Tavisuflebis instituti, 2005

Tavisuflebis instituti, 2005
adamianis
uflebebi
Tavisuflebis instituti
wignis gamocema dafinansebulia demokratiis erovnuli fondis
(National Endowment for Democracy) mier. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod
Tavisuflebis instituti agebs pasuxs am gamocemis Sinaarsze. masSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes demokratiis erovnuli fondis (National Endowment for Democracy) azrs.
avtori:
malxaz narindoSvili
redaqtori:
giorgi melaZe
Tavisuflebis instituti madlobas uxdis TaTia julayiZes da
giorgi qarazaniSvils am wignis momzadebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis.
\ 2005, Tavisuflebis instituti
ISBN 99940-885-1-3
sarCevi
Tavi 1.
adamianis uflebaTa
zogadi arsi
7
Tavi 2.
adamianis uflebebis
warmoSoba da ganviTareba
16
Tavi 3.
adamianis uflebebis dacvisa
da xelSewyobis regionuli
sistemebi
37
Tavi 4.
sisxlis samarTlis
saerTaSoriso iurisdiqcia 45
Tavi 5.
adamianis uflebebi da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
47
Tavi 6.
globaluri gamowveva
adamianis uflebebisaTvis
49
Tavi 7.
wamebis akrZalva
51
Tavi 8.
aradiskriminacia
60
Tavi 9.
kanonis uzenaesoba
da samarTliani
sasamarTlo
70
Tavi 10.
religiis
Tavisufleba
78
Tavi 11.
ganaTlebis ufleba
87
Tavi 12.
bavSvTa uflebebi
96
Tavi 13.
gamoxatvisa
da mediis
Tavisufleba
104
Tavi 14.
demokratia
112
6
Tavi 1.
adamianis uflebaTa
zogadi arsi
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948) adgens adamianis uflebaTa CamonaTvals, romelTac pativi unda scen da daicvan
saxelmwifoebma. es gansazRvruli
uflebebi SeiZleba eqvs jgufad davyoT: usafrTxoebis uflebebi, romlebic icaven adamianebs iseTi danaSaulebisagan, rogorebicaa mkvleloba, masobrivi xocva-Jleta, wameba
da gaupatiureba; samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, romelic mimarTulia sasamarTlo sistemis borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg, rac gamoixateba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe dapatimrebaSi, saidumlo sasamarTlo procesebSi da gadametebul sasjelebSi; Tavisuflebis uflebebi, romlebic icaven rwmenis, gamoxatvis, Sekrebis, gaerTianebisa da gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebebs; politikuri uflebebi, romlebic icaven politikur procesebSi
monawileobis Tavisuflebas sxvadasxva formiT, rogoricaa gaerTianeba, protestis gamoxatva da arCevnebSi xmis micema; Tanasworobis
uflebebi, romlebic iZlevian Ta7
nasworuflebiani moqalaqeobis, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis uaryofis garantiebs; da socialuri (an `keTildReobis~)
uflebebi, romlebic sxva bevr sakiTxTan erTad moiTxoven yvela bavSvis ganaTlebis miRebis uzrunvelyofas da ukiduresi siRaribisa
da SimSilisagan dacvas. arsebobs agreTve koleqtiuri uflebebis
cneba. isini ar aris asaxuli sayovelTao deklaraciaSi, Tumca maT
moicavs Semdgom miRebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi. koleqtiuri uflebebi moicaven eTnikuri jgufebis dacvas genocidisagan
da saxelmwifoebis mier maT erovnuli teritoriebisa da resursebze
sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas.
Cveni mizania, gavceT pasuxi kiTxvaze, ras warmoadgens adamianis uflebebi, da aRvweroT maTi arsi. SeiZleba, or adamians saerTo zogadi
warmodgena hqondes adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, magram maTi azrebi
ar emTxveodes erTmaneTs imis Taobaze, warmoadgens Tu ara romelime
konkretuli ufleba adamianis uflebas.
adamianis uflebebi politikuri normebia, romlebic gansazRvraven,
Tu rogor unda epyrobodnen mTavrobebi da institutebi adamianebs.
isini Cveulebrivi zneobrivi normebi ar aris, romlebic mxolod pirovnebaTaSoris qcevas Seexeba (rogorebicaa tyuilisa da Zaladobis
akrZalva). isini ukrZalaven mTavrobebs diskriminacias moqmedebebisa
da politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi da avaleben maT, aRkveTon
diskriminaciis rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro formebi.
adamianis uflebebi arsebobs, rogorc zneobrivi anda samarTlebrivi
uflebebi. adamianis ufleba SeiZleba moicavdes rogorc aqtualur
adamianur zneobriv principebs, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs samarTlebrivi uflebebi erovnul doneze (maT SegviZlia `samoqalaqo~ an
`konstituciuri~ uflebebi vuwodoT), ise samarTlebriv uflebas
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sistemaSi. adamianis uflebaTa moZraoba
miiswrafvis, rom adamianis uflebebma oTxive saxiT iarsebos.
adamianis uflebebi mravalricxovani (ramdenime aTeuli) ufroa,
vidre mcireodeni. jon lokiseuli sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da
sakuTrebis uflebebi mcirericxovani da abstraqtulia im uflebebTan SedarebiT, romlebic dRes miiCneva uflebebad (magaliTad, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, monobis gauqmeba, ganaTlebis xel8
misawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa, genocidis akrZalva). adamianis uflebebi icaven adamianebs Rirsebisa da ZiriTadi interesebis Selaxvisagan. adamianis mravali ufleba Tanamedrove problemebs Seexeba
da axlaxan aris Seqmnili.
saerTaSoriso samarTali gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs adamianis uflebebisaTvis globaluri xelmisawvdomobis miniWebis sakiTxSi.
adamianis uflebebi saerTaSoriso normebia, romlebic moicaven yvela
saxelmwifos da dRes mcxovreb yvela adamians.
adamianis uflebebi warmoadgenen minimalur standartebs. maTi mizani
saSinelis Tavidan acileba ufroa, vidre saukeTesos miRweva. rogorc minimaluri standartebi, isini Riad toveben umetes samarTlebriv da politikur sakiTxs, raTa erovnul da adgilobriv doneebze iqnes miRebuli konkretuli gadawyvetilebebi. es maT saSualebas
aZlevT, ganicadon kulturuli da instituciuri saxecvlilebebi da
datovon didi sivrce demokratiul gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad adgilobriv doneze.
uflebebs xSirad mavaldebulebeli xasiaTi aqvT da valdebulebebs
akisreben TavianT adresatebs, romelTac garkveuli valdebulebebi
da pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. adamianis uflebebi ZiriTadad im saxelmwifos mTavrobas akisreben valdebulebebs, sadac piri cxovrobs
an imyofeba. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uflebebi ZiriTadad saqarTvelos mTavrobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
da sxva saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi meoradi, anu `damatebiTi~, adresatebi arian. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebi axorcieleben saxelmwifoTa mxardaWeras, xelSewyobas da zogjer kritikasac maT mier TavianT movaleobaTa Sesrulebis xelSewyobis mizniT.
adamianis uflebaTa arseboba
adamianis uflebebi dRes, rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise konkretuli
saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilia, magram Tuki adamianis uflebebi mxolod asaxvis gamo iarsebebda, maTi xelmisawvdomoba yovelTvis saSinao da saerTaSoriso politikur viTarebaze iqneboda damokidebuli. mravali adamiani eZebda gzas, raTa mxari daeWira mosaz9
rebisaTvis, rom adamianis uflebebs ufro Rrma fesvebi aqvs da ufro
naklebad eqvemdebarebian politikur gadawyvetilebas. am ideis erTerT versia isaa, rom adamianebi uflebebiT ibadebian, adamianis uflebebi Tandayolili da ganusxvisebelia. aSS-s damoukideblobis
deklaracia (1776) acxadebs, rom xalxs `maTi Semoqmedis mier aqvs
miniWebuli~ `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken swrafvis~ bunebiTi uflebebi. am gagebiT, RmerTi uzenaesi kanonSemoqmedia
da mis mier aris dadgenili adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi.
adamianis uflebebis RmerTis nebisadmi mikuTvneba ukiduresad mravalferovan samyaroSi ar uzrunvelyofs maT praqtikul simyares.
samarTalSi asaxva erovnul an saerTaSoriso doneze gacilebiT myar
statuss uzrunvelyofs praqtikuli miznebis misaRwevad.
adamianis uflebebi SeiZleba samarTalSi asaxvisgan damoukideblad
arsebobdes. adamianis uflebebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
ZiriTadi zneobrivi normebi, romlebic aRiarebulia yvela an TiTqmis yvela adamianuri zneobrivi principis mier. cnobilia, rom adamianTa yvela jgufs aqvs zneobrivi principebi, anu qcevis imperatiuli normebi, romlebsac keTilgoniereba da faseulobebi udevs safuZvlad. es zneobrivi principebi Seicaven normebs (magaliTad, udanaSaulo adamianis ganzrax mkvlelobis akrZalva) da specifikur faseulobebs (magaliTad, adamianis sicocxlis maRalfaseuloba).
romeli uflebebi warmoadgens adamianis uflebebs?
kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli uflebebi warmoadgens adamianis
uflebebs, adamianis uflebaTa mraval jgufTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSoba. imis gadawyvetisas, Tu romeli gansazRvruli uflebebi warmoadgens adamianis uflebebs, SeiZleba daveyrdnoT saerTaSoriso
deklaracias da evropul konvencias. qvemoT ganxilulia: (1) samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi; (2) socialuri uflebebi; (3) umciresobaTa da koleqtiuri uflebebi da (4) garemos uflebebi.
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi saTaves iRebs iseTi dokumentebidan, rogorebicaa adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia
10
(1789, safrangeTi) da uflebaTa bili (1791, aSS). Tanamedrove wyaroebia adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis pirveli 21 muxli
da iseTi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, rogorebicaa: adamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb,
adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia da adamianisa da xalxebis
uflebaTa afrikuli qartia.
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa umetesoba absoluturi ar aris
da SeiZleba SeizRudos sajaro da kerZo interesebiT, Zaladobis SemzRudveli wesebis meSveobiT, samarTlebrivi sasjeliT. saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb
nebadarTulia uflebaTa SezRudva `erisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli
saerTo-saxalxo ukiduresi aucileblobis~ dros (muxli 4). Tumca
igi krZalavs zogierTi uflebis SezRudvas, maT Soris aris sicocxlis ufleba, wamebis akrZalvis, monobis akrZalvis, sisxlis samarTlis kanonebisaTvis ukuZalis miniWebis akrZalvis uflebebi da azrisa
da religiis Tavisufleba.
socialuri uflebebi
zemoT ganxilul samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa garda sayovelTao deklaracia moicavs agreTve socialur (an keTildReobis)
uflebebs. maT miekuTvneba Tanasworuflebianoba da diskriminaciis
akrZalva qalebisa da umciresobaTa mimarT, samuSaos Sovnis SesaZleblobaTa xelmisawvdomoba, Sromis samarTliani anazRaureba, usafrTxo da janmrTeli samuSao pirobebi, profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis ufleba, socialuri usafrTxoeba,
Sesabamisi cxovrebis standarti (rac moicavs Sesabamis sakvebs, Cacmas
da biniT uzrunvelyofas), janmrTelobis dacva da ganaTleba. es
uflebebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis nawilad iqcnen iseTi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb,
evropis socialuri qartia da san-salvadoris protokoli (1988),
romelmac Sesworeba Seitana adamianis uflebaTa amerikul konvenciaSi.
11
umciresobaTa da koleqtiuri uflebebi
umciresobaTa uflebebisaTvis zrunvis sakiTxs didi xnis istoria
aqvs adamianis uflebaTa moZraobis sferoSi. adamianis uflebaTa
dokumentebSi xazgasmulia, rom yvela adamians, maT Soris erovnul
da religiur umciresobaTa jgufebis wevrebsac, erTnairi ZiriTadi
uflebebi aqvT da am uflebebiT sargebloba yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe unda SeeZlos. diskriminaciisagan Tavisuflebis ufleba mkafiod aris warmoCenili sayovelTao deklaraciaSi da Semdgom
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi. magaliTad, samoqalaqo da politikuri SeTanxmeba, masSi monawile saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, pativi
scen da daicvan TavianTi xalxis uflebebi `ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis
ferisa, sqesisa, enisa, politikuri an sxvagvari Sexedulebisa, erovnuli an socialuri kuTvnilebisa, sakuTrebisa, warmoSobisa an socialuri mdgomareobisa~.
zogierTi standartuli individualuri ufleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebisaTvis. maT miekuTvneba gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, Sekrebis Tavisufleba, religiis
Tavisufleba da Tavisufleba diskriminaciisagan. adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebi Seicavs aseve uflebebs, romlebic konkretulad
umciresobebs Seexeba da maTTvis dacvis specialur saSualebebs adgens. magaliTad, samoqalaqo da politikuri SeTanxmebis 27-e muxlSi
naTqvamia, rom pirebs, romlebic eTnikur, religiur an enobriv umciresobebs miekuTvnebian, `ar unda eTqvaT uari uflebaze, TavianTi
jgufis sxva wevrebTan erTad isargeblon TavianTi kulturiT, ganacxadon da gamoiyenon TavianTi religia an ilaparakon sakuTar enaze~.
1964 wlidan moyolebuli gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia umciresobaTa uflebebs ZiriTadad iseT specializebul saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebSi iTvaliswinebs, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis gauqmebis Sesaxeb (1965)
da konvencia qalebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis yvela
formis gauqmebis Sesaxeb (1979). ixileT agreTve adgilobrivi xalxebis uflebebis deklaraciis proeqti (1945).
janmrTeli garemos uflebebi
miuxedavad uflebebis raodenobis xelovnurad gazrdis saSiSroebisa, arsebobs absoluturi normebi, romlebic adamianis uflebebad
12
unda iqnes miCneuli, Tumca ZiriTadad isini aseTebad ar aRiqmeba.
bolos da bolos, arsebobs mravali sfero, sadac adamianTa Rirsebas
da fundamentur interesebs mTavrobis moqmedebebisa Tu daudevrobis gamo safrTxe emuqreba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs janmrTeli garemos
uflebebi, romlebic xSirad ganisazRvreba, rogorc cxovelTa an
Tavad bunebis uflebebi. amgvari gagebis gamo isini ar Seesabameba
adamianis uflebebis ZiriTad arss, vinaidan am uflebaTa mflobelebs
ar warmoadgenen adamianebi an adamianTa jgufebi. Tumca ufro zomieri formulirebac aris SesaZlebeli; garemos uflebebi SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc janmrTel da usafrTxo garemoSi cxovrebis uflebebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ufleba adamianzea orientirebuli: is pirdapir ar moicavs cxovelTa moTxovnilebebs, biologiur mravalferovnebas an uwyvet ganviTarebas.
usafrTxo garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba SeiZleba SesabamisobaSi iqnes
moyvanili zemoT miTiTebul adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTad arsTan, Tuki igi gagebul iqneba, rogorc ufleba, romelic umTavresad pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mTavrobebs da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. igi
mouwodebs maT, daareguliron samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo warmomadgenelTa qmedebebi usafrTxo garemos SenarCunebis uzrunvelsayofad. moqalaqeebi meorexarisxovani adresatebi arian. ufleba
adamianTa usafrTxoebisaTvis garemos minimalur standartebs ufro
adgens da ar mouwodebs garemos dacvis ufro maRali da farTo standartebisaken.
ramdenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
socialuri uflebebi adamianis uflebebad
sayovelTao deklaracia Seicavda socialur (an `keTildReobis~) uflebebs, romlebic Seexeboda ganaTlebas, kvebas da saqmianobas. deklaraciaSi maTi asaxva did kamaTTan iyo dakavSirebuli (Beetham 1995).
socialuri uflebebi xSirad sasurveli miznebis miRwevis moTxovnebad miiCneva da ara realur uflebebad. maT ar Seicavs evropuli
konvencia (Tumca masSi mogvianebiT Sesworebis saxiT Setanil iqna
ganaTlebis ufleba). samagierod isini Cadebul iqna gansakuTrebul
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaSi _ evropis socialur qartiaSi. rodesac gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam daiwyo sayovelTao dekla13
raciaSi Semavali uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gatarebis
procesi, man evropuli sistemis modeli airCia, radgan saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaSi Semavali ekonomikuri da socialuri standartebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebisgan gancalkevebiT ganixila. es saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba _ saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb (`socialuri
SeTanxmeba~, 1966) am standartebs uflebebad miiCnevda, Tumca progresulad realizebad uflebebad.
socialuri uflebebis oponentebi maT adamianis uflebebad ar miiCneven. socialuri uflebebis winaaRmdeg gavrcelebuli mosazrebebia:
(1) isini ar emsaxurebian WeSmaritad fundamentur interesebs; (2)
isini metad mZime tvirTis saxiT awevT mTavrobebs da gadasaxadis
gadamxdelebs da (3) isini ganuxorcielebelia naklebad ganviTarebul
saxelmwifoebSi (am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: Beetham 1995;
Cranston 1967, 1973; Howard 1987; Nickel 2005, 2006).
pirvel rigSi SevexoT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs da magaliTad moviSvelioT ori socialuri ufleba: cxovrebis Sesabamisi standartis ufleba
da ufaso sajaro ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba. es uflebebi avaleben
mTavrobebs, Seecadon iseTi seriozuli uaryofiTi movlenebis gamosworebas, rogorebicaa SimSili da gaunaTlebloba.
sakvebisa da sicocxlis sxva ZiriTadi materialuri pirobebis mniSvnelobis danaxva advilia. isini arsebiTia adamianTa sicocxlisaTvis,
moqmedebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. Tuki es sikeTeebi ar iqneba saTanadod xelmisawvdomi, cxovrebis, janmrTelobisa da Tavisuflebis
mraval interess daemuqreba safrTxe da avadmyofobisa da sikvdilianobis seriozuli albaToba warmoiSoba. kavSiri am uflebiT garantirebuli sikeTeebis qonasa da minimalurad kargi cxovrebis qonas
Soris pirdapiri da aSkaraa _ faqtori, rac yovelTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli adamianis sxva uflebebisaTvis.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobis xelmisawvdomobis nakleboba zRudavs (rogorc absoluturad, ise SedarebiT) adamianebis SesaZleblobas, srulad da efeqturad miiRon monawileoba TavianTi qveynis politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi (Hodgson 1998). ganaTlebis nakleboba zrdis umuSevrobisa da arasakmarisad dasaqmebis albaTobas.
