Toàn cầu hoá và đa dạng hoá văn hoá

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Xa hgi hgc so 2 (110), 2010
TOAN CAU HOA VA DA DANG VAN HOA
MAI VAN HAI*
Toan clu hoa Men dang la van d i thdi sfl ddi vdi mgi qud'c gia, dan tde. De di
hinh dung v i tie'n trinh nay, xin trich d i n ra day hai nhan xet: mdt cua Franseoi
Houtart, nha xa hdi hge ngfldi Bi, ndi v i toan cau hoa kinh te, va mdt nfla eua Edgar
Morin, nha triet hge ngfldi Phap, ndi v i toan elu hoa van hoa.
- Toan clu hoa ve kinh te': Dung cu chi tie't danh eho mdn hockey tren bang
nghi ra d Thuy Die'n, dfldc d p vd'n d Canada, dfldc lap rap d Cleveland (Hoa Ky) va
Dan Mach, rdi dfldc phan phdi d Ble My va chau Au. Nd dfldc d u tao tfl nhflng hdp
kim ma d u true phan tfl la thanh qua eua nhflng nghien cflu dfldc thflc hien d bang
Delaware (Hoa Ky) va dfldc trao bing sang che'd dd, nhflng chflng lai dfldc san xult d
Nhat Ban. Chie'n dich quang eao dfldc thai nghen y tfldng tai Anh, phim dfldc quay
tai Canada, long tie'ng d Anh va dan dflng d New Jersey (Hoa Ky). Vay, cai nao trong
nhflng thfl tren la san pham cua Hoa Ky? San pham nao khdng phai? Phai quye't
dinh nhfl the nao day?
- Toan d u hoa v i van boa: Mdi ea nhan gid day eung thu nhan hay ddng hoa
vat chat va thdng tin tfl k h i p ndi tren the gidi. Vi nhfl trfldng hdp mdt ngfldi dan dng
chau Au chang ban, anh ta mdi sing vfla ngu day da md m i y thu thanh Nhat Ban
nghe tin tflc eae bien ed' xay ra khap the gidi: Thdi sfl ve nfli Ma phun dung nham,
ddng da't, dao ehinh, hdi nghi qud'c te, dfldc chuyen den can phdng gifla lfle anh ta
nhim nhap tflng hdp tra tfl Sri Lanka, An Do hay Trung Hoa, eung ed the anh ta
ud'ng ca phe mdka tfl Ethiopia hay ca phe Aribica tfl My Latinh. Anh ta ed the d nha
eung thfldng thflc dfldc nhac giao hfldng Dflc do ngfldi Triiu Tien chi huy, hoae xem
bieu dien vd "La Boheme" tren truyen binh vdi ca si da den Barbara Hendrick ddng
vai Mimi va diin vien Placido Domingdo ngfldi Tay Ban Nha ddng vai Rudolph.
Qua la, do cac qua trinh lien ke't, toan elu boa dang lam hinh thanh mdt thi
trfldng the' gidi thd'ng nha't, mdt sfl lflu thdng khdng gi cfldng nd'i cua tfl do hang boa,
eua tfl ban, eua phd bie'n thdng tin va qua dd gin liin d c nin van hoa lai vdi nhau.
Trong qua trinh hdi nhap nhfl the, d e qud'c gia, dan tgc ldn - ndi cd nen kinh te hflng
manh, dang tao ra nhflng t i e ddng va gay anh hfldng khdng nhd ca ve kinh te va van
hoa ddi vdi cae qud'c gia, dan tde ed nen kinh te ye'u kem hdn.
Trflde tinh hinh dd, ed nha nghien cflu da dfla ra gia thuye't r i n g ke't qua cua
toan clu hoi ed the lam xdi mdn d c truyin thd'ng van hoa va nay sinh mdt nen van
hoa toan elu, ma nhflng bieu Men d i u tien eua nd da ed mat d k h i p ndi (nhfl mdt.
' PGS, Vien Xd hgi hgc.
Mai Vdn Hai
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the thao, du lich, van boa dai chflng...). Nin van boa toan e l u trong tfldng lai - mdt
nha van boa hgc vie't - "se la'y cd sd tfl mdt nin van hoa "tai cho" ngay nay cd nhiiu
net flu tu nha't, va tuy cd tid'p nhan ddi ba ye'u td' eua eae n i n van hoa khae nhflng ve
ed ban v l n gifl lai nhflng net ed ban dae trflng ciia n i n van boa nay". Trong khi ly,
mdt sd' ngfldi khae lai phdng doan de'n sfl ra ddi eiia mdt kieu eon ngfldi mdi, vdi cae
pham chat sieu xa hdi, sieu van boa, sieu dan tde trong mdt tfldng lai khdng xa.
