaÅ ˆ`vKvbcvU AekÅB e®¬ nGq hvq ‰es mvaviY mgGq RbvKxYÆ
I UÇvwdK-RÅvGg cwicƒYÆ knGii ivÕ¦vNvUI Lvwj nGq hvq| UÇvwdK RÅvg cwicƒYÆ
ivÕ¦vNvU mÁ·ƒYiÆ …Gc Lvwj ˆ`LGZ A«¿Z
z I fxwZKi gGb nq| ‰KwU Aei‚«¬
AeÕ©v AbyfZ
„ nq| w«¼ZxqZ, AvGMB DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ ˆh niZvjKvixiv
knGii wKQy ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ Õ©vb `Lj KGi ˆbq| wKQz wKQy RvqMv cÉZxKxi w`K
ˆ^GKI ài‚Z½cYƒ ,Æ KviY cvwKÕ¦vb ‰es ‰ikv`weGivax AvG±`vjGb ‰àGjv
niZvj msMVGbi ˆÞGò ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ wQj| wKQy ˆjvK ˆMvÓ¤xMZfvGe AvkcvGk
ˆNvivGdiv KGi ‰es ˆhme hvbevnb niZvj AgvbÅ KGi ivÕ¦vq ˆei nGqGQ
ˆmàGjvGK ^vwgGq ˆ`q| cÉvqB ˆhme hvbevnb niZvGji WvKGK DGcÞv
KGiGQ ‰es ˆhme ˆ`vKvbcvU ˆLvjv nGqGQ ˆmàGjvGK fvOPzi KGi| Z‡ZxqZ,
‰K ev ‰KvwaK wgwQj ˆei Kivi gvaÅGg mvaviY gvbylGK niZvj
cvjbKvixG`i kwî×i Rvbvb ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰me wgwQj Õ©vbxq ev RvZxq
ivRbxwZwe`G`i eî×eÅ ˆ`Iqvi gaÅ w`Gq ˆkl nq ‰es cÉvqB mwnsmZvq i…c
ˆbq| mwnsmZvi mgq `ywU cÉavb welq ˆPvGL cGo: ‰KwU nGjv hLb niZvj
mg^ÆGKiv ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ RvqMvq ˆhGZ Pvq ev mdj niZvj mÁ·v`b KiGZ Pvq
ZLb ÞgZvmxb ˆRvGUi ˆgvZvGqb Kiv cywjk evwnbx evav cÉ`vb KGi|
mvÞvrKvi`vZvG`i ˆKD ˆKD gGb KGi cywjk BœQv KGiB mwnsmZv DmGK
76
cÉwZwP¯¦v
w`GZ Pvq, hvGZ KGi weGivax `Gji mwnsm i…c gvbyl ˆ`LGZ cvq| Avi
AvGiKwU AeÕ©vi m†wÓ¡ nq hLb niZvj mg^ÆKGMvÓ¤x ‰es ÞgZvmxb `Gji
mg^ÆKG`i3 niZvjweGivax ˆMvÓ¤x gyGLvgywL nq| ZLb msNGlÆ AvnZ I wbnGZi
NUbvI NGU| gƒjZ mwnsmZv ‰Lb niZvGji ‰KwU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ Dcv`vb nGq
DGVGQ, hvi dGj hviv niZvGji weGivax Zviv wb±`v Rvbvq ‰es niZvGji bvGg
‰me KvhÆKjvGci ŠeaZv wbGq cÉk² ˆZvGj| KviY cÉKZ
‡ cGÞ niZvj ejGZ
weËwUkweGivax msMÉvg ‰es Mv®¬xev`x Amwnsm KvhÆò×Ggi welqeÕ§GK ˆevSvq|
niZvGji mGã HwZnvwmKfvGe mwnsmZvi mÁ·KÆ eySGZ nGj AviI eÅvLÅvi
cÉGqvRb|4 AvmGj niZvj ‰KwU eüj cÉPwjZ AGbK cyGivGbv HwZnÅ|
HwZnvwmK msMÉvGgi w`bàGjvGZ niZvGji mgq MYgvbyGli eÅvcK AskMÉnGYi
HwZnÅ AvGQ, hv eZÆgvb mgGqI niZvGji ŠeaZv w`Gq ^vGK| Zviv 70 ˆ^GK
80 eQGii cyGivGbv niZvGji aibGK ivR‹bwZK KvhÆò×Ggi gGWj wnGmGe
ˆ`LvGZ Pvq| weËwUkweGivax Mv®¬xev`x AvG±`vjb, cwøg cvwKÕ¦vbweGivax
evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv AvG±`vjb ‰es ‰ikvG`i ŠÕ¼ivPvix kvmGbi wei‚G«¬ MYAvG±`vjGbi msMÉvg mgmvgwqK niZvjGK ŠeaZv `vb KGi, hw`I Mv®¬xi5
Awnsm auvGPi AvG±`vjb, MYgvbylwfwîK Õ¼vaxbZv AvG±`vjb ‰es cieZÆx mgGq
MYZG¯¨i RbÅ AvG±`vjGbi avGi-KvGQI ‰LbKvi niZvjàGjvi KvhÆò×g ˆbB|