14
socialuri uflebebis mniSvnelobis mxardasaWerad kidev erTi gzaa
maTi mniSvnelobis warmoCena samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
srulad ganxorcielebisaTvis. Tuki saxelmwifo moaxerxebs SimSilis
aRmofxvras da uzrunvelyofs yvelas mier ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas, es xels Seuwyobs adamianTa SesaZleblobas, icodnen, gamoiyenon da isargeblon TavianTi TavisuflebebiT, samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebiT da politikuri monawileobis uflebiT. amis danaxva advilia ganaTlebasTan mimarTebiT. gaunaTlebloba bariers
warmoadgens samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis realizaciisaTvis, vinaidan gaunaTlebelma adamianebma xSirad ar ician, ra uflebebi
aqvT da ris gakeTeba SeuZliaT am uflebaTa gamosayeneblad da dasacavad. amis danaxva advilia agreTve demokratiuli monawileobis sferoSic. ganaTleba da minimaluri Semosavali ekonomiurad dabal safexurze mdgom adamianebs ufro uadvilebs, mihyvnen politikas, monawileoba miiRon politikur kampaniebSi da daxarjon dro da fuli,
rac saWiroa arCevnebze wasasvlelad da xmis misacemad.
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ar aRiareben da ar axorcieleben socialur uflebebs, mainc saWiroeben, rogorme gaswion xarjebi gaWirvebulTa uzrunvelsayofad, vinaidan es saxelmwifoebi _ gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini politikuri monawileobis demokratiul uflebebs aRiareben _ ver Seeguebian mosaxleobis didi nawilis SimSils
da usaxlkarobas. mxolod gasul saukuneSi moxerxda mTavrobaTa mier
mxardaWerili socialuri uflebebis meSveobiT gaWirvebulTa uzrunvelyofis tvirTis mniSvnelovani nawilis Semsubuqeba. socialur
uflebebTan dakavSirebuli gadasaxadebiT xdeba sxva iseT mZime movaleobaTa nawilobrivi Canacvleba, rogoricaa ojaxisa da sazogadoebis movaleoba, uzrunvelyon umuSevarTa, avadmyofTa, uunaroTa
da asakovanTa saTanado movla-patronoba. gadawyvetilebis miReba,
ganxorcieldes Tu ara socialuri uflebebi, damokidebulia ara imis
gadawyvetaze, gaweul unda iqnes Tu ara amgvari tvirTi, aramed imis
gadawyvetaze, gagrZeldes Tu ara mTlianad araformaluri uzrunvelyofis sistemaze dayrdnoba, romelsac arastabiluri sargebeli
moaqvs da romlis xarjebic mZimed awveba ojaxebs, megobrebsa da sazogadoebas.
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Tavi 2.
adamianis uflebebis
warmoSoba da
ganviTareba
adamianis uflebaTa istoria
adamianis uflebebi _ maTi socialuri fesvebi, daniSnuleba _
kacobriobis istoriuli da socialur-kulturuli ganviTarebis Semadgeneli sakiTxia, romelmac aTaswleulebi gaiara da Seucvlelad imyofeba politikuri, samarTlebrivi, eTikuri, religiuri da filosofiuri azrovnebis yuradRebis centrSi.
sxvadasxva epoqaSi adamianis uflebebis problema, inarCunebda
ra Tavisi arsiT politikur-samarTlebriv xasiaTs, iZenda religiur, eTikur an filosofiur
JReradobas socialuri Zalebis,
kulturisa da tradiciebis gadanawilebis Sesabamisad.
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokumentebSi dafiqsirebuli adamianis uflebaTa katalogi im etalonebisa da standartebis xangrZlivi istoriuli formirebis
Sedegia, romlebic normebad iqca
Tanamedrove demokratiul sa16
zogadoebaSi. aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda individsa da
xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobis formaTa Zieba; sazogadoebrivi
progresisa da Tavisuflebis gzaze kacobriobis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeboda miswrafeba saxelmwifos yovlisSemZleobis SezRudvis, saxelmwifo organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa TviTneburi qmedebisgan adamianis dacvisa da pirovnebis TviTgamorkvevisaTvis ufro farTo asparezis miniWebisaken.
adamianis uflebebi _ es aris Tavisuflebis konkretul-istoriuli
safexurebis yvelaze daxvewili samarTlebrivi forma. yvela adamiani
flobs Tandayolil ganusxvisebel uflebas materialur Tu sulier
sikeTeTa gansazRvrul moculobaze, romelTa uzrunvelyofasac xeli unda Seuwyos sazogadoebam da saxelmwifom. am sikeTeTa moculoba yovelTvis ganisazRvreboda individis mdgomareobiT sazogadoebis klasobriv struqturaSi da materialur warmoebaSi. sazogadoebis mkveTri polarizacia misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze
(monaTmflobeloba, feodalizmi) da civilizaciaTa Tavisebureba (evropuli, aziuri da sxva) adamianis uflebebs ar aZlevdnen formaluri
Tanasworobis principze dafuZnebuli universaluri xasiaTis SeZenisa da Tanamedrove saxis miRebis SesaZleblobas.
adamianis uflebaTa koncefcia Cvens welTaRricxvamde VI_V saukuneebSi Zvel polisebSi (aTeni, romi) Caisaxa, sadac pirvelad warmoiSva
demokratiis ideebi da Seiqmna moqalaqeobis kultura. Zvel polisebSi moqalaqeobasTan, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebuli iyo politikuri uflebebi: Tavisuflebis ufleba, saxelmwifo saqmeebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileoba da a. S. amasTan, amgvari uflebebi mxolod
maT eniWebodaT, vinc fizikuri SromiT ar iyo dakavebuli.
Zveli polisebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobis principis Caketilobisa da SezRudulobis miuxedavad amgvari instituti SeiZleba
mxolod kulturis maRal dones warmoeSva da, Tavis mxriv, am kulturis funqcionirebis, ganviTarebisa da gamdidrebis saSualeba iyo.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom im epoqaSi moqalaqeobis idea da instituti
damaxasiaTebeli iyo saxelmwifo wyobilebis mxolod iseTi formisaTvis, rogoric iyo politea.
17
Tavdapirveli warmodgenebi moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebebis,
TiToeuli moqalaqis polisis keTildReobisaTvis zrunvis Sesaxeb
Camoyalibda im TeoriaTa saerTo kalapotSi, romlebic xazs usvamdnen kanonisa da kanonierebis udides mniSvnelobas (platoni, sokrate, aristotele, perikle, demosTene da sxva). movlenaTa Semdgomma
ganviTarebam daadastura adamianis uflebaTa da sazogadoebaSi kanonis uzenaesobis principis urTierTqmedebaTa ganuyofloba. istoriuli ganviTarebis yoveli axali safexuri adamianis uflebebs axal
Tvisebebs matebda da maT subieqtTa ufro farTo wreze avrcelebda.
es ki xorcieldeboda klasebisa da wodebebis mier TavianTi uflebebis, Tavisuflebis, misi gafarToebisa da gamdidrebisaTvis brZolis
Sedegad.
adamianis istoriuli Semoqmedebis procesi mniSvnelovanwilad aris
damokidebuli im uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa moculobaze, romlebic gansazRvraven mis socialur SesaZleblobebs da keTildReobas,
uzrunvelyofen cxovelmoqmedebis Tvisebas, kavSirebisa da urTierTqmedebaTa sistemas, adamianTa urTierTobebs sazogadoebaSi. amitomac adamianis uflebaTa problema yovelTvis mwvave klasobrivi
brZolebis sagani iyo. brZolebi mimdinareobda im uflebaTa flobisa
da gafarToebisaTvis, romlebic afiqsirebdnen adamianis mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi. da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yoveli axali safexuri nabiji iyo Tavisuflebis SeZenisa da gafarToebisaken gadadgmuli. istoria cxadyofs, rom kacobriobisaTvis ucnobi dro, rodesac ar aris saWiro Zalisxmeva adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad. yoveli Taoba pasuxobs istoriis mudmiv gamowvevas, romelic dakavSirebulia iseTi didi faseulobis dacva-SenarCunebasTan, rogoric aris adamianis Tavisufleba da uflebebi.
adamianis uflebaTa iseTi institutebis formirebis istoriis gacnoba, rogorebic aris pirovnebis Tavisufleba da xelSeuxebloba,
ufleba sasamarTlo wesiT dacvaze, piris damnaSaved cnoba mxolod
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, saxelmwifo saqmeebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobis ufleba, sityvisa da sindisis Tavisufleba
da sxvebi, cxadyofs adamianis uflebebisa da maTi garantiebis gafarToebis TandaTanobiT da gardauval process.
gageba imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela adamiani uflebamosilia, flobdes adamianis uflebebs Tavisi Rirsebidan da adamianurobidan gamomdinare,
18
SedarebiT axalia. Tumca misi fesvebi gadgmulia mravali kulturis
adreul tradiciebsa Tu dokumentebSi.
istoriulad adamianebi uflebebs da pasuxismgeblobas iZendnen maTi
ama Tu im jgufisadmi mikuTvnebis mixedviT _ iqneboda es ojaxi, dominanturi eri, religia, klasi, sazogadoeba Tu saxelmwifo. mraval
sazogadoebaSi arsebobda e. w. `oqros wesis~ _ `nu moeqcevi sxvas ise,
rogorc Sen ar ginda, rom mogeqcnen~ _ msgavsi tradiciebi. induri
vedebi, babilonuri hamurabis kodeqsi, biblia, yurani da konfucis
aforizmebi xuTi uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaroa, romlebic adamianTa
movaleobebis, uflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis sakiTxebs Seexeba.
garda amisa, inkebisa da actekebis qcevisa da marTlmsajulebis kodeqsebi da irokezebis konstitucia iyo adgilobrivi amerikuli wyaroebi, romlebic me-18 saukunemde karga xniT adre arsebobda. unda
aRiniSnos, rom yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobda zepiri Tu werilobiTi tradicia, romelic qcevisa da moralis wesebsa da marTlmsajulebasTan erTad miznad isaxavda Tavisi wevrebis janmrTelobasa
da keTildReobaze zrunvas.
individualur uflebaTa damdgeni iseTi dokumentebi, rogoricaa Magna Charta Libertatum (1215), inglisuri adamianis uflebaTa bili (1689),
franguli adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia (1789), amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da amerikuli uflebaTa bili (1791), dRevandeli adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebis werilobiTi
winamorbedebia. Tumca mravali am dokumentTaganis politikaSi gamoyenebisas xSirad ugulebelyofili iyvnen qalebi, feradkaniani adamianebi da gansazRvruli socialuri, religiuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri jgufebis wevrebi. miuxedavad amisa, Seviwroebulma adamianebma am dokumentebSi Camoyalibebuli principebi, romlebic TviTgamorkvevis uflebas adgenen, gamoiyenes revoluciaTa mxardasaWerad mTeli msoflios masStabiT.
adamianis Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis ganviTarebis, maTi bunebrivad da ganusxviseblad aRiarebis gzaze `winamavalad~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos inglisi. jer kidev feodalizmis pirobebSi, rodesac mimdinareobda politikuri konfliqti samefo xelisuflebasa da gabatonebul wodebebs Soris, romlebic moiTxovdnen TviTnebobis SezRudvas
xelisuflebis mxridan, 1215 wels miRebul iqna TavisuflebaTa didi
19
qartia (Magna Charta Libertatum). es aqti aRiarebulia `inglisuri
Tavisuflebis qvakuTxedad~. da miuxedavad imisa, rom is feodalizmis periodis samarTlebrivi dokumenti iyo, swored man Seqmna is safuZvlebi, romlebmac warmoSves winapirobebi sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi Tavisuflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis Semdgomi ganmtkicebisaTvis. qartiaSi naTqvamia, rom `qvemoT dawerili Tavisuflebani~
eniWeba samefos yvela Tavisufal adamians, raTa `flobdnen maT~;
gatarebulia adamianis Cinovnikebis TviTnebobisagan, kanonze daufuZnebeli nebismieri jarimebisagan dacvisa da misi ZiriTadi qonebis xelSeuxeblobis idea. `Tavisufal adamians wvrilmani gadacdomisaTvis daekisreba jarima mxolod gadacdomis xasiaTis Sesabamisad
da agreTve msxvili gadacdomisaTvis gadacdomis mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad, amasTan, misi ZiriTadi qoneba xelSeuxebeli unda darCes;
aseTive wesiT daekisreba jarima vaWars, da misi saqoneli darCeba
xelSeuxebeli, glexsac, da misi inventari darCeba xelSeuxebeli, Tu
isini dajarimdebian Cveni mxridan, da arc erTi zemoT aRniSnuli
jarimis dakisreba ar moxdeba sxvagvarad, Tu ara samezobloSi arsebuli patiosani adamianebis ficiT damtkicebuli Cvenebis safuZvelze~.
`TavisuflebaTa didi qartiis~ 39-e muxli Seicavs debulebas, romelsac kvlavac didi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi _ adamianis damnaSaved aRiareba mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisa da qveynis kanonebis safuZvelze: `arc erTi Tavisufali adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos dapatimrebuli, cixeSi Casmuli, qonebaCamorTmeuli, kanongareSed gamocxadebuli an sxvagvarad Seviwroebuli,
da arc Cven wavalT da arc sxvebs gavgzavniT mis winaaRmdeg, Tu ara
mis TanasworTa mier gamotanili kanonieri ganaCenisa da qveynis kanonebis safuZvelze~.
qartia iTvaliswinebs yvelas uflebas, datovon samefo da dabrundnen ukanve sruli usafrTxoebis qveS (samefos saerTo interesebis
Sesabamisad konfiskacia dasaSvebia mxolod `mcire xniT saomari
periodis dros~) (muxli 42). masSi gaTvaliswinebulia mosamarTlis,
konsteblis, Serifisa da beilifis Tanamdebobebze mxolod iseTi pirebis daniSvna, romlebmac `ician samefos kanonebi da aqvT maTi dacvis survili~; yvelas (rogorc saeroebis, aseve sasulieroebis) valdebulebaa, vasalebTan urTierTobebSi daicvan qartiaSi asaxuli
20
Cveulebebi da Tavisuflebebi. Tuki mefe `arRvevs qartiiT moniWebul da damtkicebul mSvidobas da Tavisuflebebs~, nebadarTulia
ajanyebis ufleba `mTeli miwis saTvistomosTan erTad~ (muxli 61).
`TavisuflebaTa did qartias~ akritikeben masSi asaxuli uflebebis
feodalur-wodebrivi xasiaTis gamo, radgan aviwydebaT misi warmoSobis istoriuli konteqsti. dokumentSi arsebuli im iZulebiTi xasiaTis daTmobebisa da misi wodebrivi tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiTac
ki ar SeiZleba am dokumentSi asaxuli principebis maRali faseulobis
araRiareba: Tanamdebobis pirebis qmedebaTa kanonTan Sesabamisoba,
gadacdomisa da sasjelis Tanafardoba, damnaSaved aRiareba sasamarTlos mier, ZiriTadi qonebis SenarCuneba, qveynis datovebisa da
ukanve dabrunebis Tavisufleba, dabolos, ajanyebis ufleba `mTeli
miwis saTvistomosTan erTad~ TavisuflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.
am samarTlebriv aqtSi Cadebuli ideebi, romlebmac dros gauswro da
romelTa mTliani realizaciac, rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebeli iyo im
periodSi da TviTon mefeebis mier irRveoda, cxadyofen, Tu ratom
iwyeba adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis istoriis aTvla `TavisuflebaTa didi qartiiT~. es aris sawyisi dokumenti, romelmac aiZula monarqi, mieca Sepireba, rom daicavda kanonebsa da Tavisuflebebs.
adamianis uflebaTa garantiis gamyarebisa da xelisuflebis TviTnebobis SezRudvis sferoSi Semdgom nabijad mogvevlina 1679 wels Habeas Corpus Amendment Act-is miReba. am dokumentma daawesa pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani procesualuri garantia, romelic SemdgomSi myarad damkvidrda ara mxolod inglisSi, aramed mraval sxva qveyanaSic. Habeas Corpus _ es aris sasamarTlo brZaneba, romelic egzavneba patimrobaSi myofis zedamxedvelobaze pasuxismgebel Tanamdebobis pirs. igi miznad isaxavda,
Tavidan aecilebina pirTa didi xniT gaCereba cixeSi, Tuki kanoniT
SesaZlebeli iyo maTi TavdebiT gaTavisufleba. Serifi, cixis ufrosi
an nebismieri sxva piri, romlis zedamxedvelobis qveSac imyofeba dapatimrebuli, valdebulni arian, maTTvis brZanebis wardgenidan sami
dRis vadaSi Seasrulon igi da mihgvaron dapatimrebuli an dakavebuli im lord-kanclers, lord-beWdis mcvels, mosamarTleebs an sasamarTlo baronebs, romelTaganac momdinareobs brZaneba. Tanamde21
bobis pirma, romelsac mihgvares dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli, ori
dRis vadaSi unda gaaTavisuflos igi patimrobidan, amasTan, erTi an
ramdenime Tavdebobis miRebisa da gansazRvruli Tanxis Setanis
Semdeg winaswar unda miiRos misgan valdebuleba, rom wardgeba sasamarTlos winaSe kanoniT miTiTebul vadaSi. TavdebiT gaTavisufleba
gamoiricxeboda mZime sisxlis samarTlebrivi danaSaulis Cadenis an
saxelmwifo Ralatis SemTxvevaSi. Tanamdebobis piris mier Habeas
Corpus brZanebis Seusrulebloba isjeboda jarimiT dapatimrebuli
an dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod (xuTasi girvanqa sterlingis
odenobiT, muxli IX) da iTvleboda, rom piri ar Seesabameboda dakavebul Tanamdebobas.