NhQng dfl bao khdng miy sang sua dd khdng khdi lam giat minh eho eae bae dng ba,
cha me, khi nhin t h i y lu tre mac quin jean, ao thun, an banh pizza va ud'ng Cdca
Cdla - hg sd rang eon chau minh rdi day se thanh lai cang, m i t gd'c.
Sfl lo ngai bdi nhflng dfl bao tren dau phai la vd ed. Ngfldi ta nhan tha'y la, mdi
ngay lai ed them nhiiu loai hinh van boa ngoai lai xuyen qua bien gidi qude gia va
tac ddng len cac truyin thd'ng, tap quan trong ddi sd'ng xa bdi. Ndi chi den nhflng
nfldc dang phat trien, ngay ea cac nfldc d chau Au, ndi tflng dflng d i u ve tfl tfldng,
khoa hgc, nghe thuat va ed nhiiu ngfldi dfldc giai Nobel eung khdng tranh khdi hi
xam lln bdi eae loai nhac rock, rap, phim anh Hollywood, McDonald's, ga ran
Kentucky, v.v... Sfl xam l l n nay manh den mfle, de bao ve ban sac, ehinh phu
Canada ddi hdi cac dai truyen thanh eua nfldc minh phai phat 35% chfldng trinh ban
ngay la eae bai hat Canada va do ea si Canada trinh diin.
Qua trinh toan elu hoi lan rdng da lam "thfldng mai hoi" cac quan he xa hdi
vd'n trflde day ehi dfla tren ed sd edng ddng, viee trao dd'i dfla tren quan he tinh cam
va tinh tfldng trflng thieng lieng. Ddng thdi, nhflng thanh tflu rieng ma tflng dan tde
da dat dfldc nhfl van hge, nghe thuat, triet hgc, khoa hge - thdng qua cac phfldng tien
ky thuat hien dai - lai dang vfldt ra khdi khudn khd' dan tde va eae bien gidi qude gia
de trd thanh tai san ehung nhan loai. Theo xu hfldng ly, toan elu hoi la ddng nghia
vdi sfl thu tieu tinh da dang va xoa md sfl khae biet eua eae n i n van hoa. Nghia la
the gidi dang dflng trflde nguy cd eua mdt n i n van hea "ddng phue".
Nguy cd "ddng phue" boa ve van hoa eung gid'ng nhfl nguy ed can kiet d e ngudn
gen qui hiem. Trong linh vflc mdi trfldng va sinh hge, sfl can kiet cac ngudn gen se
lam ma't di tinh da dang sinh hgc, ma't di sfl can bing sinh thai. Cung tfldng tfl, sfl
ddng nha't boa cac he thd'ng gia tri va chuan mfle, bieu tfldng va ngdn ngfl, v.v... se
lam suy ye'u kha nang sang tao - nhan td' bet sflc quan trgng ddi vdi sfl tdn tai lau dai
cua mdi nin van hoa. Ve dieu nay, cae nha van boa hge da canh bao, neu nhfl d e nen
van boa tren trai d i t diu gid'ng nhau thi khdng ehi la n h l n loai khdng edn sfl da
dang de tim tdi va "each tan", khdng edn ngudn sinh lfle ddi dao de ke thfla va p h i t
trien, ma ea the gidi nay se trd nen ngheo nan va ddn dieu hdn nhiiu so vdi cai the
gidi ma chflng ta bd lai phia sau.
Tuy nhien, xem xet van de mdt each toan dien khdng ehi tren ed sd sfl t i e ddng
cua toan elu hoa, ma ea trong nhflng hoan canh cu the, nhflng kinh nghiem lieh sii,
cung nhfl quan sat ngay chinh ban than cfla tie'n trinh toan clu hoa, ngfldi ta nhan
ra nhieu ly do di yen tam trfldc sfl tae dgng tudng nhfl khdng gi cfldng noi cua nd.
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Todn cdu hoa vd da dgng vdn hoa
Trddc het, eung chinh cle nha nghien cflu - ma p h i n ddng lai la cae nha van
hoa hge - da khang dinh rang toan eau hoa, internet va cac phUdng tien thdng tin
Men dai nhat khdng ed kha nang sinh ra nhflng con ngfldi hoan toan mdi ve ehat,
tflc la nhflng ngfldi nam ngoai mdt xa hdi, mdt n i n van boa va mdt dan tde eu the.
Cd the ndi, khdng ehi bay gid, ma ea trong tfldng lai the gidi v l n ehfla phai la mdt
edng ddng ehung ve van hoa, bdi qua trinh ddng h o i van boa mdt each toan dien
van ehfla vfldt khdi ranh gidi eiia eae qude gia dan tde. Va nhfl vay, ehle chin khdng
ed mdt kieu eon ngfldi mdi nao sinh ra de thay the, eae qua trinh lien ket eua toan
elu boa van ddi hdi sfl hieu bie't va hdp tae lan nhau gifla nhflng eon ngfldi thudc
cac n i n van hoa khae nhau ma sfl tdn tai eua nd da ed chieu dai hang nghin nam va
Men van dang tdn tai tren trai d i t nay.
