Lost Mountain Report Phase II October 27 2014_Small

Transcrição

PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT
AND
BASELINE STUDY ON THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES IN CURRUCA COMMUNITY, NAMULI
CHIEF OF PARTY SUMMARY Majka Burhardt Chief of Party Lost Mountain Project October 23rd, 2014 The Lost Mountain Project is an international venture combining integrated conservation planning, rock climbing, and cliff-‐side scientific research on Mt. Namuli, located in Zambezia Province, Mozambique. The project commenced in 2011 with a Phase I reconnaissance trip to Mt Namuli. Phase II took place in May of 2014, when an 18-‐person international team explored Malawi’s Mt. Mulanje and Mozambique’s Mt. Namuli, conducting scientific-‐ and conservation-‐
focused fieldwork, using rock climbing to access previously unexplored habitats, and capturing media for a forthcoming film. Phase II yielded a biodiversity assessment by the Lost Mountain Science team, led by Dr. Flavia Esteves, and an assessment of potential for an integrated conservation project, performed by Mozambican development organization, LUPA. The biodiversity assessment built on past assessments to further establish that Namuli is an inselberg of critical biological significance in the Eastern Afromontane bioregion due to its distinctive flora and fauna. This assessment confirmed the significance of this region due to its insect and herpetological diversity, as elaborated in the attached Preliminary Findings on Biodiversity Assessment (Appendix 1). Preliminary results include: 27 different species of reptiles and amphibians, with several yet to be identified; discovery of the second record of a caecilian (order Gymnophiona, Amphibia) in Mozambique, the southernmost recording of a caecilian in the world; and 37 ant genera. The community natural resources assessment demonstrated the range of development and conservation challenges this region faces, including extreme poverty, isolation, and the absence of engagement by state institutions, NGOs, or the private sector. As elaborated in the attached Baseline Study on the Management of Natural Resources in Currcua Community, Namuli (Appendix 2), difficulties facing the Namuli area include lack of access, infrastructure, formal education, health care, and land or resource governance coupled with extensive slash and burn agriculture. There was a high level of community participation and engagement in the situation assessment, particularly as it related to the opportunity for key development needs to be met. Mt. Namuli is an undoubtedly unique mountain landscape with an exceptional degree of biodiversity and a high concentration of communities who depend heavily on the ecosystem services it provides. It is, at the same time, a microcosm representative of many other high conservation value areas in the Eastern Afromontane, where maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem service values is tremendously challenged by extreme poverty, lack of access, and lack of services or governance. Phase III of The Lost Mountain seeks to creatively support modest but measurable conservation and development gains for Namuli, and, furthermore, to strongly establish a new innovation-‐
based practice for conservation tools to be used in other situations. We will do this by advancing further studies and integrated conservation and development planning, supported by 21st century media tools, diverse sources of funding, a broad-‐base constituency, creative advocacy, and engagement of youth. Our hallmark will continue to be bridging the connection among science, conservation, adventure, education, and action. Appendix 1: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT September 2014 Dr. Flavia Esteves California Academy of Sciences, USA Lead Scientist, Lost Mountain Project The following summary is intended as a preliminary overview of methods and findings while our team processes the final results of our 2014 biodiversity study of Mt Namuli in Mozambique and Mt. Mulanje in Malawi. The full report will be forthcoming in January 2015. OVERVIEW The Lost Mountain Project is focused on the conservation of Mt. Namuli – a highly biologically diverse and threatened region, with no conservation status, and missing baseline knowledge on some components of its biodiversity, which undermines conservation efforts (CEPF 2012). The need for comprehensive inventories of reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates encouraged the formation of the Lost Mountain Scientific team. The team aimed to assess the ant, amphibian, and reptile diversity and set a baseline for conservation planning. Mt. Namuli, a 2,419-‐meter inselberg, is located in the Eastern Afromontane bioregion. It is one of the largest peaks in the northern part of Mozambique and is among the oldest mountains of Africa (Burgess et al. 2004). The Eastern Afromontane bioregion encompasses scattered mountains running along the eastern edge of Africa and possesses one of the highest concentrations of endemic and threatened organisms on earth (Burgess et al. 2004). It was once called the Afromontane archipelago (White 1983) thanks to its fragmented aspect; it is the only archipelago-‐like hotspot among the 34 of the world (Burgess et al. 2004). The mountain “islands” act as cradles and museums of life: during the Quaternary climate change, the Indian Ocean and East Africa’s Great Lakes kept the mountains wetter than the surrounding lowlands, allowing their biodiversity to evolve in isolation (Burgess et al. 2004). As a result, each one of the mountains contains distinctive flora surrounded by other vegetation types (e.g., Miombo woodland) (Burgess et al. 2004). Mt. Namuli and neighboring formations are an understudied system with potentially high biological value, housing animals and plants not yet discovered by science (Branch et al. 2014; Branch & Bayliss 2009; Portik et al. 2013b; among others). It is also key to understanding the connection between the biodiversity of the Eastern Arc Mountains and the Cape components of the Eastern Afromontane hotspot. Preliminary Findings on Biodiversity Assessment 1 Dr. Flavia Esteves The Darwin Initiative conducted a biodiversity assessment of Mt. Namuli and surrounding environments (Timberlake et al. 2009), which laid much of the groundwork for future conservation planning in the region. Their work included a botanical study, surveys of birdlife and mammals, and the establishment of comprehensive outlines of the region’s early history (social and colonial history, and early exploration), geography, geology, and climate. The scientific component of the Lost Mountain project complements The Darwin Initiative’s inventory through an assessment of the diversity of reptiles, amphibians, and ants. As many of these species are found on Namuli’s vegetated vertical and near-‐vertical rock faces, they also represented key taxa for the Lost Mountain Project’s collaborative climbing, conservation, and science expedition. There is no record of a previous comprehensive ant inventory on Mt. Namuli and its surrounding landscape. However, ants have the potential to provide more granular information on any ecosystem because they are abundant in almost all terrestrial habitats (Andersen 1990; Hoffmann et al. 2000), sensitive and respond quickly to environmental variations (Andersen 1990), and functionally important in many trophic levels, maintaining ecological relationship with a large array of organisms (Alonso 2000). Ecologically, these small creatures run our terrestrial world, and can indicate more general patterns in an ecosystem. Limited herpetological studies performed on Mt. Namuli (Portik et al. 2013a; Timberlake et al. 2009) resulted in the description of some new species (Branch et al. 2014; Branch & Bayliss 2009; Portik et al. 2013b), indicating these regions awaited an inclusive herpetological survey. Finally, environmental conservation also requires understanding the interactions between nature and human society, in order to encourage more sustainable trajectories (Kates et al. 2001). However, there is a gap of knowledge on how local people use natural resources on Mt. Namuli; besides harvesting of select plant materials and hunting of small mammals (Timberlake et al. 2009), there is no detailed record of wild species utilization by local communities. It is worthy of note that insects are an important food resource in sub-‐Saharan Africa (Huis 2003), and can help to solve food and nutrition challenges (Huis et al. 2013). While a Mozambican organization conducted a situation assessment with surrounding communities in parallel to the biodiversity assessment on Mt. Namuli, in-‐depth information on natural resource utilization was not collected and therefore will still be required to inform future conservation planning. METHODOLOGY Our field expedition took place in May, 2014, and was concentrated in two sites: Mt Mulanje, in Malawi, and Mt. Namuli, in Mozambique. Preliminary Findings on Biodiversity Assessment 2 Dr. Flavia Esteves Faunal collections applied common protocols at each habitat sampled for each animal group surveyed, and all collection sites were georeferenced. For ants, we applied typical ant collection techniques (leaf-‐litter sifting for forests; baiting for grasslands and rock cliffs; low vegetation beating and malaise traps for all habitats), in addition to qualitative inventories, such as hand collecting and soil digging. Specimens collected qualitatively were identified to the genus level in the field; the remainder is still being sorted. Voucher specimens were exported to California Academy of Sciences (CASC), USA, and are currently being dry-‐mounted and identified to the species level. A representative collection from our expedition will be deposited at California Academy of Sciences, USA, the National Natural History Museum, in Maputo, Mozambique, and at the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi. The latter two contributions will assist African institutions in their goal of housing representative samples of their biodiversity. Reptiles and amphibians were located opportunistically through microhabitat surveys conducted during the day and evening. In addition, habitats were sampled using arrays of pitfall traps placed along drift fences. Specimens not retained as vouchers were released, and vouchers are being maintained in the herpetological collection at Lúrio University, Mozambique. A particularly notable component of our fieldwork was the opportunity to access vertical and near-‐vertical terrain aided by the Lost Mountain Climbing Team. The granite faces of Mt. Mulanje and Mt. Namuli were accessed by rope, and ants, reptiles and amphibians were collected on otherwise inaccessible vegetation pockets and/or while foraging on rock. