82ª edição

Transcrição

82ª edição

Socioeconomia & Ciência Animal
Boletim Eletrônico do LAE/FMVZ/USP
Edição 082, de 31 de janeiro de 2015
EDITORIAL
Esta 82ª edição do boletim “Socioeconomia &
Ciência Animal” abre 2015 com um artigo que
convida à reflexão sobre a educação gerencial nos
cursos superiores de Medicina Veterinária. Será
que nossas escolas estão estimulando o espírito
empreendedor dos futuros profissionais? Os
mercados são claramente promissores, mas será
que os veterinários estão preparados para
aproveitarem essas oportunidades?
Em outro artigo de divulgação, o velho debate
sobre o tamanho ótimo de fazendas – se pequenas
ou grandes – é resgatado por representantes da
Foundation for World Agriculture and Rurality
(FARM). Os autores fazem um resgate histórico da
discussão e apresentam seu posicionamento
sobre a questão.
Nosso monitoramento de artigos científicos de
áreas de interesse identificou novos trabalhos nas
revistas: Ciência Rural, Revista Brasileira de
Ciência Avícola, Sustentabilidade em Debate,
Agriculture, Ecosystem & Environment, Animal,
Journal of Dairy Science, Canadian Journal of
Animal Science, Journal of Animal Science,
Aquaculture e Aquaculture International.
Sugerimos a leitura da análise elaborada neste
início de ano pelo banco holandês Rabobank para
o mercado mundial de carne suína. A tônica da
análise é a busca por novo equilíbrio nesse
mercado, após a epidemia de PEDv, a proibição
de importações russas e o enfraquecimento do
mercado chinês, tudo isso ocorrido em 2014.
Nossos pesquisadores do Índice de Custo de
Produção
do
Cordeiro
Paulista
(ICPC)
identificaram ligeira queda nos custos de produção
1
Este estudo é parte da dissertação do autor no Mestrado em
Gestão e Inovação da Indústria Animal, Faculdade de
Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de
São Paulo (USP).
2
Médico Veterinário, aluno do Curso de Mestrado em Gestão e
Inovação na Indústria Animal, FZEA/USP. E-mail:
[email protected]
no primeiro mês do ano nas regiões de Araçatuba,
Bauru e Piracicaba, devido à estabilidade nos
preços dos grãos associada à queda no valor da
cana de açúcar e de alguns vermífugos. Confira as
informações completas bem como os indicadores
regionais de custo na respectiva seção deste
boletim.
Como de praxe, atualizamos as seções de livros,
oportunidades de trabalho e eventos. Há muitas
novidades. Vale checar!
Iniciamos a chamada de trabalhos científicos para
o IV Simpósio de Sustentabilidade & Ciência
Animal (SISCA). O SISCA é o principal evento
nacional sobre a temática. Em sua quarta edição,
o objetivo principal do evento é a promoção da
cultura da sustentabilidade na produção e criação
de animais. Em breve divulgaremos, no site do
evento, a sua programação completa.
Finalmente, relembramos que nossa equipe
continua atualizando diariamente a página do LAE
no Facebook®, com notícias diversas, eventos,
publicações, dicas, dentre outros. Acesse e curta
nossa página:
www.facebook.com/LAE.FMVZ.USP
Os editores
DIVULGAÇÃO I
EDUCAÇÃO GERENCIAL EM MEDICINA
VETERINÁRIA: UMA ABORDAGEM ALÉM DAS
INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO SUPERIOR1
Frederico José Souto de Freitas2
Augusto Hauber Gameiro3
Entenda-se, no contexto deste artigo, “Educação
Gerencial” como sendo o ensino de disciplinas
relacionadas ao gerenciamento profissional,
financeiro, de marketing, de pessoas e gestão
administrativa.
3
Professor do Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal,
Coordenador do Laboratório de Análises Socioeconômicas e
Ciência Animal (LAE), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e
Zootecnia (FMVZ/USP).
Universidade de São Paulo
Prefeitura do Campus de Pirassununga
Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Produção Animal - Laboratório de Análises Socioeconômicas e Ciência Animal
1
O mercado mundial de produtos pet cresce
mundialmente a cada ano. Nos Estados Unidos da
América (EUA), mercado número um do mundo, a
estimativa era de que, ao final de 2014, segundo a
American Pet Products Association (APPA),
tivessem sido vendidos algo em torno de US$
51,58 bilhões. No Brasil, segundo colocado no
ranking mundial da indústria pet, segundo a
Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Produtos
para Animais de Estimação (ABINPET), a
estimativa de vendas em 2014 seria algo em torno
de R$ 16,47 bilhões.
O mercado pet vem crescendo a passos largos no
Brasil. Segundo a Câmara Setorial da Cadeia
Produtiva Pet (CSPET) o valor apurado do setor
pet em 2012 foi de R$ 12,2 Bilhões, não sendo aí
contabilizada a venda de animais de estimação.
Ainda segundo essa mesma fonte, o mercado pet
representou em 2012, 0,39% do Produto Interno
Bruto (PIB) brasileiro, estando à frente do que foi
apurado com a venda de TVs, freezers, laptops e
notebooks no mesmo período, mesmo sem
auxílios econômicos e fiscais concedidos pelo
Governo Federal a alguns desses setores.
Nos EUA, segundo a CareerCast, um site norteamericano de pesquisa e alocação de profissionais
no mercado, o salário médio de um Médico
Veterinário é de US$ 84.460 anuais. No Brasil, a
título de comparação, o salário do Médico
Veterinário é regulado pela Lei 4.950, de 22 de
abril de 1966, que fixa um salário de 6 até 8,5
salários mínimos federais, para jornadas de 180 a
220 horas/mês. Assim, considerando o salário
mínimo federal vigente em 2014 e a taxa cambial
média, o salário anual do profissional variaria entre
US$ 22.137 e US$ 31.360 no Brasil, seguindo o
piso regulamentar.
Dos US$ 51,58 bilhões de vendas estimadas em
2014 no mercado pet Norte Americano, cerca de
US$ 15,25 bilhões devem ter sido dispendidos em
procedimentos veterinários, tais como consultas,
procedimentos cirúrgicos, exames, etc. (APPA,
2014). No Brasil não possuímos estatísticas a
respeito do montante gasto com essas atividades.
Esta breve introdução serve para situarmos o
mercado veterinário pet. Tal mercado gira uma
soma considerável de recursos e tem, como um
dos cernes, o profissional Médico Veterinário.
Também serve para demonstrar que, apesar de
ser uma profissão onde a vocação é muito
importante, a Medicina Veterinária moderna
espera, cada vez mais, profissionais que tenham,
além do profundo embasamento técnico, uma
educação gerencial aprofundada para saber lidar
com o mercado.
Em 1999 o Conselho Federal de Medicina
Veterinária e Zootecnia (CFMVZ) publicou o
trabalho “Contribuição para o delineamento do
perfil do mercado de trabalho do Médico
Veterinário e do Zootecnista no Brasil” que buscou
traçar como estava e quais eram as perspectivas
para o futuro do mercado de trabalho dessas
profissões. Naquela época o que se observou foi a
migração do Médico Veterinário, habitualmente
trabalhador em órgãos públicos, para o setor
privado, com o desmantelamento por um lado, e
consolidação por outro lado, de diversos órgãos de
defesa sanitária públicos.
Segundo aquele estudo, o Estado de São Paulo já
liderava o ranking de Médicos Veterinários e
Zootecnistas no Brasil, mesmo não sendo o
principal formador desses tipos de profissionais.
Ou seja, já naquela época, existia a migração de
profissionais de outros Estados, para o Estado de
São Paulo. Da mesma forma, o grande aumento
de
profissionais
Médicos
Veterinários
e
Zootecnistas, se deveu, principalmente, ao fato de
ter havido um “boom” no número de Instituições de
Ensino Superior (IES) que dispunham os Cursos
Superiores em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
(CSMVZ), naquela década (CFMV, 1999). Ainda
segundo esse trabalho, no setor privado, a maioria
dos Médicos Veterinários exerciam atividades
relacionadas à clínica e os Zootecnistas exerciam
as atividades relacionadas à consultoria. Ainda,
naquela época, era forte o exercício profissional
relacionado aos animais de produção, mas a
clínica de pequenos animais, o chamado setor pet,
já iniciava a sua ascensão.
Em 2002 o Conselho Nacional da Educação, por
meio da Câmara de Educação Superior do
Ministério da Educação (CNE/CES) publicou o
Parecer CNE/CES 105/2002 que, até hoje em dia,
é o instrumento base da educação superior em
Medicina Veterinária no Brasil. No ponto tangente
à
“Competência
e
Habilidades”,
item
“Competências Gerais” e no sub item
“Administração e Gerenciamento”, é citado
textualmente que os formandos egressos (os
profissionais) “...devem estar aptos a ser
empreendedores, gestores, empregadores ou
lideranças na equipe de saúde ...” (BRASIL, 2002).
É sabido, por senso comum, que os CSMV são, de
modo geral, no mundo todo, tecnicistas por
natureza. Não poderia ser diferente, frente à
grande carga de material didático que deve ser
2
absorvido pelo estudante durante a sua formação.
Assim, de modo geral, os profissionais Médicos
Veterinários saem das escolas com um grande
potencial tecnicista. O que não se observa, no
entanto, é uma formação gerencial à altura das
exigências do mercado veterinário atual. Segundo
Burrows (2006):
“A prática veterinária pode ser uma
vocação para muitos mas, é claro,
também é um negócio e deve ser
tratado como tal para que se obtenha
sucesso. Isso é fato para profissionais
veterinários, associações profissionais
e conferências veterinárias há muito
tempo. Porém, até a década dos anos
2000, os CSMV americanos não tinham
na sua grade curricular, disciplinas
voltadas aos negócios e educação
gerencial” (tradução nossa).
Essa ausência de disciplinas voltadas à educação
gerencial é, portanto, comum também em IES nos
EUA e na Europa. Seria de se pensar que, no
maior mercado pet do mundo, os formandos
egressos/profissionais saíssem com uma ótima
formação nessas questões gerenciais, mas isso
não é de todo verdadeiro. O principal CSMV dos
EUA, segundo o ranking Best Graduate Scholl, da
empresa US News & World Report (2014), a
Cornell University, disponibiliza aos seus alunos
apenas
uma
disciplina
(“Professional
Development”) no terceiro ano da graduação
(CORNELL, 2014). Dentre as cinco primeiras
colocadas nesse ranking, apenas a terceira
colocada, a North Carolina State University
disponibiliza duas disciplinas relacionadas à
educação gerencial (“Group Communication in
Veterinary Medicine” no primeiro ano da
graduação e a “Extramural Experiences in Small
Animal”, no quarto ano da graduação) (NC STATE,
2014). Na Europa observam-se no Royal
Veterinary College uma disciplina (“Professional
Knowledge”) (RVC, 2014) e na Cambridge
Veterinary School a disciplina “Practice & Business
Management” (VETCAM,2014).
Segundo o CFMVZ existem atualmente no Brasil,
304 IES que dispõe de CSMV (CFMV, 2015).
Somente no Estado de São Paulo são
contabilizadas por esse órgão de classe, 43 IES
que dispõe os CSMV. Dessas 33 são IES
particulares e 5 são públicas.
Um levantamento na grade curricular dos CSMV
do Estado de São Paulo nos aponta poucos
exemplos
de
disposição
de
disciplinas
relacionadas à área de humanas e, muito menos,
de disciplinas relacionadas à educação gerencial.
É comum o oferecimento de disciplinas voltadas à
economia rural e à gestão dos agronegócios,
bastante
plausível
decorrente
do
papel
desempenhado pelo Brasil no mercado de
commodities
mundial.
Aqueles
formandos
egressos/profissionais que desejarem atuar
profissionalmente com animais de produção, as
disciplinas ofertadas nos diversos CSMV,
provavelmente serão suficientes para posicionálos no mercado.
É importante salientar as mudanças ocorridas no
Brasil a partir de 1994, com um maior controle
inflacionário e maior disponibilidade de crédito à
população, ocorrendo aumento da renda da classe
trabalhadora e um maior desenvolvimento do setor
pet desde então. Essa mudança do perfil
econômico brasileiro, alavancou a clínica médica e
cirúrgica de pequenos animais, levando grande
parte dos formandos egressos/profissionais a
traçarem suas decisões profissionais à essa área.
Atualmente, mais do que em 1999, ano da
publicação do texto pelo CFMVZ, é bem mais
comum o profissional Médico Veterinário ir buscar
sua vida profissional não como empregado mas
sim como proprietário de clínicas, hospitais, pet
shops, etc.
Dos CSMV do Estado de São Paulo, apenas 6 IES
oferecem disciplinas mais relacionadas à
educação gerencial e não relacionadas ao
agronegócio propriamente dito; e apenas 5
oferecem
disciplinas
relacionadas
ao
empreendedorismo e plano de negócios que, de
todo modo, abordam temas relacionados à
educação gerencial em si.