Habeas Corpus Act-ma daadgina wesi, romlis mixedviTac dauSvebeli
iyo erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis ganmeorebiT dakaveba an dapatimreba (muxli V).
Habeas Corpus-is procedura warmoadgenda xelisuflebis TviTnebobisa da ukanonobis SezRudvis fasdaudebel saSualebas, radgan miznad isaxavda, gamoericxa samefo xelisuflebis faruli represiebi,
upirveles yovlisa, opoziciis mimarT, romelic warmodgenili iyo
burJuaziis formirebuli klasiT. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom igi Tanamedrove msoflioSic inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas pirovnebis
xelSeuxeblobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani garantis saxiT.
1689 wlis uflebaTa bili (The Bill of Rights) miznad isaxavda parlamentis rolis gazrdas, romlis Tanxmobis gareSec dauSvebeli iyo kanonebis SeCereba, gadasaxadebis gadaxdevineba `gvirgvinis sasargeblod~, mSvidobianobis dros mudmivi armiis Sekreba da Senaxva. mefisTvis peticiebiT mimarTva xelqveiTTa uflebaa da amitom ukanonod
gamocxadda `amgvari peticiebisaTvis yovelgvari dakaveba an devna~.
bili Seicavda sxvadasxva garantiebs, romlebic mimarTuli iyo gadametebuli sasamarTlo gadasaxadebis, gadametebuli jarimebis,
mkacri da uCveulo sasjelebisa da konfiskaciebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gasamarTlebamde gamoiyeneboda garkveuli pirebis mimarT.
masSi dadgenilia parlamentSi sityvis, ganxilvebisa da aqtebis Tavisufleba, romelic `ar unda SeizRudos an daeqvemdebaros ganxilvas romelime sasamarTloSi an sxva adgilas, garda TviT parlamentisa~.
22
xalxis sruli da Tavisufali warmomadgenlebis saxiT Sekrebilma
pirebma am aqtSi aRadgines da ganamtkices TavianTi Zveli uflebani
da Tavisuflebani, da `isini eZeben, moiTxoven da daJinebiT amtkiceben yvela am punqtis, rogorc erTad, ise cal-calke aRebulis, mixedviT TavianT udavo uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs; da amtkiceben, rom
aranair gancxadebas, ganaCenas, faqtsa da qmedebas, mimarTuls xalxis sazianod zemoT aRniSnuli romelime punqtis mixedviT, samomavlod ar SeiZleba hqondes raime Sedegi an gamodges magaliTad~.
1701 wlis gvirgvinis Semdgomi SezRudvisa da qveSevrdomis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb aqtSi (Act of Settlement) pirvelad aris Tavmoyrili debulebebi, romlebSic aRiarebulia inglisis kanonebis bunebiTi xasiaTi, da rom es kanonebi `warmoadgenen misi xalxis Tandayolil uflebebs, da yvela mefem da dedofalma, romlebic iqnebian am samefos taxtis mflobelebi, unda marTos samefo kanonebis Sesabamisad, da yvela mosamsaxurem da Tanamdebobis pirma unda imsaxuros amave kanonebis Sesabamisad~.
im aqtebis CamonaTvali, romlebiTac dadgenilia kanonTa uzenaesoba
da pirovnebis uflebaTa garantiebi, SeiZleba Seivsos 1628 wlis uflebis Sesaxeb peticiiTa da 1701 wlis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb aqtiT. Tuki gverds avuvliT am samarTlebrivi aqtebis wodebriv-klasobriv
xasiaTs da im istoriul pirobebSi maTi realizaciis SeuZleblobas,
sasurveli iqneboda yuradRebis mipyroba im ideebisa da principebis
simdidrisaTvis adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi, romlebic adamianis
uflebebis Tanamedrove katalogsa da koncefciebSi Sevida. maTi fesvebi politikuri da samarTlebrivi azrovnebis siRrmeSia, romlebic
warmoiqmna X V I I saukuneSi inglisSi mimdinare burJuaziuli revoluciis dros. am epoqis gamoCenili moazrovneebis _ j. miltonis, T.
hobsis, j. lokis _ naSromebSi xazgasmuli iyo Tavisuflebis, adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis, saxelmwifos adamianTa Tavisufali SeTanxmebis Sedegad warmoSobisa da misi bunebiT kanonebze dafuZnebis
Sesaxeb ideebi. am koncefciebma udidesi gavlena iqonies adamianis
uflebaTa Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebaze ara mxolod inglisSi, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis sakanonmdeblo praqtikazec am
sferoSi.
pirvel rigSi laparakia amerikis SeerTebul Statebze, romelic 1776
wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde inglisis koloniuri bato23
nobis qveS imyofeboda. X V I I saukunis amerikuli burJuaziuli revolucia ara mxolod socialuri, aramed erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
xasiaTisac iyo, rac koloniuri batonobisagan damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi gadaizarda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis ganviTarebaSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana inglisis batonobis qveS myofma CrdiloeT amerikis zogierTma koloniam. virjiniaSi 1601 wels miRebuli
pirveli koloniuri qartia koloniis mcxovreblebs aniWebda `yvela
uflebas, privilegias da imunitets... imgvarad, TiTqos isini icavdnen kanonis moTxovnebs da daibadnen inglisis farglebSi~. masaCusetsis 1641 wlis TavisuflebaTa aqtSi detalurad iyo dafiqsirebuli im ZiriTad uflebaTa wre, romelTagan mravali SemdgomSi Setanil iqna amerikul uflebaTa bilSi. sxva qartiebma, kerZod pensilvaniis qartiam, gansazRvruli zemoqmedeba iqonies pirovnebis uflebaTa dacvis saSualebebze. yvela am dokumentSi aSkarad ikveTeba `TavisuflebaTa didi qartiisa~ da inglisSi ufro mogvianebiT miRebuli
aqtebisa da precedentebis gavlena.
T. jefersonis, b. franklinis, T. peinis, j. medisonisa da sxvaTa politikur ideebSi ganviTarebulia bunebiT-samarTlebrivi doqtrinis,
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis, adamianis Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis principebi. adamianis bunebiTi Tandayolili uflebebis koncefcia sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikavebda amerikis politikur
doqtrinebSi, koloniuri batonobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul argumentaciaSi da sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. virjiniis konventis mier 1776 wlis
12 ivniss mowonebuli virjiniis uflebaTa deklaraciiT, romlis
avtorad mogvevlina jorj medisoni, dadgenilia, rom yvela adamiani
Tavisi bunebiT aris Tanabrad Tavisufali, damoukidebeli da flobs
ganusxvisebel uflebebs, romlebzec mas ar SeuZlia uaris Tqma, Sedis
ra sazogadoebaSi, da verc Tavis STamomavlebs ver CamoarTmevs am
uflebebs. adamianis ganusxvisebel uflebebs miekuTvneboda `sicocxliTa da TavisuflebiT tkboba sakuTrebis SeZenisa da flobis meSveobiT, rasac uTanabrdeba bednierebisa da usafrTxoebisaken swrafva
da maTi mopoveba~ (muxli 1). virjiniis uflebaTa deklaraciis uflebebis ideebi da kompleqsi SemdgomSi ganmeorda da ganviTarda damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi da uflebaTa bilSi (aSS-s konstituciis
pirvel aT SesworebaSi).
24
umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli dokumenti, romelSic ganviTarebulia
adamianisa da xalxis Tavisuflebisa da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis
ideebi _ damoukideblobis deklaracia (deklaracia dawerilia T.
jefersonis mier) erTxmad iqna miRebuli cameti SeerTebuli Statis
mier da damtkicebuli mesame kontinenturi kongresis mier 1776 wlis
4 ivliss. man xorci Seasxa pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, misi avtonomiis
sawyisebs da daadgina, rom isini eqvemdebarebian dacvas saxelmwifos
nebismieri xelyofisagan. adamianis Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis idea
xelisuflebaTa danawilebisa da federalizmis ideebTan erTad
amerikuli konstitucionalizmis ZiriTad postulatebs warmoadgens.
deklaraciaSi gamoxatulia eris TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, `rodesac
movlenaTa msvlelobas mivyavarT iqamde, rom erTi eri iZulebuli
xdeba, Tavi gaiTavisuflos politikuri marwuxebisagan, riTac is
dakavSirebulia sxva erTan, da daikavos damoukidebeli da Tanabari
adgili msoflios saxelmwifoebs Soris, ris uflebac mas miniWebuli
aqvs bunebisa da misi Semoqmedis kanonebis ZaliT...~ es ganamtkicebs
eris uflebas, Secvalos an gaauqmos mmarTvelobis iseTi forma, romelic damRupveli xdeba adamianis uflebaTa uzrunvelyofisaTvis,
da SemoiRos axali mmarTveloba, romelic efuZneba mmarTvelobis
organizaciis iseT principebsa da formebs, romlebic `yvelaze ukeTesad uzrunvelyofen xalxis usafrTxoebas da bednierebas~. `...rodesac erTsa da imave mizanTan ucvlelad dakavSirebuli borotad
gamoyeneba da Zaladoba mowmoben mzakvrul ganzraxvaze, aiZulon eri,
Seeguos SeuzRudav despotizms, amgvari mmarTvelobis Camogdeba da
samomavlod usafrTxoebis axali garantiebis Seqmna eris uflebad
da valdebulebad iqceva~. deklaraciaSi detalurad aris Camoyalibebuli, rogorc `uricxvi usamarTlobisa da Zaladobis krebuli~,
is faqtebi da garemoebebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies britaneTis gvirgvinTan ganxeTqileba da gaerTianebuli koloniebis Tavisufal da
damoukidebel Statebad gamocxadeba. am faqtebsa da garemoebebs
Soris aris didi britaneTis mefis uari saerTo keTildReobisaTvis
sasargeblo da aucilebeli kanonebis miRebaze, mniSvnelovani kanonebis moqmedebis SeCereba, warmomadgenelTa palatis daTxovna, sxva
deputatebis arCevaze uaris Tqma, winaaRmdegoba marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebaze, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organizaciis Sesaxeb
kanonebis miRebaze uaris Tqma, xalxis Seviwroeba gamogzavnili Ci25
novnikebiT, xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe gadasaxadebis dakisreba da sxv.
`xelmwife, romelsac tiranis yvela Tviseba axasiaTebs, ar SeiZleba
iyos Tavisufali eris mmarTveli~.
usamarTlobaTa da ZaladobaTa krebuls deklaracia ukavSirebs sakanonmdeblo organoebis uflebaTa SezRudvas, usamarTlo kanonebis
Tavs moxvevas, winaaRmdegobas `saerTo keTildReobisaTvis~ sasargeblo kanonebis miRebaze. amitom aucilebelia iseTi mmarTvelobis
dadgena, romelic Tavis uflebamosilebas ganaxorcielebs Tavad mis
mier marTuli xalxis TanxmobiT, da romlis ZiriTadi mizani iqneba
adamianis ganusxvisebeli uflebebis uzrunvelyofa. `Cven gamovdivarT im aSkara WeSmaritebidan, rom yvela adamiani Tanasworia da
Semoqmedis mier miniWebuli aqvs gansazRvruli ganusxvisebeli uflebebi, romelTac miekuTvneba sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisaken swrafva~.
rogorc teqstidan Cans, amerikis revoluciis mamebis yvela amaRlebuli Tavisuflebis moyvaruli sulieri naazrevi eyrdnoboda bunebiT-samarTlebriv doqtrinas. T. peini bunebiT uflebebad miiCnevda
`yvela inteleqtualur da sulier uflebas, iseve rogorc adamianis
uflebas, miaRwios keTildReobas da bednierebas, Tuki amiT ar izRudeba sxvebis bunebiTi uflebebi~.
1787 wlis aSS-s konstituciaSi ar aris moxseniebuli arc adamianis
bunebiTi uflebebi da arc maTi CamonaTvali. Tumca preambula Seicavs umniSvnelovanes faseul principebs, romelTa gareSec SeuZlebelia adamianis uflebaTa uzrunvelyofa. `Cven, SeerTebuli Statebis xalxi, ufro srulyofili kavSiris Seqmnis, marTlmsajulebis
dadgenis, Sida simSvidis garantirebis, erToblivi Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofis, sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis xelSewyobisa da CvenTvis
da Cveni STamomavlobisaTvis Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT vacxadebT da vadgenT winamdebare konstitucias amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis~.
konstituciaSi adamianis uflebaTa CamonaTvalis ararseboba mniSvnelovanwilad dakavSirebulia amerikul doqtrinebSi maT bunebiTsamarTlebriv ganmartebasTan. konstituciis zogierTi damfuZnebeli (magaliTad, a. hamiltoni) miiCnevda, rom adamianis bunebiTi uflebebi ar unda dadgeniliyo pozitiuri kanoniT, da rom maTi CamonaT26
vali SeiZleboda amomwuravi yofiliyo, rasac SeiZleba saSiSroeba
gamoewvia. Tumca amgvarma midgomam kritika da ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da kinaRam SeaCera konstituciis miReba. konstituciis mowoneba
gadaido masSi Sesabamisi Sesworebebis Setanis Sesaxeb mtkice dapirebis miRebamde. d. medisonma da T. jefersonma Seadgines konstituciis
SesworebaTa seria da 1791 wlis 15 dekembers ZalaSi Sevida amerikuli
uflebaTa bili _ `pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa da adamianuri Rirsebis
didi amerikuli qartia~, romelic Seicavda konstituciis pirvel aT
Sesworebas.
uflebaTa bilma daafiqsira adamianis umTavresi ZiriTadi uflebebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am uflebaTagan zogierTi formulirebulia, rogorc akrZalvebi federaluri xelisuflebis mimarT, raTa am ukanasknelma ar gamosces adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis SemzRudveli kanonebi. amgvarad, I SesworebaSi aRniSnulia: `kongresma ar unda gamosces
arc erTi kanoni, romelic Seexeba religiis dadgenas an krZalavs
misiT Tavisufal sargeblobas, an zRudavs sityvis an beWdvis Tavisuflebas, an xalxis mSvidobiani Sekrebisa da mTavrobisaTvis Tavisi
saCivrebis dasakmayofileblad peticiebiT mimarTvis uflebas~. amgvari forma mniSvnelovanwilad gamowveuli iyo amerikelTa undoblobiT saxelmwifo xelisuflebisadmi da adamianis mimarT xelisuflebis mxridan TviTnebobis SezRudvisken swrafviT. amitomac adamianis uflebebi formulirebulia ara rogorc individis qcevis wesebi,
ara rogorc gansazRvruli moqmedebebis Sesrulebis uflebebi (es
uflebebi mas dabadebidan aqvs miniWebuli), aramed rogorc xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaTa SezRudvebi, raTa man ar daarRvios individis Tavisuflebis ufleba. I I SesworebaSi aRniSnulia, rom ar unda
SeizRudos xalxis ufleba, Seinaxos da ataros iaraRi. V I I I Sesworeba
iTvaliswinebs, rom ar unda iqnes moTxovnili zedmeti gadasaxadebi,
ar unda moxdes gadametebuli jarimebis dakisreba, da ar unda Seefardos sastiki da uCveulo sasjelebi. IV da V SesworebebSi gvxvdeba
aseTi formulirebebi: amgvarad, `ar unda dairRves~ piris ufleba,
daculi iyos piradi, komunikaciis, qonebis usafuZvlo Cxrekisgan
da dapatimrebisgan; `arc erTi piri ar SeiZleba micemul iqnes sisxlis samarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi... Tu ara didi Jiuris mier wardgenili an gamotanili gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis safuZvelze~.
mxolod VI SesworebaSi gamoiyeneba formula `braldebuls ufleba
aqvs~.
27
amgvari formulirebebi axasiaTebs adamianis uflebaTa `pirveli Taobis~ sakanonmdeblo aRiarebas, anu liberalur-demokratiul (samoqalaqo da politikur) uflebebs, romelTa warmoSobac gamoiwvia
burJuaziulma revoluciebma da romlebic gamoxataven individis e.w.