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS/RESULTS We collected at the Chambe Basin of Mt. Mulanje from May 7th to May 9th, 2014. Our team was composed of Caswell Munyai (MSc), University of Venda, South Africa, and Dr. Flavia Esteves, California Academy of Sciences, USA. Both are entomologists, specializing in ants. We sampled four habitats, at distinct elevations: disturbed montane forest, at 1,976 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l); fire induced montane grassland, from 1,754 to 1,935 m.a.s.l.; high elevation rocky areas, at 2,195 to 2,390 m.a.s.l.; and miombo woodland, from 1,025 to 1,485 m.a.s.l. Our qualitative collections yielded 21 ant genera, including the rare ant genus Promyopias (Santschi 1914) in the soil of the Miombo woodland — the second record for the genus in Malawi, 101 years after its first collection, and the seventh for the world. Prior to our study, the majority of ant collections in the Eastern Afromontane bioregion were done opportunistically, with the only other ant inventory in the bioregion conducted in Tanzania between 1995 and 1996. That Preliminary Findings on Biodiversity Assessment 3 Dr. Flavia Esteves effort revealed 20 ant genera for montane and lowland forest and the Miombo woodland (Robertson 2002). On Mt. Namuli, faunal collection took place between May 19th and May 29th, 2014. Caswell Munyai (MSc.), Dr. Flavia Esteves, and Harith Farooq (MSc.), a specialist on amphibians and reptiles from Lúrio University, Mozambique, comprised our scientific team. We sampled six habitats, at different elevations: disturbed high elevation grasslands, from 1,600 to 1,860 m.a.s.l.; disturbed mid-‐elevation montane forest, at 1,315 m.a.s.l.; disturbed high elevation montane forest, from 1,589 to 1,864 m.a.s.l.; midelevation riparian forest, at 1,400 m.a.s.l. and at 1,511 m.a.s.l.; rural gardens, around 1,300 m.a.s.l.; and high elevation rocky areas, from 1,781 to 2,400 m.a.s.l. Preliminary results of our qualitative collection during the expedition on Mt. Namuli include 27 different species of reptiles and amphibians, with several yet to be identified; discovery of the second record of a caecilian (order Gymnophiona, Amphibia) in Mozambique, the southernmost recording of a caecilian in the world; and 37 ant genera. This complements Timberlake et al. (2009), which recorded 11 species of amphibians and reptiles on Mt. Namuli, while the first herpetological survey in the region registered 22 species (Portik et al. 2013a). Detailed results from the biodiversity assessment will be presented in a report forthcoming in January 2015. REFERENCES Alonso, L.E. 2000. Ants as indicators of diversity In: Ants, Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity, D. Agosti, J. Majer, L. E. Alonso and T. R. Schultz (Eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Andersen, A.N. 1990. The use of ant communities to evaluate change in Australian terrestrial ecosystems: a review and a recipe. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 16: 347-‐
357. Branch, W.R.; Bayliss, J.; Tolley, K.A. 2014. Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps compex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ‘sky islands’ of northern Mozambique. Zootaxa, 3718(1): 1-‐36. Branch, W.R.; Bayliss J. 2009. A new species of Atheris (Serpentes: Viperidae) from northern Mozambique. Zootaxa,2113: 41–54. Burgess, N.; Lovett, J.; Rodgers, A. et al. 2004. Eastern Arc Mountains and Southern Rift. Pp. 245-‐255. In: Mittermeier, R.A., Robles Gil, P., Hoffman, M. et al. Hotspots revisited: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. CEMEX, Mexico. Preliminary Findings on Biodiversity Assessment 4 Dr. Flavia Esteves CEPF. 2012. Ecosystem profile: Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot <http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Eastern_Afromontane_Ecosystem_Profile_FINAL.pdf>. Downloaded on 16 February 2014. Hoffmann, B.D.; Griffiths, A.D.; Andersen, A.N. 2000. Response of ant communities to dry sulfur deposition from mining emissions in semi-‐arid northern Australia, with implications for the use of functional groups. Austral Ecology, 25: 653-‐663. Huis, A. 2003. Insects as food in sub-‐Saharan Africa. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 23(3): 163-‐185. Huis, A.; Itterbeeck, J.; Klunder, H.; Halloran, E.M.A.; Muir, G.; Vantomme, P. 2013. Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security—Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Forestry paper 171. Kates, R.W.; Clark, W.C.; Corell, R.; Hall, J.M.; Jaeger, C.C.; Lowe, I.; McCarthy, J.J.; Schellnhuber, H.J.; Bolin, B.; Dickson, N.M.; Faucheux, S.; Gallopin, G.C.; Grubler, A.; Huntley, B.; Jager, J.; Jodha, N.S.; Kasperson, R.E.; Mabogunje, A.; Matson, P.; Mooney, H.; Moore III, B.; O'Riordan, T.; Svedlin, U. 2001. Sustainability Science. Science, 292: 641-‐642. Portik, D.M.; Mulungu, E.; Sequeira, D.; McEntee ,J.P. 2013a. Herpetological surveys of the Serra Jeci and Namuli massifs, Mozambique, and an annotated checklist of the Southern Afromontane Archipelago. Herpetological Review , 44: 394-‐406. Portik, D.M.; Travers, S.L.; Bauer, A.M.; Branch, W.R. 2013b. A new species of Lygodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) endemic to Mt. Namuli, an isolated ‘sky island’ of northern Mozambique. Zootaxa, 3710(5): 415-‐435. Robertson, H. G. 2000. Comparison of leaf litter ant communities in woodlands, lowland forests and montane forests of north-‐eastern Tanzania. Biodiversity & Conservation vol. 11 (9): 1637-‐
1652. Santschi, F. 1914. Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 8: 309-‐385 Timberlake, J.R.; Dowsett-‐Lemaire, F.; Bayliss, J.; Alves, T.; Baena, S.; Bento, C.; Cook, K.; Francisco, J.; Harris, T.; Smith, P.; de Sousa, C. 2009. Mt. Namuli, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced under the Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. White, F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa: a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. UNESCO Natural Resources Research, 20: 1-‐
356 Preliminary Findings on Biodiversity Assessment 5 Dr. Flavia Esteves Appendix 2: Baseline Study on the Management of Natural Resources in Currcua Community, Namuli LOST MOUNTAIN PROJECT NAMULI MOUNTAIN, ZAMBEZIA MAY 2014 BASELINE STUDY ON THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN CURRUCA COMMUNITY, NAMULI, DISTRICT OF GURUÉ, ZAMBÉZIA PROVINCE REPORT DATE: SEPTEMBER 2014 Authored by: Geraldo Palalane & Canisio Macamo Edited by: Elizabeth O’Neill & Majka Burhardt TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 3 BACKGROUND: AREA OF STUDY ............................................................................................. 4 Location ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Physical Features .............................................................................................................................. 4 Climate ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Soils ................................................................................................................................................. 4 The Namuli Massif ............................................................................................................................ 5 Main Biodiversity Features ............................................................................................................... 5 Brief History ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Ethnography of Namúli .................................................................................................................... 6 Ethnography of Curruca .................................................................................................................... 6 SOCIOCULTURAL ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................... 6 Demographics .................................................................................................................................. 6 Community Organization ................................................................................................................. 7 Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................... 8 Recent Historical Events ................................................................................................................. 10 Gender Roles .................................................................................................................................. 10 Diseases ......................................................................................................................................... 11 NATURAL RESOURCE USE AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY ...................................................... 11 Non-‐Agricultural Use of Natural Resources ..................................................................................... 