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Literature Class with Short Stories
Book Four Corners (Level 3A)
Unit 2: Personal Stories
Lesson B: Gues what! (Pages 16 and 17)
Dr. Heidegger Experiment
By Nathaniel Howthorn
Grammar Focus: If Clauses
Pre Reading
Read the cartoon and the proverbs, and then answer the questions:
Proverbs:
‘Old be, or young die.’
‘Of young men die many, of old men escape not any.’
‘Old men go to death, death comes to young men.’
Questions:
1. What is the subject of the cartoon and the proverbs?
2. Do you agree with the proverbs?
3. How old are you?
4. How many years would you like to live? Why?
5. Do you make plans for your old age?
Reading
Nathaniel Hawthorne (born July 4, 1804, Salem, Mass.,
U.S.—died May 19, 1864, Plymouth, N.H.)
U.S. novelist and short-story writer. Descended from Puritans, he
was imbued with a deep moral earnestness. After producing several
unexceptional works, he wrote some of his greatest tales, including
“Young Goodman Brown” (1835). His story collections include The
Snow-Image (1851). He is best known for the novels The Scarlet Letter
(1850), a story of adultery set in colonial New England considered to
be one of the best American novels, and The House of the Seven
Gables (1851), the story of a family that lives under a curse for
generations. His later works include The Marble Faun (1860). A
skilled literary craftsman and a master of allegory and symbolism, he
ranks among the greatest American fiction writers.
Read this excerpt from ‘Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment’, in which Dr. Heidegger
is offering some old people some water from the ‘Fountain of Youth’, which will make
them young again:
(…)
"Did you never hear of the 'Fountain of Youth'?" asked Dr. Heidegger, "which Ponce de Leon, the
Spanish adventurer, went in search of two or three centuries ago?"
"But did Ponce de Leon ever find it?" said the Widow Wycherly.
"No, answered Dr. Heidegger, "for he never sought it in the right place. The famous Fountain of Youth, if
I am rightly informed, is situated in the southern part of the Floridian peninsula, not far from Lake
Macaco. Its source is overshadowed by several gigantic magnolias, which, though numberless centuries
old, have been kept as fresh as violets by the virtues of this wonderful water. An acquaintance of mine,
knowing my curiosity in such matters, has sent me what you see in the vase."
"Ahem!" said Colonel Killigrew, who believed not a word of the doctor's story: "and what may be the effect
of this fluid on the human frame?"
"You shall judge for yourself, my dear colonel," replied Dr. Heidegger; "and all of you, my respected
friends, are welcome to so much of this admirable fluid as may restore to you the bloom of youth. For my
own part, having had much trouble in growing old, I am in no hurry to grow young again. With your
permission, therefore, I will merely watch the progress of the experiment."
While he spoke, Dr. Heidegger had been filling the four champagne glasses with the water of the Fountain
of Youth. It was apparently impregnated with an effervescent gas, for little bubbles were continually
ascending from the depths of the glasses, and bursting in silvery spray at the surface. As the liquor diffused
a pleasant perfume, the old people doubted not that it possessed cordial and comfortable properties; and
though utter sceptics as to its rejuvenescent power, they were inclined to swallow it at once. But Dr.
Heidegger besought them to stay a moment.
"Before you drink, my respectable old friends," said he, "it would be well that, with the
experience of a lifetime to direct you, you should draw up a few general rules for your
guidance, in passing a second time through the perils of youth. Think what a sin and
shame it would be, if, with your peculiar advantages, you should not become patterns of
virtue and wisdom to all the young people of the age!"
The doctor's four venerable friends made him no answer, except by a feeble and
tremulous laugh; so very ridiculous was the idea that, knowing how closely repentance
treads behind the steps of error, they should ever go astray again.
"Drink, then," said the doctor, bowing: "I rejoice that I have so well selected the subjects
of my experiment."