`negatiur~ Tavisuflebas, anu mis TviTgamorkvevaSi da avtonomiaSi
nebismieri, maT Soris saxelmwifo, Carevisagan Tavisuflebas (sindisis, sityvis, beWdvis, Sekrebis, peticiebis Tavisuflebani da sxva).
amgvari xasiaTisaa konstituciis zogierTi Semdgomi Sesworebac.
konstituciuri normebisa da principebis, federaluri kanonebis,
Statebis kanonebis gafarToebiT mravalricxovanma sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebma mniSvnelovnad gaafarToes uflebaTa bilis moqmedebis sfero. Statebis konstituciebi, miuxedavad maTi miRebis TariRisa, sxvadasxvagvari modifikaciebiT imeorebdnen damoukideblobis
deklaraciisa da uflebaTa bilis debulebebs. amgvarad, masaCusetsis
Statis konstituciis (1780 w.) preambulaSi xazgasmulia adamianis
uflebaTa bunebiTi xasiaTi; masaCusetsis respublikis mcxovrebTa
uflebebis deklaraciis (romelic masaCusetsis konstituciis pirvel ganyofilebas warmoadgens) I muxliT dadgenilia yvela adamianis
Tanasworoba da bunebiTi uflebebi da mocemulia am uflebaTa CamonaTvali. ukve 1970 wels miRebuli ilinoisis Statis konstitucia
aseve Seicavs uflebaTa bils da adgens uflebaTa ganusxviseblobas,
rwmenis Tavisuflebas, saTanado samarTlebriv proceduras da kanonis winaSe Tanaswor dacvas, sityvis Tavisuflebas, Sekrebisa da
peticiebis Tavisuflebas, pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiaTa
sistemas da sxv.
aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom damoukideblobis deklaraciam, aSS-s konstituciam da uflebaTa bilma safuZveli Cauyares grZelvadian tradicias, romelsac ucvleli, droisgan damoukidebeli mniSvneloba
aqvs. miT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo es istoriuli dokumentebi XV I I I
saukunis bolos, rodesac mkvidrdeboda burJuaziuli wyoba, mimdinareobda TviTmpyrobelobisagan da TviTnebobisagan pirovnebis dacvis saSualebaTa Zebna.
amave periodSi evropaSi moxda didi franguli revolucia, romlis
mniSvnelobac gascda erTi saxelmwifos farglebs da didi gavlena iqonia sazogadoebrivi viTarebis Secvlaze bevr qveyanaSi, feodalurabsolutistur wesebTan brZolaze, romlebic dafuZnebuli iyo
28
mmarTveli klasebis privilegiebze, CinovnikTa TviTnebobasa da ukanonobaze, pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebis
ararsebobaze. revoluciam wamoayena Tanasworobis, Zmobis, samarTlianobis principebi, romelTa mixdeviTac unda momxdariyo revoluciis
gamarjvebis Semdeg damkvidrebuli axali sazogadoebis formireba.
franguli revolucia iyo ara marto triumfi, aramed tragediac im
xalxisa, romelmac iakobinelTa diqtaturis yvela saSineleba gamoscada. Tumca man datova didi samarTlebrivi dokumenti _ 1789 wlis
adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia. masSi aisaxa ganmanaTleblobis epoqis humanuri ideebi _ Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba,
erovnuli suvereniteti, sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba, kanonis
avtoriteti, adamianis uflebebi. volteris, monteskiesa da rusos
politikur-samarTlebrivi da zneobrivi ideebi is fundamenti iyo,
romelzec viTardeboda Tavisufali azrovneba, TviTnebobasTan da
absolutizmTan Seurigebloba, kanonisa da adamianis ganusxvisebeli
uflebebis winaSe qedis moxra, `saerTo keTildReobisaken~ swrafva.
deklaraciis preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom `adamianis uflebaTa ugulebelyofa warmoadgens sazogadoebriv ubedurebaTa da mTavrobaTa
garyvnilebis erTaderT mizezs~. sxva sityvebiT, mxolod adamianis
uflebaTa dacviT aris SesaZlebeli sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis Tavidan acileba da sazogadoebis normaluri cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa. amitom, frangi xalxis warmomadgenlebma, Seqmnes ra erovnuli
kreba, `miiRes gadawyvetileba, daedginaT sazeimo deklaraciiT adamianis bunebiTi, ganusxvisebeli da wminda uflebebi~, raTa sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaTa qmedebani Seesabamebodnen
politikuri institutis mizans, rom moqalaqeTa moTxovnebi, romlebic amieridan ubralo da udavo principebs efuZneba, konstituciisa
da saerTo keTildReobis dacvisaken miiswrafodnen.
pirveli muxli acxadebs, rom `adamianebi ibadebian da rCebian Tavisufalni da uflebebiT Tanasworni~; meore muxli _ rom `yovelgvari
politikuri kavSiris mizania adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli
uflebebis uzrunvelyofa. maT miekuTvneba Tavisufleba, sakuTreba,
usafrTxoeba da Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegoba~.
deklaraciaSi adamianis uflebebi gadmocemulia formulirebiT, romelic dRemde inarCunebs Tavis sicxadesa da garkveulobas: `azris
29
Tavisufali gamoxatva warmoadgens adamianis erT-erT uZvirfases
uflebas; amitom yvela moqalaqes SeuZlia Tavisuflad gamoxatos
azri, weros, beWdos da pasuxi agos mxolod am Tavisuflebis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSi~ (muxli 11);
`kanoniT dadgenil unda iqnes mxolod mkacrad da udavod aucilebeli sasjelebi; aravin ar SeiZleba daisajos, Tu ara samarTaldarRvevis Cadenamde miRebuli da gamoqveynebuli da saTanadod gamoyenebuli kanonis safuZvelze~ (muxli 8); `vinaidan nebismieri adamiani
udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre ar dadgindeba misi braleuloba, iseT
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aucilebeli xdeba piris dapatimreba, nebismieri zedmetad mkacri zoma, romlis gamoyenebac ar warmoadgens aucileblobas, umkacresad unda aRikveTos kanoniT~ (muxli 9) da sxva.
deklaraciis me-4 muxlSi pirvelad aris formulirebuli principi,
romelic Sevida msoflios mravali qveynis Tanamedrove konstituciebSi da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv
aqtebSi: `Tavisufleba aris SesaZlebloba, akeTo yvelaferi, rac
zians ar ayenebs sxvas. amgvarad, nebismieri adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis ganxorcieleba SezRudulia mxolod im farglebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis aseTive uflebebiT
sargeblobas. es farglebi SeiZleba dadgenil iqnes mxolod kanoniT~.
Tavisuflebis farglebi gamoxatulia me-5 muxlSic: `kanons ufleba
aqvs, SezRudos mxolod iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic zianis momtania
sazogadoebisaTvis. yvelaferi, rac ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT, nebadarTulia, da aravin ar SeiZleba aiZulo, akeTos is, rac kanoniT ar
aris dadgenili~.
mkafiod da lakonurad aris ganmtkicebuli pirovnebisa da misi sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi (muxlebi 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17).
niSandoblivia, rom deklaracia, gamomdinareobs ra bunebiT-samarTlebrivi doqtrinis ideidan, aRiarebs da xazs usvams saxelmwifos
rols adamianis uflebaTa garantiebis uzrunvelyofaSi: `adamianisa
da moqalaqis uflebaTa garantiebisaTvis aucilebelia saxelmwifoebrivi Zala. igi iqmneba yvelas interesebSi da ara imaTi piradi sargeblobisaTvis, visac igi aqvs mindobili~ (muxli 12). Sesabamisad,
`sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos nebismieri Tanamdebobis pirisagan misi saqmianobis angariSi~ (muxli 15).
30
me-16 muxlSi gamoxatulia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi principebi: uflebaTa garantiebis uzrunvelyofa da xelisuflebis danawileba: `sazogadoebas, sadac ar aris uzrunvelyofili
uflebaTa garantiebi da ar arsebobs xelisuflebis danawileba, ara
aqvs konstitucia~, anu samarTlebrivi organizacia.
Cven dawvrilebiT davaxasiaTeT sxvadasxva epoqasa da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb Seqmnili iuridiuli aqtebi, raTa
gveCvenebina im normebis, institutebisa da principebis istoriuli
fesvebi, romlebic aiTvisa saerTaSoriso samarTalma adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mizniT. adamianis damnaSaved aRiareba mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, samarTaldarRvevisa da sasjelis Tanafardoba, `saTanado samarTlebrivi procedura~, udanaSaulobis prezumfcia da pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis sxva garantiebi,
kamaTis, sityvis, beWdvis, religiis Tavisufleba, sakuTari qveynis
datovebisa da ukan dabrunebis ufleba, peticiebis ufleba, Tanamdebobis pirTa pasuxismgebloba adamianis uflebaTa darRvevisaTvis _
es da sxva uflebani, romlebic humanur faseulobaTa oqros fondSi
Sevida, pirvelad iqna gadmocemuli TavisuflebaTa did qartiaSi,
ganviTarebuli inglisur uflebaTa bilSi, Habeas Corpus Act-Si,
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi, amerikul uflebaTa bilSi, adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi. am faseulobaTa genezisisaTvis Tvalyuris devnebisas ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT ZvelberZnuli filosofia, romelmac impulsi misca adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb swavlebis ganviTarebas, agreTve reformaciisa da
ganmanaTleblobis periodis postulatebi, romlebmac wamoayenes
socialuri samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis ideebi.
saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvileba bunebiT-samarTlebrivi swavlebis
ganmsazRvrel rolze adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa ganviTarebaSi, maTi prioritetis aRiarebaSi, saxelmwifosa da Tanamdebobis
pirTa mxridan TviTnebobis SezRudvaSi. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier 1948 wels miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaraciis preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom `adamianTa ojaxis yvela
wevrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebis, Tanaswori da ganuyofeli uflebebis aRiareba warmoadgens Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da
sayovelTao mSvidobis safuZvels~. pirveli muxli adgens bunebiTi
doqtrinis wamyvan ideas: `yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Ta31
naswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT. maT miniWebuli aqvT goneba
da sindisi da erTmaneTis mimarT Zmobis suliskveTebiT unda iqceodnen~.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis preambulaSi ganmeorebulia debuleba, romelic pirvelad formulirebul iqna TavisuflebaTa did qartiaSi da SemdgomSi dadgenil iqna damoukideblobis
deklaraciaSi: Tuki ar xdeba kanonis, uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacva, xalxs aqvs ajanyebis ufleba; im mTavrobis Camogdeba, romelic
arRvevs adamianis uflebebs, aris xalxis ara marto ufleba, aramed
valdebulebac. es Tezisi Semdegi saxiT aris gamoxatuli: `aucilebelia, uflebebs icavdes kanonis Zala, raTa adamiani iZulebuli ar
gaxdes, mimarTos ajanyebas, rogorc ukanasknel saSualebas tiraniisa
da Cagvris winaaRmdeg~.
rodesac meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna gaerTianebuli erebis
organizacia, wesdebaSi Cawerili misi miznebidan da principebidan
erT-erTs warmoadgenda ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da
humanitaruli xasiaTis problemebis gadawyvetaSi saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis ganxorcielebis aucilebloba da adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebisadmi, yvelas mimarT, rasis, sqesis,
enisa da religiis miuxedavad, pativiscemis xelSewyoba da ganviTareba. am miznis wamoyeneba iyo reaqcia adamianis uflebaTa masobriv
da uxeS darRvevebze, romlebic xdeboda meore msoflio omis winare
da misi mimdinareobis periodebSi. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso
bilis Seqmnis idea cariel adgilze ar warmoSobila. igi eyrdnoboda
warsulis demokratiul kulturul tradiciebs, wamyvan saxelmwifoTa samarTlebriv azrovnebasa da kanonmdeblobaSi formirebul
universalur zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa gamocxadebis aucileblobas. amitomac uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bilis pirveli dokumenti
_ adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia _ mokle vadaSi Seiqmna;
amasTan, masSi ar iqna gamorCenili arc erTi iseTi principi da norma
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sferodan, romlebic humanitaruli ganviTarebis oqros fonds Seadgenen.
Tumca im periodSi demokratiuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi msoflios yvela saxelmwifos monapovars ar warmoadgendnen. amitomac
sayovelTao deklaracia, romelic demokratiul principebsa da nor32
mebs Seicavda, sarekomendacio xasiaTisa iyo da msoflios yvela
saxelmwifos sTavazobda adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
katalogs am sferoSi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis magaliTis, standartis saxiT: `generaluri asamblea adamianis
uflebaTa am sayovelTao deklaracias iseT amocanad acxadebs, romlis Sesrulebas unda eltvodes yvela xalxi da yvela saxelmwifo,
raTa yoveli adamiani da sazogadoebis yoveli organo, niadag gaiTvaliswinebs ra am deklaracias, miiswrafodes, swavla-ganaTlebis
meSveobiT xeli Seuwyos am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativiscemas
da maTi sayovelTao da efeqtiani aRiareba-ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofas nacionaluri Tu saerTaSoriso progresuli RonisZiebebiT
rogorc organizaciis wevr saxelmwifoTa xalxebSi, ise am saxelmwifoebis iurisdiqciisadmi daqvemdebarebul teritoriaTa xalxebSi~.
sayovelTao deklaracia Seicavda uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa gamdidrebul nusxas, romelic moicavda ara mxolod samoqalaqo da politikur, aramed XIX saukunis dasasruls formirebul da XX saukuneSi ganviTarebul socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul uflebebsac. Tumca adamianis uflebaTa `pirveli Taobis~ _ samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis _ ZiriTadma principebma da normebma ukve
daamtkices TavianTi cxovrebiseuloba da efeqturoba demokratiul
samarTlebriv saxelmwifoTa praqtikaSi. amitomac udavoa maTi gavlena adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebaze.
bunebrivi iyo sapirispiro procesic _ saerTaSoriso samarTlis demokratiuli samarTlebrivi ideebisa da normebis zegavlena erovnuli kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebaze. amas mowmobs is faqti, rom italiis, iaponiisa da germaniis federaciuli respublikis omisSemdgom
konstituciebSi adamianis uflebebi didi moculobiT iyo warmodgenili moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb specialur
ganyofilebebSi. safrangeTSi ZiriTadi politikuri da samoqalaqo
uflebebi ganmtkicda 1946 wlis konstituciis preambulaSi adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaze miTiTebiT. gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saberZneTSi, portugaliasa da espaneTSi
miRebulma `meore talRis~ burJuaziulma konstituciebma ganamtkices adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa kidev ufro vrceli
sistema. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi miTiTebulia, rom `1948 wlis Semdeg
33
miRebuli erovnuli konstituciebidan ara nakleb 90-isa Seicavs im
fundamenturi uflebebis nusxas, romlebic an gadmobeWdilia deklaraciis debulebebidan, an Sevidnen konstituciebSi deklaraciis
gavleniT~.
sayovelTao deklaraciamac da uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sferoSi
Seqmnilma yvela Semdgomma saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivma dokumentmac iqonies da kvlavac aqvT didi gavlena erovnuli kanonmdeblobis
ganviTarebaze. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, vinaidan ama Tu im
saerTaSoriso dokumentebis wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis, mas Semdeg,
rac isini Sesabamis procedurebs gaivlian, am dokumentebSi arsebuli
miTiTebebi savaldebulo xdeba. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi aqtebis mravali muxli iwyeba sityvebiT: `am
paqtis monawile yvela saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebs...~; `wevri
saxelmwifoebi yvela adamianisaTvis uzrunvelyofen...~; `wevri
saxelmwifoebi pasuxismgebelni arian...~; `wevri saxelmwifoebi iReben
yvela saTanado zomas...~ da a. S.
aRniSnuli iZleva safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom adamianis uflebaTa
da TavisuflebaTa sferoSi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da saerTaSoriso
samarTlis ganviTarebis procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia urTierTSevseba da urTierTzemoqmedeba.
Tanamedrove samarTalSi maTi gamocxadebis drois Sesabamisad miRebulia adamianis uflebaTa dayofa sam Taobad. pirvel Taobas miekuTvneba samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, romlebic warmoadgenen
individis `negatiuri~ Tavisuflebis gamoxatulebas da miznad isaxaven adamianis dacvas nebismieri saxis ukanono Carevisagan (maT Soris
saxelmwifos mxridanac). termini `negatiuri~ am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs saxelmwifos an nebismieri piris valdebulebas, Tavi Seikavos
garkveuli moqmedebisgan. magaliTad, samoqalaqo uflebebia: religiis, gamoxatvis, gaerTianebis, Sekrebis da manifestaciis uflebebi.
am uflebebis ganxorcielebisas piri daculi unda iyos, rom saxelmwifo ukanonod ar akrZalavs eklesiis mSeneblobas da qadagebas, manifestaciisa da mitingis Catarebas, fondis, kavSirisa da sxva tipis
organizaciis Seqmnas da a. S. am uflebaTa ganxorcielebisas pirvel
rigSi saxelmwifoa SezRuduli da misi Zalauflebaa Sekvecili.