AGbK Dîi`vZv AwfGhvM KGib, niZvj ÷ay bvGgB niZvj ‰es AvGMi
Amwnsm I MYgvbyl-mgw^ÆZ niZvGji mGã ‰LbKvi niZvGji ˆKvGbv mv`†kÅ
ˆbB| AGbGKB, weGkl KGi hviv ivR‹bwZK `Gji mGã hyî×, Zviv gGb KGi
niZvj `wÞY ‰kxq auvGPi ‰KwU cÉwZevG`i aib|6 Zviv gGb KGi ‰wU AvGM
mdj nGqGQ ‰es me mgqB ‰KwU Šea ivR‹bwZK nvwZqvi|
niZvGji cÉ^g avGc jÞÅeÕ§ ‰GKevGiB cwiÓ•vi@cÉ^gZ, ‰i gvaÅGg
weGivax `j ÞgZvmxb `jGK ZvG`i Pjgvb kwî× I DcwÕ©wZ cÉ`kÆb KGi|
w«¼ZxqZ, niZvGj wewf®² `vwe-`vIqv, ˆhgb wbeÆvPbmÁ·wKÆZ A^ev cwieZÆGbi
AãxKvi ZzGj aivi gvaÅGg weGivax `j evsjvG`Gki e†nîi RbGMvÓ¤xi gGaÅ
ZvG`i f„wgKv ‰es wbeÆvPbx cÉÕ§wZ7 gçÕ© KGi| meGkGl, hw`I eüjvsGkB mÁ¿e
nq bv, ZeyI niZvGji gvaÅGg Av¯¦RvÆ wZK mÁ·É`vqGK ˆ`LvGbv nq ˆh
ÞgZvmxb `j weGivax `Gji gZGK DGcÞv KGi PGjGQ| ‰ ˆÞGò niZvj
mdj nGqGQ aGi ˆbIqv hvq hw` ÞgZvmxb `j ò×gvMZ niZvGj PvGci gyGL
ZvG`i wKQy bxwZ weGivax `Gji `vwei mGã Lvc LvBGq ˆbq A^ev hw` eüj
RbGMvÓ¤x weGivax `Gji cGÞ AeÕ©vb ˆbq (‰es wbeÆvPGb Rqx nq) A^ev hw`
niZvjGK ˆK±`É KGi Av¯¦RvÆ wZK mÁ·É`vq ÞgZvmxb `Gji Ici Pvc m†wÓ¡ KGi|
evsjvG`Gk niZvj I Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv KvVvGgv
77
meGkGl ài‚Z½cƒYÆ HwZnÅ nGjv `jàGjvi gGaÅ niZvj mÁ·GKÆ wbGRG`i
AeÕ©vb cwieZÆb| AGbK weGkÏlK ‰es bvMwiK mgvGRi m`mÅiv niZvGji
wb±`v KGiGQ, ‰es AvIqvgx jxM ev we‰bwc ˆh `jB ˆnvK bv ˆKb, hLb
ÞgZvq ^vGK ZLb meÆRbxbfvGe niZvGji wb±`v KGiGQ ‰es niZvjweGivax
cÉGPÓ¡vGK mg^Æb KGiGQ, wK¯§ weGivax `Gj wMGq meÆRbxbfvGe ˆNvlYv KGiGQ
ˆh niZvGjB ZvG`i eî×eÅ cÉKvGki RbÅ ‰Kgvò c^| ‰B AeÕ©vq ejv hvq,
niZvj miKvwi `j ‰es weGivax `Gji gGaÅ ‰KwU ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcbKvix
Dcv`vb, hvi gvaÅGg h^vò×Gg niZvj mdj I eÅ^Æ DfqB nGZ cvGi| ‰wU
Õ©vbxq chÆvGqI NGU| ‰B MGelYvq ˆ`Lv hvq, KxfvGe Õ©vbxq chÆvGq miKvimgw^ÆZ ivR‹bwZK KgÆxiv niZvj evbPvj cÉGPÓ¡vi gvaÅGg ÞgZvi ˆÞGò
wbGRG`i AeÕ©vbGK AviI mymsnZ KGi|
4. niZvj ‰KwU RwUj ivR‹bwZK KgÆÞgZv
cƒeÆeZÆx AaÅvGq AGbK weGkÏlGKi niZvj ‰es AbÅvbÅ ivR‹bwZK KgÆÞgZvi
weGkÏlGYi Ici ài‚Z½ AvGivc Kiv nGqGQ| Zvi ciI, niZvGji ÷ay ‰B
cÉ^g avcGK aGi wbGj ivR‹bwZK DcÕ©vcbvi eügyLx aibGK AMÉvnÅ Kiv
nGe| niZvj KgÆKvGí hviv AskMÉnY KGi ZvG`i MfxifvGe chÆGeÞY KiGj
cyGiv niZvj KgÆÞgZvi AGbK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ w`K ˆevSv hvq, hvi gvaÅGg gƒjZ
ivR‹bwZK KgÆÞgZv, weGkl KGi niZvGji cÉK‡Z KvhÆò×g fvGjvfvGe ˆevSv
hvGe| AGbK ˆjLGKi gGZ, ‰LvGb eÅwî×i f„wgKvI ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| cÉvqB ˆ`Lv
hvq, AvGjvPbv gƒjZ DœPchÆvGqi ˆbZvG`i IciB mxgve«¬ ^vGK, ˆhgb
mfvcwZi eî×eÅ ‰es cÉPviYv (AÅvGejm 1988, gÅvKjGqW 1999) A^ev