11 Agricultural Activity ........................................................................................................................ 12 SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ......................... 14 SOCIOECONOMIC DIAGNOSIS ............................................................................................... 16 NEXT STEPS: OPTIONS TO ADDRESS DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES ........................................ 17 APPENDIX 1: LUPA FIELD INTERVIEW GUIDE ......................................................................... 20 APPENDIX 2: FREE PRIOR AND INFORMED CONSULTATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES .......... 36 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Soil characteristics ............................................................................................................ 5 Table 2: Leadership members of Curruca ........................................................................................ 7 Table 3: Institutions and responsibilities in Curruca ....................................................................... 8 Table 4: Infrastructure locations .................................................................................................... 9 Table 5: Historical events (2011 – 2014) ........................................................................................ 10 Table 6: Profile of the activities done by community ..................................................................... 10 Table 7: Natural resources utilization ............................................................................................ 11 Table 8. Production and sale of crops in Curruca. .......................................................................... 13 Table 9: Periods of Sowing and harvesting .................................................................................... 13 Table 10: Agriculture production in Mukunha locality ................................................................... 13 Table 11: Selling prices at the market ............................................................................................ 13 Table 12: School environmental problems and potential solutions ................................................ 14 Table 13: Community environmental problems and options ......................................................... 15 Table 14: Problems and prioritization ............................................................................................ 17 Table 15: Analysis of Strengthen, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats (SWOT) .................................. 17 Table 16: Land use plan ................................................................................................................. 18 Table 17: Potential income generating activities ........................................................................... 18 Table 18: Recommendations to improve infrastructure and services ............................................. 18 Table 19: Recommendations for environmental education ........................................................... 18 Table 20: Further studies and actions to improve the living conditions of communities surrounding Mount Namuli in an environmentally sustainable manner ............................................................ 19 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Overview map ................................................................................................................. 1 Figure 2: Google Earth map showing community locations ............................................................. 2 Figure 3: Organizational chart of the community ............................................................................ 7 Figure 4: One of the bridges on the way to Mukunha ..................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Participatory map infrastructures, elaborated by the community .................................... 9 Figure 6: Participatory map of natural resources, elaborated by community. ................................. 9 Figure 7 & 8: View of a potato field on the left and mixed crop field on right. ............................... 12 Figure 9 & 10: The school children during the latrine construction at school ................................. 15 Figure 11 & 12: Photos of the forest burning on a slope and of established farms ......................... 16 Figure 13 & 14: Discussions with Curruca community during the SWOT analyses .......................... 17 LIST OF ACRONYMS AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome CEPF – Critical Ecosystem Program Fund HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus IIAM – Agronomic Institution of Investigation Mozambique LUPA – Association for Community Development NGO – Non Government Organization SDAE – District Economic Activities Service SDPI – District Planning Infrastructures Service SWOT – Strengthen, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats
INTRODUCTION (Adapted from the Lost Mountain Summary Document) The Lost Mountain is a project about discovery, adventure, and ultimately survival in one of the world’s least explored and most threatened habitats. Mt. Namuli, a 7,936-‐foot granite monolith, is the largest of a group of isolated peaks that tower over the ancient valleys of northern Mozambique (Figure 1 and 2). Here, plants and animals have evolved as if on dispersed oceanic islands, so that individual mountains have become refuge to their own unique species of life, many of which have yet to be discovered or described by science. Biologists and conservationists from around the world have identified Mt. Namuli as a global hotspot: a place of critical biodiversity and an opportunity to model a new vision for wildlife preservation that integrates the wishes and needs of local people. The Lost Mountain is an international venture combining rock climbing, cliff-‐side scientific research, and integrated conservation planning. The purpose of the Lost Mountain project is to establish and document the ecological diversity and conservation potential in a region of isolated granite domes in eastern Africa. The project commenced in 2011 with a Phase I reconnaissance trip to Mt Namuli. Phase II took place in May of 2014, when an 18-‐person international team explored Malawi’s Mt. Mulanje and Mozambique’s Mt. Namuli, conducting scientific-‐ and conservation-‐focused fieldwork, using rock climbing to access previously unexplored habitats, and capturing media of all efforts for the forthcoming film. Figure 1: Overview map (Taken from: Timberlake, J.R., Dowsett-‐
Lemaire, F., Bayliss, J., Alves T., Baena, S., Bento, C., Cook, K., Francisco, J., Harris, T., Smith, P.& de Sousa, C. (2009). Mt Namuli, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced under the Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. 114 p.) Community Natural Resources Assessment 1 LUPA Figure 2: Google Earth map showing community locations LUPA (Associação para o Desenvolvimento Comunitário) is a Mozambique-‐based NGO. In 2013, Ukalene Productions and LUPA signed a memorandum of understanding for LUPA to carry out a rural development assessment with the Curruca community to determine the first steps of a viable and actionable integrated conservation plan predicated an economic development project focused on environmental sustainability. LUPA’s particular role was to carry out the survey related socio economic issues and income generation of the families. LUPA’s area of interest for the Integrated Conservation Study was the whole region surrounding the Mount Namuli. LUPA’s long-‐term aim is for this region to move towards recognition by the government to be protected as a conservation area. In order to achieve this goal, the local communities on Mt Namuli should be involved to determine and administer levels of use and management of natural resources. As a first step toward that overall objective, LUPA pursued the following objectives during the rapid assessment in May of 2014: •
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Analyze and evaluate interaction between humans and the region’s natural resources. Identify potential areas for agricultural development and other alternative forms of income generation. Identify ways to strengthen community management committees LUPA did the following in order to achieve the above objectives: Community Natural Resources Assessment 2 LUPA Held community wide meetings to present the project Worked with a 10-‐person focus group Conducted interviews with additional people throughout the community This report provides the results of the socio-‐economic and natural resource use assessment with the Curruca (also spelled Kuruka and Carruca) community and surrounding areas. The report also seeks to recommend possible activities for a second phase of implementation. •