34
meore Taobas miakuTvneben socialur-ekonomikur uflebebs, romlebsac `pozitiurs~ uwodeben, vinaidan maT uzrunvelsayofad Cveulebriv saWiroa saxelmwifoTa mxridan konkretul moqmedebaTa ganxorcieleba. `pozitiuri~ am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs saxelmwifos valdebulebas, Seqmnas pirobebi da xeli Seuwyos adamianTa iseTi interesebis ganxorcielebas, rogoricaa: ganaTleba, dasaqmeba, jandacva da
a. S. saxelmwifoebi konstituciiT an sxva kanonebiT iReben Tavis Tavze aseT valdebulebebs da saqarTvelos magaliTze SegviZlia davasaxeloT Tundac saxelmwifos valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos sabazo
ganaTleba yvela moqalaqisTvis.
dabolos, mesame Taobas miekuTvneba e. w. `koleqtiuri~ uflebebi,
anu xalxTa uflebebi. maT Cveulebriv miakuTvneben ganviTarebis uflebas, mSvidobis, jansaRi garemos, kacobriobis saerTo memkvidreobis uflebebs da sxv. xalxTa uflebebi ar warmoadgens konkretulad
individTa uflebebs, isini ekuTvnis adamianTa koleqtivs, romlebic
ayalibeben xalxs an ers, da es uflebebi ar SeiZleba realizebul
iqnes calkeuli pirovnebis mier. xalxTa uflebebis realizaciis procesSi yoveli calkeuli piri, romelic Sedis ama Tu im xalxis SemadgenlobaSi, sargeblobs Tavisi uflebebiT da TavisuflebebiT (sityvis, beWdvis, Sekrebis Tavisuflebebi, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba da a. S.) da gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxis
mimarT. swored aseTi saxiT gamoxatuli umravlesobis azri Seadgens
mTeli eris nebas.
xalxTa uflebebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. yvela ers aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. am uflebis
ZaliT isini Tavisuflad adgenen TavianT politikur statuss da Tavisuflad uzrunvelyofen TavianT ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul ganviTarebas. erTi eris TviTgamorkvevam ar unda miayenos
ziani sxva xalxTa uflebebs. es ufleba unda ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da
normebis dacviT, maT Soris saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobisa
da suverenitetis dacviT. amitom TviTgamorkvevis ufleba ar unda
ganimartos mxolod, rogorc eris ufleba, Seqmnas Tavisi sakuTari
saxelmwifo. TviTgamorkvevis formebi SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos _
nacionalur-kulturuli avtonomiidan federalizmis sxvadasxva
formebamde.
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adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi dacul unda iqnes
yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis,
religiis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis, nacionaluri an socialuri warmoSobis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis, dabadebis an sxva garemoebebis miuxedavad.
36
Tavi 3.
adamianis uflebebis
dacvisa da xelSewyobis
regionuli sistemebi
adamianis uflebebis dacvis universalur instrumentebTan erTad
arsebobs regionuli sistemebic,
romlebic xSirad uflebebis dacvis ufro maRal standartebs uzrunvelyofs.
regionuli sistemebis upiratesoba is aris, rom maT saCivrebis dakmayofilebis ukeTesi saSualeba
aqvT. rac Seexeba sasamarTloebs,
isini savaldebulo gadawyvetilebebs iReben xolme da adamianis uflebebis komisiaTa rekomendaciebs
qveynebi, rogorc wesi, seriozulad iTvaliswineben. maTi meSveobiT SesaZloa erovnuli kanonmdeblobac ki Seicvalos, raTa is
SesabamisobaSi iqnes moyvanili adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso
valdebulebebTan. amasTan, regionuli sistemebi ufro met yuradRebas iCenen kulturuli da religiuri problemebisadmi, Tu amis
safuZvliani mizezi arsebobs.
37
evropa
adamianis uflebebis evropuli sistema sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: evrosabWos sistema, evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia da evropis kavSiri.
adamianis uflebebis evropuli sistema yvelaze daxvewili regionuli
sistemaa. is meore msoflio omis dros adamianis uflebebis masobrivi darRvevebis sapasuxod Camoyalibda. adamianis uflebebi, kanonis uzenaesoba da pluralisturi demokratia evropis samarTlebrivi wyobis qvakuTxedia.
evrosabWo
mTavari instrumenti adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (1950) da
misi 13 damatebiTi oqmia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani me-6 da me-13
oqmebia sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, rac adamianis uflebebis
evropul sistemas amerikulisgan ganasxvavebs. aseve aRsaniSnavia
me-11 oqmi, romelic adamianis uflebebis evropul komisias da evropul sasamarTlos erTi mudmivi evropuli sasamarTloTi cvlis. evropuli konvencia ZiriTadad samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs
Seicavs. evropis socialuri qartia (1961) yuradRebas ekonomikur
da socialur uflebebze amaxvilebs, Tumca iseTi mniSvnelovani ar
aris, rogoric konvencia.
wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobisa
da dasjis winaaRmdeg sferoSi gardatexa moaxdina evropulma konvenciam (1948), romelic ayalibebs evropul komisias wamebis da sxva
sastiki, arahumanuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobisa da dasjis aRsakveTad. komisia konvenciis wevr qveynebSi agzavnis delegaciebs dakavebis adgilebis mosanaxuleblad. Sesabamisad, sistemis logika mis
prevenciulobaSi mdgomareobs, nacvlad ex post facto dacvisa,
romelic adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciasa da sasamarTlos
jer kidev axasiaTebs.
evropuli CarCo xelSekruleba erovnuli umciresobebis dacvisTvis
(1995) evropaSi umciresobaTa uflebebTan dakavSirebiT problemebis
zrdis sapasuxod Seiqmna. es problemebi sabWoTa kavSirisa da iugoslaviis socialisturi respublikis daSlisa da ufro zogadad evropaSi 1990-ian wlebSi TviTgamorkvevis procesis Sedegia.
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konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian, daicvan erovnuli umciresobebis wevrTa individualuri uflebebi, magram amasTanave iseTi pirobebi unda Seqmnan, rom umciresobebs saSualeba
hqondeT, sakuTari kultura da identuroba SeinarCunon da ganaviTaron. Tumca aRmasrulebeli meqanizmi moxsenebiTi sistemiT Semoifargleba.
1. evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo
evropaSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis mTavari meqanizmia evropis
adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo strasburgSi, romlis savaldebulo
iurisdiqciac evrosabWos yvela wevri saxelmwifos mieraa aRiarebuli. mosamarTleTa raodenoba evrosabWos wevrTa raodenobas emTxveva. yvela saqmeSi CarTulia e. w. `saxelmwifo mosamarTle~, romelic
sasamarTlos exmareba saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis ukeT gagebaSi.
Tumca daniSnuli mosamarTleebi personaluri statusiT moRvaweoben.
sasamarTloSi saCivris misaRebad unda arsebobdes Semdegi garemoebebi:
evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvencia da misi damatebiTi oqmebis
darRvevis faqti;
mosarCele darRvevis msxverpli unda iyos;
yvela adgilobrivi samarTaldamcavi meqanizmi amowuruli unda
iyos;
sarCeli Setanili unda iyos saSinao samarTaldamcavi meqanizmebis
amowurvidan araumetes eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
sarCelis miRebis SemTxvevaSi Svidi mosamarTlisgan Semdgari palata
sarCelis xarisxs ganixilavs. maTi gadawyvetileba sabolooa, Tu miiCneven, rom sarCeli arasaTanado mniSvnelobisaa.
evropis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi savaldebuloa da SesaZloa
zaralis anazRaurebasac uzrunvelyofdes. gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebas uzrunvelyofs ministrTa komiteti. dResdReobiT sistemis mTavari problema sarCelebis didi raodenobaa.
39
2. evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis adamianis
uflebebis sistema
euTos ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi wesdeba, misi deklaraciebi da rekomendaciebi mxolod politikuri xasiaTisaa da ar aris iuridiulad
savaldebulo. miuxedavad amisa, konferenciebsa da eqspertTa Sexvedrebze miRebuli sxvadasxva valdebulebebi, romelTa Sesrulebasac wevri qveynebis warmomadgenelTa sabWo akontrolebs, monitoringis ufro warmatebuli meqanizmia. civi omis dros `helsinkis procesma~ mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris TanamSromlobis CamoyalibebaSi da misi gagrZelebisTvis Semdgom ufro farTo evropaSi.
euTo garkveul aqtivobebs axorcielebs adamianis uflebebisa da gansakuTrebiT umciresobaTa uflebebis sferoSi. is agreTve wamyvan
rols asrulebs euTos savele misiebSi. amisaTvis euTos aqvs adamianis uflebebis departamenti da hyavs adamianis uflebebis oficrebi, romlebic mivlinebulni arian qveynebSi, raTa zedamxedveloba gauwion da moxsenebebi gaakeTon adamianis uflebebis arsebul mdgomareobaze, agreTve xeli Seuwyon adamianis uflebebis dacvas. euTo
aseve daxmarebas uwevs adamianis uflebebis saxelmwifo institutebs
im qveynebSi, sadac misiebi hyavs wargzavnili.
euTo mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda demokratiuli arCevnebis dakvirvebisas evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi, romlebic pluralistul demokratiebad gardaqmnis procesSi arian. euTos mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seaqvs agreTve evropaSi konfliqtebis mogvarebisa da konfliqtis
Semdgomi rekonstruqciis procesSi.
3. evrokavSiris politika adamianis uflebebis dargSi
evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, romelic 1957 w. Seiqmna, ar exeboda
iseT politikur sakiTxebs, rogoricaa adamianis uflebebi da evropis integracia, Tumca demokratia da adamianis uflebebis koncefcia
evropis samarTlebrivi wyobis wamyvani sakiTxi gaxda. mTavari roli
evropis sasamarTlom Seasrula. man Camoayaliba adamianis uflebebis
iurisdiqcia, romelic momdinareobda `wevri qveynebis saerTo konstituciuri tradiciebidan~ da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebidan,
40
romlebsac wevri qveynebi iyvnen mierTebulni, magaliTad adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciidan. zogierTi ufleba aigo sazogadoebrivi samarTlis zogad principebze, rogoricaa qonebis ufleba,
Sekrebis an religiis Tavisufleba, an Tanasworobis principi, rac
evropis sazogadoebriv samarTalSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.
1980-iani wlebidan evropis Tanamegobrobam SeimuSava adamianis uflebebis politika mesame samyaros qveynebTan dakavSirebiT, rac
agreTve aisaxa e. w. `kopenhagenis kriteriumebSi~ axali saxelmwifoebis cnobisTvis samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi.
2000 wels mowveul iqna konventi evrokavSiris fundamentur uflebaTa qartiis dasawerad, romelic 2000 wels nicis samitze iqna miRebuli. dResdReobiT es qartia evropis adamianis uflebebis yvelaze
Tanamedrove dokumentia. sayovelTao deklaraciis msgavsad is moicavs rogorc samoqalaqo da politikur, ise ekonomikur, socialur
da kulturul uflebebs, amasTan mas iuridiulad savaldebulo statusi ar aqvs. Tumca is SeiZleba im savaldebulo debulebaTa ganmartebad CaiTvalos, radgan Seicavs adamianis uflebebis ramdenime
valdebulebas, romlebic sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis
nawilsac Seadgenen. 1995 wlidan moyolebuli evrokavSiri Tavis
ormxriv xelSekrulebebSi moicavs adamianis uflebaTa klauzulebs.
mosalodnelia, rom evropis konstitucia, romelic axla muSavdeba,
sabolood gadawyvets adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa evropuli qartiisTvis iuridiuli statusis miniWebis sakiTxs.
evropis kavSiri adamianis uflebebis politikas SeimuSavebs rogorc
saSinao, ise sagareo urTierTobebisTvis, sadac is zogadi sagareo
da usafrTxoebis politikis nawils Seadgens. evrokavSiris sabWos
mier gamoqveynebuli yovelwliuri moxseneba adamianis uflebebis
Sesaxeb xazs usvams am politikis mniSvnelobas. sabWo akeTebs sajaro
gancxadebebs, magram is kulisebs miRmac aqtiuria: awarmoebs `adamianis uflebebis diplomatias~ da marTavs `dialogs adamianis uflebebze” evropis komisiasTan erTad zogierT qveyanasTan, magaliTad
CineTTan da iranTan. evrokavSiri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs
wamebis, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg brZolas.
1998 w. venaSi daarsda evrokavSiris rasizmisa da qsenofobiis monitoringis centri, raTa gadawyvitos evropaSi rasizmisa da qseno41
fobiis mzardi problema. imave wels mecamete muxli daemata evropis
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas, romelic sazogadoebas saSualebas aZlevs, daamarcxos diskriminacia rasis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, religiis an rwmenis, asakis, SezRuduli fizikuri SesaZleblobebis an seqsualuri orientaciis safuZvelze.
evrokavSiri did yuradRebas uTmobs agreTve Tanasworuflebianobis
sakiTxs. wevri qveynebi valdebulni arian, misdion `qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis~ princips da maTTvis Tanabari
SesaZleblobebi uzrunvelyon.
amerika
adamianis uflebebis Sidaamerikuli sistemis arseboba daiwyo adamianis uflebebisa da movaleobebis amerikuli deklaraciiT, romelic
1948 w. iqna miRebuli amerikis organizaciis qartiasTan erTad. am
organizaciis mier 1959 w. daarsebuli Sidaamerikuli komisia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sistemis mTavari organoa.
1969 wels ZalaSi Sevida amerikis konvencia adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT mas daemata ori oqmi: erTi ekonomikur, socialur
da kulturul uflebebze da meore sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. aSS am konvenciis wevri ar aris, Tumca komisia vaSingtonSia ganlagebuli. konvencia gaTvaliswinebulia agreTve adamianis uflebaTa Sidaamerikuli sasamarTlosTvis, romelic 1979 wels daarsda
da ganlagebulia kosta-rikaSi. iqve mdebareobs `adamianis uflebebis
Sidaamerikuli instituti~.
qalTa uflebebis dacvis yvelaze mZlavri instrumentia Sidaamerikuli konvencia qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aRkveTis, dasjis da aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (balem do paras konvencia), romelic ZalaSi 1955 w.
Sevida. konvenciis Tanaxmad, savaldebuloa regularuli angariSis
wardgena qalTa Sidaamerikuli komisiisaTvis, romelic 1928 wlidan
funqcionirebs. arsebobs agreTve specialuri momxsenebeli qalTa
uflebebis Taobaze.
adamianebs, jgufebsa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs SeuZliaT peticiiT mimarTon adamianis uflebaTa Sidaamerikul komisias, romelsac
SeuZlia moiTxovos informacia adamianis uflebebis dasacavad miRebuli
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zomebis Sesaxeb. Sidaamerikuli sasamarTlosTvis mimarTva mxolod
komisiis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic wyvets, Tu romeli saqme unda
ganixilos sasamarTlom. sasamarTlos SeuZlia agreTve sarekomendacio
azris gamoTqma konvenciis interpretaciis Taobaze. komisiis msgavsad
sasamarTlos eqvsi wevri hyavs da mudmivmoqmedi ar aris.
komisias SeuZlia awarmoos gamoZieba adgilze da aqveynebs specialur
moxsenebebs gansakuTrebul sakiTxebze. ramdenime arasamTavrobo
organizacia exmareba adamianis uflebebis darRvevis msxverplT, raTa maTi saqmeebi adamianis uflebaTa Sidaamerikul komisiasa da sasamarTlos gadaeces.
afrika
adamianis uflebebis afrikuli sistema 1981 wels Seiqmna adamianisa
da xalxTa uflebebis Sesaxeb afrikuli qartiis miRebiT. mis safuZvelze arsebobs adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli komisia,
romelic 11 wevrisgan Sedgeba da gambiaSi mdebareobs. dReisaTvis
afrikis kavSiris 53-ive wevrma qveyanam moaxdina qartiis ratifikacia,
romelic adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis midgomas
imeorebs da erT dokumentSi uyris Tavs adamianis uflebebis yvela
kategorias. preambulaSi aRniSnulia `afrikuli civilizaciis faseuloba~, rac xels uwyobs adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis afrikul
koncefcias. adamianis uflebebis garda is acxadebs xalxTa uflebebs, ganmartavs valdebulebebs ojaxisa da sazogadoebis mimarT, rasac, miuxedavad amisa, praqtikaSi naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs.
komisia farTo mandatiT sargeblobs adamianis uflebebis xelSewyobis sferoSi. mas SeuZlia agreTve miiRos saCivrebi qveynebisgan (rac
jerjerobiT ar momxdara), adamianebisa da jgufebisgan. miRebis kriteriumebi farToa da iTvaliswinebs agreTve urTierTobas arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan darRvevebis msxverplTa saxeliT. miuxedavad amisa, komisias ar SeuZlia miiRos iuridiulad savaldebulo
gadawyvetilebebi. es iyo erT-erTi mizezi qartiis oqmis miRebisa
adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli sasamarTlos dafuZnebis
Taobaze, romelic ZalSi Seva mas Semdeg, rac 15 qveyana moaxdens mis
ratifikacias. sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi Seva 11 mosamarTle. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT, pirdapir mimarTon
sasamarTlos, Tu saxelmwifo amasTan dakavSirebiT specialur
43
gancxadebas gaakeTebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi mas saCivrebis miReba mxolod
komisiis gavliT SeuZlia, iseve, rogorc Sidaamerikul sistemaSi.
komisia aqveynebs regularul moxsenebebs TiToeul qveyanaze, Tumca isini
xSirad aradamakmayofileblad asaxavs mdgomareobas adamianis uflebebis
mxriv. gaeros praqtikis msgavsad komisias hyavs specialuri momxseneblebi
araoficialuri, TviTneburi aRsrulebis Taobaze, cixeebSi da dakavebis
pirobebTan dakavSirebiT da qalTa mdgomareobaze.
komisia aseve agzavnis sagamoZiebo misiebs da awyobs Sexvedrebs gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT. afrikis arasamTavrobo organizaciebs ufleba aqvT, daeswron komisiis yvela sajaro Sexvedras.
isini xSirad warudgenen komisias darRvevebis saqmeebs da xels uwyoben komisiis saqmianobas. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom mTavrobebi qartias erovnul samarTlebriv sistemebSic iyeneben.
gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis mixedviT 1990 wels miRebul
iqna afrikis qartia bavSvTa uflebebisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb.
qartiiT gaTvaliswinebulia afrikis eqspertTa komiteti bavSvTa
uflebebisa da keTildReobis Taobaze, romelic weliwadSi erTxel
mainc unda Seikribos. Tumca am qartiis ratifikaciis procesi ferxdeba da Sedegebis winaswarmetyveleba rTulia.
sxva regionebi
arabuli qartia adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb SeimuSaves arabma eqspertebma da damtkicebul iqna arabuli qveynebis ligis sabWos mier
1994 w., Tumca 2002 wlamde ZalaSi ar Sesula.
miuxedavad samxreT aziis asociaciis mravali mcdelobisa, bavSvTa
keTildReobis regionul uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT 2002 w.
mieRo konvencia, jer ver moxerxda aziaSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
instrumentis miReba an adamianis uflebebis komisiis daarseba. Tumca
mimdinareobs regionuli integracia Asean-isa da azia-wynari okeanis
adamianis uflebaTa saxelmwifo institutebis forumis farglebSi,
rac SesaZloa aziis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisiis SeqmniT damTavrdes. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze 100-ze metma aziurma arasamTavrobo organizaciam 1998 w. miiRo `aziis adamianis uflebaTa
qartia~, rogorc saxalxo qartia.