With palsied hands, they raised the glasses to their lips. The liquor, if it really possessed such virtues as
Dr. Heidegger imputed to it, could not have been bestowed on four human beings who needed it more
wofully. They looked as if they had never known what youth or pleasure was, but had been the offspring of
Nature's dotage, and always the gray, decrepit, sapless, miserable creatures, who now sat stooping round
the doctor's table, without life enough in their souls or bodies to be animated even by the prospect of
growing young again. They drank off the water, and replaced their glasses on the table.
Assuredly there was an almost immediate improvement in the aspect of the party, not unlike what might
have been produced by a glass of generous wine, together with a sudden glow of cheerful sunshine
brightening over all their visages at once. There was a healthful suffusion on their cheeks, instead of the
ashen hue that had made them look so corpse-like. They gazed at one another, and fancied that some
magic power had really begun to smooth away the deep and sad inscriptions which Father Time had been
so long engraving on their brows. The Widow Wycherly adjusted her cap, for she felt almost like a woman
again.
"Give us more of this wondrous water!" cried they, eagerly. "We are younger--but we
are still too old! Quick--give us more!" (…)
Text Comprehension
Answer the following questions:
1. Where is the ‘Fountain of Youth’ supposed to be?
2. How old are the flowers which grow near the ‘Fountain of Youth’?
3. What were the characteristics of the ‘Fountain of Youth’ water?
4. Why did Dr Heidegger not want to be young again?
5. What happened to Dr Heidegger’s old friends just after they drank the
liquid?
Discussion
1. What could be Colonel Killigrew and Widow Wycherly’s reasons to drink the ‘water of
youth’? And Dr. Hedegger’s reasons not to drink it?
2. Nowadays, what are people doing to keep themselves looking young?
3. Are you doing something about it? What?
4. List some of the advantages/disadvantages of being young and of being old.
5. How can we relate the proverbs in the first section to the desire of some people to look
and feel young as long as possible?
Complementary Text
Listen!
When I get older losing my hair
many years from now
will you still be sending me a valentine
birthday greeting, bottle of wine?
If I'd been out till quarter to three
would you lock the door?
Will you still need me
Will you still feed me
When I'm sixty-four?
You'll be older too
And if you say the word
I could stay with you
I could be handy mending a fuse
when your lights have gone
You can knit a sweater by the fireside
Sunday mornings, go for a ride
Doing the garden, digging the weeds
Who could ask for more?
Will you still need me
Will you still feed me
When I'm sixty-four?
Every summer we can rent a cottage on the
Isle of Wight, if it's not too dear
We shall scrimp and save
Grandchildren on your knee
Vera, Chuck, and Dave
Send me a postcard, drop me a line
stating point of view
indicate precisely what you mean to say
yours sincerely wasting away
Give me your answer fill in a form
mine forever more
Will you still need me
Will you still feed me
When I'm sixty-four?
History:
"When I'm Sixty-Four" is a love song by The Beatles,
written by Paul McCartney (but co-credited to John
Lennon) and released in 1967 on their album Sgt.
Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It is sung by a young
man to his lover, and is about his plans of growing old
together with her. Although the theme is about aging, it
was one of the first songs McCartney wrote, when he
was sixteen. The Beatles used it in the early days as a
song they could play when the amplifiers broke down
or the electricity went off. Both George Martin and
Mark Lewisohn (the band’s producers) speculated that
McCartney may have thought of the song when
recording began for Sgt. Pepper in December 1966
because his father turned 64 earlier that year.
Discussion
1. What does this song have to do with the short story?
2. What is the difference between the characters of the song and the short story?
3. How is old age described in the song? Does it differ from the description found in the
short story?
Language Use
If clauses and time clauses
Read the following excerpts from the short story and the song lyrics and notice how modals and verbs are being used
in if clauses and time clauses :
1. ‘Think what a sin and shame it would be, if, with your
peculiar advantages, you should not become patterns of
virtue and wisdom to all the young people of the age!"’
3. ‘If I'd been out till quarter to three
would you lock the door?’
2. ‘The liquor, if it really possessed such virtues as Dr.
4. ‘And if you say the word
Heidegger imputed to it, could not have been bestowed on
I could stay with you’
four human beings who needed it more wofully.’
6. ‘Will you still need me
5. ‘When I get older losing may hair
Will you still feed me
Many years from now
When I'm sixty-four?’
