OPV, DSSC

"Os Avanços na P&D em Células
Solares Orgânicas no Brasil"
IC Packaging Division
Fernando Ely, PhD
InovaFV, Campinas, 2013
1. Outline
3rd
Gen. PV (OPV, DSSC)
OPV and DSSC Market
Brazilian PD&I in OPV/DSSC
 Advantages
 Techical Issues
 Market Outlook
 Applications
 Players
 Universities
 CTI
 Startups
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics
Organic Photovoltaic - OPV
Light
Electron
transfer
LUMO
Cathode
Anode
Substrate
absorption
OPV Module
LUMO
HOMO
DONATOR (p)
HOMO
ACCEPTOR (n)
Source: Konarka
holes
electrons
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
Light
DSSC Module
Source: G24 Innovations (2008).
Source: wikepedia (2009).
DSSC cells involve a dye that absorbs visible light and injects an electron into the
conduction band of an inorganic semionductor such as TiO2. The oxidised dye is re-reduced
by an electrolyte giving the required separation of the electron and the hole.
3rd Generation of Photovoltaics
Advantages
Technical Issues
DSSC
• Glass frit sealing
(Fraunhofer Inst., Germany)
• Quasi-solid electrolyte
(SolarPrint, Ireland)
• Nanomaterials
(Ohio State Univ., USA,
Queensland Univ., Australia)
Organic PV
• O2/H2O Barriers
(Vitex Syst. and 3M, USA)
• Optical Spacers
(UC-Sta. Barbara, USA)
• Metallic grid
(GE, USA)
 R2R processing
 Low price
DSSC
Organic PV
 Plastic (flexible,
new form factors,
lightweight, robust)
 Lifetime
 Semitransparent
 Reproducibility
from module to
module
 Colored (tinted)
Approaches
 Efficiency
 Incidence angleindependent
Table 1. Technology transition for module efficiencies
Technology
2005
2010
2015
Organic tandem SC
6%
9%
14%
DSSC
4%
7%
12%
Source: K.Derbyshire. The Future of Photovoltaics to 2015 (2008).
OPV and DSSC Market
Portable Power
Building Integrated PV - BIPV
 Electronics charger
Fenestration
 windows, sky-light,
spandrels
Façade
 Curtain wall, other
building claddings
 Outdoor events
Source: Peng Wang and Michael
Gräztel
Source: Konarka and Arch
Aluminum & Glass
OPV and DSSC Players
OPV Players
Konarka
Country: USA and Germany
Technology: R2R Plastic OPV
Market: BIPV (joint with Arch
Aluminum & Glass) and CE
(consuming electronics)
Goal: went to bankruptcy 2012
sould out to Belectric
Global Photonics
Country: United States
Technology: Flexible Small
molecule OPV by evaporation
Market: BIPV and CE
Goal: no data
Heliatek
Country: Germany
Technology: tandem cell by
R2R thermal evaporation
Market: BIPV and CE
Goal: setup production team
2013
Flexible OPV™ prototype panel
World efficiency record 12%
R2R mass production
OPV and DSSC Players
DSSC Players
Dye Sol
Country: Autralia
Technology: Screen printing to
produce DSSC on glass and Steel
Market: BIPV (Façade)
Goal: in production
DSSC BIPV panel
G24 Innovations Limited
Country: Wales, UK
Technology: R2R Plastic DSSC
Market: at first CE (consuming
electronics) but has potential for
BIPV
Goal: sold out in Dec´12
DSSC based charging multi adapter
Fraunhofer Institute
Country: Germany
Technology: Screen printing to
produce DSSC on glass
Market: BIPV (Façade)
Goal: joint development with
German industry
DSSC Façade BIPV panel prototype
Brazilian PD&I in OPV/DSSC
INCT INEO