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METHODOLOGY The methodology used was mainly focused on participatory exercises involving all the community members of Curruca. Curruca was chosen as a representative sample for the larger Namuli region. Curruca also afforded the LUPA team proximity to the rest of the Lost Mountain expedition and its film crew as they were stationed in a backcountry camp (approximately one hours walk away). The following exercises for the survey were done using a fieldwork guide (Appendix 1): • Community organization (responsibilities, etc.) • Key historical events • Map of natural resources, including infrastructure • Map of SWOT – Strengthen Weakness, Opportunities and Threats • Matrix of problems and priorities • Key stakeholders influencing development (government agencies and NGO’s) LUPA began its work in Curruca by calling a meeting with the entire community on LUPA’s first day in the field. This meeting was organized in order to explain the objectives of the work. After the meeting, three groups were created: men, women and young people. Each group outlined a map of natural resources, infrastructures and the main problems affecting the area. After this activity all the groups joined together to present their results. The community then came to a consensus after evaluating the results from these three groups. LUPA then facilitated the creating of a 10-‐person focus group with five men and five women. These representatives were selected by the community to assist with conducting surveys and data collection during the fieldwork (interviews and field visits). Environmental education activities were conducted at the community level, followed by an exercise on environmental monitoring. Activities culminated with the construction of 2 latrines. In addition to the analysis conducted in Curruca, various institutions in Gurúe were contacted in order to determine the actual level of development in Namúli region, as well as future plans. The institutions contacted were: SDAE, SDPI, District Administration of Gurúe, Administrative Post of Gurúe and the Municipality. This report is the product of 14 days of social preparation using survey and planning techniques done in Curruca community, Mukunha locality, Gurúe district, by two LUPA facilitators. Community Natural Resources Assessment 3 LUPA BACKGROUND: AREA OF STUDY Location The locality of Mukunha is located in the district of Gurúe, 30 kilometers from the main road connecting the city of Gurúe in northern Zambézia province, and bound to the north by the district of Malema, the northwest with Cuamba district, the southwest with Milange district, the south with the districts of Namarroi and Ile, and the east with the district of Alto Molocué. Gurúe has an area of 6121 square kilometers and has an estimated population of 300,000. The city of Gurúe is surrounded by huge mountain ranges and is rich in biodiversity, characterized by a potential for tea production and directly and indirectly employs thousands of people. Physical Features Namúli Mountain (2,419-‐meters) is the second highest mountain in Mozambique. It is located in Mukunha locality with an area of 173 square kilometers. It is surrounded by 4 zones, namely: Mukunha, Murabue, Curruca and Moresse. Climate (Taken from: Timberlake, J.R., Dowsett-‐Lemaire, F., Bayliss, J., Alves T., Baena, S., Bento, C., Cook, K., Francisco, J., Harris, T., Smith, P.& de Sousa, C. (2009). Mt Namuli, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced under the Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. 114 p.) Climatic data for the Namuli massif itself at 1800–2000 m are not available. The only available data are for Gurué town at its southern foot at an altitude of 730 m, where the rainfall in probably significantly less and mean temperatures certainly higher. Mean annual rainfall over 28 years at Gurué town is 1995.7 mm (Kassam et al. 1981). There is a distinct rainy season from November to March, with each of these months having over 300 mm precipitation (mean for March, the wettest month, is 357.8 mm) and a dry season from May to October with less than 60 mm/month (mean of just 26.1 mm in September). Mean maximum temperatures are 28.0oC (ranging from 32.5o in October to 23.0o in July), while mean minima are 15.7oC (ranging from 12.3o in July to 18.3o in January). Potential evapotranspiration is 1226.7 mm/year, some 770 mm/year less than precipitation. According to FAO’s climatic resources inventory map for Mozambique (FAO 1982), the Namuli area has the longest growing season of any are in the country at 300 days, with a moderately cool (15-‐20 C) temperature regime during the growing period. Soils The larger region of Mukunha is characterized by plateaus intersected by rocky slopes, dense forest, woodland, grassland, cultivated areas by population converge (mass destruction). According to analysis made in the laboratory by IIAM Maputo in 2009, the results show the following characteristics (Table 1): Community Natural Resources Assessment 4 LUPA Table 1: Soil characteristics Soil group Characteristics Geomorphology Inclination (%) Top soil-‐Sub soil texture Depth of the soil drainage Litic soils Brown sandy and very shallow soils on the rocks Areas with erosion and rocky outcrops >30% Altered rock 0 -‐ 30 excessive The Namuli Massif (Taken from: Timberlake, J.R (2007). Mount Namuli: A Conservation Assessment and Proposal Outline, unpublished report, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.) The Namuli massif, the highest point being Mt. Namuli itself (37o03'E, 15o22'S), lies immediately to the north of Gurué town in Zambézia Province in N Mozambique. The study area covers about 180 km2 between the Likungo and Malema valleys, and is perhaps the largest extent of montane plateau in N Mozambique. The broader upland area around the Namuli massif covers around 430 km2 and is primarily composed of intrusive granite-‐porphyrite, about 1100–850 million years old. Mt Namuli is the second highest point in the country after Mt Binga in the Chimanimani Mountains on the border with Zimbabwe. Within the study area the main rivers are the Rio Malema east of the main plateau flowing to the north to join the Rio Lurio, and the Rio Likungo to the west of the main massif flowing southwards to the Indian Ocean near Quelimane. The northern flanks of the Namuli massif are drained by the Rio Namparro, which downstream joins the Malema. The plateau part of the massif slopes at 1700–1900 m gently from the south west to north east, with the largest grassland area to the east (the Muretha or Murexa plateau) at around 1850 m. There are smaller plateaux to the north-‐east. Apart from Mt Namuli itself, the most spectacular cliffs are above Gurué facing south, rising around 700 m above the town. There are seven peaks above 2000 m, with the two most spectacular being the double-‐peaked Mt Namuli itself at 2412 m at the north-‐eastern edge of the massif The area is possibly the wettest in the country with the longest growing season. Gurué town, at an altitude of 730 m, has a mean annual rainfall of 1996 mm. Rainfall up on the plateau is undoubtedly much higher, and it is often cloud-‐covered. Gurué is a rapidly growing town, and the main administrative centre. Moderately good roads link it to Mocuba–Quelimane and to Milanje–Malawi. Main Biodiversity Features The main habitats of conservation significance on Mt Namuli are moist forests and upland grasslands. (Timberlake, J.R (2007). Mount Namuli: A Conservation Assessment and Proposal Outline, unpublished report, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.). More details on the biodiversity of Mt Namuli can be found in the accompanying biological summary by Dr. Flavia Esteves, lead scientist for the Lost Mountain Project. Community Natural Resources Assessment 5 LUPA Brief History Since 2005 there have been several known studies on Mt. Namuli, including: the 2007 Darwin Initiative Award Study (with KEW, IIAM, and others); Renata Jagustovic’s 2010 MSc study on the biodiversity of Namuli’s Rainforest, and Portik et al 2013 report of the first herpetological collection. In addition, World Vision has been involved in the region. At this time LUPA has not been able to get an accurate account of what work and studies World Vision conducted. What is known is that they did distribute potato seeds in 2011 and were involved in other initiatives in 2004. A brief history of the Namuli Massif is given in the Darwin report. For the purpose of this report it’s worth noting the following: •
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As of 2007 the estimated population in the Malema valley was 7,000 people. Mt Namuli is considered the ancestral home of the Macua people (a group found across Northern Mozambique and in Southern Malawi and Southern Tanzania). Ethnography of Namúli "All Lómwés express feelings of affection for the special Montes Namuli which are considered as the cradle of humanity, there are the footprints of early humans" (Rita-‐Ferreira 1975:207). Mount Namúli is known as the spirit mountain. Most of the people who live close to the mountain say there are fingerprints at the top of Namúli. Because of this belief, the Curruca community maintains that no one is allowed to climb the mountain without first having a ceremony at the Queen’s residence and gaining her permission. If somebody fails to do the ceremony they may wind up lost within the mountain’s forests and clouds. At this time the people in Curruca and the surrounding areas still believe this myth and tell this story. According to the text of Elijah Ciscato in 2007, a former European resident of Gurué said the two mountain ridges were compared to both breasts and that therefore the name Namúli derives from "namwali" (young woman), but there is no confirmation of this. Ethnography of Curruca According to some former residents the name Curruca emerged from a sacred forest where elders hunted when they needed to perform a ritual to inspire success in business. SOCIOCULTURAL ASSESSMENT Demographics The Mukunha locality has a total of 10,113 people, of whom 4,924 men and 5,189 women, and 16 cells in the aforementioned 4 zones (Mukunha, Murabue, Curruca and Mores), according to the data provided by the administrative post of Gurúe. The zone of Curruca is divided into two cells: Curruca and Chipe. This study was conducted in the Curruca cell located 20 kilometers north of the center of the tea plantations near the town of Gurué. According to the leader of Curruca, Mr. Cardoso Mwanacanja, Curruca has a population of 3,437 habitants, of which 363 are children (149 girls and 214 boys between 5 and 16). These Community Natural Resources Assessment 6 LUPA L@N156A!=667!24!86!B4=L@5C67!89!236!(7C@=@A25;2@Q6!T4A2!4L!:1516!;A!2369!;56!=42!@=!;BB457;=B6!
