Tolerância e reconhecimento - IESP-UERJ

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Tolerância e reconhecimento: reflexões a partir de desigualdades, coerções e
desacordos morais (3 créditos)
Professor: João Feres Jr. e San Romanelli Assumpção
Horário: Quintas-feiras, das 16:00 às 19 horas
Consultas: a combinar com os professores
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Qu’est-ce que la tolérance ? C’est l’apanage de l’humanité.
Voltaire, Dictionnaire philosophique, article Tolérance, section II, 5e éd., 1765)
“Toleranz sollte nur eine vor¨ubergehende Gesinnung sein: sie muss zur Anerkennung führen. Dulden heißt beleidigen.”
(A tolerância deveria ser somente uma atitude temporária, pois ela deve conduzir ao reconhecimento.
Tolerar significa insultar).
Johann Wolfgang Goethe, “Maximen und Reflexionen,” Werke 6
Historicamente a doutrina liberal surgiu como solução para os conflitos e guerras
religiosas que assolaram a Europa nos primeiros séculos da Idade Moderna. O problema
fundamental que ela tenta resolver é o de prover um Estado dotado de legitimidade
advinda da transferência da soberania de um povo que já não mais tem unidade
religiosa. Desde o princípio, o dissenso moral foi um problema central para o
liberalismo, não somente como teoria moral especulativa, mas como doutrina base de
arranjos políticos e constitucionais. Em outras palavras, o grau de tolerância em relação
ao pluralismo moral sempre foi questão fundamental para as várias soluções propostas
por autores liberais para a constituição de um arranjo político estável.
É claro que os arranjos de tolerância não necessitam produzir igualdade de direitos. A
tolerância pode muito bem estruturar uma sociedade hierárquica, como foi o caso até a
Era das Revoluções. Daí a crítica de Goethe, Kant, Mirabeau, entre outros, a concepções
hierarquizantes de tolerância.
O conceito de reconhecimento advém da fenomenologia de Hegel. Desde sua criação
como conceito filosófico, ele se diferencia da tolerância por conferir um sinal positivo à
diferença. Enquanto que tolerar é aceitar algo contra o qual temos objeções, reconhecer
é declaradamente conferir valor positivo à diferença. O conceito de reconhecimento
ficou adormecido por mais de século e meio após a contribuição inicial de Hegel, mas
ressurgiu ao final do século XX, nas linguagens dos movimentos sociais e da teoria,
como ferramenta para se pensar a questão da diversidade, da diferença e do
multiculturalismo.
Como as agendas das diferenças de gênero, raça, etnia, status social, língua, etc., são
centrais no debate político contemporâneo, que se dá em grande parte dentro dos
contornos normativos da democracia liberal, esses dois conceitos tornaram-se
inevitáveis, a despeito de sua grande complexidade. De um lado a tolerância, de sabor
contratualista e kantiano, e de outro o reconhecimento, conceito hegeliano com fortes
traços comunitaristas. O presente curso tem por objetivo o exame da profícua literatura
produzida em décadas recentes acerca de cada um destes conceitos teóricos
fundamentais e, também, acerca de suas possíveis interações.
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Parte I. Tolerância.
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Parte II. Reconhecimento.
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