DœPchÆvGqi ivR‹bwZK gvgjv, wePvi BZÅvw` (KvwfivR 2007, wUÇc 2007)|
niZvGji gGZv ivR‹bwZK KGgÆ mvaviY AskMÉnYKvixG`i Ici Lye KgB
gGbvGhvM ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰LvGb ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ cÉk:² ˆKb RbMY niZvGj AskMÉnY
KGi? niZvGji gGZv e†nr ivR‹bwZK KgÆKvGí AskMÉnYKvixiv cÉKZ
‡ cGÞ
KZàGjv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGgÆi gvaÅGg Kx cÉ`kÆb KiGZ Pvq, ˆKb KiGZ Pvq ‰es KvG`i
KvGQ ˆcuŒQvGZ Pvq Zv Õ·Ó¡Z ˆevSv hvqwb| ‰me MYivR‹bwZK KgÆmÁ·v`bGK
weGkÏlY KGi eügyLx NUbvcÉevGni gGaÅ msGhvM Õ©vcb Kiv hvq| ‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ
ˆh niZvj ‰KwU RwUj ivR‹bwZK KgÆ, hv gƒjZ wewf®² aiGbi wgwUs-mgvGek,
wcGKwUs, e®¬ ˆNvlYv ‰es wewf®² aiGbi mwnsmZvi ‰KwU mgwÓ¡| niZvGji
mgq mÁ·vw`Z ‰me RwUj KgÆKvGíi f„wgKv eüàYxq ‰es ˆhŒ^ KGgÆi
‰KaiGbi gçvqb| ‰ ˆÞGò, niZvGji gGZv wee`gvb KgÆÞgZvi welqeÕ§
78
cÉwZwP¯¦v
ŠZwi nq AvGiK aiGbi wee`gvb KgÆÞgZvi gvaÅGg, hv eÅwî× I ˆMvÓ¤xmgƒn
mÁ·v`b KiGZ cvGi (wUwj 2008)| ‰Uv AekÅB ˆh hvG`i mÁ·†î× Kivi jÞÅ
wbGq KgÆKví cwiPvwjZ ZvG`i f„wgKvI ‰LvGb gyLÅ| Õ¡m
È ‰es ò×zBR I’ˆeËb
(20076:3-4) h^v^ÆB eGjGQb ˆh KgÆÞgZvi ‰KwU gƒj jÞÅ nGjv RbMGYi
KvQ ˆ^GK ‰KwU BwZevPK mvov cvIqv, wK¯§ RbMYGK fzjfvGe wbGj
KvhÆKvwiZv mÁ·GKÆ fzj eÅvLÅv ŠZwi nGZ cvGi| evsjvG`Gki AGbK niZvj
RbMGYi KvGQ `jxq Av¯¦wiKZvi w`KwU wbGq ˆhGZ eÅ^Æ nq| AvGMB ejv
nGqGQ ˆh AvcvZ`†wÓ¡GZ gGb nq niZvj RbMGYi KvQ ˆ^GK BwZevPK mvov
cvIqvi mÁ·ƒYÆ fzj ‰KwU gvaÅg| Z^vwc, niZvGji ivRbxwZ Õ©vbxq ev gvBGò×v
ˆjGfj ˆ^GK ˆ`LGj ‰es Õ©vbxq cÉvw¯¦K RbGMvÓ¤xGK DGókÅ KiGj cÉ^g ˆ`Lvq
niZvj eÅ^Æ gGb nGjI ‰wU mdj nGZ cvGi| eÅ^Æ gGb nq KviY AGbK ˆÞGò
niZvj MYgvaÅg ‰es ˆewki fvM RbMGYi mg^Æb cvq bv| niZvjKvixiv
e†nîi RbGMvÓ¤x ev ivGÓ¡iÇ KvGQ ˆcuŒQvGZ bv cviGjI ZvG`i KvGQ jÞÅeÕ§GZ
ˆcuŒQvGZ mÞg nq| ‰ ˆÞGò ejv hvq niZvjKvixiv Lye mnGRB Õ©vbxq `jxq
ˆbZv, wbeÆvwPZ Õ©vbxq cÉwZwbwa ev Õ©vbxq msm` m`GmÅi KvGQ wbGRG`i
cvidigÅv´Ö ZzGj aiGZ cvGi| ‰B ˆbZ‡Z½ chÆvGqi ˆjvKàGjv ZvivB hviv Õ©vbxq
ÞgZvKvVvGgvq niZvGj AskMÉnYKvixG`i AvbyMZÅ ˆcGZ Pvq ev niZvj
cvjbKvixGK `Gji wek¼vmGhvMÅ KgÆx wnGmGe ˆ`LGZ Pvq| ‰B iKg ‰KwU
cvidigÅv´Ö hLb mvgwMÉKfvGe, cÉ^g avGc ‰es AwaK RbGMvÓ¤xGK DGókÅ KGi
ˆbIqv nq, ZLb ‰wUGK eÅ^Æ gGb nGZ cvGi, wK¯§ hLb LyeB ˆQvU cwimGi ‰es
wbw`ÆÓ¡ RbGMvÓ¤xGK DGókÅ KGi Kiv nq, ZLb mdj eGjB gGb nq| ‰KB mGã,
e†nîi cwimGi niZvGji mdjZv, ˆhgb ˆKvGbv AvBb cwieZÆb ev miKvi
cZb Õ©vbxq chÆvGq eÅ^Æ gGb nGZ cvGi, KviY niZvj cvjbKvixiv ZvG`i
Õ©vbxq RbGMvÓ¤xi KvGQ ˆcuŒQvGZ cvGi bv|
5. niZvGji weGkl KgÆÞgZv ‰es Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgv
cÉeG®¬i ‰B AsGk ÞgZv msMVGb niZvGji f„wgKv ‰es wbw`ÆÓ¡ PvjK/KZÆv KZ‡K
Æ
niZvj cvidigÅv´Ö KxfvGe Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvq mÁ·†î×, Zv fvGjvfvGe ˆevSv
hvGe| ‰me wbw`ÆÓ¡ KgÆÞgZvi Ici ài‚Z½ AvGivc Kiv gvGb ‰B bq ˆh Avgiv
niZvGji cÉv^wgK chÆvqwU ev` w`Gq w`wœQ| ‰ RbÅI bq ˆh Avgiv w«¼Zxq chÆvqwU
ˆ`LwQ ‰gbfvGe, ˆhLvGb gvbyl niZvGj AskMÉnY KGi ÷ayB eÅwî×MZ DGókÅ
mvaGb; eis Avgiv gGb Kwi, ‰B eÅwî×MZ cvidigÅv´Ö ˆhfvGe Õ©vbxq
ÞgZvKvVvGgv ‰es ivR‹bwZK fwelÅGZi mGã mÁ·†î×, Zv niZvGji cÉ^g
evsjvG`Gk niZvj I Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv KvVvGgv
79
avGci MYKgÆÞgZvi mGã RwoZ| niZvj-cÉwò×qvi ‰B eÅwî×chÆvGqi ‰es MYcvidigÅvG´Öi Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi mGã eZÆgvb mgGq niZvGji weK͸ ˆLuvRvi hywî×
mg^ÆbGhvMÅ@ˆhgb niZvGji weK͸ wnGmGe gvbee®¬b|
÷ay wbw`ÆÓ¡ f„wgKv ev welqeÕ§B Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvi mGã hyî× bq, eis
niZvj PjvKvGj wewf®² KgÆhæI KviI cvidigÅv´Ö Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvGZ
Zvi AeÕ©vbGK my`†p KGi| niZvj Õ©vbxq chÆvGq ‰es ÞgZvi ‰GKevGi
IcGii chÆvGqI c†Ó¤GcvlKZv cÉ`vb ‰es AvbyMZÅ cwigvGci evnb wnGmGe
KvR KGi| ‰ ˆÞGò niZvGji gGZv MYKgÆÞgZv ÷ay ÞgZvKvVvGgviB
ewntcÉKvk bq; eis ‰Uv cyGiv ÞgZvKvVvGgvGKB myMwVZ KGi A^ev LÅvwZ
ARÆGbi gaÅ w`Gq ÞgZvKvVvGgvq wbGRi ‰KUv RvqMv KGi ˆbq|
5.1 SzuwK ‰es mvsMVwbK ÞgZv
mvsMVwbK mvg^ÆÅ I SzuwK ˆbIqvi cÉeYZv Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvGK weGkl
KgÆÞgZvi mGã hyî× KGi| ˆkGlvî×wU Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvi wbÁ²chÆvGqi mGã
mÁ·†î×, ˆhLvGb cÉ^gwU DœPchÆvGqi RbÅB ˆewk Ri‚wi| Z^vwc, cÉwZwU
chÆvGqB ‰B `ywU Dcv`vGbi gGaÅ wg^wÕ˜qv msNwUZ nq|
niZvGji mGã hviv mÁ·†î×, ‰wU ZvG`i RbÅ Szwu KcƒYÆ eGU, wK¯§ ‰KB mGã
‰B Szwu KB ZvG`iGK wbw`ÆÓ¡ KgÆÞgZvi gƒjÅvqGb mvnvhÅ KGi| AvGMB ejv nGqGQ
ˆh evsjvG`Gki ivR‹bwZK eÅeÕ©v weGivax `Gji AbymvixG`i eüjvsGkB ÞgZvi
evBGi ivGL| ‰ ˆÞGò weGivax `Gji RbÅ niZvGj AskMÉnY KivUv Szwu KcƒY|Æ
Avm®² wbeÆvPb mvgGb ˆiGL ÞgZvq Avmvi cÉZÅvkv c†Ó¤GcvlKZviI cÉZÅvkv
ˆRvMvq| hw` ˆKD `j ‰es `jxq Õ©vbxq cÉwZwbwai cÉwZ mwZÅKvGii AvbyMZÅ
cÉ`kÆb KGi, ZvnGj ÞgZvKvVvGgvq Zvi AeÕ©vb ŠZwi nq| cÉ^g chÆvGq,
QvòGbZviv eÅvcKfvGe niZvj ‰es niZvj-cƒeÆ mwnsmZvi mGã mÁ·†î× nq|
‰wU meviB Rvbv ˆh evsjvG`Gk QvòivRbxwZ msNvZgq ‰es mwnsm QvòGbZvG`i
‰B mwnsm KgÆKvGí AskMÉnY Kivi gGZv Abymvix LyGu R ˆcGZ ˆeM ˆcGZ nq
bv| Avgiv wKQy ˆjvGKi mGã K^v eGjwQ, huviv wKQyUv ‰Lb eqÕ•, Zuviv eGjGQb
ˆh Zuviv wbqwgZ niZvj mwnsmZvq AskMÉnY KiGZb| KviY, ‰Uv gRvi ‰es