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Table 3: Institutions and responsibilities in Curruca Institutions Local Government NGOs Tradespeople Local companies Responsibilities The head of the village and the leaders of the villages have responsibility to guide and manage all matters requiring intervention of the local government. There is no NGO in the zone There are 3 small shops which sale basic products for the people in Curruca None Infrastructure The roads are difficult to access from the main road that connects the city of Gurué to surrounding urban areas. The only medium that is used to reach Namúli are motorized two-‐
wheelers. The roads are completely degraded including the bridges (see Figure 4) that need rehabilitation. (See Table 3 for details on locations). Figure 4: One of the bridges on the way to Mukunha The community has one primary school with classes from first to fifth grade. The school has a total of 319 students of which 163 are boys and 156 are girls. Note: more girls are listed in this figure then are mentioned as total number of girls in the community above. This is because girls come to school from the neighboring communities. Again, these are numbers LUPA is working to confirm. The school was built of natural materials prone to breaking down (walls of blown block and plaster, with a cover of grass and cuttings). Two teachers' houses are built of conventional materials. See Table 4 for infrastructure locations in Curruca, Figure 5 for a participatory map of infrastructures, elaborated by the community, and Figure 6 for participatory map of natural resources, elaborated by community. There is a church constructed of conventional materials belonging to the Baptist Union. Most of the resident’s houses are constructed by conventional materials, such as brick and zinc sheets. There are no standpipes for water supply to the community. Residents have to go to the Malema River and the Licungo River in order to get water. There is no electricity in the area. The only sources of lighting in homes are candles and lanterns. To cook food, families rely on firewood from the forest on the slopes of the mountain. Coal is not locally produced. The habit is to only use dry wood for fires. Community Natural Resources Assessment 8 LUPA Table 4: Infrastructure locations Units School Shops Main road Church Distance 100 meters and inside the residential area 200/400 meters of the residencies 21 km from Curruca to Gurué town 2 km from concentration of the houses Figure 5: Participatory map infrastructures, elaborated by the community Figure 6: Participatory map of natural resources, elaborated by community. Community Natural Resources Assessment 9 LUPA Recent Historical Events LUPA asked Curruca residents about notable events in the past five years (Table 5). Table 5: Historical events (2011 – 2014) Year 2014 2013 2012 2011 Events In February there was significant rainfall resulting in flooding and damage to 3 bridges along the road that connects the city of Gurué and the location of Mukunha. As a result of this disaster residents of Mukunha were without communication with the surrounding areas for about 2 months. Lack of rainfall throughout the year caused drought in the region. Harsh weather brought frost across the Mukunha region. It was a cold never before seen, according to residents. Crops in the fields were all frost-‐burned and famine gripped the community. Strong winds destroyed several homes and other infrastructure in the region. Gender Roles The division of labor in the community is proportional since most families have both husband and wife at home. The division of areas for agricultural practice is fair for both. There are cases of families where the husband is out of Curruca working, but the numbers are few. There is a sharing of tasks within households, although women are still busier than men. Beyond the farm, women still have to cook for the family, fetch water, care for the children and perform other tasks (Table 6). Table 6: Profile of the activities done by community Activity Agriculture of subsistence: The most important activity in the zone. Use hoes and machetes. Practiced on the slopes of mountains and small plains where the river passes. Fetching of fire wood, water and fruits: Firewood is the main source of energy in the community. It is used for cooking and heat. Fruit is an integral part of the diet of this community, particularly banana. Charcoal production: This is an activity that is seen as a source of household income in rural areas. This practice results in very high levels of forest degradation Production of alcoholic beverages (local trade) Role of Men Role of Women Soil preparation, Same activities as seed release and men harvest production Access and control Both men and women have access to land for production. Men also seek firewood in the forest, including timber for construction and furniture. Women collect Women and men firewood for domestic have access to, and activities. control of, this activity. No No Both Only one producer of Cachaço and a Women produce Kabanga (local drink Men have greater control of this Community Natural Resources Assessment 10 LUPA Activity Emigration: In the community of Curruca there are no cases of emigration of people from outside the area, or the reverse Role of Men few consumers due to the influence of Union Baptist Church No Role of Women made from bran) Access and control activity No Diseases According to the interviews conducted with local people, there are no alarming cases of HIV/AIDS. The community cites the reasons as follows: because there are few cases of prostitution and people in the area respect the culture that looks down on adultery. As there is no local health center in Curruca is it difficult to verify this finding. The Zambezia province has a 10-‐12% HIV rate. LUPA did not discuss Malaria but suspects it is an issue in the lower elevations of the community. NATURAL RESOURCE USE AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY Non-‐Agricultural Use of Natural Resources The people surrounding Namuli make extensive use of surrounding biodiversity including forest resources, species, and water. They use everything available (Tables 7 & 8). Table 7: Natural resources utilization Natural resources Malema river and effluent of Licungo. Forest Animals Rocks Eucalyptus plantation Utilization − Fishing, consuming of water, washing clothes, personal hygiene − Cutting of timber and fire wood. − Fires for hunting and opening of fields. This is a major problem in the whole surrounding area of Namuli Mountain. − Cutting of indigenous species to produce timber for furniture and construction. This specie is known locally by the name of Tchetchere (Faurea wentzeliana).. − Protea welwitschii is used for medicinal treatment of hernias. − Bersama abyssinica, the bark is used as medicine. − Syzygium cordatum and guineenses are used as fruits. − Consuming of some animals such as: monkeys, antelopes and rats − Relaxing place on top of the mountains and used as sharpening of machetes knifes − Belongs to private company. Community Natural Resources Assessment 11 LUPA Agricultural Activity The analysis of crop production and sales was conducted via a discussion with 10 selected people from the community. The group was asked a range of questions that they answered according to the practices used in Curruca. Field visits also were done. More than 100 families in the Curruca region grow and process potatoes, beans, maize, and/or cabbage along with other smaller crops (Table 8). The timing of sowing and harvesting varies across by crop (Table 9). While most of the people operating farms use areas of 4.000 m² (less than 0,5 hectare), the total area under cultivation as well as total production have been increasing annually (Table 10). Seeds and seedlings originate from several sources, including: • In 2011, World Vision distributed white pulp potato seeds • In 2013, a Malawian citizen introduced the red potatoes, which producers say was better than the white in terms of taste and rapid growth. • Cassava stems are re-‐rooted over and over. • Growers buy vegetables seeds in Gurúe town and other places. Produce is sold locally or in Gurúe, with prices differing between the two markets (Table 11). Gurúe is 21 km from Curruca. Producers who have motorbikes carry their products to town. The remaining producers who have no means of transport wake up at 3 a.m. and walk five hours to the point of sale. While these activities generate some income, earning is constrained as producers do not have: •
Knowledge about business management. •
Resources beyond the necessary seeds and hoes. •
Knowledge regarding techniques to provide the quality or quantity of crops necessary to meet the market demand. •
Access to technical assistance to improve the quality/quantity of the crops. •
A warehouse facility that would allow producers to store crops until time of sale. •
Formal marketing. •