Nos EUA, em 2004, por pressão dos estudantes
de Medicina Veterinária que observaram essa
carência em educação de negócios, foi fundada a
Associação de Gestão de Negócios Veterinários
(do Inglês “Veterinary Business Management
Association, VBMA”), cujo objetivo é levar a todos
os profissionais e estudantes interessados,
educação gerencial de qualidade. No início eram
estudantes de 12 IES Americanas. Hoje a VBMA
conta com estudantes e profissionais de 38 IES
Americanas e já conseguiram se espalhar pelo
exterior, com IES do México e Caribe. Um bom
modelo a se espelhar aqui no Brasil.
Não se procura, no entanto, que os CSMV sejam
transformados, de um curso tecnicista por
3
excelência, em um curso de administração e
gestão. O mote desse artigo é que se discuta uma
abordagem mais efetiva da educação gerencial
nos bancos dos CSMV de modo a se preparar
mais e melhor o formando egresso/profissional do
futuro.
http://www.cfmv.gov.br/portal/_doc/mercado_trabalho_vetzoo.
pdf > Acesso em 13 jan. 2015.
Referências
CSPET. Câmara Setorial da Cadeia Produtiva de
Animais de Estimação – Mistério da Agricultura
Pecuária e Abastecimento – MAPA. [online].
Disponível
em:
<
ABINPET. Associação Brasileira da indústria de
Produtos para Animais de Estimação. Mercado
segue em desenvolvimento e mantém segundo
lugar no ranking mundial. [online]. Disponível em:
<http://abinpet.org.br/imprensa/noticias/abinpet-prevecrescimento-de-faturamento-de-82-para-setor-pet-que-devefaturar-r-1647-bi-em-2014/>. Acesso em: 22 set. 2014.
APPA. American Pet Products Association. U.S.
Pet Industry Spending Figures & Future Outlook.
[online].
Disponível
em:
<
http://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp
>. Acesso em: 23 set. 2014.
BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura.
Parecer CNE/CES 105/2002 – Homologado. Diário
Oficial da União. Seção 1, p. 14. [online]..
Disponível
em:
<
http://portal.mec.gov.br/cne/arquivos/pdf/pces105_02.pdf
>.
Acesso em: 30 set. 2014.
BURROWS, C. Business Savvy: Leave It to the
Students! Clinician’s Brief. NAVC. Gainesville.
[online].
Disponível
em:
<
http://www.vbma.biz/files/Business%20Savvy.pdf >. Acesso
em 01 out. 2014.
CARRERCAST. The Top 200 Jobs of 2014: 41-60.
[online].
Disponível
em:
<
CFMVZ. Portal CFMVZ. [online]. Disponível em: <
http://www.cfmv.org.br/portal/ensino.php > Acesso em 13
jan. 2015.
http://www.agricultura.gov.br/arq_editor/file/camaras_setoriais/
Pet/1RO/App_Geral_Pet.pdf
>. Acesso em: 25 set.
2014.
NC STATE. North Caroline State University.
College Of Veterinary Medicine – DVM
Professional Degree Program – First Year
Professional Program. [online]. Disponível em: <
http://www.cvm.ncsu.edu/dvm/Year1.html >. Acesso em:
30 set. 2014.
RCV. Royal Veterinary College. Visitation to the
Royal Veterinary College 2010. [online]. Disponível
em:
<
http://www.eaeve.org/fileadmin/downloads/SER/London_RVC_
SER_2010.pdf >. Acesso em 30 set. 2014.
VETCAM. University of Cambridge. Department of
Veterinary Medicine – Cambridge Veterinary
School – Course structure. 2014. [online].
Disponível
em:
<
http://www.vet.cam.ac.uk/applications/course >. Acesso
em: 30 set. 2014.
DIVULGAÇÃO II
http://www.careercast.com/content/top-200-jobs-2014-41-60
>. Acesso em: 25 set. 2014.
SMALL VS LARGE FARMS: AN OLD DEBATE
WHICH REMAINS OPEN TODAY4
CORNELL. Cornell University. College of
Veterinary Medicine. DVM Curriculum Overview.
[online].
Disponível
em:
<
http://www.vet.cornell.edu/Admissions/curriculum/documents/D
VMCurriculumOverviewslideupdated82912jkgbycourse.pdf >.
Michel Petit5
Jean-Christophe Debar6
CFMVZ. Contribuição Para o Delineamento Perfil
do Mercado de Trabalho do Médico Veterinário e
do Zootecnista no Brasil. [online]. Disponível em: <
The debate on the optimum size of farms is very
old, dating back at least to the end of the
19th century, when most experts believed that
ultimately agriculture would be like any other
4
6
Acesso em: 30 set. 2014.
Texto originalmente publicado no Global Agribusiness Forum
2014. Reproduzido com autorização dos autores. Informações
adicionais: [email protected] ou www.fondationfarm.org.
5
Former Director of Agriculture and Rural Development at the
World Bank, President of the Scientific Council of the
Foundation for World Agriculture and Rurality (FARM), Paris.
Director of the Foundation for World Agriculture and Rurality
(FARM),
Paris.
Email:
[email protected]
4
sectors of the economy and many authors spoke of
the industrialization of agriculture.
But
subsequently that view was more and more
challenged. And in the 1960s, a broad consensus
emerged
among
professional
economists,
particularly those concerned with economic
development, on the superiority of small family
farms. The debate appeared settled. Yet several
developments in recent decades – notably the
existence of very large farms in countries of the
former Soviet Union, the forms taken by what is
commonly called “land grabbing” in Africa, the
economic dynamism of large commercial farms in
several Latin American countries – have put the
consensus on the superiority of small farms into
question. The purpose of this essay is to review this
old debate, to show its great policy relevance today
and to suggest that public policies supporting small
farms continue to be warranted today, as situations
vary greatly among countries and among regions.
Strategies targeting small family farms that can
produce for the markets, i.e., beyond subsistence
needs, and be linked to value chains are of primary
importance, for social as well as economic
reasons.
From the view that large farms are the future
to the consensus on the superiority of small
farms
The debate on farm size became a major issue for
Marxist authors and militants towards the end of
the 19th century. Marx himself seems to have been
convinced that ultimately peasant farms would
disappear
and
that
capitalist
production
relationships (with salaried workers employed by
capitalist firms) would prevail in agriculture as in
industry. But in a famous book published in 1900,
Kautsky was concerned that this “general
economic theory” did not seem to apply in
agriculture, as he noted that small farms were not
at all disappearing, or only slowly and not
everywhere. He feared that a major flaw in its
theory, would lead the Marxist movement to
catastrophes. This judgment turned out to have
been extraordinarily prescient. Most socialist or
communist regimes in the 20th century firmly
believed in the superiority of large farms, which
incidentally contributes to explain the liquidation of
the Koulaks in the Soviet Union in the 1920s. The
counterexample of the People’s Republic of China
supports this view. The abandonment of the
Communes in 1979 and the adoption of the socalled “household responsibility system” was
essentially a return to small family farms. And this
change turned out to be the keystone of the
economic reform movement which generated the
spectacular economic growth of the last three
decades.
Events have not been so dramatic in Western
countries. But policy debates have been raging and
many public policies have been influenced by
considerations and concerns regarding the
structural evolution of agriculture, as illustrated for
instance by the ancient debate on corporate
agriculture in the United States and the agricultural
structure policies pursued in several European
countries, including many of those included in what
is called the “second pillar” of the Common
Agricultural Policy. The economic nature of the
many forms of family farms was clarified,
particularly by US agricultural economists in the
1960s and 70s, when American agriculture was
confronted with what was then perceived as a
major surplus problem (Johnson et al. 1972). At the
risk of oversimplifying, one can say today that the
gist of these economic arguments rested on the
lack of mobility of the factors of production,
particularly family labour.
A parallel debate took place on the nature of
agriculture in developing countries, particularly in
Asia, where farms were generally very small. In his
famous book, entitled Transforming traditional
agriculture, published in 1964, T. W. Schultz
pointed out that small farmers, although poor, are
rational and allocate efficiently the scarce
resources available to them. They are poor
because they have very limited access to
productive resources. And the fact that they often
refuse to adopt modern practices, such as
mechanization, can easily be explained rationally.
It is not because they are bound by tradition that
they do not adopt these modern practices, often
recommended by research and extension services,
but because these practices are actually
inappropriate for them. Soon this economic
argument was widely accepted by the development
economics profession and it has guided many
agricultural development policies, notably those
promoted by the World Bank and other
international organizations, for decades.
It is worth noting that the two sets of arguments,
developed separately for Western agriculture and
for agriculture in developing countries, again
particularly in Asia, converge. The key point in both
cases is the mobilization of productive resources
by farmers, their limited mobility in the former case
and the difficulty of accessing them in the latter.
Besides, especially after Sen’s seminal work on
Indian agriculture (1962), small farms were
believed to be more efficient, because they could
5
use available resources more effectively and
closely monitor production activities; and a wealth
of data across Asia and Africa supported the
“inverse productivity” assumption, according to
which crop yields are negatively correlated to farm
size. In such circumstances, one can understand
that agricultural modernization policies based on
large farms, which would entail a massive
substitution of capital for labour, were not
considered optimal.
For several decades the consensus on this
perspective was very strong within the
development economics profession. It was so
strong that many thought in the 1990s that the decollectivization of agriculture in former socialist
countries after the fall of the Berlin wall should be
guided by the promotion of family farms, much
smaller than the former Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes.
Recent factual developments put this
consensus into question
The dominant view in the economics profession on
the superiority of small farms was never fully
accepted in Latin America, where farm sizes are
extremely diverse from one country to another and
within individual countries, where agrarian
revolutions in countries such as Peru or Mexico
generated heated discussions and even violent
conflicts and where, as a result, the simple
dichotomy between small and large farms is
viewed critically. Yet, it is such a differentiation
which explains that Brazil has two ministries of
agriculture, one dealing with a large farmcommercial sector and the other one dealing with
“family farms”. The coexistence of these two forms
of agriculture in Brazil and the dynamism of the
commercial sector in Brazil and several other
countries (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) clearly
challenge the view that small farms are superior to
large ones. A more sophisticated economic
interpretation is called for.
Developments in the former Soviet Union, where
very large farms play a dominant role, notably in
the very fast growth of exports of wheat from the
so-called Black Sea region, namely from Russia,
Ukraine and Kazakhstan, lead to the same
conclusion. Obviously those very large farms are
internationally competitive. The contrast with
Central European countries, which had also
socialist regimes, can help us understand the
processes which were at play in the transition from
socialist agriculture and to throw light on our smallvs-large farms issue. In Central Europe, the
political pressure to return land to previous owners
or to their heirs was irresistible. This led to a
division of many former large farms. In the Soviet
Union, which had had a socialist regime for a
longer time (around seventy years) than countries
of central Europe (around forty years), there was
little pressure to return land to previous owners
and, after several generations, former workers of
State and collective farms were far from family
farmers. They did not have the necessary
knowledge and skills. Thus, the situation was ripe
for the development of very large farms.
Finally, the process of “land grabbing” in Africa
poses another challenge to the small farm
superiority thesis. Foreign investors seek large
tracts of land to establish large commercial
operations. They are not interested in small farms.
Thus, they must be convinced that large farms are
superior. And this belief is obviously shared by the
government officials who facilitate this form of
“foreign direct investment”. The controversies
raised by this process provide us with additional
information, relevant for our purpose. There is
indeed very little land which is entirely free. When
a government sells land to a foreigner or makes it
available otherwise, that government ignores the
traditional land use rights of the nationals who
made use of that land before the foreign
investment. Admittedly, those uses are often quite
extensive and the productivity of land is generally
low. But those traditional users are often poor and
this loss may endanger their livelihood. Thus, when
a government facilitates land grabbing, this
decision can be interpreted as sacrificing the
welfare of its poor citizens in the countryside for the
increased production expected from the foreign
investment, increased production which may
contribute to increased domestic consumption and
ultimately benefit poor people in urban areas. The
main lesson to be drawn from this for our purpose
is that government officials encouraging foreign
investments in agriculture are convinced that large
farms are superior to small farms for the purpose
of increasing domestic production.
Lessons to be learnt
Obviously, the simple dichotomy between small
and large farms oversimplifies the complexities of
reality in most situations even if, as with all models,
it may be useful in some debates, as it can help boil
down the arguments to fundamentals. What are
then the economic fundamentals at stake? One
key issue was already identified above: the
mobilization of resources. Another one which
remained implicit so far is whether or not there are
economies to scale in agriculture, a question which
6
has been debated at length in the agricultural
economics profession. Let us first note that those
two issues are closely linked. Expressed formally,
if a factor of production is fixed, as may be family
labour in many circumstances, its opportunity cost
is zero. And this will have a direct impact on
whether or not there are economies to scale: costs
of production will be low in small farms relying on
fixed family labour denying the possibility of
economies to scale. This is still the case in many
Asian countries, notably India and China. And this
explains why farms are often very small in Asia. A
similar analysis is relevant to explain the situation
of agriculture in Western Europe at the end of the
Second World War, when small farms dominated
in many countries, and its evolution since then:
when jobs became available outside of agriculture,
family workers moved out of the sector and capital
massively substituted for labour. When and where
small farms survive because the opportunity cost of
labour is very low, the returns to that labour tend to
be low also. Small farms survive but the small
farmers may be very poor. So, the “superiority” of
small farms discussed above may be obtained at a
very high social cost.