44
Tavi 4.
sisxlis samarTlis
saerTaSoriso
iurisdiqcia
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo Camoyalibda, rogorc
mudmivmoqmedi tribunali, 1998 w.
romSi miRebuli statutis Tanaxmad.
misi iurisdiqcia moicavs iseT danaSaulebs, rogoric aris genocidi,
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSauli, rac gamoixateba samoqalaqo mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg sistematur TavdasxmaSi, maT Soris gaupatiurebis, seqsualuri monobis,
iZulebiT dafexmZimebis an seqsualuri Zaladobis sxva SemTxvevebi,
agreTve xalxis Zaladobrivi gziT
gataceba da msgavsi arahumanuri
aqtebi, rac adamianebs did fizikur
da sulier tkivils ayenebs.
yofili iugoslaviis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunali uSiSroebis sabWos mier Seiqmna 1993
wels haagaSi, rogorc specialuri
tribunali, romelic ganixilavda
adamianis uflebaTa masobriv darRvevebs yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze. mis kompetenciaSi Sedis
Jenevis 1994 wlis konvenciis darRvevebze muSaoba, romelSic Sedis
45
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis msxverplTa dacva, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, rogoricaa mkvleloba, wameba, gaupatiureba an sxva msgavsi arahumanuri qmedebebi, Cadenili SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtisa da genocidis dros. iugoslaviis tribunals hyavs saerTo prokurori ruandis saerTaSoriso kriminalur tribunalTan,
romelic aruSaSi 1994 w. genocidis Semdeg daarsda. specialuri tribunalebi funqcionirebs agreTve siera-leonesa da kambojaSi.
iseve, rogorc iugoslaviisa da ruandis tribunalebi, saerTaSoriso
kriminaluri sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia erovnuli iurisdiqciis damatebaa. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos ar Seswevs unari an
ar surs gaasamarTlos damnaSaveebi, saqmes saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
iRebs. yvela tribunali eyrdnoba individualuri pasuxismgeblobis
princips, miuxedavad braldebulis samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobisa.
46
Tavi 5.
adamianis uflebebi da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
adamianis uflebaTa sistemis CamoyalibebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo sazogadoebis zegavlena, rac ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo organizaciebisgan modis. isini
adamianis uflebebis xelSewyobisa
da dacvisTvis mTavari moqmedi pirebi arian samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi xSirad erTi romelime mimarTulebiT muSaoben, magaliTad, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis, mediis Tavisuflebis an wamebis, arahumanuri da
damamcirebeli mopyrobis aRkveTis
uzrunvelsayofad. iseTi organizacia, rogoricaa Amnesty Internationl,
xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT specialur meTodebs mimarTavs. aseTi strategia, romelic damoukidebeli mediis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi
gamodges. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis xelisuflebaze da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmia maRali donis moxsenebebi, romlebic faqtebze dayrdnobiT iqmneba. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis kidev erTi efeqturi
47
midgomaa saerTaSoriso makontrolebeli organoebisaTvis `Crdilovani moxsenebis~ wardgena saxelmwifos oficialuri angariSebis paralelurad.
adamianis uflebebis damcvelTa deklaraciis (generaluri asambleis
1998 w. rezoluciis) Tanaxmad, adamianis uflebebze momuSave xalxs
da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs saqmianobisTvis saTanado Tavisufleba unda mieniWoT da daculi unda iyvnen yovelgvari devnisgan.
zogierT qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa damcvel saerTaSoriso organizaciebs akritikeben da TavianTi saqmianobis gamo idevnebian.
msoflioSi uamravi SemTxveva yofila, rodesac adamianis uflebebis
damcveli aqtivistebi daupatimrebiaT TavianTi kanonieri saqmianobisTvis. saxelmwifom es aqtivistebi unda daicvas ara marto sakuTari warmomadgenlebisgan _ policiisgan, aramed Zaladobrivi dajgufebebisganac.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi mTavar rols asruleben agreTve adamianis uflebebis swavlebaSi kurikulumis SeqmniT, treningebis CatarebiTa da saWiro masalebis momzadebiT. globalur doneze didi
mniSvneloba hqonda gaeros adamianis uflebaTa aTwleuls, romelmac
ganviTarebad qveynebSi xeli Seuwyo adamianis uflebaTa saswavlo
institutebis Seqmnas.
arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa qselma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
SeiZina qalTa TanasworuflebianobisTvis da maTi dacvisTvis brZolaSi.
48
Tavi 6.
globaluri gamowveva
adamianis
uflebebisaTvis
ramdenime aTeuli wlis warmatebuli saqmianobis Sedegad adamianis uflebebis ZiriTad gamowvevad iqca valdebulebaTa Sesruleba. ramdenime axali meTodi iqna
SemuSavebuli imisaTvis, rom gaZlierdes adamianis uflebaTa implementacia adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso doneze, maT Soris, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis ufro
aqtiuri damokidebuleba, rac gamoixateba adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis saerTaSoriso misiebSi warmomadgenlebis wargzavnasa da adamianis uflebebis pativiscemis institucionalizaciaSi, rasac savaraudod aseve mZlavri prevenciuli Sedegebi unda mohyves.
adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema
adgilobriv da erovnul doneze
Zlierdeba aseve adgilobrivi institutebis SesaZleblobaTa gazrdiT, anu adamianis uflebaTa popularizaciisa da monitoringisTvis adamianis uflebebis erovnuli institutebis Camoyalibe49
biT. am procesSi mTavar rols asruleben arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi. jer kidev
arsebobs standartebis Camoyalibebis problema iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad bavSvTa uflebebis dacva, bioteqnologia,
genuri inJineria da adamianis organoebiT vaWrobis sakiTxebi.
amave dros arsebuli adamianis uflebebi ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba
ZiriTad uflebebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT. axal midgomas saWiroebs agreTve yuradRebis gamaxvileba adamianis uflebebsa da humanitarul samarTals Soris kavSirebis gaRrmavebaze. igive exeba adamianis uflebebsa da ltolvilTa samarTals, rogorc ltolvilTa
problemebis aRkveTis, ise maTi dabrunebis sakiTxis doneze. iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs saxelmZRvanelo
principebi. es ukavSirdeba adamianis uflebebisa da konfliqtebis
prevenciis sakiTxs, agreTve konfliqtis Semdgomi reabilitaciis
sakiTxs, rac adamianis uflebebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis safuZvelze unda ganxorcieldes.
angariSvaldebuleba adamianis uflebebis darRvevisaTvis da maTi
pativiscema globaluri problemaa. es unda moeTxovebodes ara marto
calkeul pirebs, aramed iseT arasaxelmwifoebriv aqtorebs, rogoricaa transnacionaluri korporaciebi, da mTavrobaTSoris organizaciebs: msoflio banks, saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msoflio savaWro organizacias.
axali gamowveva adamianis usafrTxoebisa da adamianis uflebebis
dacvis sakiTxSi ganpirobebulia saxelmwifoebis mier gaZlierebuli
antiteroristuli zomebis miRebiT 11 seqtembris Semdeg, romelic
nawilobriv adamianis uflebebis SezRudviT dasrulda.
50
Tavi 7.
wamebis akrZalva
`dauSvebelia vinmes mimarT wamebis
an sastiki, araadamianuri Tu Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis an sasjelis gamoyeneba~.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, me-5 muxli
samyaro wamebis gareSe
farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis
sawinaaRmdegod, rom wameba mxolod Rarib da `aracivilizebul~
sazogadoebebSi xdeba, wamebis praqtika msoflio masStabiT saxelmwifoTa 2/3-Si gvxvdeba, maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis CaTvliT. gansxvaveba mxolod wamebisa da sastiki mopyrobis sxva saxeebis gamoyenebis raodenobasa da formebSia.
wamebis akrZalva absoluturi xasiaTisaa, rac mravali saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebiT aris uzrunvelyofili. adamianis ufleba wamebisgan
Tavisuflebaze uflebaTa im ricxvs
ganekuTvneba, romelTa SezRudvac
51
saxelmwifos aranairi safuZvliT ar SeuZlia. akrZalvis miuxedavad,
rogorc wamebis, ise araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis
SemTxvevebi Zalze xSirad xdeba.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma da informaciis gavrcelebis meTodebis srulyofam SesaZlebeli gaxada wamebasa da sastiki mopyrobis sxva formebze msoflios yuradRebis koncentrireba. SemuSavda wamebis akrZalvisa da
prevenciis mkacri saerTaSoriso standartebi. maTi aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Seiqmna uamravi sagamoZiebo, monitoringisa Tu
zedamxedvelobis funqciebis matarebeli organizacia rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso doneze.
ra aris wameba?
wamebis samarTlebrivi cneba mocemulia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvenciaSi wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da sasjelis winaaRmdeg (saqarTvelos mier ratificirebul iqna 1994 wlis 22 seqtembers). konvenciis pirvel
muxlSi vkiTxulobT:
`wameba aris Tanamdebobis piris an oficialuri uflebamosilebis
Semsruleblis an misi waqezebiT an TanxmobiT sxva piris ganzraxi
qmedeba, romelic adamians ayenebs mZime tkivils an tanjvas, rogorc
fizikurs, ise fsiqologiurs...~
rogorc vxedavT, wameba mxolod fizikuri tkivilis gamomwvevi qmedeba ar aris. igi SeiZleba fsiqologiur zemoqmedebaSic gamoixatos.
fizikuri an fsiqologiuri tkivilis Segnebuli miyeneba rogorc
wamebis, ise araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis damaxasiaTebeli niSania. gansxvaveba araadamianur, Rirsebis Semlaxav mopyrobasa da wamebas Soris damokidebulia Cadenili qmedebis bunebaze,
mizansa da gamovlenili sisastikis simZimeze. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, rac ufro sastik, mtkivneul da mizanmimarTul qmedebasTan
gvaqvs saqme, miT ufro izrdeba imis albaToba, rom igi wamebad CaiTvalos.
52
wamebis mizani SeiZleba iyos rogorc pirisgan ama Tu im informaciis
an aRiarebis miReba, ise misi dasja im qmedebisaTvis, romelic man an
sxva pirma Caidina, an romlis CadenaSic igi aris eWvmitanili. wameba
an sastiki mopyrobis sxva forma SesaZloa aseve piris daSinebis an
iZulebis mizans emsaxurebodes an sxva, maT Soris diskriminaciaze
(diskriminacia erovnuli an eTnikuri warmoSobis, rasis, kanis feris
da a. S. mixedviT) damyarebuli, mizeziT iyos ganpirobebuli.
wamebad ar CaiTvleba is fsiqologiuri Tu fizikuri tanjva an tkivili, romelic kanonieri sanqciisa da sasjelis gamoyenebis dros
SeiZleba ganicados adamianma (mag., sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebisas).
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia gamovyoT wamebis
sami ZiriTadi elementi:
Segnebuli qmedeba, romelic iwvevs sastik fizikur an fsiqologiur tanjvas;
qmedeba emsaxureba gansazRvrul mizans;
qmedeba Cadenilia Tanamdebobis piris an oficialuri uflebamosilebis Semsruleblis mier.
wamebis meTodebi _ rogor xdeba wameba?
nebismieri sagani, dawyebuli wyliT da gagrZelebuli sayofacxovrebo sagnebiT, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos wamebis iaraRad. Tumca
dResdReobiT wamebis meTodebi imdenad ganviTarda, rom zogierTi
maTgani ar tovebs xilul kvals msxverplis sxeulze, magram ziani
moaqvs adamianis Sinagani organoebisa da fsiqologiuri mdgomareobisaTvis.
wamebis meTodebi SeiZleba or ZiriTad jgufad davyoT: fizikuri
da fsiqologiuri.
fizikuri wameba iwvevs msxverplis sastik tkivils da tanjvas. fizikuri wamebisaTvis yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi meTodebia cema
xelketebiT da rkinis sagnebiT, aseve eleqtroSokis, gagudvisa da
sigaretiT dawvis xerxebi.
53
fsiqologiuri wameba moicavs gamofitvisa da deprivaciis iseT meTodebs, rogoricaa sakvebis, wylis, Zilisa da sanitaruli saSualebebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis CamorTmeva. fsiqologiur wamebad
CaiTvleba aseve komunikaciis SesaZleblobis CamorTmevis xerxi, rogoricaa TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris sruli mowyveta gare samyarosgan an sxva patimrebisgan. aRsaniSnavia aseve iZulebisa da daSinebis meTodi, rac sxvaTa wamebis yurebis iZulebaSi, sikvdiliT dasjis muqaraSi an sistematur damcirebaSi vlindeba. aseve xSirad gamoiyeneba sqesobrivi Zaladoba, rogorc orive _ fsiqologiuri da
fizikuri _ wamebis meTodi.
wamebis motivebi _ ratom xdeba wameba?
wamebis motivebi mravalgvaria. Zalauflebis demonstrirebis an
ubralod sisustis dafarvis survili xSirad gadaizrdeba xolme wamebaSi an sastiki mopyrobis sxva formaSi.
Tu istorias gadavavlebT Tvals, wameba ZiriTadad politikuri
represiis, dasjisa da SurisZiebis saSualeba iyo. dRes igi, rogorc
wesi, informaciisa da aRiarebis miRebis iaraRad gamoiyeneba.
wameba xSirad adamianis daSinebis, aseve masSi usargeblobisa da daucvelobis grZnobis gaRvivebis da Sedegad misi pirovnulobis dangrevis mizniT gamoiyeneba.
yvela msgavsi qmedeba, riTac ar unda iyos igi motivirebuli, did
zegavlenas axdens wamebis msxverplze. fizikur reabilitacias
xSirad wlebi sWirdeba, wamebis fsiqologiuri Sedegebi ki msxverplis mTel cxovrebas gasdevs kvalad.
wamebis, araadamianuri
da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis msxverplni da Camdenni
wamebis msxverpli SeiZleba gaxdes yvela, gansakuTrebiT im sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar arsebobs kanonis uzenaesobis tradicia. sastik
mopyrobas ZiriTadad vxvdebiT sapatimroebSi, policiis ganyofilebebsa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi.
dakavebuli pirebi da patimrebi adamianebis gansakuTrebulad daucveli jgufia, vinaidan isini TiTqmis srulad arian damokidebulni
54
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebze. dakavebis adgili Tavisi arsiT Caketili sivrcea, Sesabamisad dakavebuli pirebi xSirad sazogadoebis
yuradRebisgan mowyvetilad grZnoben Tavs. es imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom arcTu iSviaTad isini adamianTa im kategorias ganekuTvnebian, romelTa mimarT sazogadoebis did nawils arakeTilganwyobili damokidebuleba aqvs.
wamebisa da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis msxverplad xSirad gvevlinebian umciresobebis (socialuri, religiuri, eTnikuri da a. S.) warmomadgenlebi, aseve sxva qveynis moqalaqe ltolvilebi da TavSesafris maZiebelni.
wamebis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso standartebis
Sesruleba da kontroli
1948 wlidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis debulebebi wamebisa da sastiki, araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis akrZalvis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda da gaumjobesda. mravalma
saxelmwifom moaxdina amgvari debulebebis Semcveli saerTaSoriso
aqtebis ratificireba.
saerTaSoriso doneze gaeros wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti da gaeros specialuri momxsenebeli wamebis sakiTxebze arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT zedamxedvelobas uweven
saxelmwifoebis mier wamebis sawinaaRmdego saerTaSoriso standartebis dacvas.
gaeros wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti Seiqmna wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis winaaRmdeg gaeros
konvenciis me-17 muxlis safuZvelze da amowmebs konvenciis wevri
saxelmwifoebis angariSebs wamebis faqtebis Taobaze, romelTa wardgenac yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel unda moxdes. xsenebuli komiteti
uflebamosilia, moiTxovos damatebiTi informaciis warmodgena
qveynebis angariSebSi moyvanili faqtebis Taobaze.
specialuri momxseneblis instituti Seiqmna gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiis rezoluciiT wamebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Semowmebis, sando informaciis moZiebisa da mis safuZvelze efeqturi
reagirebisaTvis. specialuri momxsenebeli komisias yovelwliurad
55
warudgens moxsenebas gaweuli samuSaos Sesaxeb, sadac mimoxilulia
qveynebSi arsebuli wamebis praqtika da SemuSavebulia rekomendaciebi misi aRmofxvrisaTvis.
konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki,
araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis winaaRmdeg
_ fakultatiuri oqmi
2002 wels niu-iorkSi gamarTul gaeros generaluri asambleis sxdomaze SemuSavebul iqna wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis sawinaaRmdego konvenciis fakultatiuri
oqmi. oqmis mizania wamebisa da sastiki mopyrobis sxva formebis aRkveTa saerTaSoriso da erovnul doneze saeqsperto organizaciebis
SeqmniT, romlebic regularulad Seamowmeben Tavisuflebis SezRudvis adgilebs maTi sistematuri monaxulebis gziT. es organizaciebi
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis adgilebis Semowmebis Sedegebis mixedviT
SeimuSaveben rekomendaciebs TavisuflebaSezRuduli pirebisadmi
mopyrobisa da dakavebulTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
vizitebi Tavisuflebis SezRudvis adgilebSi wamebis faqtebis aRkveTisa da dakavebul pirTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa. Sesabamisad oqmi wingadadgmuli nabijia
wamebis, araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise erovnuli prevenciis meqanizmebis gaZlierebis
TvalsazrisiT.
wamebis sruli aRmofxvra mxolod maSin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rodesac saerTaSoriso standartebi qveynebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
aisaxeba. swored amitom sasicocxlod aucilebelia erovnuli kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia saerTaSoriso standartebTan da wamebis
faqtebis monitoringis erovnuli sistemebis Seqmna.
wamebisa da araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa
da sasjelis aRsrulebis evropuli komiteti
wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropuli komiteti Seiqmna wamebisa da araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da sasjelis aRsrulebis
evropuli konvenciis safuZvelze. komiteti Sedgeba eqimebis, advo56
katebisa da policiis, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebisa da adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebSi momuSave eqspertebisgan.
komiteti TavisuflebaSezRuduli pirebisadmi mopyrobas policiis
ganyofilebebSi, sapatimroebSi, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi da
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi vizitebis gziT amowmebs.
komisia periodulad amowmebs konvenciis wevr saxelmwifoebs, Tumca
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi specialur vizitebsac axorcielebs. komitetis daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi Sedis konfidencialur moxsenebaSi Sesabamisi qveynis mTavrobis mimarT. konfidencialurobis
mizani komitetsa da mTavrobas Soris konstruqciuli da ndobaze
dafuZnebuli urTierTobis uzrunvelyofaa.