`ytmvnwmK ‰KUv eÅvcvi wQj (ˆ`Lyb ˆfivKvBK 2004)| evm ˆcvovGbv,
cywjGki mGã msNlÆ A^ev ÞgZvmxb `Gji mg^ÆKG`i mGã msNlÆ ev wcGKwUsGq
AskMÉnY Kivi gvaÅGg QvòGbZviv wbGRG`i `Gji cÉwZ wek¼Õ¦Zv cÉgvY KGib|
ewÕ¦evmx hviv wbqwgZ niZvGj AskMÉnY KGi ZvG`i g¯¦eÅ:
ZvG`i wbRÕ¼ ÞgZv ˆ`LvGbvi RbÅ mwnsmZv Kiv nq| ‰i gvaÅGg `jxq
80
cÉwZwP¯¦v
ˆbZvG`i mGã wgkGZ mnR nq| hw` Õ©vbxq ˆbZviv ˆKvGbv aiGbi
mwnsmZv m†wÓ¡ KGib, `jxq ˆbZviv cieZÆxKvGj ZuvG`i Ici wbfÆi
KGib| ‰BfvGe ‰wU gnÍÏv wbq¯¨GY mvnvhÅ KGi|8
mwnsmZv ‰es wewf®² SzuwKcƒYÆ KvGRi mGã mÁ·†î× nIqvi gaÅ w`Gq gƒjZ
DœPchÆvGqi ˆbZvG`i bRGi cov hvq, huviv nqGZv Õ©vbxq chÆvGq ˆm iKg
ˆjvK LuyRGQb|
D`vniY wnGmGe ejv hvq, hyejxGMi gaÅg mvwii ˆbZviv mivmwi
niZvGji mwnsmZvq mÁ·†î× bv nGjI mwnsmZv msNUGb mwò×q f„wgKv ivGLb
‰es niZvGji mg^ÆGb AvGqvwRZ iÅvwjGZ ewÕ¦evmxG`i wbGq ˆhGZ mivmwi
f„wgKv ivGLb| gvbylGK msMwVZ Kivi mvg^ÆÅ ÞgZvKvVvGgvq ZvG`i AeÕ©vb
eRvq ivLGZ ‰es e†w«¬ KiGZ LyeB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| cÉvqB ‰me gaÅg mvwii
ˆbZvB ˆMɵ¦vi nb, ˆhGnZz Zuviv niZvj msMVGbi RbÅ mycwiwPZ ‰es ‰LGbv
ivR‹bwZKfvGe ‰ZUv DœPchÆvGqi bb, hvGZ KGi ˆMɵ¦viKvixG`i RbÅ eo
ˆKvGbv mgmÅv m†wÓ¡ nGZ cvGi| Zuviv cÉvqB wgwQj ev iÅvwj ˆ^GK RbZvi ˆbZv
wnGmGe ˆMɵ¦vi nb| wK¯§ ˆMɵ¦vi nIqvUv ˆZgb eo ˆKvGbv mgmÅv wnGmGe gGb
Kiv nq bv, eis ‰wU Zuvi `j I mg^ÆbKvixG`i gGaÅ AvbyMZÅ cÉ`kÆGbi
‰KwU c^ wnGmGe ˆ`Lv nq| ‰KRb bvix ˆbZv eGjb:
Avgiv mviv w`b ivÕ¦vq AvG±`vjb Kijvg| hLb ˆewki fvM mg^ÆK evwo
PGj ˆMj ‰es AvwgI evwo hvIqvi RbÅ cÉÕ§Z nwœQjvg, ZLbB cywjk
‰Gm AvgvGK ˆMɵ¦vi KGi ^vbvq wbGq ˆMj| Avwg ˆZvqvØv Kwiwb| Avwg
RbMGYi RbÅ KvR Kwi| hLb gvbyl ˆ`LGe, ZLb Zviv AvgvGK gyî×
KiGZ PGj AvmGe| Qq-mvZ N¥Ÿv cGi mvsevw`K ‰es ˆRÅÓ¤ ivR‹bwZK
ˆbZvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK wKQy ˆdvb ‰j ^vbvq| Mwie bvixivB Avgvi ˆewki
fvM fî×-mg^ÆK; Zviv ^vbvq RGov nGZ jvMj| cywjk eySGZ cvij ˆh
AGbK Mwie bvix AvmGQ ‰es Zviv ‰KwU AvG±`vjb MGo ZzGj AvgvGK
gyî× KiGe| wKQyÞY cGiB AvgvGK ^vbv ˆ^GK ˆQGo ˆ`Iqv nGjv|9
DœPchÆvGqi ˆbZvG`i RbÅ mivmwi kvixwiK ˆKvGbv Szwu K ˆbB; Zuviv
mwnsmZvq wbGRiv hyî× nb bv| AvIqvgx jxGMi ‰KRb DœPchÆvGqi ˆbZv,
whwb mvGeK IqvWÆ Kwgkbvi wQGjb, Zuvi D`vniY ˆbIqv ˆhGZ cvGi| wZwb
ˆhGnZz ‰KwU evm ˆKvÁ·vwbi gvwjK wQGjb, ZvB niZvj PjvKvjxb wZwb
gvbylRbGK iÅvwjGZ ˆhvM ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ cwienb-myweav w`GZb| ZGe mvgvbÅ
Szwu Ki mÁ¿vebv wQj| ˆKbbv wZwb AvIqvgx jxGMi ‰KRb ˆbZv wnGmGe
cwiwPZ wQGjb| Avevi hLb we‰bwc niZvj WvKZ, ZLb wZwb niZvj AgvbÅ
evsjvG`Gk niZvj I Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv KvVvGgv
81