Universities
PD&I
OPV/DSSC
CTI Renato
Archer
Startups
• Subprojeto 2: Desenvolvimento de células solares
híbridas orgânicas/inorgânicas contendo
nanopartículas e nanotubos (7 grupos - IFSC- USP;
IQ-Unicamp; INMETRO; Puc-Rio; UFPR; UFMG;
UFPI)
INCT NAMITEC
• A4.4: Fotovoltaicos Alternativos e Eletrônica Orgânica
DSSC: Tezca (Unicamp)
OPV: Flexsolar (IAP – Fraunhofer)
CTI´s Activities
OPV and DSSC
Aceptor (n)
Materiais e
Nanomateriais
Doador (p)
Técnicas de
gravação/
deposição
PCBM
Células
Solares
Flexíveis
P3HT – regioregular
 ~ 6.5 % (1 cm2)
OPV
Células Solares
Flexíveis
Equipamentos
(R2R)
DSSC
 OPV  DSSC
Eficiência alvo  ~ 9 % (120 mm2)
 Fabricação de Protótipos e Transferência de Tecnologia
Investimentos (2007-2012)
• Fapesp: R$ 480K
• CNPq: R$ 130K
• Finep: R$ 1.000K
• MCTI: R$ 400K
CTI´s Activities
Deposition Methods
Inkjetting
Spray
R2R T-NIL
CTI´s Activities
DOD Piezo Inkjet Critical Parameters
Substrate
1.
Ink Formulation
a. Solvent(s)
b. Solid content (2-5%)
c. Additives ( and  )
2.
a. Waveform
b. Cartridge temp.
c. Plate/substrate temp.
d. Linear velocity (mm/s)
Ink
Formulation
Deposition
conditions
Deposition Conditions
Postprocessing
3.
Substrate characteristics
a. Roughness
b. Surface energy
(hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
4.
Post-processing
a. Annealing conditions (heating
medium, time, temp, etc.)
CTI´s Activities
Table . POM images of PEDOT:PSS deposited by IJP using different PEDOT inks in SU8 wells
on ITO after surface treatment
Ely, F. et. al.Synthetic Metals, 161(19), p. 2129-2134, 2011.
CTI´s Activities
Goal: Production of Flexible Transparent Conductive Electrode (TCE) to Replace ITO
 Conducting Polymer: PEDOT
 SWCNT
 Metallic nanowires
Handheld airbrush
Versus
Focused ultrasonic nozzle
CTI´s Activities
PEDOT:PSS
Table 1. EG chemical post-treatment effect on conductivity
and roughness.
Spray
system
Airbrush
Ultrasonic
Airbrush
Ultrasonic
Airbrush
Ultrasonic
Airbrush
Ultrasonic
T
(°C)
75
75
100
100
125
125
150
150
Before
EG
Rrms

-1
(S.cm )
(nm)
96.1
41.7
310.0
16.3
125.3
68.9
268.0
26.2
102.3
29.6
266.0
21.4
191.2
37.9
315.0
23.2
After
EG

(S.cm-1)
432.9
398.0
280.1
415.0
429.2
336.0
284.1
453.0
Rrms
(nm)
39.4
28.2
33.8
31.9
48.2
21.8
43.5
52.2
CTI´s Activities
Sprayed PEDOT:PSS for Plastics AC Electroluminescent Devices
Screen-printed layers
 = 7.59 lm/W
(100V @400Hz)
Luminance x V
Power x V
CIE coordenates
CTI´s Activities
Single walled Carbon Nanotube networks
Table 2. Electrical and Optical characterization of the SWNT films prepared
with baking and acid treatment.
SWCNT by Ultrasonic spraying
AFM images
CTI´s Activities
CTI´s Customized T-NIL System
Pressure
sensing
Printing
rollers
Control panel
Control
software
Continuous T-NIL
CTI´s Activities
Ni Rigid Mold Fabrication
Example: Ni mold w/ Microstructures
CTI´s Activities
Inkjet Printed Quantum Dot-OPV
Active Layer – CdSe QD + P3MET
N
N
CdSe
N
N
N
O
N
O
OCH3
N
+
*
N
S
*
n
P3MET
PET
37% v/v of CdSe QD
ITO
PEDOT
P3MET/
CdSe QD
Al/Ag
50% v/v of CdSe QD
AFM for the composites CdSe:Py/P3MET spin-coated films on
Si substrate
 Indicative of phase separation
Device on plastic after printing and
electrode deposition.