Tuki romelime saxelmwifo uars ganacxadebs komitetTan TanamSromlobaze da misi rekomendaciebis Sesrulebaze, wamebis Tavidan
acilebis evropuli komiteti uflebamosilia, gamoiyenos politikuri zewolis meTodi sajaro gancxadebis gakeTebiT.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saqmianoba
1961 wlis maisSi britanelma advokatma gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT
`miviwyebuli patimrebi~, riTac faqtobrivad saTave daedo msoflio
masStabiT wamebis aRmofxvrisa da zogadad adamianis uflebaTa sakiTxebze momuSave yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi da efeqturi saerTaSoriso moZraobis `Amnesty International~-is Camoyalibebas. moZraoba
milionze meti wevrisgan Sedgeba da moicavs daaxloebiT 7 800 adgilobriv, axalgazrdul, specialistTa da profesiul jgufebs 100mde qveyanaSi.
`Amnesty International~ yovelwliurad axorcielebs adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebul programebs. 2000 wlis oqtomberSi man SeimuSava
wamebis prevenciis ramdenimepunqtiani programa. `Amnesty International~ yvela saxelmwifos mouwodebs wamebis prevenciisaTvis aucilebeli Semdegi zomebis miRebas:
1. wamebis oficialuri gakicxva
saxelmwifos yvela umaRlesma Tanamdebobis pirma mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba unda daafiqsiros wamebis mimarT. samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebs unda ganemartoT, rom wamebis
arc erTi faqti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba Sewynarebuli.
57
2. dakavebul pirTa izolaciis SezRudva
wameba xSirad xdeba msxverplis izolaciaSi yofnis dros, rodesac
SeuZlebelia gare samyarosTan kavSiris damyareba da im adamianebTan
dakavSireba, romelTac potenciurad xelewifebaT daxmarebis aRmoCena. xelisufleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom piris izolaciaSi
yofna misi wamebis SesaZleblobad ar iqces. Zalze mniSvnelovania,
rom dakavebulis naTesavebs, advokatebs da eqimebs operatiulad SeeZloT maTTan dakavSireba da Sexvedra.
3. saidumlo dakavebis akrZalva
xSirad wameba saidumlo Senobebsa Tu oTaxebSi mimdinareobs, rogorc
wesi, mas Semdeg, rac xdeba msxverplTa `gauCinareba~. Sesabamisad
uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes, rom advokatebisa da naTesavebisaTvis
zustad iyos cnobili dakavebulTa adgilsamyofeli.
4. dacvis garantiebi dakiTxvisa da dakavebisas
qveynis xelisufleba valdebulia, regularuli zedamxedveloba gauwios dakavebisa da dakiTxvis procesSi kanoniT dadgenili procedurebis dacvas. dakavebisas pirovnebas dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos
Tavisi uflebebis, maT Soris policielTa mxridan mopyrobis Taobaze
saCivris wardgenis uflebis, Sesaxeb. aucilebelia Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis adgilebis sistematuri damoukidebeli Semowmeba.
5. wamebis Sesaxeb saCivarTa miukerZoebeli gamoZieba
qveynis xelisufleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos wamebis Sesaxeb yvela
saCivris miukerZoebeli da efeqturi gamoZieba. aucilebelia momCivanTa da mowmeTa dacva daSinebis yovelgvari mcdelobisgan.
6. wamebis gziT miRebuli Cvenebebis dauSvebloba
qveynis xelisufleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom wamebis saSualebiT miRebul aRiarebas da sxva mtkicebulebebs iuridiuli Zala
ar gaaCndes.
7. wamebis akrZalva kanonis safuZvelze
qveynis xelisufleba valdebulia, sisxlis samarTlebriv danaSaulad
gamoacxados wameba. wamebis akrZalvis moTxovnis ugulebelyofa dauSvebelia nebismieri garemoebis arsebobis miuxedavad, saomari viTarebisa da sagangebo mdgomareobis CaTvliT.
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8. wamebaSi braldebulTa samarTlebrivi devna
wamebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi marTlmsajulebis winaSe unda wardgnen. am principis gamoyeneba savaldebuloa miuxedavad damnaSavisa
Tu msxverplis erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, religiuri
Tu rasobrivi kuTvnilebisa.
9. specialuri momzadeba
aucilebelia patimarTa zedamxedvelobasa da dakiTxvaSi monawile
xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa mudmivi treningi, romlis ganmavlobaSic maT unda ganemartoT, rom wameba danaSauls warmoadgens
da isini valdebulni arian, ar daemorCilon nebismier brZanebas wamebis Sesaxeb.
10. kompensacia da reabilitacia
wamebis msxverpls da masze materialurad damokidebul pirs unda
hqondeT finansuri kompensaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba. wamebis
msxverpli aseve uzrunvelyofili unda iyos samedicino momsaxurebiT da reabilitaciis absoluturi uflebiT.
11. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ratifikacia
saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian, moaxdinon wamebis sawinaaRmdego
garantiebis Semcveli ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso aqtebis, maT Soris samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtisa da misi
fakultatiuri oqmis, ratifikacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs individualuri saCivrebis miRebis proceduras.
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Tavi 8.
aradiskriminacia
`yvelas aqvs ufleba, isargeblos
deklaraciaSi ganmtkicebuli uflebebiT da TavisuflebebiT yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe,
ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa,
sqesisa, enisa, religiisa, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebisa, erovnuli an socialuri warmoSobisa,
qonebrivi mdgomareobisa, dabadebis adgilis an sxva niSnisa...~
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, me-2 muxli
diskriminacia:
dausrulebeli brZola
TanasworobisaTvis
principi, romlis mixedviTac yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tanasworia
da Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobs, adamianis uflebaTa cnebis
qvakuTxedia da TiToeuli adamianis Tandayolili Rirsebidan gamomdinareobs. amis miuxedavad Tanasworobis am bunebiTi uflebis
sruli realizeba arasodes momxdara. adamianTa modgmis dasawyisidan diskriminacia sxvadasxva for60
miT vlindeboda da yovelTvis problemas warmoadgenda. diskriminaciis msxverplni arian gansxvavebuli religiuri, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, seqsualuri orientaciis, fizikuri an fsiqologiuri naklis mqone adamianebi. diskriminaciis aRmoCena iolia
Cven mier gamoyenebul leqsikaSic, romliTac sakuTar Tavs, xSirad
aragamiznulad, zogjer ki mizanmimarTuladac, sxvebisgan ganvasxvavebT. diskriminaciis imdenad mravalricxovani saxeoba arsebobs,
rom savaraudod yvelas ganucdia igi ama Tu im formiT.
am TavSi aqcenti gakeTdeba diskriminaciis yvelaze gavrcelebul
formebze, kerZod diskriminaciaze rasis, kanis ferisa da eTnikuri
warmoSobis mixedviT, qsenofobiasa da SeuwynareblobasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva problematur sakiTxze.
istoriulad biologiuri gansxvavebebi borotad gamoiyeneboda
`uzenaesi~ da `umdablesi~ rasebis arsebobis gamarTlebisa da rasis
niadagze adamianebis dayofisaTvis. magaliTad, Carlz darvinis Teoriebi evoluciisa da Zlieris gadarCenis Sesaxeb rasobrivi upiratesobis `mecnieruli~ dasabuTebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. diskriminaciisa da rasizmis formebi asaxuli iyo aseve kastebis indur
sistemasa da Zveli saberZneTisa da CineTis koncefciebSi kulturuli upiratesobis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, rasizmis preistoria msoflio
masStabiT ebraelebis devniT iyo gamorCeuli. espaneTis koloniurma
mmarTvelobam, gansakuTrebiT XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, pirvelad daawesa
Tanamedrove rasobrivi kasturi sazogadoeba `axal samyaroSi~ (samxreT amerikis kontinenti), sadac `sisxli~ uzenaes principad iqca. am
sistemis msxverplad iqcnen aborigeni indielebi da afrikidan deportirebuli monebi. `axal samyaroSi~ termini `negri~ `umdablesi~
rasis wevri monis sinonimad gamoiyeneboda. me-18 saukunis bolosa
da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi rasizmis ideologia sxva ganzomilebaSi
gadaizarda. amerikaSi samoqalaqo omis Semdgom Statebis konfederaciaSi rasobrivma dapirispirebam da ku-kluqs-klanis mier SavkanianTa Seviwroebam daisadgura. evropeli kolonistebic sargeblobdnen am ideologiiT, cdilobdnen ra socialuri darvinizmis Teoriis
gavrcelebas afrikis kontinentze TavianTi Zalauflebis dawesebisa
da SenarCunebisaTvis. me-20 saukune gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda rasizmis gamovlinebis formebis mravalferovnebiT: nacisturi reJimis
rasobrivi SuRli evropaSi, instituciuri rasobrivi diskriminacia
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samxreT afrikis aparTeidis sistemaSi an eTnikurad da rasobrivad
motivirebuli genocidebi yofil iugoslaviasa da ruandaSi.
aseTi istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT diskriminaciis sayovelTao akrZalva aisaxa TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasa da erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. amis miuxedavad, diskriminacia
rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, rwmenis, msoflmxedvelobis, eTnikuri,
kulturuli da socialuri warmoSobis, sqesobrivi orientaciisa da
sxva niSnebis mixedviT adamianis uflebaTa im kategorias ganekuTvneba, romelic yvelaze xSirad irRveva Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
diskriminaciis gansazRvreba
arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, erTi mxriv, pirad mosazrebebsa
da, meore mxriv, maT safuZvelze motivirebul konkretul qmedebebs
Soris. pirveli TiToeuli adamianis pirad cxovrebas miekuTvneba,
meore ki gulisxmobs qcevas, romelic sxvebsac Seexeba. sanam mosazreba qmedebaSi ar gadaizrdeba, is ar ayenebs zians sxvebs da ar eqvemdebareba akrZalvas kanonis safuZvelze. Tumca, rogorc wesi, rasistuli da qsenofobiuri Sexedulebebi xSirad damcirebaSi, Seuracxyofasa da TviT fizikur agresiaSic ki gadaizrdeba xolme. aseTi qmedebebi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc diskriminacia da garkveuli
pirobebis arsebobisas kanoniT isjeba.
tradiciulad adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso
meqanizmebi saxelmwifos diskriminaciuli zemoqmedebisgan adamianis
dacvis principis uzrunvelyofazea orientirebuli. amis mizezia
damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba, rom diskriminaciis ZiriTadi subieqtebi
saxelmwifoebi arian. es midgoma mxolod ukanasknel xanebSi Seicvala
diskriminaciis ufro metad gaazrebiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
mravali diskriminaciuli incidentis inciatorebi swored kerZo
pirebi arian.
diskriminaciis definicia: diskriminacia, rogorc gamorCeva, SezRudva an upiratesobis miniWeba Tanabari uflebebisa da maTi dacvis
uaryofis mizniT, aris Tanasworobis principis Selaxva da adamianis
Rirsebis xelyofa. gansxvavebuli mopyrobis mizezebze saubrisas
SeiZleba gamovyoT diskriminacia rasis, eTnikuri warmoSobis, kanis
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feris, sqesis, religiis, sqesobrivi orientaciisa da sxva niSnebis
safuZvelze, Tumca aseve aucilebelia imis mxedvelobaSi miRebac,
rom yvela saxis gamorCeuli damokidebuleba ar aris diskriminacia
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis TvalsazrisiT. amis miuxedavad, mxolod gonivrul da obieqtur kriteriumze damyarebuli gamorCeuli
mopyroba SeiZleba iyos gamarTlebul demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
magaliTi: saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e muxlis Tanaxmad, arCevnebsa da referendumSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba ara aqvs moqalaqes, romelic sasamarTlom qmeduunarod cno an sasamarTlos ganaCeniT sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi imyofeba.
diskriminaciis sami ZiriTadi elementi: zogadad SeiZleba gamoiyos
sami mTavari elementi, romlebic saerToa diskriminaciis yvela formisaTvis:
qmedebebi, romlebic diskriminaciad iTvleba: gamorCeva, SezRudva da upiratesobis miniWeba.
diskriminaciis mizezebi, iseTi personaluri maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa rasa, kanis feri, erovnuli/eTnikuri warmoSoba, sqesi,
asaki da a. S.
diskriminaciis miznebi anda Sedegebi: diskriminaciis msxverplTa
mier sakuTari uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT sargeblobis
aRkveTa. erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvaoT pirdapiri diskriminacia, rodesac piri garkveuli adamianis/jgufis diskriminacias
isaxavs miznad, da arapirdapiri diskriminacia, rodesac erTi SexedviT sruliad neitraluri qmedeba de facto iwvevs erTi adamianis/jgufis gamorCevas.
diskriminaciis sxva mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi: rogorc wesi,
diskriminacias sazogadoebaSi moqmedi gavleniani jgufebi axorcieleben. gavlenis safuZvels SeiZleba warmoadgendes raodenobrivi
upiratesoba (umravlesoba VS. umciresoba) an Zalaufleba (maRali
klasi VS. dabali klasi). Tavisi gavlenis wyalobiT erTi jgufi meores ise epyroba, rogorc naklebad mniSvnelovans da xSirad uaryofs
mis wevrTa uflebebs.
aseve aRsaniSnavia pozitiuri diskriminaciis, anu `pozitiuri moqmedebis~, sakiTxi. es termini aRwers xelisuflebis mier miRebul speci63
alur zomebs, romlebic gamiznulia de facto Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisa da diskriminaciis instituciuri formebis aRmofxvrisaTvis. instituciur diskriminaciaSi igulisxmeba iseTi politika,
kanonebi da Cveulebebi, romlebic iwveven sistematur uTanasworobasa da diskriminacias sazogadoebaSi, organizaciasa Tu dawesebulebaSi. amis miuxedavad, pozitiuri moqmedebis sakiTxi garkveul
problemebTan aris dakavSirebuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi faqtobrivad erTi jgufis gamorCevas niSnavs warsuli uTanasworobis
kompensirebis mizniT. amis magaliTia garkveuli jgufebisTvis _
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis _ fundamenturi TavisuflebebiT sargeblobis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa, gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis sferoebSi.
am saxis gamorCeuli damokidebuleba mxolod maSin ar CaiTvleba diskriminaciad, Tu is samarTliani da gonivrulia, ar iwvevs adamianis
uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT Tanaswor safuZvelze sargeblobis
uflebis gauqmebas an darRvevas da emsaxureba:
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ganxorcielebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofas;
sazogadoebrivi mravalferovnebis, TviTmyofadobisa da TiToeuli pirisa da jgufis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas.