Kivi RbÅ evm PjvPj AeÅvnZ ivLGZb| AekÅB evGmi msLÅv wQj Kg ‰es
wbÁ²gvGbi evmB PjZ, ˆhb cywoGq w`GjI Kg ÞqÞwZ nq| wK¯§ ‰i gvaÅGg
wZwb evm cyGo hvIqvi Szwu K wbGZ ˆh BœQzK, Zv ˆ`wLGqGQb| Avevi iÅvwjGZ
AvIqvgx jxM-mg^ÆKG`i ˆhvM`vGb mnvqZv KGi wZwb Zuvi mvsMVwbK mvg^ÆÅI
ˆ`wLGqGQb| meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ nGjv gvbylGK A¯¦fzÆî× Kiv| Õ©vbxq
ÞgZvKvVvGgvi me chÆvqB Pvq iÅvwj ‰es wgwQGji RbÅ msLÅvMZ w`K w`Gq
gvbyl mieivn KiGZ| ‰UvGK ejv hvq msMÉn Kivi ‰KwU duv`, ˆhLvGb cÉwZwU
chÆvqB Zvi c†Ó¤GcvlKZvi ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅenvi KGi gvbyl mgvGek KiGZ Pvq|
AskZ, ‰wU ‰KwU c†Ó¤GcvlKZvi ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| ˆhgb
AvIqvgx jxGMi ˆbZviv hyejxGMi ˆbZvi Ici, Avevi hyejxM QvòjxGMi
Ici| AvIqvgx jxGMi ‰KRb eÅemvqx ˆbZv niZvj I AbÅvbÅ iKGgi
wgwQGji msMVGb Zuvi RwoZ ^vKvq welqwU ‰fvGe mshyî× KGiGQb:
g¯¨xi mGã mÁ·KÆUv avGc avGc KvR KGi| hw` g¯¨x eGjb ˆh Zuvi wKQy
ˆjvK `iKvi, Avwg ‰LvGb AvU-`kRb e®¬zi Ici wbfÆi Kwi ‰es ZvG`i
cÉGZÅGKi Avevi wekRb KGi e®¬z iGqGQ| ‰wU ‰KwU eÅwî×MZ
ˆhvMvGhvM| wK¯§ ˆmLvGb AviI wKQy ˆckvMZ ˆMvÓ¤x iGqGQ| ˆhgb Avfvl
Õ©vbxq ‰KRb hyejxGMi ˆbZv| hw` Avwg ZuvGK WvwK, wZwb AviI wKQy
ˆjvK ˆRvMvo KiGZ cviGeb| ˆhgb@‰LvGb wiKkvIqvjv I
ˆ`vKvb`viG`i ‰KwU msMVb iGqGQ| hw` Avcbvi ˆjvK `iKvi nq,
Avcwb IG`iGK WvKGjB Iiv eÅeÕ©v KGi ˆ`Ge| ‰ iKg cÉvq wekwU
KwgwU iGqGQ| ‰es cÉwZwU KwgwU AviI wekRb KGi ˆjvK AvbGZ cvGi|
Zvi gvGb wekGK wek w`Gq àY KiGj Pvi k ˆjvK nGZ cvGi|10
‰KwU wbweo `jMZ AvGjvPbvq wbGPi mvwii KgÆxivI ‰KB cÉwò×qvi K^v
eGjGQ:
hLb DœPchÆvGqi ˆbZv kvn Avgvb, huvi ‰LvGb wbRÕ¼ evwo iGqGQ, ‰KwU
MÉ‚c Zuvi RbÅ KvR KGi| kvn AvgvGbi ‰KRb ˆjvK AvGQ, Zvi bvg
Avjx AvbQvi| ˆm-B kvn AvgvGbi RbÅ ˆjvKRb ˆRvMvo KGi|
AvGiKRb AvGQ RvGf` fvB, ZvGK ˆjvK ˆRvMvo KiGZ ejv nq| ZLb
RvGf` fvB ‰Gm AbÅvbÅ ˆQvU ˆbZvGK ˆWGK eGj Ici ˆ^GK ‘Lei’
‰GmGQ|11
wewf®² ˆbZvi wewf®² ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰es wewf®² KwgwU msMwVZ Kivi mvg^ÆÅ
iGqGQ, hviv ‰GK AGbÅi mGã ÞgZvi «¼G±«¼ wjµ¦| ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÅvbvGi hZ
ˆewk ˆbUIqvKÆ ^vKGe, ZZ ˆewk ˆjvK wgwQGj mgvMZ nGe| ‰GZ KGi IB
82
cÉwZwP¯¦v
ˆbUIqvKÆwU ZZ ˆewk IcGii mvwii ˆbZvG`i bRGi AvmGe| w«¼ZxqZ,
mvsMVwbK mvg^ÆÅ ejGZ ˆevSvq Õ¼vaxbfvGe ˆjvKmgvMg Kivi mÞgZvGK|
ˆjvKmgvMg ejGZ ÷ay wbGRi ˆbUIqvKÆ w`Gq ZvG`iGK A¯¦fzÆwî×B ˆevSvq bv,
‰ Qvov ZvG`iGK mwVK RvqMvq cvGq nuvwUGq ev evGm PwoGq wbGq Avmv ‰es
AvbGZ cÉGYv`bv ˆ`IqvGKI ˆevSvq:
wewf®² aiGbi ˆbZvi KvQ ˆ^GK UvKv AvGm, huviv wbeÆvPGb cÉv^Æx nGZ Pvb|