Out of glove-box! PCE = 0.27 % (AM 1.5)
CTI´s Activities
LC additive effect in Fullerene-OPV
Goal: Liquid crystalline (LC) material as functional additive to lead higher charge carrier mobility and
facilitate the electron-hole pair separation.
N N
O
O
H19C9
O2N
NPEOXA
C9H19
O
PCE = 0.015 % (AM 1.5G)
CTI´s Activities
New active layer PCDTBT-Fullerene-OPV
Donor (p)
N
Aceptor (n)
S
N
S
*
S
N
PC71BM
C8H17
C8H17
PCDTBT
Cyclic Voltammetry - PCDTBT
UV-Vis PCDTBT:PC71BM (1:2.6)
0.20
blank
film PCDTBT
HOMO = 5.63 eV
LUMO = 3.90 eV
Eg = 5.63-3.90 = 1.73 eV
120.0µ
Eoxi(Fc/Fc+)= 0.93 - 0.2 = 0.73 V
60.0µ
0.0
Absorbance (a.u.)
180.0µ
I/A
n
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
Ered(Fc/Fc+)= -1.0 - 0.2 = -1.2 V
-60.0µ
-2
-1
0
E / V vs Pt
1
2
PCDTBT:PC70BM on glass/ZnOnp
0.00
350
DCB:CB @ 7000 rpm
DCB:CB @ 5000 rpm
DCB:CB @ 3000 rpm
400
450
500
550
600
Wavelength (nm)
650
700
CTI´s Activities
New active layer PCDTBT-Fullerene-OPV
w/ZnO Nanoparticles Buffer
DCB:CB (3:1) @7000rpm
450µ
Current (A)
300µ
PCDTBT:PC70BM/ZnO nP - (4D)
Dark
Ligth
150µ
-0.2
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
-150µ
-300µ
Voltage (V)
0.6
Cell 4D
Jsc = 1.25
mA/cm2
Voc = 200.6 mV
FF = 0.31
PCE = 0.1%
Brazilian Startups
Flexsolar Células Solares
From Lab to Fab:
Development of an industrial process for the commercialization of organic solution
processed Photovoltaic systems on a roll-to-roll pilot line !
Pilot Line at Fraunhofer IAP
 Collaboration with MBraun
 Sheet-to-Sheet with 15 x 15cm
 Inkjet, Slot Die, ALD, Encapsulation
 3 Million € invest
Pilot Line Flexsolar
 Developed in 4 years with
company 3D Micromac
 4 printing/coating stations
 Lamination and Test modules
 Next step: 120 cm web width
Brazilian Startups
Flexsolar Células Solares
© Fraunhofer IAP
Police jacket with textile integrated OPV and OLED
Bus stop with integrated OPV and OLED modules
Brazilian Startups
Tezca Células Solares
 Startup established since Nov. 2008
 1 Office
 4 laboratories
 Currently located at Ciatec Incubator Campinas, SP, Brazil
 Team of 5 members
Main goal: TCO-free dye-sensitized solar cells based solely on flexible foils
TCO ~ 45%
Dye ~ 9% (after scaling up)
Brazilian Startups
Tezca Células Solares
SS DSSC cell from Tezca
Summary
 3rd gen. solar cells represent a great opportunity for RD&I with huge
number of potential applications.
 OPV and DSSC are attactive for BIPV because the flexibility, semitransparency, low cost and colour option.
 International cooperation and networks are essential to increase lifetime
and efficiency for widespread adoption.
Obrigado!
Fernando Ely, PhD
Tecnologista pleno III| Full Technologist
[email protected]
Tel.: +55 19 3746-6229 - Fax: +55 19 3746-6028
www.cti.gov.br