Will you still be sending me a valentine
Birthday greeting, bottle of wine?’
7. ‘I could be handy mending a fuse
When your lights have gone’
Rewrite the excerpts above following the model below (one excerpt has been rewritten as an example):
‘And if you say the word
I could stay with you’
If clause:
Main clause:
If you say the word,
I could stay with you.
ou:
Main clause:
If clause:
I could stay with you,
If you say the word.
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. _________________________
6. _________________________
7. _________________________
Como usar as “If-clauses”
Na hora de dar conselhos, discutir fatos cotidianos, falar sobre possibilidades, traçar novos planos, criar situações
hipotéticas ou comentar as suas escolhas do passado: If you learn how to use the if-clauses, you’ll certainly be
able to do all this in English! (Se você aprender a usar as if-clauses, certamente, conseguirá fazer tudo isso em
inglês!). As If-clauses são as conditional tenses (frases condicionais) do inglês e a frase destacada acima é um
exemplo desse uso. Em português, elas nada mais são que as sentenças que começam com “se”.
Vamos selecionar os quatro tipos de if-clauses mais usados em inglês:
Zero Conditional
Esse uso é fundamental para quando você quer apresentar um fato, ou seja, alguma coisa de que você tem certeza
ou que acontece com bastante frequência. Assim como todas as if-clauses, a Zero Conditional é formada por duas
sentenças, geralmente ligadas pelo “if”. Ela é marcada pelos verbos no presente:
If grandma goes to the supermarket on foot, her legs hurt.
(Se a vovó vai ao supermercado a pé, as pernas dela doem.)
Também é possível usar o when ou unless, que funcionam como as palavras “quando” e “a menos que” em
português:
I feel very good when I go on a trip.
(Eu me sinto muito bem quando viajo.)
Don’t wake me up unless Beth gets back home early.
(Não me acorde a menos que a Beth volte para casa cedo.)
First Conditional
A First Conditional é ótima para dar conselhos ou impor condições. A sua estrutura se parece com a da Zero
Conditional, mas enquanto o verbo da if-clause aparece no presente, o da sentença principal é usado no
futuro:
If you don’t take a coat with you, you’ll be cold at night.
(Se você não levar um casaco, vai ficar com frio à noite.)
She won’t pass the year unless she studies hard.
(Ela não vai passar de ano a menos que estude muito.)
Second Conditional
Se a intenção é falar de situações hipotéticas no presente ou no futuro, use a Second Conditional. Nela, o verbo
da if-clause é usado no simple past e o da sentença principal é acompanhado dos modais “would”, “could”
ou “might”
If she had a car, she could see her boyfriend every day.
(Se ela tivesse um carro, poderia ver o namorado todos os dias.)
Como estamos falando de situações hipotéticas, o verb to be é usado de uma maneira um pouco diferente nesses
casos. Mesmo para he, she, it e I, o verbo usado é o were:
If I were you, I wouldn’t spend so much money on clothes.
(Se eu fosse você, não gastaria tanto dinheiro com roupas.)
Third Conditional
Aqui, continuamos falando de situações hipotéticas, mas agora sobre o passado, ou seja, é para quando
queremos comentar algo que não aconteceu (ideal para chorar pelo leite derramado!). Para isso, usamos o verbo
da if-clause no past perfect e o da sentença principal com o formato do present perfect, só que acompanhado
novamente de “would”, “could” ou “might” , o que dá à estrutura a ideia de uma possibilidade que não aconteceu,
bem diferente do present perfect de fato:
If they had planned better, they might have already moved to England.
(Se eles tivessem se planejado melhor, talvez já tivessem se mudado para a Inglaterra.)
Exercises:
Put in the correct verb forms.