An established net of commercialization. Figure 7 & 8: View of a potato field on the left and mixed crop field on right. Community Natural Resources Assessment 12 LUPA Table 8. Production and sale of crops in Curruca. Current Production and Sale: Curruca Annual yield (tons) Area in production (ha) Price in Gurue (Mt/50 kg) Revenue (Mt/year) Potatoes 1,600 158 750 23,700,000 Beans 155 111 650 2,020,200 Maize 3,080 1,467 650 40,049,100 Cabbage 76 2 20 1,520 Table 9: Periods of Sowing and harvesting Crops Potatoes Beans Cassava Maize Tomato Cabbage Sowing (month) May-‐ August – In the lower zone November January to September August and September August April and May Harvest (month) August and September –December February and March After a year February and March November July and August Table 10: Agriculture production in Mukunha locality Crop Cassava Potato Maize Bean Tomato Cabbage Area in Production (ha) 2013 2014 716 737 158 162 1.467 1504 111 113 27 30 2 3 Yield (tons) 2013 2014 6802 7002 1580 1620 3080,7 3158 155,4 158 445,5 600 76 114 Source: District Economic Activities Service (SDAE-‐Gurué) Table 11: Selling prices at the market Product Potato Beans Cabbage Tomato Cassava Sale Price Observations A 50-‐kg bag retails for 750 Mts at the Gurue market. During peak season, producers who have bikes make on average of 6 trips to the city each week, which means a revenue of 4,500 Mts/week. For producers who travel on foot, they can carry 20 kgs which sells for 300 Mts (1,800 Mts at 6 trips a week). Beans are sold locally in Curruca at 10,00Mts for a 0.5 L can.When transported to the central market Gurué, beans sell for 650 Mts per 50-‐kg bag. In high season the producers have a weekly income of 5,000 Mts. Cabbage is sold locally and at the central market Gurué for 20 Mts. In high season the producers earn 300 to 400,00 Mts per week. The tomato is sold locally and at the central market Gurué for 10 Mts per pile (5 tomatoes ). The weekly income is 800 to 1,000 Mts. Cassava is not sold in Curruca. It is consumed by the growers’ families directly. Community Natural Resources Assessment 13 LUPA SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS The main local environmental problems and potential solutions were discussed at the school and community levels to obtain different perspectives of the actors. At Curruca Primary School, two workshops were carried out. An environmental action plan was created with the participation of students (Table 12). Two latrines also were built to address immediately the lack of proper waste management (Figure 9 & 10). At the community level, LUPA conducted a meeting attended by 149 people (98 women and 51 men) where they discussed the interplay between humans and the environment in the area. Key environmental problems were identified, along with potential solutions (Table 13). Table 12: School environmental problems and potential solutions Environmental Causes problems Forest fires − Hunting of rats, monkeys, and other animals − Recreation − Opening paths to the mountain Water − Defecation in pollution a open space because of lack of latrines Air Pollution − Forest fires Erosion − Opening of fields on the slopes areas Consequences − Destruction of habitat of reptiles, insects, grass, etc. − Fruit and shadow trees destruction − Diarrheal diseases, water resources and other risks Solutions − Provide new technologies to hunt rats. E.g., metal traps − Punish children found burning the forest − Construction of improved latrines − Respiratory diseases and destruction of the environment. − Opening of − Opening of field craters can be in the lower dangerous for zones the children, − Designing also causes loss agriculture of arable land, around contours pollution of water resources, and increases potential for mudslides on steep slopes Implementa
tion period − Through the year Responsibility − Students and teachers − May 2014 − Students and regular and maintenan
teachers ce − Through the year − Everyone in Curruca Community Natural Resources Assessment 14 LUPA Figure 9 & 10: The school children during the latrine construction at school Table 13: Community environmental problems and options Environmental Causes problems Forest fires − Hunting of rats, monkeys and other animals − Fire wood production − Opening of fields (Figures & & 8) Low temperatures Erosion Consequences − Destruction of reptile, insects, grass habitats − Destruction of shadow and fruit trees − Intense winter − Hunger in the zone creates frost − All the vegetation in all Curruca and fields region experience frostburn − Opening of − Opening of craters fields in the can be dangerous slopes of the for the children, mountain also causes loss of arable land, − Uncontrolled pollution of water grazing resources, and increases potential for mudslides on steep slopes Solutions Period of Responsibility execution − Adoption of − Throughout − Everyone in new the year Curruca technologie
s for hunting rats. E.g., metal traps − Punishment to the people found burning the forest − Stock food − Summer − Everyone in for the Curruca winter period − Opening of − Through fields in out the lower areas year − Everyone in Curruca Community Natural Resources Assessment 15 LUPA Figure 11 & 12: Photos of the forest burning on a slope and of established farms SOCIOECONOMIC DIAGNOSIS During the meeting of 149 people from community of Curruca, three groups were organized—
women, men, and younger people—to identify the main problems affecting the region. Through discussions, each group came up with a list of problems and then all three groups came together and presented their work. After the presentations there were discussions and the groups reached consensus regarding which problems most affect the development of the region (Table 14). The same group also did an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) (Table 15). These community discussions as well as LUPA’s own analysis make clear that poverty overall is the fundamental issue in the region, not just in terms of income generation, but also in terms of lack of clean water, sanitation, or access to health care and quality education. This results from and is exacerbated by a number of issues, including: • Lack of access, identified as the #1 problem facing the community. The road is damaged allowing only motorcycles to pass through. Most bridges that exist along the road are in an advanced state of degradation. • There is little involvement of state institutions, NGOs and the private sector in the region (e.g., SDAE extension services fail to assist the region due to lack of access or transport). • There is no electricity in the zone or boreholes where the communities live. • There is no Health post in the locality of Mukunha. The need to meet subsistence requirements locally through agricultural production and use of natural resources results in several major issues, foremost among them including: • Forest fires, the main locally-‐driven problem. This practice results from hunting and secondly for the preparation of sites for farms. The pressure on mountain slopes is huge. • There is big pressure on the forest for timber, construction of houses and furniture. There is also significant cutting of trees for firewood. Community Natural Resources Assessment 16 LUPA Table 14: Problems and prioritization Problems Priorities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roads and bridges Health post Construction of improved schools Network for cellphones Pension for the elderly Improved seeds Credit concession Table 15: Analysis of Strengthen, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats (SWOT) Strengths • Local people united and willing to work • Local leadership is trusted of all the residents • Local people comply with the internal rules of land management and relationship with surrounding areas Weaknesses • There is no electricity in the zone • Lack of boreholes in the village • There is no management plan of natural resources • Little intervention of the private sector and state on socio economic side Opportunities • Potential for agriculture of conservation • Implantation of hydro electric dam • Implantation of mineral water factory • Potential for (limited) tourism development Threats • Intensive rains and cyclones • Difficult access on the roads mainly during rainy season Figure 13 & 14: Discussions with Curruca community during the SWOT analyses NEXT STEPS: OPTIONS TO ADDRESS DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES Through discussions with the community and LUPA’s own analysis, a range of options were identified that might respond to the many development challenges facing Curruca (Tables 16 to 19). Carefully elaborating and pacing these responses will be critical to ensure, for example, that increasing agricultural productivity does not occur before the community is ready to do so Community Natural Resources Assessment 17 LUPA in an environmentally sustainable manner. As a result, LUPA recommends that several further studies are conducted and steps taken to meet the following objectives (Table 20): • Secure good land and resource management • Build the capacity of local people and organizations • Increase income generation for families Table 16: Land use plan Problems Uncontrolled use of natural resources in the entire region. Gaps Lack of assistance through the District Economic Activities Services. Potential Responses -‐ Land Use Plan (natural resources zoning) -‐ Definition of conservation areas with restricted rules. -‐ Delimitation of the community land -‐ Attraction of investors and promotion of partnerships with communities. Table 17: Potential income generating activities Products Beans, Potato, Maize Carbon credits Mineral water Crop diversification Tourism Gaps Low production and marketing of the product Lack of market to sell the Carbon credits Difficult access to the mountain Sub nutrition Knowledge about tourism Lack of infrastructure Potential Responses -‐ SDAE as to assist the producers. -‐ Establish connectionss with private sector. -‐Make a study of production and sales in the region -‐Conduct a viability study of production and processing -‐Introduce fruit trees adapted to the local climate -‐Nutritional education -‐Vet a small scale tourism support network with local guides and porters. Table 18: Recommendations to improve infrastructure and services Problems Difficult access obstructs development Health services are far Educational quality and services Lack of access to clean water Potential Responses Repair and maintain roads and bridges Establish a local health post Improve school services, regularly lessons. Construct water pump or open bore holes. Table 19: Recommendations for environmental education Problems Fires, erosion, agriculture on the slopes Gaps Lack of natural resources committee There are no projects on environmental education There are no institutions /organizations assisting on this component Community Natural Resources Assessment 18 Potential Responses -‐Create and strengthen Natural Resources Committees -‐Establish a Rural Extension Service in the area to promote good practices in agriculture of conservation Create a program of environmental education in schools and communities LUPA Table 20: Further studies and actions to improve the living conditions of communities surrounding