In summary, the size of farms in a given country at
a given time depends on many factors, which
precisely vary through time and space. Public
policies can and do have an impact on these
factors and therefore on the structure of the
agricultural sector. But too many government
interventions in this domain have been driven by
ideological or doctrinal considerations.
Implications for policy makers
The small vs big farms debate has taken a new turn
since 2007/08, as the strong hike in agricultural
prices, together with energy prices, has revived the
fears of structural, lasting food shortage, and put
agriculture – and the necessity to increase
agricultural production and productivity – center
stage. While agriculture so far was hardly
considered an attractive sector for corporate
investors, the private sector is now pushing for a
“business agenda” to enhance food and biofuel
production, often with an emphasis on large
commercial farms and integrated value chains.
This business agenda is opposed by many donors
and NGO’s, who underline that in the majority of
developing countries the bulk of food insecure
households live in rural areas and mostly on small
farms. They propose a “social and environmental
agenda” focused on a pro-poor, food security
approach (Hazell 2013).
The opposition between these two agendas is
particularly strong in Sub-Saharan Africa, where
80% of farms have less than 2 hectares and whose
average performance in terms of agricultural
production, crop yields and farm income are much
below those in other regions. In this context, some
suggest that small farms have a limited future as
farm businesses, and that it is better to encourage
private investments in large scale farm operations
and to direct public assistance towards helping
small farmers diversify out of agriculture. They note
that crop yields on large farms can be as high if not
higher than on small farms. In fact, yields might not
even be the right measure to assess growth
potential in today’s world. The ability to adopt new
technologies, access credit, and dispose of
effective links to product markets are the new keys
to success in modern agriculture; and large
commercial farms have a clear advantage in these
three domains (Collier and Dercon 2009).
The other camp reckons that this business strategy
does not address the needs of the large number of
subsistence farmers, whose main goal is to
produce more to feed their family. Contrary to what
many think, subsistence farmers are far from
disappearing in Africa. In the more populous
African countries, the number of small farms
continues to grow and the average farm size is
falling (Jayne et al. 2013). This trend will probably
continue in the next decades as the rural
population in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to
rise, even though urbanization is bound to
increase. Accordingly, since most of the food
insecure households live on small farms, improving
the productivity of subsistence-oriented farms
should be a high priority.
These challenges imposes to move beyond the
small vs. big farm debate, and devise policies that
build upon the diversity of small farms, as these
face varying prospects that depend on their own
assets, talent and aspirations as well as on their
local context. Socially-acceptable policy options
definitely need to include small farms in agricultural
growth strategies; at the same time, it should also
be recognized that a large number of small farms
is not going to make it as commercial businesses,
especially asset-poor farmers in backward regions,
and that “a clear exit strategy” is required for this
category of the population (Drechsler 2013).
Hazell (2013) has classified smallholders into three
groups for the purposes of targeting small farm
assistance: commercial small farmers who are
already successfully linked to value chains, or who
could link if given a little help; small farms in
7
transition, who have or will soon have favourable
off-farm opportunities and would do better if they
were to either exit farming completely; and
subsistence-oriented small farms, who are
marginalized for a variety of reasons that are hard
to change, but may reach the “transition category”
with appropriate policies. Of course, the relative
importance of these three small farm groups varies
widely by region. We believe the commercial small
farm category should be high on the agenda of
policy makers because they are an essential
component for a sustained and inclusive economic
growth, that can both strengthen food security and
revitalize rural areas.
The “pro-business” strategy of FARM in
support of small farms
The Foundation for World Agriculture and
Rurality (FARM as per its French acronym), based
in Paris, was created in 2005 as a think thank to
promote the role of commercial small farms in
developing countries that are or may be able to
meet the rising demand for food, especially from
the growing urban markets. FARM’s philosophy is
based on the premise that these farms can be
competitive if they have access to credit and inputs,
have tools to manage weather risks, are able to link
to efficient value chains, and are granted a
legitimate protection against commodities imported
from countries with much higher farm productivity
levels. To be effective, this “pro-business” strategy
must also focus on capacity building to help
farmers improve their performance, and form wellmanaged producer organizations that can increase
their bargaining power on the market. Of course, it
should be part of a global policy framework that
allows for the creation of public goods, including
transportation, education, health services, etc., and
fosters a business-friendly environment.
In addition to carrying out studies and organizing
conferences to promote an entrepreneurial
approach in the farm sector, FARM is supporting
producer groups and cooperatives in West Africa,
to assist them in increasing their production and
productivity in a sustainable way and improving the
marketing of their crops. The results obtained by
these producer organizations suggest how probusiness policies could help small farms tap the
extraordinary potential of African agriculture.
References
Collier, P., and S. Dercon (2009), African
agriculture in fifty years: smallholders in a rapidly
changing world?, Expert Meeting on How to Feed
the World in 2050, FAO.
Drechsler, D. (2013), The future of African
agriculture:
Can
smallholders
be
the
answer?, www.voxEU.org.
Hazell, P. (2013), Is Small Farm Led Development
Still a Relevant Strategy for Africa and Asia?, A
Festschrift in Honor of Per Pinstrup-Andersen,
CornellUniversity.
Jayne, T., G. Anriquez, and E. Collier
(2013), African agriculture towards 2030: changes
in urbanization and agricultural land dynamics and
their implications for CGIAR research, A Foresight
Study of the Independent Science and Partnership
Council, CGIAR.
Johnson, G., and C. Leroy Quance (1972), The
Overproduction Trap in U.S. agriculture: A Study of
Resource Allocation from World War I to the Late
1960’s, Resources for the Future, The Johns
Hopkins University Press.
Kautsky, K. (1900), La question agraire. Etude sur
les tendances de l’agriculture moderne. Edition
française, Paris, Girard et Brière.
Schultz, T. W. (1964), Transforming traditional
agriculture, New Haven and London, Yale
University Press.
Sen, A. K. (1962), An Aspect of Indian Agriculture,
Economic Weekly 14.
ARTIGOS PUBLICADOS
COMPOSTAGEM DE RESÍDUO
SÓLIDO DE ABATEDOURO
AVÍCOLA
Em virtude da grande demanda por proteína de
origem animal, tem-se aumentado a produção de
frangos de corte e consequentemente a geração
de resíduos provenientes do abate de aves, sendo
necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas que
permitam o aproveitamento e reciclagem desses
materiais. Objetivou-se com a execução deste
trabalho avaliar a eficiência da compostagem no
tratamento e reciclagem do resíduo sólido de
abatedouro avícola. Utilizou-se resíduo sólido de
8
abatedouro avícola comercial composto por
fragmentos de vísceras, tecido muscular, adiposo
e ósseo, sangue coagulado e penas e, como fonte
de carbono, a casca de arroz. Montou-se uma leira
com 1,5m3 de volume inicial, na qual foram
monitorados os parâmetros: temperatura, teores
de sólidos totais (ST), voláteis (SV), N, P, K,
carbono
orgânico
(C),
matéria
orgânica
compostável (MOC), matéria orgânica resistente à
compostagem (MORC), demanda química de
oxigênio (DQO), massa e volume enleirados,
número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais
e termotolerantes, bem como suas reduções
durante o processo. A temperatura máxima
atingida no centro da leira foi de 53,3ºC (média
semanal), já as reduções de massa de ST e SV e
volume durante o processo de pré-compostagem
foram de 36,1; 44,3 e 23,3%, respectivamente, e,
durante o processo de compostagem, foram de
21,8; 23,8 e 4,4%. A baixa redução do volume das
leiras pode estar associada à alta concentração de
MORC (40,1%) que pode ser principalmente
relacionada à qualidade da fonte de carbono. O
processo promoveu satisfatórias reduções totais
de ST, SV e volume, sendo, respectivamente,
50,1; 57,5 e 26,7%. No entanto, foram observadas
reduções de 43% na quantidade de nitrogênio
presente no composto final. Apesar das reduções
de nitrogênio, a compostagem demonstrou ser um
método eficiente no tratamento dos resíduos
sólidos de abatedouro avícola.
Sunadam N.S.; Orrico, A.C.A.; Orrico Junior,
M.A.P.; Centurion, S.R.; Oliveira, A.B.M.; Lucas
Junior, J.; Seno, L.O. Compostagem de resíduo
sólido de abatedouro avícola. Ciência Rural, v.45,
n.1, p.178-183, 2014.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S010384782015000100178&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt
COMPARING THE PROFITABILITY OF
ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL BROILER
PRODUCTION
Organic broiler chicken production has recently
received more attention worldwide. This study
carried out an economic analysis to compare the
profitability of organic versus conventional growing
systems per unit of broiler meat production. In this
study, 400 slow-growing broilers (Hubbard RedJA) were reared in an organic production system
and the same number of fast-growing broilers
(Ross-308) were reared in a conventional system.
Profitability was deduced from an economic
analysis that compared total costs and net income.
Results showed that organic broiler meat can cost
from 70% to 86% more with respect to variable and
fixed costs when compared with conventional
production. The main reasons for the higher cost of
organic broiler meat were feed, labor, certification,
and outdoor area maintenance. The proportion of
fixed costs in total costs was 1.54% in the
conventional system and 7.48% in the organic
system. The net income per kg of chicken meat in
the organic system was €0.75, which is 180%
higher compared with the conventional system
(€0.27); however, organic broiler meat was sold at
a twice as high price than the conventional one. In
conclusion, organic broiler meat production was
more economical than conventional rearing.
Cobanoglu, F.; Kucukyilmaz, K.; Cinar, M.;
Bozkurt, M.; Catli, A.U.; Bintas, E. Comparing the
profitability of organic and conventional broiler
production. Revista Brasileira de Ciência
Avícola, v.16, n.4, p.403-410, 2014.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbca/v16n4/10.pdf
OPTIONS, CHALLENGES AND POTENTIALS
OF POULTRY MEAT: AN EMPIRICAL
INVESTIGATION ON EUROPEAN CONSUMERS
Agricultural market developments have attracted
considerable attention recently, due to increasing
consumer food prices and sharp short term price
fluctuations of agricultural commodity prices. This
medium term outlook provides a projection for
major EU agricultural commodity markets and
agricultural income until the year 2022, based on a
set of coherent assumptions. Under these
assumptions, agricultural commodity prices are
expected to stay firm over the medium term,
supported by factors such as the growth in global
food demand, the development of the biofuel sector
and a prolongation of the long-term decline in food
crop productivity growth. EU commodity markets
are projected to remain balanced on average over
the outlook period, without the need for market
intervention. Prospects for agricultural income
grow at EU level during the outlook period,
resulting from continuing decline in labor input
rather than from income increases at sector level
(European Commission, 2012). The article
concentrates on the prospects for European meat
market trends and on results of the primary
quantitative research which was carried out in four
countries EU member state.
Vukasović, T. Options, challenges and potentials of
poultry meat: an empirical investigation on
9
European consumers. Revista Brasileira de
Ciência Avícola, v.16, n.4, p.431-436.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbca/v16n4/14.pdf
DISCURSOS E PRÁTICAS
SOCIAIS DA
SUSTENTABILIDADE A PARTIR
DA PECUÁRIA BOVINA
BRASILEIRA
O tema da sustentabilidade é bastante abrangente,
polêmico e multifacetado, especialmente quando
se assume a existência de divergências sobre
seus significados, como praticá-la, ou mesmo se é
materializável ou apenas ideologia. Pontos de vista
e abordagens distintas conduzem a diferentes
mecanismos para a operacionalização e a
consequentes
resultados
diversos
da
sustentabilidade. Esse texto tem por objetivo
analisar a construção discursiva e de práticas
associadas à noção de sustentabilidade no
contexto da pecuária bovina brasileira. O artigo
fundamenta-se em pesquisa bibliográfica em
diversas fontes, desde artigos mais teóricos,
passando por relatórios de conferências sobre
meio ambiente até textos técnicos e estudos de
casos que relacionam a pecuária bovina e os
impactos
ambientais.
Evidenciou-se
a
institucionalização tecnocrática de “modelos
estratégicos” chamados de “pecuária sustentável”,
que são distintos entre si, na natureza e forma e,
principalmente, nas prioridades e mecanismos de
efetivação.