1. If Alice ___________ (to have) more money, she would go to Africa.
2. They will stay longer in Paris if they __________ (to find) a cheap hotel.
3. If you were older, you _____________ (to go) to the party.
4. If Sarah __________(not/to eat) so much junk food, she could have been in the school hockey team.
5. If you listened carefully, you ___________ (to know) about it.
6. He can write good stories if he _____________ (to feel) like it.
7. John's mother ___________(to have) more time for him if he does the washing up.
8. If Steven had taken his camera, he ___________ (to take) nice pictures.
9. If Brian ___________(to like) horses, he could ride well.
10. If the weather had been better, we ___________ (to come) by bike.
Vestibular Questions
1. (Mackenzie 2014)
Which sentence is grammatically correct about the picture above?
a) If the 2 lions had been taller, they wouldn’t have to had helped each other.
b) If one lion was bigger, the other wouldn’t be help him.
c) Had one lion taller, the other would have helped him.
d) Should a lion be bigger, the other have helped him.
e) If one lion were taller, the other one wouldn’t have had to help him.
2. (Ufrgs 2014) Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente as lacunas do segmento abaixo, na ordem
em que aparecem.
If the present Queen __________ for another ten years, Charles __________ to the throne at 75.
a) survives – comes
b) survives – will come
c) will survive – comes
d) survived – can come
e) survives – would come
The following poem presents a different version of the popular song “California Dreamin'” by The Mammas and The Papas (1965).
California Steamin'
By Clinton VanInman – Contributing Poet
All the tress are brown
And the sky is gray
I've been for a walk
On a greenhouse day.
I should be safe and sound now
If I was miles from L.A.
California steamin'
On such a sweltering day.
Stopped into a church
I stumbled along the way
Got down on my knees
And prayed for a rainy day.
You know the preacher likes it cold
Now that all his candles have melted away,
California steamin'
Please don't take my fan away.
3. (Ufg 2013) “I should be safe and sound now/ If I
was miles from L.A.” means that the poet
a) isn't in Los Angeles (L.A.).
b) feels free of danger in L.A.
c) is likely to move to another city.
d) wishes he was somewhere else.
e) regrets a past situation.
4. (Espm 2013) Calvin’s words in the third frame could be replaced, without changing their meaning, by:
a) If you weren’t such a muttonhead, you mightn't think of it yourself.
b) If you hadn’t been such a muttonhead, you might have thought of it yourself.
c) Unless you had been such a muttonhead, you might have thought of it yourself.
d) Unless you were such a muttonhead, you could have thought of it yourself.
e) Weren’t you such a muttonhead, you could have thought of it yourself.
JOIN MY NEW CLUB, “TGIT”
Until now, the business world was primarily made of two clubs. The most popular club, by far, was the “TGIF” club, or “Thank
God It’s Friday.” To be a member of this club, your primary focus is on the weekend. Members think about, anticipate, and look
forward to Fridays so that they can get away from their work. Most members are highly stressed because only two days of the week
are considered “good days.” Even Sunday is considered stressful because the next day they have to go back to work.
The other business club is substantially smaller, yet in some ways the members are more dedicated to the club. This one is
called “TGIM,” or “Thank God It’s Monday.” These members are usually workaholics who can’t stand weekends because they are
away from work! Members of this club are also highly stressed because while there are generally five days of the week to be
preoccupied with work, there is always that darn weekend that gets in the way! The most difficult day of the week is usually Friday,
because it often means the member won’t be able to get back to work for a few days. They may try to work on weekends, but the
demands of family get in the way. Needless to say, members of both clubs think members of the “other club” are completely nuts!
I invite you to join an alternate club. My hope is that together, we can eventually achieve a 100 percent membership. In fact, I’d
love to put the other two clubs out of business altogether! This new club is called “TGIT,” or “Thank God It’s Today.” Members of this
club are happy seven days a week because they understand that every day is unique, and each brings with it different gifts. Members
of this club are grateful to be alive; they rejoice in their many blessings and expect each day to be full of wonder, surprise, and
opportunity.
There are no qualifications necessary to join the “TGIT” club, other than the desire to have a higher quality of life and the desire
to appreciate rather than dread each day. Members of this club understand that it’s useless to wish any day were different. They know
that Mondays don’t care if you like them or not – they simply go on being Mondays. Likewise, Fridays will come around every seventh
day, ___(I)___. It’s up to each of us to make every day as special as it can be. No amount of wishing will make the slightest bit of
difference.