Mount Namuli in an environmentally sustainable manner. Note that Objectives 1 and 2 should be well advanced as preconditions for Objective 3 to ensure that increased economic activity does not outpace the communities’ ability to sustainable manage its natural resources. Objectives Activities Objective 1: Secure good land management -‐ Land use plan (natural resources zonation) -‐ Define conservation areas with restricted rules -‐Implement community land delimitation Objective 2: Strengthen local organizations Communities -‐Create and legalize the natural resources committees -‐Conduct workshops on environmental education and rules of sustainable management Public -‐Establish and strengthen extension services to promote good agricultural practices Schools -‐Create environmental clubs in each school -‐Conduct workshops on environmental education and rules of sustainable management Women/men -‐Workshop about nutrition -‐Workshops about potable water and sanitation Objective 3: Increase income generation of the families Potential income -‐ Survey the economic potential in each generators: community -‐Create and organize groups of interest for − Beans each activity − Potato -‐Capacitate the producers − Maize -‐ Supply tools − Carbon credit -‐Install school demonstration fields to − Mineral water − Cultural diversification improve the technology -‐ Attraction of investors/interested partners − Tourism -‐ Link with Market Expected results -‐Mapping and management of land is environmentally sustainable -‐ Land security granted -‐Community organization strengthened -‐Improved management of natural resources -‐Technologies and best practices disseminated. -‐School children capacity strengthened on issues related to environment -‐Best practices on natural resources management -‐ Improved health status of the people -‐Good practices to the environment and sanitation. -‐Economic and development plan elaborated. -‐Group of producers strengthened. -‐Increased productivity and production -‐Partnerships established to improve the productive chain of economic development. Community Natural Resources Assessment 19 LUPA APPENDIX 1: LUPA FIELD INTERVIEW GUIDE LUPA FIELD INTERVIEW GUIDE GUIÃO DE TRABALHO DE CAMPO EM NAMULI 1.1 Apresentação dos principais aspectos do Projecto a comunidade Conteúdos: -‐ Objectivos -‐ Metodologia de trabalho -‐ Duração do Projecto 1.2 Identificação de áreas com potencial para as actividades agrícolas Conteúdos: -‐ Localização da área em termos de hectares (confirmação com o GPS), condições de acessos da estrada principal (E. Nacional) até ao local incluindo a distância (kms). -‐ Confirmação da existência de alguns recursos tais como energia, fontes de água e outros. Situação actual da produção agrícola nas áreas identificadas. 1.3. Identificar o potencial económico e a cadeia de valor dos produtos. Conteúdos: -‐ Abordagem da situação dos problemas actuais ao longo da cadeia de valor dos produtos locais, tendo em consideração a produção, processamento, comercialização e acessos a créditos. -‐ Análise da viabilidade económica dos produtos locais. 1.4 Criar/fortalecer os comités de gestão comunitária Conteúdo: -‐ Saber se existem os comités de gestão comunitária através da liderança? -‐ Realizar um encontro formal com os membros da comunidade para a criação ou o fortalecimento dos comités de gestão. -‐ Encontro com os membros eleitos de forma a definir e coordenar como é que funcionará o comité -‐ Os papéis e responsabilidades do comité. 1.5 Criação de parcerias entre a comunidade e o sector privado Community Natural Resources Assessment 20 LUPA Conteúdo: -‐ O que é parceria? -‐ Vantagens e desvantagens da parceria. -‐ Modelos de parcerias: Parceria, Joint venture agreement e contrato de concessão 1.6. Monitoria ambiental e plano de acção TRABALHO DE CAMPO 1° dia Apresentação ao Administrador distrital Saida para o campo 2° dia Apresentação aos líderes locais, assentamento do acampamento e planificação das actividades 3° dia Participantes: Reunião geral com toda comunidade Agenda: -‐ Apresentação dos participantes -‐ Objectivos do trabalho -‐ Breve apresentação sobre o Projecto Organização da comunidade (Incluir, professores, conselho de escola, conselho de gestão de recursos naturais, comité de água, etc) Nome Posição Responsabilidade Community Natural Resources Assessment 21 LUPA 2. Organigrama da comunidade/Breve historial da comunidade 3. Marcos históricos (cheias, ciclones, boas produções, pragas, doenças, guerras) Ano Acontecimentos importantes (últimos 10 anos) Community Natural Resources Assessment 22 LUPA Seleccionar os líderes comunitários/ membros do Conselho Desenvolvimento comunitário 4. Análise organizacional -‐ analisar cada instituição existente (Forcas, fraquezas, oportunidades e ameaças) Indicador Inicio projecto Liderança -‐Não tem líder; -‐Não tem estrutura; Actual Nível Tem liderança eleita com os orgãos de direcção. Os membros já têm algum conhecimento sobre o associativismo. A associaçao já tem um plano de rega e está a defenir um plano de campanha. Bom -‐Não está legalizada Associação legalizada publicada no BR . Muito Bom -‐ Não tem estatutos Há vontade dos membros em participar. -‐Membros são identificados com facilidade Planificação e -‐Não tem conhecimento de contabilidade e de gestão básicas; Alguns membros com conhecimentos de contabilidade. Fazem registos de produção e das vendas obtidas, contudo é necessário continuar a capacitar. -‐Não tem conhecimento dos princípios de associativismo; -‐Não tem estatutos nem regulamento interno. Legalidade e composição Gestão -‐Não tem plano de actividades; -‐Não há prestação de contas Componente -‐Não possui atividades econômicas Económica -‐ Não tem plano de negócios Community Natural Resources Assessment Bom Associaçao com actividade económica Bom de rendimento. Elaborar um plano de negócios e como consequencia 23 LUPA -‐Não possui nenhum sistema de gestão -‐Não tem contratos com provedores de serviços -‐Não tem contrato de venda de produtos celebrado obtiveram um crédito no valor de 94.000 meticais no FIIL. Produziram batata, alho, tomate, couve, beterraba e repolho, cebola e feijão manteiga. Possuem 2.300 mts da venda dos produtos. -‐Nao fundo social próprio, para cobrir as despesas mínimas de funcionamento Implementar projectos O grupo tem vontade de elaborar e implementar projecto de rendimento O grupo participa activamente nos projectos (100%). Muito Bom Fortalecimento -‐Fraca diversificação de actividades socioeconómicas Ainda não estao consolidadas as actividades economicas. Precisam de mais tempo de assistencia. Já pagam as quotas (650 meticais) e tem acesso a credito. Estao na fase inicial de contruir a sede da organização. Tem assistencia com SDAE para ir dando assitencia a produçao. Bom -‐Não tem autonomia financeira (cotas, jóias, crédito formal, rendas diversificadas) -‐Não tem um projecto colectivo -‐Não tem sede própria -‐Tem parceria com SDAE 4.1. Agentes de desenvolvimento Instituicoes Responsabilidades Governo local ONGs Comerciantes 4° dia 5. Matriz de priorização de problemas do uso da terra e dos recursos naturais Problemas Community Natural Resources Assessment Prioridades 24 LUPA 6. Mapeamento participativo dos recursos naturais e infra estruturas 6.1. Infra estruturas 7. Recursos naturais existentes/ utilização Recursos naturais Utilizacao Community Natural Resources Assessment observacao 25 LUPA Nota: Identificar se há espécies em vias de extinção 8. Papel da Mulher/Homem no uso dos recursos naturais Actividade Papel Homem Papel da Mulher Acesso e controle 5° Dia -‐Organizar um grupo de 5 a 10 pessoas para visitar a área proposta para o investimento. Recolher o máximo possível todos os dados concernentes a área, com auxílio do GPS.. -‐ Criar/fortalecer os comités de gestão dos recursos naturais nas comunidades. -‐ Realizar um encontro com o comité eleito com a finalidade de definir papéis e responsabilidades. 6° Dia -‐ Participantes: Comité de gestão e 5 produtores médios convidados 9. Identificação das potencialidades da comunidade/dimensionamento (fontes de renda) Potencialidades Potencialidade 1 Potencialidade 2 Potencialidade 3 Unidade de medida Community Natural Resources Assessment Quantidades (2010,2011,2012) 26 LUPA Após identificação das potencialidades económicas da comunidade irá analisar-‐se a cadeia de valor de cada produto produzido localmente (áreas trabalhadas, produção, as receitas obtidas, comercialização,…) 10. Cadeia do valor do produto XXXXXXXX Situação actual e problemas Potencialidade e a cadeia de valor óptima Produção Tamanho do potencial que é explorado O potencial existente (máx. que podemos alcançar) actualmente. 500 há com produção de 1.000 ton 100 hectares com produção de 100 ton de milho, dando receita anual de 25.000 meticais (fazer estudo de viabilidade para saber o ganho/família) Existência de investidores interessados. Disponibilidade de micro créditos, empregos criados, Falta de capital para investir Fazer ligações com empresas que estão interessadas em comprar o produto Falta de mercado Capacitar os produtores em tecnologias melhoradas Conhecimento de técnicas melhoradas Quantidade de recursos disponíveis Quantidade de recursos humanos e materiais, financeiros actualmente necessários para podermos explorar plenamente o potencial disponível Precisamos cerca de 2.000 pessoas ou 4 tractores Trabalham 400 pessoas empregadas Community Natural Resources Assessment 27 LUPA Processamento/transformação Quantidade e qualidade dos produtos Quantidade e qualidade dos produtos a processar actualmente processados Os produtores deverão ter acesso a vender os produtos numa unidade de processamento e saber como apresentar os produtos Os produtores não tem conhecimento de gestão empresarial de negócios Os produtores deverão ser dotados de conhecimentos básicos de gestão empresarial Infra estruturas de processamento Infra estruturas de processamento/ transformação /transformação actualmente existentes necessárias Comercialização Quantidade comercializada actualmente Quantidade de produtos que é possível comercializar caso explore o potencial máximo Pelo menos 3 comerciantes vocacionados a comprar e vender o produto Não existe uma rede de comercialização do produto Infra estruturas de transporte e Infra estruturas de transporte e comercialização comercialização existentes actualmente necessárias Não existe um armazém Necessário existir um armazém com capacidade de 10 ton Campanhas de marketing actualmente Campanhas de promoção de marketing necessárias realizadas, de promoção de marketing da comunidade com base nas potencialidades Desconhece-‐se a existência de milho na Levar uma campanha de marketing do milho através de zona folhetos, tipo de variedades existentes, quantidades… Community Natural Resources Assessment 28 LUPA 11. Plano de acção para geração de renda Produtos Mel Artesanato Gergelim Feijão Carbono Turismo (guias locais, tradutores, plantas medicinais) Lacunas Estratégia para implementação Community Natural Resources Assessment 29 LUPA 7° Dia -‐ Participantes: Comité de gestão a) Capacitação em metodologias para criação de parcerias entre o sector privado e a comunidade. b) Instituições (agentes de desenvolvimento, ONGs, investidores privados, comerciantes) 12. Visão da comunidade (2014 – 2015) Anos 2014 2015 Actividades 8° Dia Community Natural Resources Assessment 30 LUPA 13.1. Monitoria ambiental (escola) Problemas ambientais •