Claudino, L.S.D. Discursos e práticas sociais da
sustentabilidade a partir da pecuária bovina
brasileira. Sustentabilidade em Debate, v.5, n.3,
p.184-202, 2014.
http://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/sust/article/view/10597/8893
ADOPTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
INTEGRATED CROP–LIVESTOCK–FORESTRY
SYSTEMS IN MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
By combining crop, livestock and/or forestry
activities in the same area, integrated systems (IS)
can increase organic matter content in the soil –
which favors biomass production and allows for
higher livestock stocking rates in pasturelands. The
implementation of IS is therefore seen as a
promising strategy for sustainable agricultural
intensification in Brazil, particularly in Mato Grosso
state (MT). However, despite the benefits
associated with IS and incentives offered by the
federal
government
to
stimulate
their
dissemination, little is known about these systems
or the challenges to implement them, and only a
limited number of farmers have adopted IS so far.
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment
of all IS identified in Mato Grosso by 2012/13,
which were mapped and described in terms of their
main technical and non-technical features. These
findings were combined with farm survey data set
to provide a detailed account of the various
technologies currently being disseminated, their
individual diffusion levels and potential adoption
constraints. Results generated through qualitative
and quantitative research methods give an
overview of IS’ state of the art, reveal farmer
perception of such technology and offer insights
into the prospects for low-carbon agriculture in the
region. The study’s major findings are that IS are
present in more than 40 of the 141 municipalities of
MT, and the vast majority (89%) involve only crop
and livestock. Farmers have adopted three
different crop–livestock configurations, depending
on their production strategy. Cultural aspects play
a major role in farmer decisions to adopt IS, credit
provision has not been relevant for IS adoption,
and a broader dissemination of IS may occur as
land transitions continue.
Gil, J.; Siebold, M.; Berger, T. Adoption and
development of integrated crop–livestock–forestry
systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Agriculture,
Ecosystems & Environment. v.199, i.1, p.394–
406, 2015.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S01678809140
0471X
SMALLHOLDER
EXPERIENCES WITH DAIRY
CATTLE CROSSBREEDING IN
THE TROPICS: FROM
INTRODUCTION TO IMPACT
Crossbreeding of indigenous tropical and improved
western dairy cattle breeds as tool to improve dairy
cattle performance on smallholder farms has been
widely advocated, criticized and yet applied. The
government of Ethiopia supported this technology
for decades but adoption rate is low. Constraints
are documented but there is little information about
farm level introduction and development of
crossbreeding. A total 122 smallholders with mixed
crop livestock farms and at least 8 years of
successful crossbreeding were interviewed using a
10
pre-tested questionnaire in two contexts in Amhara
Regional state in north-western Ethiopia.
Crossbreeding initiator was either uncoordinated
government
extension
or
a
coordinated
development project, also implemented with
governmental support. Qualitative and quantitative
data on farmers’ motivations, crossbreeding
introduction, initiator support, breeding adaptation
and impacts at farm level were analyzed. Results
show that even though motives vary between
contexts the underlying reason to introduce
crossbreeding was economic profit. To be able to
introduce crossbreeding support of initiators (e.g.
extension) and other farmers was essential. The
crossbreeding introduction context had some
influence. Governmental actors were the main
source of support and supplier of exotic genetics
but the farmer network acted as safety net filling
gaps of government support. Breeding strategies
focused on performance increase. A lack of basic
understanding of crossbreeding has been
identified. A surprising, probably biased, result was
general satisfaction with initiator support and with
breeding services. It was challenged by the high
proportion of farmers unable to follow a breeding
strategy due to insufficient bull and/or semen
supply. Crossbreeding changed the smallholder
production system to a high input – high output
system. Except for crossbred adaptation problems,
challenges were ranked context specific and
influenced by the initiator. Farmers perceived
crossbreeding as success and recommended it.
We conclude that farmers can realize income
increase with crossbreeding. The complexity of this
technology, high initial investment and the need for
support services and external production inputs are
probable reasons why crossbreeding uptake is low.
Improving the availability of semen and/or bulls
must be the top priority for breeding service
providers to enable farmers to follow a breeding
strategy and reach a suitable and sustainable herd
performance. Access to investment capital, input
supply, strong technical support and market
linkages are crucial for successful crossbreeding.
Roschinsky, R.; Kluszczynska, M.; Sölkner, J.;
Puskur R.; Wurzinger, M. Smallholder experiences
with dairy cattle crossbreeding in the tropics: from
introduction to impact. Animal, v.9, i.1, p.150-157,
2015.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage
=online&aid=9447060&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S17517311140
02079
AN ASSESSMENT TOOL TO HELP
PRODUCERS IMPROVE COW COMFORT ON
THEIR FARMS
Effective management and an appropriate
environment are essential for dairy cattle health
and welfare. Codes of practice provide dairy
producers with best practice guidance for the care
and handling of their cattle. New Canadian
recommendations have been established for the
dairy industry. The objectives of this study were to
develop an on-farm assessment tool that helps
producers assess how well they are meeting their
code of practice and that identifies management
and environment modifications that could improve
dairy cow comfort on their farms. The assessment
tool addressed critical areas of dairy cow comfort,
including accommodation and housing (stall
design, space allowance, stall management, pen
management, milking parlor, and transfer alleys),
feed and water (body condition scoring, nutrition),
and health and welfare (lameness, claw health, and
hoof-trimming). Targets of good practices were
identified
from
the
requirements
and
recommendations of the code of practice. Each
farm received a score for each target, ranging from
0 (target not reached) to 100 (target reached). One
hundred tiestall and 110 freestall farms were
surveyed in 3 provinces of Canada (Quebec,
Ontario, and Alberta). The duration of the
assessment, in 2 visits lasting, on average, 8 and 9
h (range between freestall and tiestall farms) and 4
and 4.1 h, was beyond the targeted 3 to 4 h due
mainly to the animal-based measures; strategies to
reduce the duration of the assessment were
discussed. Standard operating procedures were
developed to ensure consistency in measuring and
recording data. Periodical checks were conducted
by trainers to ensure all 15 assessors remained
above target agreement of weighted kappa ≥0.6.
Average scores for all critical areas ranged from 25
to 89% for freestall farms and from 48 to 95% for
tiestall farms. These scores need to be considered
with caution when comparing farms because
scores could not always be calculated the same
way between housing systems. An evaluation
report was provided and discussed with each
producer, identifying strengths and areas for
improvement that could benefit dairy cow comfort
on their farms. The producers were convinced of
the effectiveness of our tool for assessing cow
comfort (freestall: 86%; tiestall: 95%) and in
assisting them to make decisions for improvements
(freestall: 83%; tiestall: 93%). Our cow comfort
assessment tool served as background material for
the Dairy Farmers of Canada animal care
assessment program.
11
Vasseur, E.; Gibbons, J.; Rushen, J.; Pellerin, D.;
Pajor, E.; Lefebvre, D.; Passillé, A.M. de. An
assessment tool to help producers improve cow
comfort on their farms. Journal of Dairy Science.
v.98, I.1, p. 698–708, 2015.
http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S00220302(14)00738-3/fulltext
CHARACTERIZATION OF DUTCH DAIRY
FARMS USING SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR COW
MANAGEMENT
To improve cow management in large dairy herds,
sensors have been developed that can measure
physiological,
behavioral,
and
production
indicators on individual cows. Recently, the number
of dairy farms using sensor systems has increased.
It is not known, however, to what extent sensor
systems are used on dairy farms, and the reasons
why farmers invest or not in sensor systems are
unclear. The first objective of this study was to give
an overview of the sensor systems currently used
in the Netherlands. The second objective was to
investigate the reasons for investing or not
investing in sensor systems. The third objective
was to characterize farms with and without sensor
systems. A survey was developed to investigate
first, the reasons for investing or not in sensor
systems and, then, how the sensor systems are
used in daily cow management. The survey was
sent to 1,672 Dutch dairy farmers. The final data
set consisted of 512 dairy farms (response rate of
30.6%); 202 farms indicated that they had sensor
systems and 310 farms indicated that they did not
have sensor systems. A wide variety of sensor
systems was used on Dutch dairy farms; those for
mastitis detection and estrus detection were the
most-used sensor systems. The use of sensor
systems was different for farms using an automatic
milking system (AMS) and a conventional milking
system (CMS). Reasons for investing were
different for different sensor systems. For sensor
systems attached to the AMS, the farmers made no
conscious decision to invest: they answered that
the sensors were standard in the AMS or were
bought for reduced cost with the AMS. The main
reasons for investing in estrus detection sensor
systems were improving detection rates, gaining
insights into the fertility level of the herd, improving
profitability of the farm, and reducing labor. Main
reasons for not investing in sensor systems were
economically related. It was very difficult to
characterize farms with and without sensor
systems. Farms with CMS and sensor systems had
more cows than CMS farms without sensor
systems. Furthermore, farms with sensor systems
had fewer labor hours per cow compared with
farms without sensor systems. Other farm
characteristics (age of the farmer, availability of a
successor, growth in herd size, milk production per
cow, number of cows per hectare, and milk
production per hectare) did not differ for farms with
and without sensor systems.
Steeneveld, W.; Hogeveen, H. Characterization of
Dutch dairy farms using sensor systems for cow
management. Journal of Dairy Science. v.98, I.1,
p.709–717, 2015.
AN ECONOMIC MODEL EVALUATING THE
SUPPLEMENTATION OF FOLIC ACID AND
VITAMIN B12 GIVEN AROUND PARTURITION
AND IN EARLY LACTATION ON DAIRY FARMS
IN QUÉBEC, CANADA
The aim of this study was to estimate the potential
profitability of a combined supplement of folic acid
and vitamin B12 given around parturition and in
early lactation in commercial dairy herds in
Québec. A total of 791 dairy cows from 14 herds
were enrolled. Cows were assigned to weekly
intramuscular injections of saline or 320 mg of folic
acid and 10 mg of vitamin B12. Treatments began
3 wk before the expected calving date and lasted
until 8 wk of lactation. Within each herd, data on
production, reproduction, and incidence of
metabolic disorders and other diseases were
recorded. With regard to the Canadian dairy
industry, which operates under a supply
management system, two scenarios were studied:
(1) quota kept constant and (2) number of cows
kept constant. For scenarios 1 and 2, eight and
seven herds out of 14, respectively, obtained a
positive annual net margin per cow following the
vitamin supplement. The average net margins were
Can$31.18 and Can$–4.86 N cow−1 yr−1 for
scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. The variability of
the response highlights that supplies of these
vitamins by ruminal synthesis were probably
different among herds and actual knowledge does
not allow predicting supplies according to the diet.
Duplessis, M. Girard, C. L.; Santschi, D. E.;
Pellerin, D. An economic model evaluating the
supplementation of folic acid and vitamin B12 given
around parturition and in early lactation on dairy
12
farms in Québec, Canada. Canadian Journal of
Animal Science, v.94, i.4, p.737-747, 2014.
http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/abs/10.4141/cjas-2014-026
DEFINITION, WILLINGNESSTO-PAY, AND RANKING OF
QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF
U.S. PORK AS DEFINED BY
IMPORTERS IN ASIA AND MEXICO
A survey was conducted from November 2009 to
April 2010 to determine how importers of pork
define 7 predetermined quality categories (food
safety, customer service, eating quality, product
specification, packaging, visual characteristics,
and production history) and to estimate willingnessto-pay (WTP) and establish best–worst (B/W)
scaling (rank) for the 7 quality categories.
Interviews were conducted in Hong Kong/China (n
= 83), Japan (n = 48), Mexico (n = 70) and Russia
(n = 54) with importers of U.S. pork or those who
had purchased U.S. pork from distributors in the
last 3 yr. Interviews used dynamic routing software
and were structured such that economic factors for
purchase were addressed first, allowing all
responses to focus on quality. Questions about
WTP and B/W were asked and then each
respondent was asked to define what each quality
category meant to them. Generalized linear mixed
models were used to analyze frequency data. Over
70% of interviewees in Hong Kong/China, Japan,
and Mexico responded that purchase price was
influential in deciding whether or not to purchase
imported pork. This number was lower in Russia,
where respondents stated tariff rates were also
important, indicating market access was a larger
issue in Russia. Food safety was the most
important quality category (price was not included
as a part of quality) for imported pork followed by
specifications. Respondents indicated some form
of government inspection was how they defined
food safety, whereas product size, weight, and
subcutaneous fat were all included in the definition
of specifications. Interviewees were more likely to
pay premiums for customer service and less likely
to pay premiums for packaging (P < 0.05). The
premiums that were willing to be paid for
guarantees of quality for imported pork variety
meats were numerically lower than for whole
muscle cuts or processed products. A guarantee
associated with food safety of processed pork
products was found to be the quality attribute for
which importers would be willing to pay the highest
premium. Production history was found to be the
least important quality attribute for importers of all
types of U.S. pork, except those in Japan.
Exporters could increase profitability if a guarantee
of customer service was made. Price, tariffs, and
exchange rates are important to pork importers;
these results indicated that if certain quality
attributes could be guaranteed, exporters could
increase profitability.