Don’t sweat the small stuff.
5. (Mackenzie 2013) The sentence that properly fills in blank (I) in the text is
a) if you don’t wish to be Friday.
b) whether you wish it were Friday or not.
c) if you wish to be Friday or not.
d) whether or not you wish they were Friday.
e) if you are on a Friday or not.
Recent advances in stem cell research are giving older people the hope that they may soon be able to throw away
their dentures in favor of the real thing. 2If this dental dream becomes a reality, stem cells will be taken from the
patient, cultured in a lab and then reimplanted under the gum in the patient's 1jaw where the tooth is missing. A healthy
tooth is expected to grow in two months. British scientists have already successfully experimented on mice, and similar
experiments in humans are expected to get underway shortly.
(Speak up – Nº 209 - p.4)
6. (Ufc 2006) What's the relation between the two clauses in the sentence below?
"If this dental dream becomes a reality, stem cells will be taken from the patient..." (ref. 2)
a) consequence.
b) conclusion.
c) result.
d) contrast.
e) condition.
7. (Ita 2005) Considere as seguintes asserções:
- Em "We're" e "they'd", "'re" e "'d" são, respectivamente, contrações de flexões verbais dos verbos __I__ e
__II__ .
- Uma outra forma de expressar a oração "If we told you everything, they'd have to kill us." é __III__ .
A opção que melhor preenche as lacunas I, II e III é
a) I - are; II - would; III -They'd kill us, unless we told you everything.
b) I - are; II - had; III - They had to kill us, unless we told you everything.
c) I - were; II - would; III - Unless we told you everything, they would have to kill us.
d) I - were; II - could; III - Unless we told you everything, they could kill us.
e) I - are; II - would; III - They wouldn't have to kill us, unless we told you everything.
YES, BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING
George Orwell, in case you didn't know it, was a genius. His legendary novel, 1984, written at the end of the 1940s,
offered a chillingly prophetic vision of a future in which "Big Brother" watched your every move. The surveillance was
conducted through television sets, which were omnipresent. When the real 1984 came around 35 years later, it was
observed that "In Orwell's novel, television watched everybody: in reality today everybody watches television". But this
witty observation was made about a decade before the advent of the Internet. If Orwell's book were to be rewritten,
with citizens being monitored by their web activity, rather than by television, then you would have a nightmare vision of
a world that is already coming into existence.
8. (Mackenzie 2005) The sentence "If Orwell's book were to be rewritten, you would have a nightmare vision of the
world" in the THIRD CONDITIONAL will be:
a) If Orwell's book had to been rewritten, you would have been a nightmare vision of the world.
b) If Orwell's book had been rewritten, you would have had a nightmare vision of the world.
c) If Orwell's book had rewritten, you would have a nightmare vision of the world.
d) If Orwell's book had been rewriting, you would had have a nightmare vision of the world.
e) If Orwell's book had rewritten, you would have been a nightmare vision of the world.
(G1 - ifba 2012) “We need a new environmental consciousness on a global basis. To do this, we need to educate people.”
Mikhail Gorbachev
(Disponível em http://edugreen.teri.res.in/misc/quotes.htm. Acesso em: 12.07.2011)
9. A opção que melhor apresenta a mensagem da citação de Mikhail Gorbachev é:
a) If a new environmental consciousness is possible, the global basis will appreciate it.
b) If we need a new environmental consciousness, we should do our educated tasks.
c) If we needed educated people, a new environmental consciousness would be gotten on a global basis.
d) If we were educated people, a new environmental consciousness would be possible on a global basis.
e) If there is a new environmental consciousness on a global basis, we will be educated people.
10. (Esc. Naval 2012) What is the correct way to complete the sentence below?
I’m going to leave early tomorrow in case (1) ____ a lot of traffic.
a) there to be
b) there would be
c) there will be
d) there are
e) there is
GET TO WORK! – ENGLISH HOMEWORK
COMPLETE AS ATIVIDADES DA PÁGINA 16 E 17 DO LIVRO FOUR CORNERS.