Thd hai, toan c l u hoa la qua trinh dien ra khdng ddng d i u va ehfla diy mau
thuan, d dd eae nfldc giau chie'm vi tri thu linh va la ke ehien thang, trong khi cac
nfldc ngheo lai trd nen ngheo hdn nfla. Do dd, phong trao chd'ng lai toan c l u hoa
eung ngay mdt tang len. Chung ta ed the nhan ra diiu nay tai eae hdi nghi toan
c l u d Seatle, Praha va Davos. Nhflng khdng chi la mau t h u i n giiu - ngheo, ma
ngay ehinh cac nfldc giau vdi nhau thi sfl eanh tranh, gianh giat ve vd'n va thi
trfldng, chay dua ve cdng nghe cung diin ra r i t quye't liet. Lai nfla, ben eanh toan
d u hoa cdn cd tie'n trinh khu vflc h o i vdi mfle do gay g i t eung khdng thua la miy.
Nhfl vay, toan eau boa, trong khi lam xuat Men sfl tieh hdp va thd'ng n h i t van boa
tren pham vi the gidi, thi ddng thdi eung keo theo nd sfl phan hoa v i van boa mdt
each sau sle n h i t . Bieu hien sinh ddng cho sfl phan hoa nay la sfl ra ddi cua hang
loat eae khai niem nhfl: n i n van minh, van hoa khu vflc, van h o i dan tde, van hoa '
vflng, v.v...
Thd ba, kinh nghiem lieh sfl eho thiy, mdi qud'c gia, dan tde khi cd sfl giao lflu,
tie'p xuc va tie'p thu van hoa eua ele qud'c gia, dan tde khac, thdng thfldng ve mat chu
quan ngfldi ta khdng be nguyen xi, ma ehi chgn lfla liy nhflng mat, nhflng ye'u td cd
ldi, rdi cai bie'n, dan tde hoa, ban dia hoi eho phfl hdp de thanh van hoa eiia minh. 6
nfldc ta, khi Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh dfla ra khau hieu: "Trung vdi Dang, Hie'u vdi dan"
thi ehinh la Bae da nhao nan lai cac khai niem "Trung" va "Hieu" trong hge thuyet
Nho giao ed ngudn gd'c tfl Trung Qud'c ed dai eho phfl hdp vdi thflc te' Viet Nam thdi
Men dai. Cae nha nghien cflu ggi sfl chgn lfla va dan tdc hoa nay la sfl tie'p bie'n van
hoa, hay la do "khue xa" trong tie'p thu van hoa.
Thd td, mdi qud'c gia, dan tdc diu ed mdt truyin thd'ng lieh sfl, van hoa rieng
(nhfl ehe do xa hdi, tdn giao va sle tde, v.v...), nen viee dia phfldng hoa cac gia tri va
ye'u td' van hoa ngoai nhap dfldc "chgn lfla" cung khdng gid'ng nhau. Tren tinh t h i n
dd, sfl tae ddng eua tean elu hoa cd the la gid'ng nhau, song ket qua chae chin se r i t
khae nhau d tflng ndi ddn nhan. Viee "dia phfldng hda" theo nhflng cich thflc rieng
nhfl the lam cho van hoa nhin tren qui md the gidi lai cang them lam hinh nhiiu ve
(nhfl eae truyin thd'ng Khd'ng giao, Phat giao tfl trflde de'n nay d Trung Qud'c, Han
Qud'c, Viet Nam... la rat khae nhau). The la, toan clu boa khdng nhflng khdng the
Mai Vdn Hai
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thu tieu dUdc tinh da dang van boa, ma trai lai edn trd thanh mdt ngudn Mc tao ra sfl
da dang mdi.
Thd ndm, chinh sfl Hen ke't qua chat, qua gin gui cung la mgt ly do lam nay
sinh sfl khae biet. Ay la khi mdi ngfldi diu mud'n td dam net rieng dde dao eua minh,
di dfldc la ehinh minh. Nhfl mdt phan flng tfl ve, mdt khi the' gidi cang n b l t the hoi
bao nhieu thi van d i ban sle dan tde cang ndi len biy nhieu. Ddn efl nhfl trong giao
tiip h i n g ngay chang ban, mdt khi tieng Anh trd thanh phd' cap, thi lap tflc nd cung
khdi day sflc ddi khang eua thd ngfl, va nhfl vay sfl da dang lai cd cd sd mdi de hinh
thanh. Trong tac pham Chung tdc vd lich sU, nha nhan hgc ndi tieng ngfldi Phap
Levi-Strauss viet ring: "Nhiiu tap quin da nay sinh khdng phai tfl mdt sfl d n thiet
ndi tai hay mdt sfl ed' thuan ldi nao dd, ma chi tfl y mud'n khdng phu thudc vao mdt
nhdm ben canh".