Murphy, R.G.L.; Howard, S.T.; Woerner, D.R.;
Pendell, D.L.; Dixon, C.L.; Desimone, T.L.; Green,
M.D.; Igo, J.L.; Tatum, J.D.; Belk, K.E. Definition,
willingness-to-pay, and ranking of quality attributes
of U.S. pork as defined by importers in Asia and
Mexico. Journal of Animal Science, v.93, n.1,
p.433-441,
https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/abs
tracts/93/1/433
EVALUATION OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF
CONTRASTED PIG FARMING SYSTEMS: THE
PROCEDURE, THE EVALUATED SYSTEMS
AND THE EVALUATION TOOLS
Although a few studies consider the sustainability
of animal farming systems along the three classical
main pillars (economy, environment and society),
most studies on pig farming systems address only
one of these pillars. The present paper is the
introduction to a series of companion papers
presenting the results of a study undertaken within
the EU-supported project Q-PorkChains, aiming at
building a comprehensive tool for the evaluation of
pig farming systems, which is robust to
accommodate the large variability of systems
existing in Europe. The tool is mostly based on
questions to farmers and comprises a total of 37
dimensions distributed along eight themes: Animal
Welfare, Animal Health, Breeding Programmes,
Environmental Sustainability, Meat Safety, Market
Conformity, Economy and Working Conditions.
The paper describes the procedure that was used
for building the tool, using it on 15 contrasted pig
farming systems and analysing the results. The
evaluated systems are briefly described and a
short overview of the dimensions is provided.
Detailed descriptions of the theme-wise tools and
results, as well as the results of an integrated
evaluation, are available in the companion papers.
Bonneau, M.; Greef, K.; Brinkman, D.; Cinar, M.U.;
Dourmad, J.Y.; Edge, H.L.; Fàbrega, E.; Gonzàlez,
J.; Houwers, H.W.J.; Hviid, M.; Ilari-Antoine, E.;
Klauke, T.N.; Phatsara, C.; Rydhmer, L.; Oever, B.;
Zimmer, C.; Edwards, S.A. Evaluation of the
sustainability of contrasted pig farming systems:
13
the procedure, the evaluated systems and the
evaluation tools. Animal, v.8, i.12, p. 2011-2015,
2014.
02110
CONTRASTED PIG FARMING SYSTEMS:
DEVELOPMENT OF A MARKET CONFORMITY
TOOL FOR PORK PRODUCTS BASED ON
TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY TRAITS
A market conformity tool, based on technological
meat quality parameters, was developed within the
Q-PorkChains project, to be included in a global
sustainability evaluation of pig farming systems.
The specific objective of the market conformity tool
was to define a scoring system based on the
suitability of meat to elaborate the main pork
products, according to their market shares based
on industry requirements, in different pig farming
systems. The tool was based on carcass and meat
quality parameters that are commonly used for the
assessment of technological quality, which provide
representative and repeatable data and are easily
measurable. They were the following: cold carcass
weight; lean meat percentage; minimum
subcutaneous back fat depth at m. gluteus medius
level, 45postmortem and ultimate pH (measured at
24-h postmortem) in m. longissimus lumborum and
semimembranosus; meat colour; drip losses and
intramuscular fat content in a m. longissimus
sample. Five categories of pork products produced
at large scale in Europe were considered in the
study: fresh meat, cooked products, dry products,
specialties and other meat products. For each of
the studied farming systems, the technological
meat quality requirements, as well as the market
shares for each product category within farming
system, were obtained from the literature and
personal communications from experts. The tool
resulted in an overall conformity score that enabled
to discriminate among systems according to the
degree of matching of the achieved carcass and
meat quality with the requirements of the targeted
market. In order to improve feasibility, the tool was
simplified by selecting ultimate pH atm.
longissimus or semimembranosus, minimum fat
thickness measured at the left half carcass over m.
gluteus medius and intramuscular fat content in a
m. longissimus sample as iceberg indicators. The
overall suitability scores calculated by using both
the complete and the reduced tools presented
good correlation and the results obtained were
similar. The tool could be considered as robust
enough to discriminate among different systems,
since it was tested in a wide range of them. It also
can be used to detect improvement opportunities
to enhance sustainability of pig farming systems.
The final objective of the study was achieved, since
the market suitability tool could be used in an
integrated sustainability analysis of pig farming
systems.
Gonzàlez, J.; Gispert, M.; Gil, M.; Hviid, M.;
Dourmad, J.Y.; Greef, K.W.; Zimmer, C.; Fàbrega,
E. Evaluation of the sustainability of contrasted pig
farming systems: development of a market
conformity tool for pork products based on
technological quality traits. Animal, v.8, i.12,
p.2038-2046, 2014.
02146
CONTRASTED PIG FARMING SYSTEMS:
ECONOMY
The aim of this paper is to present an efficient tool
for evaluating the economy part of the sustainability
of pig farming systems. The selected tool IDEA was
tested on a sample of farms from 15 contrasted
systems in Europe. A statistical analysis was
carried out to check the capacity of the indicators
to illustrate the variability of the population and to
analyze which of these indicators contributed the
most towards it. The scores obtained for the farms
were consistent with the reality of pig production;
the variable distribution showed an important
variability of the sample. The principal component
analysis and cluster analysis separated the sample
into five subgroups, in which the six main indicators
significantly differed, which underlines the
robustness of the tool. The IDEA method was
proven to be easily comprehensible, requiring few
initial variables and with an efficient benchmarking
system; all six indicators contributed to fully
describe a varied and contrasted population.
Ilari-Antoine, E.; Bonneau, M.; Klauke, T.N.;
Gonzàlez, J.; Dourmad, J.Y.; Greef, K.; Houwers,
H.W.J.; Fabrega, E.; Zimmer, C.; Hviid, M.; Oever,
B.; EdwardS, S.A. Evaluation of the sustainability
of contrasted pig farming systems: economy.
Animal, v.8, I.12, p.2047-2057, 2014.
14
02158
COMPARATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL
PERFORMANCE OF
ARTISANAL AND COMMERCIAL
FEED USE IN PERUVIAN FRESHWATER
AQUACULTURE
We used Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate
some of the environmental implications of using
commercial versus artisanal feeds in Peruvian
freshwater aquaculture of trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and black pacu
(Colossoma macropomum). Several scenarios
believed to be representative of current Peruvian
aquaculture practices were modelled, namely:
production of trout in Andean lake cages; and
culture of black pacu and tilapia in Amazonian and
coastal lowland ponds, respectively. In general,
Peruvian aquaculture is characterised by low
technological
intensity practices. Use of
commercial aquafeeds is widespread, but artisanal
feeds are frequently used in certain small-scale
farms. We found that trout feeds feature higher
environmental burdens than do black pacu and
tilapia feeds. A similar trend is observed for
production of these species. Across species, the
substitution of artisanal with commercial feeds,
despite improving feed conversion ratios in all
cases, does not always reduce overall
environmental impacts. This is due to the additional
energy use and transportation requirements
associated with commercial feed inputs. The
substitution of artisanal feeds with commercial
ones generally increases environmental impacts of
the fish farming systems for the specific feeds
considered, despite enhanced FCRs and
economies of scale. This is due to the higher
environmental impacts associated to certain feed
inputs used in commercial feeds, in particular
highly refined feed inputs. Consequently, in light of
the importance of feeds to overall life cycle impacts
of aquaculture production, the Peruvian aquafeed
industry should preferentially source less refined
and, in general, less environmentally burdened
feed inputs (e.g. Bolivian soybean products over
Brazilian, high quality over lower quality fishmeal,
avoiding protein concentrates, etc.), to the extent
that fish farming performance (i.e. feed conversion
efficiency and cost structure) is not strongly
affected. Among species, black pacu aquaculture
shows the best environmental performance.
Avadí, A.; Pelletier, N.; Aubin, J.; Ralite, S.; Núñez,
J.; Fréon, P. Comparative environmental
performance of artisanal and commercial feed use
in Peruvian freshwater aquaculture. Aquaculture,
v.435, i.1, p.52-66, 2015.
03925
COMMERCIAL AQUAPONICS PRODUCTION
AND PROFITABILITY: FINDINGS FROM AN
INTERNATIONAL SURVEY
Aquaponics is the integration of aquaculture and
hydroponics. There is expanding interest in
aquaponics as a form of aquaculture that can be
used to produce food closer to urban centers.
Commercial aquaponics uses methods and
equipment from both the hydroponics and
aquaculture industries. There have been few
studies
of
commercial-scale
aquaponics
production, and the purpose of this research was
to document the production methods, crop and fish
yields, and profitability of commercial aquaponics
in the United States (US) and internationally. An
online survey was used for data collection, and 257
respondents met the inclusion criteria for the study.
Eighty-one percent of respondents lived in the US,
and the remaining respondents were from 22 other
countries. The median year that respondents had
begun practicing aquaponics was 2010. A total of
538 full-time workers, 242 part-time workers, and
1720 unpaid workers or volunteers were employed
at surveyed organizations. The most commonly
raised aquatic animals by percent were tilapia
(69%), ornamental fish (43%), catfish (25%), other
aquatic animals (18%), perch (16%), bluegill
(15%), trout (10%), and bass (7%). Production
statistics, gross sales revenue, investments, and
sales outlets for operations are reported and
compared to other fields of aquaculture and
agriculture. A multivariable logistic regression
model was used to study which factors were
associated with profitability (as a binary outcome)
in the past 12 months. Several factors were
significantly
associated
with
profitability:
aquaponics as the respondents' primary source of
income (p < 0.01; Odds Ratio: 5.79; 95%
Confidence Interval: 3.8–9.0), location in US
Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones
7–13 (p < 0.01; OR: 4.17; 95% CI: 3.2–5.5), gross
sales revenue ≥$5000 (p < 0.01; OR: 3.58; 95% CI:
2.2–5.8), greater aquaponics knowledge (p < 0.01;
OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 2.0–2.9), and sales of non-food
products (e.g., supplies, materials, consulting
services, workshops, and agrotourism) (p = 0.028;
15
OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.1–4.2). Our survey findings
provide a better understanding of the business of
aquaponics,
which
may
enhance
future
commercial operations.
David C. Love, Jillian P. Fry, Ximin Li, Elizabeth S.
Hill, Laura Genello, Ken Semmens, Richard E.
Thompson. Commercial aquaponics production
and profitability: Findings from an international
survey. Aquaculture, v.435, i.1, p.67–74, 2015.
04724
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF
BRACKISH WATER POLYCULTURE SYSTEM
FROM A LIFE CYCLE PERSPECTIVE: A
FILIPINO CASE STUDY
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to
assess the environmental performance of brackish
water polyculture of black tiger prawn, mud crabs,
tilapia and milkfish in a pond aquaculture system.
The study was conducted on 15 production sites,
located in Pampanga Province of the Philippines.
The scope of analysis covered the hatchery or
capture of juveniles from the wild up to the delivery
of products to auction markets. Impact categories
included eutrophication, acidification, climate
change, land occupation, net primary production
use, total cumulative energy demand (TCED), and
total human labour. Life cycle impact indicators
were calculated for one tonne of product (total
production or that of individual species) using both
energy-based and economic allocations. The
results indicated that the main impacts from
farming operations were eutrophication, land
occupation, acidification and human labour. Feed
(molluscs harvested from aquatic ecosystems)
mainly influenced net primary production use,
TCED and climate change, and harvesting and
delivery mainly influenced climate change and
TCED. Differences in farm practices and yields
induced high variability in impacts. Production site
size had no significant effect; however, its distance
from the sea appeared to affect its efficiency and,
consequently, impacts. Changing the allocation
method changed the ranking of species' impacts
within each impact category, milkfish having the
highest impacts with energy-based allocation and
prawn and crabs having the highest impacts with
economic allocation. The lack of differences in
impacts between intensive monocultures of prawn
and tilapia recorded in the literature and the same
species in Pampanga's polyculture suggests that
the degree of intensification is not a relevant
concept for distinguishing impacts of aquaculture
systems.
Aubin, J.; Baruthio, A.; Mungkung, R.; Lazard, J.
Environmental performance of brackish water
polyculture system from a life cycle perspective: A
Filipino case study. Aquaculture, v.435, i.1,
p.217–227, 2015.
04682
BENTHIC RECOVERY AND RE-IMPACT
RESPONSES FROM SALMON FARM
ENRICHMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR FARM
MANAGEMENT
This paper describes a two-year study of spatial
and temporal patterns and processes in the
benthos in response to the removal of salmon
cages from a sheltered coastal embayment,
coupled with the simultaneous reintroduction of
cages at an adjacent location. Significant recovery
was evident at the fallowed site in the first six
months; however, the macrofaunal assemblage
remained impacted at the conclusion of the study.