Causas Corte de arvores •
Produção de carvão, para a pratica de agricultura, produção de estacas para construção de casas. •
Para agricultura. •
Os animais invadem as Machambas Consequencias •
•
Queimadas Descontroladas Conflito homem animal 13.2.Plano de acção Problemas ambientais •
Corte de arvores •
Queimadas Descontroladas Conflito homem animal Solucoes •
Os membros da comunidade não cortam as árvores pela raíz para garantir a renovação da arvore. Existe tambem lei comunitaria que proibe o corte de arvores nativas e de fruteiras. Existem leis dentro do regulamento do CGRN, mas não são aplicadas. •
Quanto ao conflito homem animal, a comunidade está em conversação com a REM •
Perido execucao Resp. Community Natural Resources Assessment 31 LUPA 9° Dia 14.1. Monitoria ambiental (comunidade) Problemas ambientais •
Para agricultura. •
Os animais invadem as Machambas Consequencias •
•
Queimadas Descontroladas Conflito homem animal 14.2. Plano de acção Problemas ambientais •
Queimadas Descontroladas Conflito homem animal Solucoes •
Quanto ao conflito homem animal, a comunidade está em •
Perido execucao Resp. Community Natural Resources Assessment 32 LUPA conversação com a REM 10° Dia 15.1. Monitoria ambiental (SDAE,SDPI) Problemas ambientais •
Para agricultura. Consequencias •
•
Queimadas Descontroladas Conflito homem animal •
Os animais invadem as Machambas 15.2. Plano de acção Problemas •
Queimadas Descontroladas Conflito homem animal •
Solucoes •
Perido execucao Os membros da comunidade não cortam as árvores pela raíz para garantir a renovação da arvore. Existe tambem lei comunitaria que proibe o corte de arvores nativas e de fruteiras. Existem leis dentro do regulamento do CGRN, mas não são aplicadas. Community Natural Resources Assessment 33 Resp. LUPA •
Quanto ao conflito homem animal, a comunidade está em conversação com a REM 11° Dia Participantes: Investigadores/ONGs 16. Plano de acção Problemas •
Queimadas Descontroladas Conflito homem animal Actividades realizar •
Perido execucao Resp. •
12° Dia Participantes: Reunião geral com a comunidade Agenda: Retorno da informação a comunidade na presença do Chefe de localidade/Posto Administrativo 13° Dia Community Natural Resources Assessment 34 LUPA Apresentação do Projecto ao Governo distrital Community Natural Resources Assessment 35 LUPA APPENDIX 2: FREE PRIOR AND INFORMED CONSULTATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Free Prior and Informed Consultation of Indigenous Peoples Document Prepared by LUPA and Ukalane For CEPF in July 2014 Background to Project Since when have you been working in the area? What has been achieved so far? Who are living in the area? Which Indigenous People are present? How many? What is their status, means of livelihoods, and what is the relation between your project and these Indigenous People? LUPA started working with the Curruca community around Mt Namuli for the first time in May 2014 (17 – 30 May). During that time we achieved confirmation of the willingness of the people to create a natural resources committee in order to control the use and management of the resources. (For example, in the rainforest at the mountain where trees have been cut for construction and firewood.) Our forthcoming fieldwork report/conservation plan details all the socio economic ways of living of the community and their priority to develop the Namuli region. The majority of the people living in the area are natives of the area-‐-‐people born and living in the area. The people living in the specific community which we worked with number 1436 people. Most of the people living in the area are unemployed and for their survival use the land to produce crops and sale locally and in Gurue town. The relation between our project and the people is in a way to train and capacitate on the use and management of natural resources in a sustainable manner, also introduce best practices particularly in agriculture of conservation. Consultations Which consultations have taken place to date? How, when, with whom? Do you have any documentation (letters, minutes of meetings etc) with regards to these consultations? LUPA did consultation directly in the community through interviews with different people, including the leaders of the region, during the fieldwork. The first day, a meeting with the all Community Natural Resources Assessment 36 LUPA community was organized in order to explain the objectives of the work. After the meeting 3 groups were divided: men, women and young people. In each group elaborated a map of natural resources, infrastructures and the main problems affecting the area. After this activity all the groups joined in a plenary to present the results and coming to harmonization and consensus. At that point, 10 people were selected by the community, 5 men and 5 women to assist the survey during the field work (interviews and visits crops field)—our representative group. Environmental education was carried out with the community and at school followed by an exercise on environmental monitoring action plan which was culminated with a construction of 2 latrines. The representative group also visited the high camp with Ukalene productions and scientists and had a progress meeting and Q and A with the full project mid-‐way through the field time. Then, at the end of the field time the representative group, LUPA, and the full Lost Mountain team had a meeting with the whole community to close the fieldwork time with a presentation and question period. Beside the social preparation done, varies institutions in Gurúe were contacted with the objective of finding what were the actual situation of development in Namúli region and future plans. The institutions contacted were: SDAE, SDPI, District Administration of Gurúe, Administrative Post of Gurúe and the Municipality. The main objective of these consultations with the institutions mentioned above was to present the project to them, and hearing from them the current and future situation with Namuli region in terms of development. These were done in May in Gurue with the heads of each institution. In terms of letters or minutes of them meetings we did not have it. But notes were taken and written on the main report of the fieldwork (forthcoming). Project Are the Indigenous People informed about your planned project? Do they agree? How will you involve them during the implementation of your project? Will they be part of the decision-‐
making process? Yes, our first step (which we completed before starting to work with the people) was a meeting with the whole community with the objective to present the project and make sure that everyone understood and agreed with the intention. At the end of this meeting the project was welcomed and the representative group was chosen in a meeting with all the community. The above consultations also occurred which were opportunities for discussion about the project. Community Natural Resources Assessment 37 LUPA In the future, we will be working with that representative group (or a different one if a new one is formed). We will work with them in the decision making process and carry out the workshops about environmental education, field work on the best practices in the conservation, field visits for exchanging experience and monitoring action using a plan. Our fieldwork visit to Namuli was for the purposes to gather information and interview the community to be able to create an informed plan and thus did not end with presenting the community a full plan for implementation. That would have been disingenuous to do during this phase. Instead, we have a plan to finish our report, consult with other organizations and advisors, and then apply for funding to implement the next phase—the first step of which will be to go back to the community to collaborate on implementation. During the fieldwork, LUPA and the community identified problems and concerns about the use and management of natural resources. A table of priorities on those problems and concerns was written down with the consensus of all communities members. This data is in the forthcoming report. We are now actively searching and applying for funding for the next steps. Once we find that funding, we will plan a trip to the field in order to make a plan of activities including the selection of the people who are going to be directly involved and make sure that this plan is also known by the institutions mentioned above. In addition, in the future a representative from LUPA will be working going to field in order to assist the implementation of the project. A focal point will be selected from the community in order to carry on with the activities in case this person from LUPA has to travel or any other reason. Community Natural Resources Assessment 38 LUPA

Lost Mountain Report Phase II October 27 2014_Small

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