Zuviv UvKv ˆ`b Õ©vbxq ˆKvGbv ˆQvU msMVKGK ‰es ˆm ˆhB wekRbGK wbGq
AvmGe ZvG`i RbÅ ˆm UvKv cvGe| ‰BfvGe ˆQvU msMVK AvgvG`iGK UvKv
ˆ`q ‰es Avgiv hvG`iGK wbGq Avwm ZvG`iGK UvKv eywSGq w`B|12
cÉvqB niZvGj AskMÉnYKvixG`i13 UvKv ˆ`Iqv nq, wK¯§ AGbK mgq PvbvkZv ‰es `ycyGi LvevGii eÅeÕ©vI Kiv nq| wbGPi mvwii ˆbZviv ‰mGei
RbÅ UvKv cvb, wK¯§ IcGii mvwii ˆbZviv ˆewki fvM mgqB eÅwî×MZ UvKv
‰B DGóGkÅ eÅq KGi ^vGKb:
hw` ˆKvGbv ŠeVK ev niZvGji wgwQj ^vGK, BDwbGUi ‰KRb ˆbZv
wnGmGe ˆbZ‡Z½ wUwKGq ivLGZ AvgvGK cçvkRb ˆjvK AvbGZ nGe| Avwg
ˆjvK AvbGZ UvKv eÅq Kwi| AbÅ^vq Avwg Avgvi AeÕ©vb nvive| hw`
Avwg ˆjvK AvbGZ bv cvwi, ZvnGj IqvGWÆi ˆbZviv AvgvGK cQ±` KiGeb
bv| Zuviv ejGeb: Avgiv ˆZvgvGK BDwbU chÆvGq ˆbZv evwbGqwQ, ˆKvGbv
wfLvwiGK ˆbZv evbvBwb|14
ZLb ˆbZv MGeÆi mGã AskMÉnYKvixG`iGK mwZÅKvi AG^ÆB Zuvi ˆjvK
wnGmGe DcÕ©vcb KGib| ZvG`iGK ÷ay KgÆx wnGmGeB DcÕ©vcb Kiv nq bv,
eis ZvG`iGK KvGR jvMvGbvi K‡wZZ½I ˆbIqv nq|
5.2 Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgv MVb ‰es cwieZÆb
SzuwK ˆbIqv ‰es mvsMVwbK mvgG^ÆÅi gGZv wewf®² aiGbi niZvj KvhÆò×g
Õ©vbxq ÞgZvKvVvGgvGZ `ywU Õ·Ó¡ cÉfve ˆdGj: Zviv ÞgZvi gvaÅGg AeÕ©vb
cÉKvk KGi, ‰es ˆmB AeÕ©vbGK cÉwZÓ¤v, my`†p ‰es cÉGqvRGb cwieZÆb KiGZ
Pvq| ‰ ˆÞGò Zviv eü iKGgi ˆbZ‡Z½ ‰es gvbyGli cÉwZ gGbvGhvMx nq, ˆmUv
ˆhgb Õ©vbxq chÆvGq, ˆZgwb `jxq gaÅg I DœPchÆvGqi ÞgZvaiG`i
ˆejvGZI| Õ©vbxq chÆvGq Zviv ÞgZvi ZviZgÅ wUwKGq ivLGZ wewf®² eÅwî×
ev ˆMvÓ¤xi KvGQ wbGRG`i cÉKvk KGi, hv gƒjZ cieZÆxKvGj c†Ó¤GcvlKZvi
mÁ·KÆ eÅenvGi mvnvhÅ KGi| ‰i gvaÅGg Zviv eySGZ cvGi, ˆKvb aiGbi
mvnvGhÅi RbÅ Kvi KvGQ ˆhGZ nGe| `jxq ivRbxwZi DœPchÆvGq Zviv `jxq
evsjvG`Gk niZvj I Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv KvVvGgv
83
Õ©vbxq chÆvGq msMVGbi AvGcwÞK ài‚Z½ ZzGj aGi ‰es hLb myweav e¥Ÿb Kiv
nGe, ZLb KvGK Kx myweav ˆ`Iqv hvq, ˆm eÅvcvGi wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY KiGZ cvGi|
KLGbv KLGbv niZvj-mÁ·wKÆZ KvhÆò×Gg DcwÕ©wZB hG^Ó¡| ‰B cÉeG®¬i
gvVchÆvGqi MGelYvi mgq Bmjvwg `jàGjv niZvj ˆWGKwQj| niZvjKvjxb
IqvWÆ chÆvGq Z^Å msMÉGni mgq Avgiv Õ©vbxq chÆvGqi wewf®² iKGgi ÞgZvi
mÁ·KÆ ‰es AeKvVvGgv eySGZ mÞg nB|
gƒj ˆh ivÕ¦vwU ewÕ¦i w`GK ˆMGQ, ˆmLvGb AvIqvgx jxGMi gaÅ mvwii
ˆbZviv ˆewki fvM hyejxGMi ˆjvKRb wbGq ‰KwU PvGqi ˆ`vKvGb AeÕ©vb
ˆbb| AvGMB ejv nGqGQ ˆh ‰B ewÕ¦wU niZvGj ˆjvK msMÉn Kivi ˆÞGò
ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ˆK±`É wnGmGe KvR KGi| ‰LvGb eGm ˆbZviv ivÕ¦vwU chÆGeÞY
KiwQGjb ‰es cÉGZÅKGKB ˆhGZ w`wœQGjb, ÷ay hvG`iGK niZvGj
ˆhvM`vbKvix wnGmGe mG±`n nwœQj ZvG`iGK Qvov| hLb `j ÞgZvq ^vGK