By comparison, the reintroduction of a fully
operational farm overwhelmed the macrobenthic
community within three months, with anoxic and
near-azoic conditions developing. Both removal
and reintroduction of the farms triggered alternating
oscillations of geochemical and biological
variables, which were attributed to effects on
sediment chemistry from organic loading, ‘boom
and bust’ cycles of opportunistic taxa in response
to food supply, and the associated variations in
metabolic potential. The study also revealed
interesting spatial dynamics in the benthos and
some useful indicators of different stages of
recovery and re-impact. It is concluded that farm
reintroductions should aim to gradually increase
production; allowing time for the benthos to adapt
to the additional organic flux, and be maintained at
a level that avoids macrofaunal collapse. The
sediment's ability to cope with organic inputs from
fish farming, and hence the duration of the recovery
period, is contingent on the organic load in each
farming cycle and the extent to which the sediment
community is allowed to recover. Understanding
the influence of each of these on sediment
processes is important for sustainable long-term
management of farming operations.
Keeley, N.B.; Forrest, B.M.; Macleod, C.K. Benthic
recovery and re-impact responses from salmon
farm
enrichment:
Implications
for
farm
16
management. Aquaculture, v.435, i.1, p.412–423,
2015.
05158
LAND SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR
BRACKISH WATER AQUACULTURE
DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL AREA OF
HORMOZGAN, IRAN
Land suitability analysis is a prerequisite for
successful aquaculture, and site selection affects
both the success and sustainability of any
aquaculture development. There is an urgent need
for appropriate methodology to assist planners for
site selection in aquaculture development. Site
selection can be viewed as a multi-criteria decisionmaking (MCDM) problem. The analytical hierarchy
process (AHP) is a proven, effective method used
to solve problem of site selection. This paper
applied geographic information systems (GIS), the
AHP method, and MCDM to identify areas that are
suitable for shrimp aquaculture development in
coastal area of Hormozgan, Iran. To create
models, combination of layers was carried out
through Boolean operators and weighted linear
combination (WLC) method. After performing the
combination models, the results are presented and
compared. Evaluation of the results shows that the
most of the areas classified suitable in WLC model
coincide with the existing shrimp farms and this
indicates the validity of the GIS-based WLC model.
The areas with the highest priorities are situated in
eastern part of the study area. Since existing
shrimp farms cover a small extent in the study area,
further expansion of shrimp farming to other areas
is possible
Hadipour, A.; Vafaie, F.; Hadipour, V. Land
suitability evaluation for brackish water aquaculture
development in coastal area of Hormozgan, Iran.
Aquaculture International, v.23, I.1, p.329-343,
2015.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10499-014-9818-y
RESPOSTA ECONÔMICA DO
CONFINAMENTO DE OVINOS
ALIMENTADOS COM SILAGENS
DE DIFERENTES CULTIVARES
DE SORGO
Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o resultado
econômico da terminação de ovinos em
confinamento, alimentados com silagens de
diferentes cultivares de sorgo: 'BRS 810' e 'BRS
Ponta Negra' (caráter forrageiro); 'BRS 610'
(caráter duplo propósito); e 'BRS 655' e 'BRS 800'
(caráter granífero). Utilizaram-se 35 cordeiros,
sem padrão racial definido, com idade entre 5 e 7
meses e com peso vivo médio de 17,7±3,7kg. Os
animais foram mantidos confinados em gaiolas
individuais durante 42 dias, sendo abatidos com
peso médio de 26,24kg. Utilizou-se um
delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco
tratamentos (silagem de diferentes cultivares de
sorgo)
e
sete
repetições.
A
relação
volumoso:concentrado foi de 48:52 (com base na
MS), para todas as dietas testadas. O custo médio
das silagens foi de 63,71; 71,01; 78,99; 61,08 e
63,35 R$ t-1 para as cultivares 'BRS 610', 'BRS
655', 'BRS 800', 'BRS 810' e 'BRS Ponta Negra',
respectivamente, promovendo uma receita líquida
de 78,34; 78,98; 77,43; 82,23 e 80,57 R$ carcaça1. A produção de silagem utilizando a variedade
'BRS 810' com caráter forrageiro apresenta menor
custo de produção e maior receita líquida por
carcaça, além de maior produção de matéria seca
por hectare, proporcionando aumentar a
capacidade de suporte forrageiro das áreas
cultivadas, permitindo confinar maior quantidade
de animais.
Cândido, E.P.; Santos, E.M.; Ramos, J.P.F.;
Oliveira, J.S.; Pinho, R.M.A.; Perazzo, A.F.;
Ramos, R.C.S.; Freitas, P.M.D. Resposta
econômica
do
confinamento
de
ovinos
alimentados com silagens de diferentes cultivares
de sorgo. Ciência Rural, v.45, n.1, p.79-85, 2015.
BIO-BASED BIODEGRADABLE
FILM TO REPLACE THE
STANDARD POLYETHYLENE
COVER FOR SILAGE
CONSERVATION
The research was aimed at studying whether the
polyethylene (PE) film currently used to cover
maize silage could be replaced with bio-based
biodegradable films, and at determining the effects
on the fermentative and microbiological quality of
the resulting silages in laboratory silo conditions.
Biodegradable plastic film made in 2 different
formulations, MB1 and MB2, was compared with a
conventional 120-μm-thick PE film. A whole maize
crop was chopped; ensiled in MB1, MB2, and PE
plastic bags, 12.5 kg of fresh weight per bag; and
17
opened after 170 d of conservation. At silo
opening, the microbial and fermentative quality of
the silage was analyzed in the uppermost layer (0
to 50 mm from the surface) and in the whole mass
of the silo. All the silages were well fermented with
little differences in fermentative quality between the
treatments, although differences in the mold count
and aerobic stability were observed in trial 1 for the
MB1 silage. These results have shown the
possibility
of
successfully
developing
a
biodegradable cover for silage for up to 6 mo after
ensiling. The MB2 film allowed a good silage
quality to be obtained even in the uppermost part
of the silage close to the plastic film up to 170 d of
conservation, with similar results to those obtained
with the PE film. The promising results of this
experiment indicate that the development of new
degradable materials to cover silage till 6 mo after
ensiling could be possible.
Borreani,
G.;
Tabacco,
E.
Bio-based
biodegradable film to replace the standard
polyethylene cover for silage conservation.
Journal of Dairy Science, v.98, I.1, p.386–394,
2015.
AGRICULTURAL DIVERSITY TO INCREASE
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY AND REDUCE
VULNERABILITY OF LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS
AGAINST WEATHER VARIABILITY – A FARMSCALE SIMULATION STUDY
Greater diversity (i.e., variety, balance and
disparity) within agricultural systems is often
suggested as a solution to promote redundancy
within such systems and therefore increase their
adaptive capacity and reduce their vulnerability
against climate change and variability. Yet this
assumption relies upon the gathering and
integration of field- and herd-scale results at the
farm scale. We have conducted a farm-scale
simulation-based study to evaluate the potential for
increasing adaptive capacity and reducing
vulnerability of livestock systems to weather
variability through increase of their agricultural
diversity. We manipulate in the simulation, factors
of change in the livestock systems resulting in less
diverse and more diverse livestock systems to be
simulated. We assume, a priori, that certain
combinations of the factored system components
bring redundancy in the system and in turn
increase its adaptive capacity and reduce its
vulnerability against weather variability. Simulated
factors of change are: F1: a change in the ratio of
the area mechanically harvested (vs. grazed) to the
whole farm area; F2: a change in the crops and
grassland types grown or in the distribution of the
area between crops and/or grassland types; F3: a
change in calving periods from one season to
another. The simulation plan includes a baseline
scenario without changes and scenarios
corresponding to all possible combinations of F1–
F3. These scenarios are applied to four livestock
systems located on a diagonal across France over
a succession of four years with varying weather
conditions. In these systems, self-sufficiency for
forage is jeopardized by unfavorable years, and
this may increase animal feeding costs. Thus we
consider that adaptive capacity increases and
vulnerability decreases as long as self-sufficiency
for forage is achieved without increasing animal
feeding costs. Results confirm the potential for
increasing adaptive capacity and reducing
vulnerability of livestock systems to weather
variability through increase of their agricultural
diversity. For instance, F2 has three main kinds of
impacts on self-sufficiency for forage: (i) it yields
significant average improvements by 34%, 43%,
36% and 36% across livestock systems for the four
successive years, (ii) it buffers year-to-year
variations and (iii) the final level of self-sufficiency
is higher than the initial one even after two years
with unfavorable weather conditions. Moreover,
simulated changes do not increase animal feeding
costs. Thus our results provide empirical evidence
at the farm scale to supplement literature reviews
based on field- and herd-scale results. They also
confirm that through easily implementable on-farm
changes, adaptive capacity can be increased and
vulnerability of agricultural systems to weather
variability decreased.
Martin, G.; Magne, M.A. Agricultural diversity to
increase adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability
of livestock systems against weather variability – A
farm-scale
simulation
study.
Agriculture,
Ecosystems & Environment, v.199, i.1, p.301311, 2015.
04691
PROBLEMAS ENFRENTADOS POR
EXTENSIONISTAS RURAIS
BRASILEIROS E SUA RELAÇÃO
COM SUAS CONCEPÇÕES DE
EXTENSÃO RURAL
18
Tanto na América Latina como no Brasil assistimos
a um retorno e fortalecimento do interesse público
pela extensão rural. Neste trabalho, são
analisados os problemas enfrentados na sua
prática por uma amostra de extensionistas rurais
brasileiros e sua relação com suas concepções de
extensão rural. Cinquenta e dois extensionistas
rurais de diferentes estados responderam a uma
enquete enviada por e-mail. Concluiu-se que (1) as
dificuldades associadas com o trabalho grupal ou
em parceria entre agricultores são o problema
mais mencionado, (2) nos técnicos, tende a
persistir uma perspectiva difusionista da extensão
rural, mesmo contra as diretrizes participativas e
dialógicas estabelecidas pela política pública e (3)
existe um olhar autocrítico limitado dos
extensionistas, os quais tendem a ver os
produtores como problema.
Landini, F.P. Problemas enfrentados por
extensionistas rurais brasileiros e sua relação com
suas concepções de extensão rural. Ciência
Rural, v.45, n.2, p.371-377, 2015.
DIAGNÓSTICO DE ANIMAIS ILEGAIS
RECEBIDOS NO CENTRO DE TRIAGEM DE
ANIMAIS SILVESTRES DE BELO HORIZONTE,
ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS, NO ANO DE 2011
O centro de triagem de animais silvestres em Belo
Horizonte (CETAS-BH) é um dos órgãos
responsáveis pelo recebimento de animais
silvestres em Minas Gerais (MG). O conhecimento
da fauna mantida ilegal é ferramenta importante
para a conservação dos animais silvestres, pois
permite o aprimoramento da educação ambiental e
das
ações
fiscalizadoras.
Objetivou-se
diagnosticar as espécies da fauna silvestre
apreendidas ou entregues voluntariamente no
CETAS-BH e analisar espacialmente sua
distribuição. As espécies foram identificadas e
classificadas de acordo com a chave taxonômica e
o risco de extinção. Na análise descritiva espacial,
foram identificadas as coordenadas geográficas
dos municípios dos animais para a construção dos
mapas de distribuição e de densidade de Kernel.
No ano de 2011, foram recebidos 7.426 animais
vivos, dos quais 91,5% eram aves, 7% répteis e
1,5% mamíferos. Verificou-se ampla variedade de
espécies (166), correspondendo às aves a maioria
(79,5%). As espécies mais recebidas foram Sicalis
flaveola e Saltator similis. Do total de espécies
recebidas, 15% estavam ameaçadas de extinção.
A principal procedência foi apreensão (82,7%) e,
delas, 79% foram realizadas pela Polícia Militar do
Meio Ambiente. Os animais eram de 94 municípios
de MG. A análise espacial identificou a Região
Metropolitana de BH como o local de maior
concentração de ocorrências. A partir dos
resultados obtidos, espera-se o aprimoramento e a
intensificação das ações de educação ambiental e
de fiscalização para essas áreas específicas.
Freitas, A.C.P.; Oviedo-Pastrana, M.E.; Vilela,
D.A.R.; Pereira, P.L.L.; Loureiro, L.O.C.; Haddad,
J.P.A.;
Martins,
N.R.S.;
Soares,
D.F.M.
Diagnóstico de animais ilegais recebidos no centro
de triagem de animais silvestres de Belo Horizonte,
Estado de Minas Gerais, no ano de 2011. Ciência
Rural, v.45, n.1, p.163-170, 2015.
CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION: DOES
SHADE COFFEE PROVIDE HABITAT FOR
MAMMALS?