Vdi nhflng ly do vfla trinh bay, cd the khang dinh r i n g sfl lo ngai v i eae qua
trinh lien ket eua toan elu hoa se lam nay sinh mdt n i n van boa toan clu la khdng
cd can cfl vflng chae. Mac d i u xu the toan d u boa va qua trinh hdi nhap kinh te
dang dat ra nhiiu thfl thach, nhflng tfl dd eung dem lai l i m cd hdi eho sfl d biet hoa
va da dang van boa. Cung Levi-Strauss tflng nhan xet, la loai ngfldi thfldng xuyen
nim gifla hai qua trinh mau thuan nhau, mdt qua trinh hfldng tdi thie't lap sfl thd'ng
nhit, edn qua trinh kia thi nham duy tri hoae khdi phue sfl khae nhau. Ong edn lflu
y, tren hai binh dien va hai trinh do ddi lap nhau, day ehinh la hai each mgnh len
khac nhau.
Cin ndi them la, khdng phai de'n bay gid Viet Nam mdi md ctfa ra vdi the' gidi,
ma tfl treng lieh sfl chflng ta da ed nhflng eugc giao lflu, tie'p xuc hoae tfl nguyen hoae
bi cfldng bflc vdi nhiiu nin van boa, trong dd ed nhflng nin van boa ldn nhfl Trung
Qud'c, An Do, Phap va My. Nhflng trong ele cudc giao lflu va tie'p xue ly, chung ta vfla
cd the tiip thu cae ye'u td' van hoa nfldc ngoai, vfla gifl gin dfldc t h u i n phong my tue
cua cha dng de lai. Lay sfl bie'n dd'i van hoa Viet Nam lam minh chflng, mdt nha sfl hge
da chi ra rang ve mat trang phue, ngfldi dan dng Viet xfla ehi ddng khd', the rdi theo
thdi gian, hg ehuyen sang mac quin d'ng sd, quin 11 tga, de'n thdi ky Men dai hg lai
mac quan "phang", quin Au, ea quin bd nfla. Cung mdt phong t h i i nhfl vay, ngfldi dan
ba Viet, nha't la d nfl thanh nien, da tfl ehd mac vay, ao tfl than, v l n khan md qua de'n
mac ao phdng, quin d'ng bd, diu de t r i n va nhudm hoae ud'n tde, v.v... Tuy nhien, ddi
vdi ngfldi dan dng va ngfldi dan ba Viet, trflde sau hg vln la ngfldi Viet, v l n gifl tue thd
cflng td tien, v l n bao lflu mdi quan he hg hang than mat va d i m Im, v l n duy tri thfl
quan he lang giing tdi lfla t i t den ed nhau - tdm lai la nhflng gia tri tinh t h i n truyin
thd'ng d hg vln khdng h i ed sfl thay dd'i. Vi vay, ngay nay neu ldp tre ed mac quin
jeans, lo thun, an banh pizza, ud'ng Coca Cola thi trflde sau hg v l n la ngfldi Viet Nam,
vln mang tam hdn va ban sle van hoa Viet Nam. Khdng cd gi phai lo ngai./.
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Todn cdu hoa vd da dgng vdn hoa
Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Jean - Pierre va edng sfl. 1997. Soeiologie contemporaine Vigot, Paris.
2.
L.G. lonin. 1996. Sociologija Kultury, M.Logos.
3.
Mai Van Hai va edng sfl. 2009. Xa hdi hge van hda. Nxb Dai hge Qud'c gia Ha Ndi.
4.
Phdng Xa hdi hge Van hda. 2008. Bfldc diu tim hieu ed elu td chflc xa hdi lang Viet
qua chang dfldng dd'i mdi. Bao d o d i tai tiim lfle; Lflu tai phdng Xa hdi hgc Van
hda, Vien Xa hdi hgc.
5.
Phdng Xa hdi hgc Gia dinh. 2008. Khae biet ve gii tri gia dinh gifla eae ldp the he
va gifla nam va nfl. Bao cao d i tai tiem lfle; Lflu tai phdng Xa hdi hge Gia dinh,
Vien Xa hdi hgc.
6.
Nhiiu tac gia. 2006. Van hda thdi hdi nhap. Nxb Tre. Tap ehi Tia sang. TP. He Chi
Minh.
7.
Jonh J. Macionis. 2004. Xa hdi hge. Nxb Thd'ng ke. TP. Hd Chi Minh.
8.
M.A. Biriukova. 2001. Tieh hdp va phan hda van hda. Trong Tap ehi Triet hgc, sd'
1, Matxcova.