ZLb niZvjweGivax KvRGK Zuviv ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ wnGmGe fvGeb| Zey ‰B wbq¯¨YchÆGeÞY KvGR IqvWÆ KwgkbvGii DcwÕ©wZ wQj AGbK ˆewk AvøhÆRbK| ‰B
Kwgkbvi wbeÆvwPZ nGqwQGjb ‰KRb Õ¼Z¯¨ cÉv^Æx wnGmGe ‰es AvÞwiK AG^Æ
ˆKvGbv ivR‹bwZK `Gji mGã mÁ·†î× wQj bv| wK¯§ ‰Lb AvIqvgx KwgwUGZ
Zuvi DcwÕ©wZ ‰es Zuvi ivR‹bwZK cwiPq Õ·Ó¡fvGeB cÉKvk KGi| Avgiv
BwZgGaÅB AvIqvgx jxGMi ‰KwU AsGki mGã Zuvi NwbÓ¤Zvi ˆhvMmƒò ˆcGqwQ,
Z^vwc ‰LvGb hyejxGMi KgÆxG`i mGã ‰KGò niZvjweGivax KvGR Zuvi
AskMÉnY ÞgZvmxb `Gji ˆbZ‡GZ½i cÉwZ AvbyMGZÅi w`KwU Õ·Ó¡Z cÉKvk cvq|
wgwQj ‰es iÅvwji RbÅ ˆjvK ˆRvMvo Kivi mvsMVwbK mvg^ÆÅ AekÅB
‰KRb kwî×kvjx eÅwî×GZ½i AvGcwÞK ÞgZvGKB cÉKvk KGi| KviI `y k ev
`yB nvRvi mg^ÆKGK `jxq KgÆmƒwPGZ wbGq AvmGZ cviv gvGb nGjv, `Gji
AvGcwÞK ivR‹bwZK ài‚Z½ evovGbvi RbÅ KvR Kiv| niZvj PjvKvjxb ‰B
mg^ÆKG`iGKB wbeÆvPGb mÁ¿veÅ ˆfvUvi wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv nq| ‰B
weGePbvq hyejxGMi ‰KRb ˆbZv we‰bwc kvmGbi (2001-2006) mgGq
AvIqvgx jxGMi WvKv niZvGj Zvi ài‚Z½ evovGZ mÞg nGqwQj| ˆm mgGq
‰KRb mvaviY QvòjxM ˆbZv nGqI ˆm ˆek KGqKwU ci ci niZvGj
eümsLÅK Zi‚YGK msMwVZ KiGZ ˆcGiwQj| mœQj cwievGii nIqvq ˆm
eÅwî×MZfvGe niZvGj AskMÉnYKvix ˆRvMvGo UvKv LiP KiGZ ˆcGiwQj,
hw`I Zvi cwievi Zvi ivR‹bwZK KvhÆò×gGK mg^Æb KGi bv| IqvGWÆ ‰KRb
AvIqvgx jxM ÞgZvaGii `Gj ˆ^GK ˆm IB c†Ó¤GcvlKZv ˆbUIqvGKÆi
‰KRb gƒj eÅwî× nGq hvq| ‰Lb ˆm weevwnZ hyejxM ˆbZv nGq wbGRB Zuvi
84
cÉwZwP¯¦v
c†Ó¤GcvlKZv ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi KGiGQb ‰es AvIqvgx jxGMi RbÅ ‰KRb gƒj
msMVK nGq DGVGQb| wZwb IB IqvGWÆ ˆUwjwfkb msGhvM weZiGY ‰KwU
K´ŸÈvÙ ˆcGq hvb ‰es knGii AbÅvbÅ RvqMvqI Zv weZiY KGib| Zuvi kî×
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Abeles, Marc. ‘Modern Political Ritual: Ethnography of an Inauguration and a
Pilgrimage by President Mitterrand.’ Current Anthropology 29 (3): 391-404, 1988.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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(1975); and Tilly (1977, 1993, 2008). mƒPbvgƒjK chÆGeÞGYi RbÅ ˆ`Lyb, ˆhgb
Burke (2005)and Strauss and Cruise O’Brien (2007)|
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niZvj ‰es ‰B aiGbi AbÅvbÅ `wÞY ‰kxq mvgwÓ¤K KgÆKv´£, ˆhgb mvÁ·É`vwqK `vãv,
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cÉGZÅKw`bB ˆ`Iqvi cÉÕ¦ve Kiv nq ‰es AekÅB ‰KUv cÉGYv`bv, Z^vwc Avgiv AbÅ
RvqMvq ˆ`LvGev ˆh ÷ay UvKvB ‰B eÅvLÅvi RbÅ hG^Ó¤ bq|
hyejxM ˆbZvi mGã mvÞvrKvi, 24 gvPÆ 2011, PëMÉvg|
ˆRÅÓ¤ AvIqvgx jxM IqvWÆ msMVGKi mGã mvÞvrKvi, 25 gvPÆ 2011, PëMÉvg|
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