Shade coffee systems provide a refuge for
biodiversity; however, research has been
dominated by bird and insect studies with few
studies that have focused on mammals living within
coffee-dominated landscapes. Relative to other
taxa studied, only 5% of the articles published on
coffee and biodiversity pertain to mammals. We
surveyed non-volant mammals, with an emphasis
on small mammals, in 3 coffee-forest landscapes
in Costa Rica with a particular focus on forest,
shade coffee, and sun coffee habitats. Each of the
3 sites contained a 500- × 500-m trap grid that was
sampled in 4 sessions, totaling 46 sampling nights
per site. This novel approach allowed us to
compare mammal abundance and richness on
both a plot level and meso-landscape scale (radius
25, 50, 100, 150, 200 m). We made 976 captures
(501 individuals) and detected 17 small and
medium mammal species during the seven-month
study period. The abundance and richness of small
non-volant mammals found in the shade coffee
was not significantly different that of forest habitats
embedded and adjacent to coffee. Both forest and
shade coffee had significantly more species and
higher abundances than sun coffee habitats. Within
habitats, at the plot level, higher amounts of canopy
cover and lower strata vegetation (i.e., weeds,
grasses, plants, and understory shrubs from 5 cm–
1 m tall) significantly increased small mammal
abundance and richness. Within coffee habitats
19
(sun and shade), greater amounts of canopy cover
were significantly associated with higher small
mammal abundance and richness. At the mesolandscape scale, small mammal density and
richness significantly decreased with increasing
proportion of sun coffee within the landscape and
increased as the amount of shade coffee
increased. Furthermore, small mammals thrived in
areas adjacent to forest patches and as the
proportion of forested areas within the landscape
increased. Our study indicates that while there is
no substitute for native forest, shade coffee
provides habitat for small non-volant mammals,
particularly in comparison to sun coffee. Based on
our findings, we recommend including shade trees,
maintaining high amounts of canopy cover, and
retaining lower strata vegetation (5 cm–1 m) within
coffee farms. We also recommend preserving or
reestablishing forested areas embedded within the
coffee landscape to enhance small mammal
diversity. Shade coffee shows promise as a
conservation strategy to promote wildlife
conservation and protect mammalian biodiversity.
Caudill, S.A.; DeClerck, F.J.A.; Husband, T.P.
Connecting sustainable agriculture and wildlife
conservation: Does shade coffee provide habitat
for mammals? Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment, v.199, i.1, p.85–93, 2015.
04319
http://mail2.rabobank.nl/public/preview?LiBuj8XjmgfenU78UU
wFMPhFQA7ZoyshLGhuyyNvbBVHLgSm_Cpe*eGi0ODFr_6I
SUGESTÃO DE DOWNLOAD
Global Agribusiness Forum 20147:
Consenso do Agronegócio
Na concepção do termo agronegócio, deve ser
efetiva a geração de riqueza e a distribuição de
renda. Neste cenário, e como um dos principais
produtores de commodities do mundo, o Brasil
deve liderar as discussões sobre como superar
desafios e implementar ações necessárias para
garantir um futuro seguro para a humanidade.
Um novo salto tecnológico e organizacional é
necessário para assegurar o adequado suprimento
de alimentos e energia no mundo. Equilibrando a
preservação de recursos naturais e mantendo
padrões elevados de sustentabilidade.
Para que as discussões do fórum deixem um
legado e resultem em comprometimento, após as
discussões de todas as edições do Global
Agribusiness Forum é elaborado o documento
Consenso do Agronegócio. O texto é encaminhado
a todos os chefes de Estado e CEOs de empresas
globais envolvidas na produção de alimentos e
commodities agrícolas.
Disponível para download em:
SUGESTÃO DE LEITURA
Pork Quarterly Q1 2015: Searching for the New
Normal after PEDv and the Russian Ban
Rabobank
The global pork market is searching for a new
equilibrium in 2015 after a mixed 2014, with the
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) driving
prices to all-time highs in the Americas and parts of
Southeast Asia, and the Russian ban inducing an
oversupply environment in the EU, not to mention
continued weakness in China.
7
Disponível em:
Documento com a versão final do “Consenso do Agronegócio
2014”, elaborado como resultado das discussões havidas
http://www.globalagribusinessforum.com/wpcontent/themes/globalagribusinessforum/downloads/GAF14ConsensodoAgronegocio2014.pdf
LIVROS
Scientific Farm Animal Production: An
Introduction (11th Edition)
Taylor & Field
Prentice Hall
durante o Global Agribusiness Forum (GAF14), realizado nos
dias 24 e 25 de março de 2014, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
20
The Modern Savage: Our
Unthinking Decision to Eat
Animals
McWilliams
Thomas Dunne Books
Modern Livestock & Poultry
Production
Flanders & Gillespie
razão dos altos valores dos animais destinados à
reprodução. Em São José do Rio Preto, onde o
aumento foi mais acentuado, pode-se ressaltar o
valor das fêmeas para reposição.
Tabela: Custo de produção do cordeiro no mês
de dezembro de 2014 e janeiro de 2015.
Cengage Learning
Encyclopedia of Fungicides: Volume I (Animal
and Plant Disease)
Frost
Callisto Reference
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline
Ophthalmology (British Small Animal
Veterinary Association)
Gould & McLellan
BSAVA
Região
Araçatuba1
Bauru1
Campinas1
Piracicaba2
São J. Rio Preto1
Custo agregado
para o estado3
Custo do cordeiro
em dezembro/2014
Custo do cordeiro
em janeiro/2015
R$/kg
vivo
R$/kg
carcaça
R$/kg
vivo
R$/kg
carcaça
15,17
16,00
25,24
23,25
5,18
14,07
36,12
39,99
58,70
54,07
10,79
33,11
14,95
15,99
25,36
22,82
5,30
14,05
35,60
39,98
58,97
53,08
11,03
33,05
Variação
do custo
(%)
-1,45
-0,06
0,48
-1,85
2,32
-0,16
1
Dinner for Dogs: 50 HomeCooked Recipes for a
Happy, Healthy Dog
Morrison
The Experiment
Advances in Equine Upper
Respiratory Surgery (AVS
Advances in Veterinary Surgery)
Hawkins
Wiley-Blackwell
Felines: Common Diseases, Clinical Outcomes
and Developments in Veterinary Healthcare
Kevins
Nas regiões de Araçatuba, Bauru, Campinas e São José do Rio Preto os custos se
referem ao kg do cordeiro terminado.
Na região de Piracicaba os custos se referem ao kg do cordeiro desmamado, não
terminado.
3
Ponderação dos índices regionais baseada nos efetivos de rebanho de cada região,
segundo a Pesquisa Pecuária Municipal (IBGE, 2011).
2
Se desejar, cadastre-se para ser um informante
mensal de preços de insumos, e/ou para receber
gratuitamente a planilha de cálculo de custo de
produção de cordeiros. Para mais detalhes sobre
a caracterização dos sistemas de produção
considerados no estudo ou sobre a ponderação do
índice
estadual,
envie
e-mail
para
[email protected].
Nova Science Pub Inc
ÍNDICE DE CUSTO DE PRODUÇÃO DO
CORDEIRO PAULISTA (ICPC)
CURSOS
O Índice de Custo de Produção do Cordeiro
Paulista é um projeto desenvolvido pelo
Laboratório de Análises Socioeconômicas e
Ciência Animal da FMVZ/USP.
Foi verificada queda do custo de produção do
cordeiro em três regiões (Araçatuba, Bauru e
Piracicaba), embora os valores de arrendamento e
do aprisco tenham subido. Este declínio ocorreu
devido à estabilização dos preços de grãos, sal
mineral e vacinas, associada à queda do valor da
cana de açúcar e vermífugos. Campinas e São
José do Rio Preto apresentaram aumento em
21
OPORTUNIDADES
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG):
abre concurso para Professor Adjunto na Área de
Cirurgia (Edital nº469, de 12/2014). Pré-requisito:
Doutorado na área de concentração Cirurgia
Veterinária ou em áreas afins. Inscrições até
11/02/2015 na Secretaria Geral da Escola de
Veterinária da UFMG. Mais informações:
[email protected] e (31) 3409-2025 ou 3409-2001
Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de
Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) - Campus de
Jaboticabal: abre concurso para Professor Titular
para atuar na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e
Veterinárias (Edital 94/2014), departamento de
Solos e Adubos. Pré-requisito: Ensino superior.
Inscrições até 12/02/2015. Mais informações:
http://www.fcav.unesp.br/Home/rh/1336/solosfrutiferas.pdf
Tel: (16) 3209-2658. E-mail: [email protected]
Patologia Veterinária. Pré-requisito: Ensino
superior. Inscrições até 06/03/2015. Mais
informações:
http://www.fcav.unesp.br/Home/rh/1336/do-edital-titularpatologiageral.pdf
Tecnologia. Pré-requisito: Ensino superior.
http://www.fcav.unesp.br/Home/rh/1336/do-titular-tecnologianovas-tecnologias-prod.acucar.pdf
Tecnologia. Pré-requisito: Ensino superior.
22
http://www.fcav.unesp.br/Home/rh/1336/do-titular-tecquimica.pdf.
Tel: (16) 3209-2658. E-MAIL: [email protected]
Minerphós Nutrição e Saúde Animal: abre vaga
para
Promotor
Comercial
(Homeopatia
animal/mercado de pecuária) para atuar em MafraSC ou Canoinhas-SC. Pré-requisitos: experiência
em comercialização no mercado de Pecuária,
disponibilidade total para viagens, possuir carro
próprio. Enviar currículo até 31/01/2015 por e-mail.
Mais informações:
[email protected] e
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregopromotor-comercial-homeopatia-animal-mercado-de-pecuariasanta-catarina/
Minerphós Nutrição e Saúde Animal: abre vaga
para Supervisor comercial em nutrição e saúde
animal (veterinário/zootecnista) para atuar em
diversas regiões no Mato Grosso. Pré-requisito:
experiência com trabalho em campo (mínimo 1
ano), experiência comercial, disponibilidade total
para viagens, possuir carro próprio. Enviar
currículo até 31/01/2015 por e-mail. Mais
informações:
[email protected] e
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregosupervisor-comercial-no-mercado-pecuario-veterinariozootecnista-mato-grosso/
JBS: abre vaga para Orientador técnico em
Avicultura para atuar em São José, SC. Prérequisito: ensino superior em medicina veterinária
ou técnico agropecuária, com experiência no
segmento de avicultura. Mais informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregoorientador-tecnico-avicultura-sao-jose-sc/
Anhanguera Educacional: abre vaga para
Coordenador de curso de veterinária para atuar em
Anápolis, GO. Pré-requisito: ensino superior em
Medicina Veterinária com Mestrado em áreas
afins. Mais informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregocoordenador-de-curso-de-veterinaria-anapolis-go/
Universidade Norte do Paraná (Unopar): abre
vaga para Tutor Eletrônico (Veterinária) para atuar
em Londrina, PR. Pré-requisito: ensino superior
em Veterinária com especialização na área, PósGraduação completa e experiência anterior na
área de veterinária. Mais informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregotutor-eletronico-veterinaria-londrina-pr/
Unidade de Proteção de Cultivos da BASF: abre
vaga para Representante técnico de vendas sênior
(setor sucroenergético) para atuar em Maringá,
PR. Pré-requisito: ensino superior em Engenharia
Agronômica, Agrícola, Florestal ou Zootecnia,
experiência com vendas, inglês desejável,
conhecimento no setor sucronergético. Mais
informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregorepresentante-tecnico-de-vendas-senior-setorsucroenergetico-maringa-pr/
Sodexo: abre vaga para Analista de Qualidade
(hortifrutigranjeiros), para atuar em Lajeado, RS.
Pré-requisitos: ensino superior em Engenharia
Agronômica ou de Alimentos, experiência na área
de qualidade de alimentos. Mais informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregoanalista-de-qualidade-hortifrutigranjeiros-lajeado-rs/
Produquímica: abre 3 vagas para Representante
comercial de vendas (bovinos/ruminantes), para
atuar em Mato Grosso, MT. Pré-requisitos: ensino
superior em Engenharia Agronômica, Zootecnia,
Veterinária ou Técnico Agrícola, experiência no
segmento de nutrição animal (bovinos). Mais
informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/3-vagasrepresentante-comercial-de-vendas-bovinos-ruminantes-matogrosso/
BRF: abre vaga para Analista de qualidade júnior
em empresa alimentícia, para atuar em Rio de
Janeiro, RJ. Pré-requisitos: ensino superior em
Engenharia química, Engenharia de alimentos,
Farmácia Bioquímica, veterinária, Química,
Nutrição ou áreas correlacionadas, disponibilidade
para viajar, habilitação categoria B. Mais
informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregoanalista-de-qualidade-junior-em-empresa-alimenticia-rio-dejaneiro-rj/
AC Proteína: abre vaga para Analista de Gestão
produtiva (confinamento e boitel/gado de corte)
para atuar em Goiás-GO. Pré-requisitos:
disponibilidade total para viagens. Enviar currículo
até 23/02/2015 por e-mail. Mais informações:
[email protected] e
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregoanalista-de-gestao-produtiva-confinamento-e-boitel-gado-decorte-goias-go/
23
AC Proteína: abre vaga para Analista de gestão
produtiva (abate/gado de corte) para atuar em
Goiás (Goiânia, Jussara, Santa Fé). Prérequisitos: disponibilidade total para viagens.
Enviar currículo até 23/02/2015 por e-mail. Mais
informações:
[email protected] e
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/empregoanalista-de-gestao-produtiva-abate-gado-de-corte-goias/
Minerva Foods: abre vaga para Trainee de
vendas (produtos alimentícios/carnes) para atuar
em São Paulo, SP. Pré-requisitos: experiência em
venda varejo, conhecimento em carnes será um
diferencial, habilitação A ou B, veículo próprio,
disponibilidade para viagens. Mais informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/vagatrainee-de-vendas-produtos-alimenticios-carnes-sao-paulo-sp2/
Poli Nutri: abre vaga para Trainee em qualidade
de alimentos para atuar em Osasco, SP. Prérequisitos: ensino superior em Engenharia de
produção, Engenharia de alimentos, Zootecnia ou
Veterinária, conhecimento em procedimentos de
qualidade nas indústrias de alimentos, pacote
office avançado. Mais informações:
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2014/12/vagatrainee-em-qualidade-alimentos-osasco-sp/
Informa Economics FNP: oferece estágio no
mercado de agronegócio para atuar em São Paulo,
SP. Pré-requisitos: aluno cursando último ou
penúltimo ano de Engenharia Agronômica,
Economia, Administração Rural, Engenharia
Agrícola
e
outros
cursos
relacionados,
conhecimento Pacote Office e inglês. Enviar
currículo até 27/02/2015 por e-mail. Mais
informações:
[email protected] e
http://www.agrobase.com.br/oportunidades/2015/01/vagaestagio-no-mercado-agronegocio-sao-paulo-sp/
EVENTO EM DESTAQUE I
World Congress on Integrated Crop-LivestockForest Systems (WCCLF)
3rd International Symposium on Integrated
Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLS3)
Brasília, 12-17 de julho, 2015.
Agriculture is facing an unprecedented challenge.
By 2050, food needs for a growing population will
demand a production expansion by 60%, and the
global demand for livestock products will increase
by 70%, compared to what it was in year 2000. This
expansion must be mostly through sustainable
production intensification, since the conversion of
natural ecosystems into agriculture has large
negative impacts on biodiversity, carbon storage
and hydrological cycle.
Also, agriculture with excessive use of inputs such
as tillage, fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation as
means to increase productivity (output of food, fiber
and fuel per unit area) is to be discouraged as it
results in an increase in the environmental footprint
(e.g. greenhouse gas emissions). Mixed farming
systems combining crop, livestock and forest
production integrated in the same area and with
efficient use of inputs are of key importance to
future food security. Integrated crop-livestockforest systems (ICLF) are also beneficial to provide
ecosystem services such as carbon accumulation,
recharge of aquifers and biodiversity.
The World Congress on Crop-Livestock-Forest
Systems (WCCLF) and the 3rd International
Symposium on Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLS3)
will provide an opportunity to update research
findings on environmental conservation/impacts
and economic outcomes and technological
innovations. The WCCLF will also be a rich forum
for sharing research based knowledge and
experiences from different biomes worldwide and
address the challenges to increase adoption of
mixed farming systems such as ICLF.
The meeting will be structured around three main
themes:
Technology,
Environment
and
Socioeconomics. There will be a recap of the main
findings and needs of each session (Daily Wrap
Up) finishing with a Congress Wrap Up which may
generate a document to be presented in a Side
Event during the Conference of the Parties of the
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(COP 21) by the end of 2015.
Join us in this opportunity to tell experiences of
smallholdings and large-scale farms, present
24
socioeconomic
results,
environmental
improvements and technological innovations on a
scientific basis. We will provide the of-the-art
analysis on mixed farming and other mixed
systems
(crop/livestock,
agroforestry
and
silvopastoral) on a wide range of biomes
worldwide. Participants will also have a whole day
to visit ICLF farm and sites during the dry season
of the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna).
We are looking forward to organizing an
international event to be remembered as a
landmark towards the development of integrated
crop, livestock and forest systems.
Informações e programa detalhado do evento em:
http://www.wcclf2015.com.br/
EVENTO EM DESTAQUE II
EVENTOS
1°SASF Vet – “Sábado de Assistência à Saúde
da Família na Veterinária”
Cidade Universitária SP, 7 de fevereiro de 2015
https://www.facebook.com/events/694876573959006/?fref=ts
Gulfood 2015
Dubai Emirados Árabes Unidos, 19 a 22 de
fevereiro de 2015
http://gulfood.com
Residência em Medicina Veterinária do
Coletivo
Curitiba PR, 01 de março de 2015
http://www.nc.ufpr.br/
Workshop Water as the frontier of
agribusiness: politico- ecological and
socioeconomic connections from farms to
global markets
São Paulo SP, 09 e 13 de março de 2015
http://www.britishcouncil.org/education/science/currentopportunities/Brazil-workshop-agribusiness
Global Forum for innovations in agriculture
Abu Dhabi Dubai, 9 a 10 de março de 2015
25
http://www.innovationsinagriculture.com/
Curso Facta Ambiência e Bem-Estar
Campinas SP, 17 a 18 de março de 2015
http://www.facta.org.br
13º Congresso APA de Produção e
Comercialização de Ovos
Ribeirão Preto SP, 17 a 19 de março de 20015
[email protected]
Simpósio Internacional de Emissões de Gás EMILI 2015
Florianópolis SC, 24 a 25 de março de 2015
http://www.emili2015.com.br
SACAVET 2015
São Paulo SP, 28 de março a 02 de abril de 2015
http://www.sacavet.com.br/
Feira Internacional das Graxarias Reciclagem
Animal – FENAGRA
http://www.editorastilo.com.br/revista-graxaria/item/3348fenagra-2015-rumo-a-10-edicao
XIV Congresso CBNA PET 2015
http://www.cbna.com.br/site/Eventos/Ver/VII-CongressoCBNA-Pet
Workshop internacional “Uma saúde, um bemestar”.
Pirassununga SP, 25 a 27 de abril de 2015
http://agencia.fapesp.br/agendadetalhe/uma_saude_um_bemestar/20397/
FEIPET - Feira de Negócios para Animais de
Estimação & 1º Simpósio Sul-Brasileiro de
Medicina Veterinária Pet
Novo Hamburgo RS, 25 a 27 de abril de 2015
http://www.feipet.com.br
Feira da Indústria Latino Americana de Aves e
Suínos - FIPPPA
Curitiba PR, 28 a 30 de abril de 2015
http://www.avesui.com.br/sobre-a-feira/edicao-2015
VII Congresso Latino Americano e XIII
Congresso Brasileiro de Higienistas de
Alimentos
Búzios RJ, 28 de abril a 01 de maio de 2015
http://www.rdeventos.com.br/ev2015/higienistas/
XVI SBSA - Simpósio Brasil Sul de Avicultura
Chapecó SC, 7 a 9 de abril de 2015
http://www.nucleovet.com.br
Agrishow 2015
Riberão Preto SP, 27 de abril a 01 de maio de
2015
http://www.agrishow.com.br
40th World Small Animal Veterinary
Association Congress – WSAVA 2015
Bangkok Tailândia, 01 a 28 de maio de 2015
http://www.wsava2015.com/
Sigera - Simpósio internacional sobre
gerenciamento de resíduos das produções
agropecuária e agroindustrial
Rio de Janeiro RJ, 05 a 07 de maio de 2015
http://www.sbera.org.br/sigera2015/
I Workshop Internacional de Ambiência de
Precisão
Campinas SP, 12 a 15 de maio de 2015
http://aviculturaworkshop.wix.com/wapa-internacional
VIV Russia Moscow
Moscou Rússia, 19 a 21 de maio de 2015
http://www.vivrusussia.nl/
CBA 2015 - 36º Congresso Brasileiro da
Associação Nacional de Clínicos Veterinários
de Pequenos Animais (Anclivepa)
Porto Seguro BA, 20 a 22 de maio de 2015
http://anclivepa2015.com.br/
Conferência Facta 2015
Campinas SP, 26 a 28 de maio de 2015
http://www.facta.org.br
World Pork Expo
Iowa Estado Unidos, 03 a 05 de junho de 2015
http://www.worldpork.org
8º Suinter (Simpósio Internacional de
Produção Suína)
Foz do Iguaçu PR, 09 a 11 de junho de 2015
http://www.consuitec.com.br/evento.asp?id=27
XI Congresso Brasileiro e XVII Congresso
Latinoamericano de Buiatria
São Paulo SP, 22 a 24 de julho de 2015
http://buiatria2015.com.br/
Festa do Ovo de Bastos
Bastos SP, 17 a 19 de julho de 2015
http://www.bastos.sp.gov.br
Simpósio OvoSite
São Paulo SP, 28 de julho de 2015
http://abpa-br.com.br/siavs/
Salão Internacional da Avicultura e
Suinocultura 2015
São Paulo SP, 28 a 30 de julho de 2015
26
http://www.ubabef.com.br
29th Agriculture in an Interconnected World
Milão Itália, 8 a 14 de agosto de 2015
http://www.icae2015.org/
International Veterinary Radiology Association
17th Meeting 2015 - IVRA Meeting 2015
Fremantle Austrália, 16 a 21 de agosto de 2015
http://www.ivra2015.com/
Curso Facta Farmacologia
Campinas SP, 18 a 19 de agosto de 2015
http://www.facta.com.br
IV SISCA – Simpósio de Sustentabilidade &
Ciência Animal
Niterói RJ, 21 e 22 de agosto de 2015
www.sisca.com.br
13º Congresso Paulista de Clínicos
Veterinários de Pequenos Animais CONPAVEPA & Feira Internacional de
Produtos para Veterinários e PetShops - VET
EXPO.
São Paulo SP, 31 de agosto a 02 de setembro de
2015
http://www.vetagenda.com.br/evento.php?plano=3&evento=10
130
II Simpósio de Animais Silvestres do
Maranhão - II SAS-MA & o VII Encontro
Nordestino de Grupos de Estudo de Animais
Selvagens - VII ENGEAS
São Luis MA, 01 a 04 de setembro de 2015
http://www.vetagenda.com.br/evento.php?plano=3&evento=10
129
XXIV Congreso Latinoamericano de Avicultura
2015
Guayaquil – Guayas Equador, 08 a 11 de
setembro de 2015
Augusto Hauber Gameiro
[email protected]
Professor da FMVZ/USP
Thayla Sara Soares Stivari
[email protected]
Doutoranda na FMVZ/USP
Esther Ramalho Afonso
[email protected]
Doutoranda na FMVZ/USP
Camila Raineri
[email protected]
Pós-doutoranda na FMVZ/USP
Vívian Renata Kida
[email protected]
Aluna do Curso de Medicina Veterinária da
FMVZ/USP, Bolsista do Programa “Aprender com
Cultura e Extensão”
Karen Regina Nogueira
[email protected]
Aluna do Curso de Engenharia de Biossistemas da
FZEA/USP, Bolsista do Programa “Aprender com
Cultura e Extensão”
Rubens Nunes
[email protected]
Professor da FZEA/USP
Nota: as imagens foram elaboradas gentilmente
pelo designer Francisco Eduardo Alberto de
Siqueira Garcia.
CONTATO
http://avicultura2015.com/pt/
II Congresso Sobre Tecnologia Da Produção
De Alimentos Para Animais
Maringá PR, 16 a 17 de setembro de 2015
http://www.cbna.com.br/site
Curso Facta Nutrição: Matrizes e Frangos
Campinas SP, 20 a 21 de outubro de 2015
USP / FMVZ / VNP / LAE
Laboratório de Análises Socioeconômicas e
Ciência Animal
Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Campus USP
CEP 13.635-900, Pirassununga - SP
Telefone: (19) 3565 4224
Fax: (19) 3565 4295
http://www.facta.com.br
http://lae.fmvz.usp.br
EQUIPE
27
SOBRE O BOLETIM ELETRÔNICO
“SOCIOECONOMIA & CIÊNCIA ANIMAL”
Trata-se de um projeto de extensão vinculado ao Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Produção Animal da Faculdade
de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ/USP). O projeto
conta com a participação da Faculdade de Zootecnia e
Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP).
O boletim eletrônico tem o objetivo de divulgar os resultados de
pesquisas desenvolvidas e publicadas nacionalmente e
internacionalmente, e que tenham como campo de
investigação, as Ciências Humanas aplicadas diretamente ou
conjuntamente à Ciência Animal.
Portanto, este projeto de extensão procura contribuir para o
desenvolvimento científico baseado na multidisciplinaridade.
O boletim é de livre acesso a todos que tenham interesse,
bastando enviar uma mensagem solicitando a inclusão do email destinatário para o seu recebimento.
Críticas, ideias e sugestões sempre serão bem vindas.
Para solicitar cadastramento na lista de destinatários ou
cancelamento do recebimento, favor escrever para:
[email protected]
Clique no link abaixo para ter acesso às edições anteriores:
http://www3.fmvz.usp.br/index.php/site/biblioteca/publicacoes_
eletronicas/s/socioeconomia_ciencia_animal
Visite a página do LAE no Facebook:
http://www.facebook.com/LAE.FMVZ.USP
APOIO INSTITUCIONAL
28

82ª edição

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