rasizmi
rasizmi udidesi zianis momtania pirTa garkveuli jgufis izolaciis,
adamianebisaTvis sulieri tkivilis miyenebisa da sazogadoebis daqsaqsvis TvalsazrisiT. aqtiuri rasizmi, iseve, rogorc rasaze damyarebuli privilegiis pasiuri miReba, damangrevelad zemoqmedebs rasobrivi usamarTlobis SemoqmedTa da msxverplTa mentalur janmrTelobasa da fsiqologiur mdgomareobaze. rasizmisa da masTan dakavSirebuli Seuwynareblobis mizezebi da Sedegebi kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa da moicavs samarTlebriv daucvelobas da diskriminacias, ekonomikur zians da saganmanaTleblo saSualebebis araxelmisawvdomobas,
socialur da politikur marginalizacias da fsiqologiur tanjvas.
ar arsebobs `rasizmis~ sayovelTaod aRirebuli gansazRvreba. rasizmi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc Segnebuli an gauazrebeli rwmena erTi rasis Tandayolil upiratesobaSi meoresTan SedarebiT, an
64
imgvari mopyroba da qmedebaTa iseTi sistema, romelic miznad isaxavs
sazogadoebaSi rasobriv ierarqiaze damyarebuli wesrigis damkvidrebas, romlis saTaveSic imyofeba erTi jgufi, rogorc uflis nebis
gamomxatveli.
termini `rasizmi~ did kamaTs iwvevs, vinaidan igi sxvadasxva rasebis
arsebobis varauds emyareba, rac Tanamedrove msoflioSi rasizmis
realuri mniSvnelobis damaxinjebaa. dResdReobiT `rasa~ socialur
konstruqciad ganixileba da aqcenti ufro kulturul gansxvavebebze keTdeba, vidre biologiur niSnebze. aqedan gamomdinare, ukve SegviZlia vilaparakoT `kulturul rasizmze~, romelic savaraudod Tanamedrove rasistTa msoflmxedvelobisa da qmedebebis gacilebiT
srulfasovani aRweraa. rasizmi, rogorc azrovnebis mimarTuleba,
TavisTavad zianis momtania, Tumca ar eqvemdebareba kanonismier SezRudvas manam, sanam konkretul qmedebebSi ar gadaizrdeba. es niSnavs,
rom mxolod rasistuli Sexedulebebi, rogorc aseTi, ar warmoadgens
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevas. azrisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba adamianis fundamenturi uflebaa da absoluturi xasiaTisaa, anu ar eqvemdebareba SezRudvas. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mosazreba diskriminaciul politikaSi an jgufebis kulturul gamijvnaSi aisaxeba,
SegviZlia vilaparakoT diskriminaciul qmedebaze an rasobriv diskriminaciaze, romelic kanoniT isjeba.
rasizmi sxvadasxva doneze arsebobs, rac damokidebulia msxverplsa
da rasists Soris urTierTobasa da gamoyenebul Zalauflebaze:
personaluri done (vinmes damokidebuleba, mosazreba, mrwamsi);
interpersonaluri done (qceva sxvebis mimarT);
kulturuli done (Rirebulebebi da sazogadoebrivi qcevis wesebi);
instituciuri done (kanonebi, Cveulebebi, tradiciebi).
rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis instituciuri formis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi iyo samxreT afrikaSi arsebuli aparTeidis sistema, romlis kanonmdebloba struqturirebulad axdenda
SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa segregacias.
1965 wels miRebuli gaeros konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis nebismieri formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb moicavs rasobrivi diskriminaciis yovlismomcvel samarTlebriv definicias.
65
konvenciis 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad: `konvenciis miznebisaTvis termini
`rasobrivi diskriminacia~ niSnavs nebismier gansxvavebas, gamorCevas,
SezRudvas an upiratesobas rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli an eTnikuri
warmoSobis gamo, rac gamiznulia an Sedegad moaqvs Tanabar safuZvelze adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, gamoyenebisa da ganxorcielebis SezRudva an gauqmeba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul an sxva sferoebSi~.
rasobrivi Zaladoba rasizmis zemoqmedebis gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino magaliTia. rasobrivi Zaladoba ZiriTadad gamoixateba adamianis
an adamianTa jgufis winaaRmdeg Zaladobisa da agresiis specifikuri
aqtebis ganxorcielebaSi rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli an eTnikuri
warmoSobis gamo. garkveuli jgufisgan mtris xatis Seqmna im socialuri da politikuri garemos ZiriTadi nawilia, sadac siZulvilze
damyarebuli Zaladobis faqtebi xdeba.
qsenofobia
qsenofobia gulisxmobs avadmyofur SiSs ucxoelTa an ucxo saxelmwifoTa mimarT. igi aseve aRwers im damokidebulebas an qmedebas,
romelic gamoarCevs an xSirad amcirebs adamianebs im warmodgenaze
dayrdobiT, rom isini ucxoebi arian Temis, sazogadoebis an erovnuli
identurobisaTvis.
gansxvaveba rasizmsa da qsenofobias Soris SeiZleba mniSvnelovani
iyos samarTlebrivi an akademiuri TvalsazirisiT, Tumca rasistuli
da qsenofobiuri qcevis Sedegebi yovelTvis msgavsia. rasistuli gamovlinebebi gansakuTrebiT mZime zemoqmedebas bavSvebze axdens, radgan rasobrivi diskriminaciis sakuTar Tavze gadatana dabneulobisa
da SiSis usastikes gancdas iwvevs maTSi.
magaliTi: gaeros sakomiteto mosmenisas, romelzec bavSvebze rasizmis zegavlenis sakiTxi ganixileboda, kongoeli qalbatoni mouyva
damswre sazogadoebas, rom pirvelad rasistuli damokidebuleba sakuTar Tavze dabadebisas gamoscada. samSobiaroSi erT-erTma meddam
uari ganacxada garTulebuli mSobiarobisas aucilebel daxmarebaze,
vinaidan dedamisi warmoSobiT qveynis sxva regionidan iyo. rodesac
gaizarda, mixvda, rom misi warmomavloba _ tomi, saidanac iyo warmo66
SobiT, ena, romelzec laparakobda da regioni, sadac cxovrobda _
misi cxovrebis TiToeul aspeqtze axdenda gavlenas, ramac masSi
usargeblobis, SiSisa da uuflebobis gancda gamoiwvia.
Seuwynarebloba da crurwmena
Seuwynarebloba: penis universiteti Tavis saprogramo gancxadebaSi
Seuwynareblobas gansazRvravs `damokidebulebad, SegrZnebad an
mrwamsad, romliTac adamiani gamoxatavs Tavis siZulvils sxva adamianebis an adamianTa jgufis mimarT maTi rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli
warmoSobis, sqesis, sqesobrivi orientaciis, politikuri an religiuri mrwamsis gamo~.
crurwmena: crurwmenis klasikuri gansazRvreba Camoyalibebulia
harvardis gamoCenili fsiqologis gordon olportis mier, romlis
mixedviTac `crurwmena aris mcdar da jiut ganzogadebaze dafuZnebuli antipaTia. igi SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes adamianTa garkveuli
jgufis an misi calkeuli wevrebis mimarT~.
orive SeiZleba iolad iqces nebismieri saxis diskriminaciuli qmedebis motivaciad. zogadad Seuwynarebloba da crurwmena ganixileba,
rogorc rasizmisa da qsenofobiis safuZveli da sawyisi wertili.
eTnikuri crurwmenis cneba, romelic aRwers erTi jgufis kulturul upiratesobas meoresTan SedarebiT, mxolod ukanasknel xanebSi
iqna SemuSavebuli. magaliTad, evropaSi gavrcelebulia antiTurquli, antipolonuri crurwmena. msgavsi crurwmena gamiznulia garkveuli jgufis kulturul-religiur maxasiaTeblebze (warmosaxviTsa
Tu realurze) TavdasxmisaTvis da `kulturuli rasizmis~ msgavsia.
`erT dRes rom gaviRviZoT da yvela erTi rasis, aRmsareblobisa
da kanis feris vixiloT, mainc vipoviT mizezebs crurwmenisTvis~.
jorj aitkeni
qsenofobiisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZola gansakuTrebiT
rTulia. erTi mxriv, isini personalur maxasiaTeblebs aRweren da
Sesabamisad adamianis piradi cxovrebis nawilsac moicaven. imis miuxedavad, rom piradi mosazrebebi cvlilebas eqvemdebareba (ganaT67
lebis, cnobierebis amaRlebisa da dialogis gziT), aucilebelia
sifrTxilis gamoCena imis gasarkvevad, sad mTavrdeba ganaTleba da
sad iwyeba indoqtrinacia! Tumca, meore mxriv, aseve mniSvnelovania
aSkara zRvris gavleba Seuwynareblobasa da Semwynareblobas Soris.
aseve ar unda daviviwyoT termin SemwynareblobasTan dakavSirebuli
sirTuleebi, vinaidan, garkveulwilad, igi ukve Seicavs yalb SegrZnebas upiratesobisa, rodesac mxolod vitanT vinmes arsebobas, Tumca
sinamdvileSi pativs ar vcemT mas.
saerTaSoriso standartebi
monobis, kolonializmisa da, upirveles yovlisa, meore msoflio
omis dros miRebuli gakveTilebis Sedegs warmoadgens diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego principebis inkorporacia erovnul konstituciebsa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebSi. rasobrivi diskriminaciis
sawinaaRmdego yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso dokumentia konvencia diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb, romelic
saqarTvelos mier ratificirebul iqna 1999 wlis 16 aprils. igi
efuZneba TiToeuli adamianis Rirsebisa da Tanasworobis principebs,
kicxavs rasobrivi diskriminaciis nebismier formas da saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs jerovani zomebis gatarebas maT aRmosafxvrelad.
konvencia valdebulebebs akisrebs rogorc saxelmwifoebs, ise,
garkveulwilad, kerZo seqtorsac:
pativiscemis valdebuleba: am TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifoebs ekrZalebaT sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba. sxva sityvebiT, es aris saxelmwifos
valdebuleba, `ar imoqmedos~, Tuki ar arsebobs specialuri samarTlebrivi daTqma.
dacvis valdebuleba: aq igulisxmeba saxelmwifos movaleoba, daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebi maTi uflebebis darRvevisgan. diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT, es wesi kerZo pirebs Sorisac moqmedebs.
saxelmwifo valdebulia, garkveul doneze (individebis kerZo
cxovrebaSi uxeSi Carevis gareSe) aqtiurad imoqmedos individTa
mier gamovlenili rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad.
aRsrulebis valdebuleba: es valdebuleba saxelmwifoebisgan
moiTxovs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebaTa realize68
bisaTvis aucilebeli samarTlebrivi, administraciuli da sasamarTlo zomebis miRebas.
kerZo seqtors, iseve rogorc xelisuflebas, diskriminaciasa da
rasizmTan brZolis didi SesaZlebloba aqvs. kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi sazogadoebis udides nawils Seadgenen, Sesabamisad
diskriminaciul da rasistul midgomasTan brZola yvelaze efeqturad samoqalaqo sazogadoebas xelewifeba.
aseve gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia mediis roli rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRkveTis TvalsazrisiT. samwuxarod, mediis mravali saSualeba eTnikuri da rasobrivi diskriminaciis propagandas eweva.
mediis SesaZleblobebi SeiZleba davinaxoT ruandaSi moqmedi radios
`Mille Collines~ SemTxvevaSi, romelic samoqalaqo omis dros rasistul
propagandas eweoda da eTnikuri wmendis mTavari wamqezebeli iyo.
69
Tavi 9.
kanonis uzenaesoba da
samarTliani sasamarTlo
kanonis uzenaesobis Sinaarsi
kanonis uzenaesoba moicavs rogorc adamianis uflebebs, ise politikur, konstituciur da samarTlebriv sakiTxebs. nebismieri demokratiuli sazogadoeba, romelic cdilobs, xeli Seuwyos adamianis uflebebs, unda aRiarebdes
kanonis, rogorc fundamenturi
principis, uzenaesobas. moqalaqeebi sajaro organoebis TviTneburi qmedebebisgan daculni arian
maSin, roca maTi uflebebi kanonebSia Cadebuli. es kanoni ki sajarod unda iyos cnobili, Tanabrad
unda exebodes yvelas da efeqturad unda tardebodes.
kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba
adamianis uflebebis Sesrulebis
mTavari dabrkolebaa. is uzrunvelyofs adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis samarTlian marTvas da,
amgvarad, xels uwyobs demokratiul mravalferovnebas. kanonis uzenaesoba agreTve amkvidrebs mmarTvelTa angariSvaldebulebas da
70
maT kontrols kanonis meSveobiT. samarTliani sasamarTlo kanonis
uzenaesobis mTavari elementia. kanonis uzenaesoba pirvel rigSi
gulisxmobs aradiskriminaciuli kanonebis arsebobas. Tumca maT arsebobas cxovrebaSi efeqturi gatarebis gareSe azri ar aqvs. amgvarad, saxelmwifom unda daamkvidros iseTi institutebi, romlebic
daicaven samarTlebriv sistemas _ sasamarTloebi, prokurorebi da
policia. es institutebi adamianis uflebebis garantirebis valdebulebas atareben.
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba ukavSirdeba marTlmsajulebas
(mis ganxorcielebas) rogorc samoqalaqo, ise sisxlis samarTlis konteqstSi. saTanado marTlmsajulebas ori aspeqti aqvs: institucionaluri (mag., sasamarTlos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba) da
proceduruli (mag., mosmenis samarTlianoba). yvelas aqvs ufleba,
Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad xeli miuwvdebodes mxareTa Tanasworobaze dafuZnebul swraf, uwyvet, sajaro, damoukidebel, miukerZoebel da kanonier sasamarTloze. samarTliani sasamarTlos principi
icavs sxvadasxva individualur uflebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
marTlmsajulebas eWvmitanilad cnobis momentidan ganaCenis aRsrulebamde. saerTaSoriso debulebebi samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis Sesaxeb Tanabrad exeba yvela sasamarTlosa da tribunals. mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs samxedro da specialuri sasamarTloebi, romlebic im gansakuTrebuli procedurebis Sesrulebas uwyobs xels,
romlebic marTlmsajulebis normalur standartebs ar Seesabameba.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
braldebulis uflebebis minimaluri standartebi:
TiToeuli adamiani Tanaswori unda iyos sasamarTlosa da tribunalis winaSe da Tanabrad unda sargeblobdes marTlmsajulebis
minimaluri garantiebiT;
yvelas aqvs ufleba, xeli miuwvdebodes efeqtur da samarTlian
sasamarTloze;
tribunali unda iyos kanonieri, damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli;
yvelas aqvs ufleba, isargeblos samarTliani da sajaro mosmeniT.
amgvarad, sayovelTao sajaro mosmena mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi unda SeizRudos;
yvelas aqvs ufleba, iTvlebodes udanaSaulod, sanam misi danaSauli kanoniT dadgenili wesiT ar dadgindeba;
71
6. yvelas aqvs ufleba, misi gasamarTleba moxdes xangrZlivi dayovnebis gareSe;
7. yvelas aqvs ufleba, gasamarTleba misi TandaswrebiT moxdes.
braldebuls aqvs ufleba, sakuTari arCevanis safuZvelze isargeblos samarTlebrivi rCeviT, dacviTa da warmomadgenlobiT.
yvelas aqvs ufleba, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT miiRos informacia
Tavisi uflebebisa da maTze uaris Tqmis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis
Sesaxeb;
8. braldebuls aqvs mowmis gamoyvanisa da braldebis mxaris mowmeebis dakiTxvis ufleba. mxareebs mtkicebulebebis Segrovebis Tanabari uflebebi aqvT. braldebuls ufleba aqvs, ar aRiaros danaSauli da ar misces Cveneba sakuTari Tavis an axloblebis winaaRmdeg;
9. braldebuls aqvs ufleba, isargeblos ufaso samarTlebrivi da
Tarjimnis daxmarebiT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi;
10. aravin agebs pasuxs im qmedebisTvis, romelic Cadenis dros samarTaldarRvevad ar iTvleboda Sida an saerTaSoriso samarTlis
Sesabamisad. yvelas aqvs ufleba, isargeblos axali kanoniT, romelic aumjobesebs mis mdgomareobas. kanons, Tu is ar amsubuqebs
an ar auqmebs pasuxismgeblobas, ukuqceviTi Zala ar aqvs.
kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe Tanasworoba
Tanasworobis garantia kanonis uzenaesobis erT-erTi umTavresi
principia. is krZalavs diskriminaciul kanonebs da uzrunvelyofs
sasamarTlos Tanabari xelmisawvdomobisa da sasamarTlos mier Tanabrad mopyrobis uflebas. am uflebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia mxareTa Tanasworuflebianoba, rac gulisxmobs procesSi monawile TiToeuli mxarisTvis sakuTari poziciis warmosadgenad Tanabari SesaZleblobis micemas ise, rom arc erT mxares ar mieniWos
raime arsebiTi upiratesoba. amasTan, nebismier braldebuls aqvs ufleba, moepyran zustad ise, rogorc sxva braldebulebs, yovelgvari
diskriminaciis gareSe. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanabari mopyroba
ar niSnavs identur mopyrobas. Tanasworuflebianoba administraciuli da sasamarTlo sistemis mier daculi unda iqnes msgavs obieqtur
faqtebTan mimarTebaSi. roca faqtebi gansxvavdeba, Tanasworuflebianobis principi gansxvavebul mopyrobas moiTxovs.
efeqturi da samarTliani marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba, SezRudos an gamoricxos
72
saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilva garkveul sferoSi an adamianTa garkveuli wrisTvis.
damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba
kanonis uzenaesobis funqcionirebisTvis erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia samarTlebriv sistemaSi damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo. xelisuflebis dayofis principis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo
xelisufleba absoluturad gamijnuli unda iyos sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgan.
mosamarTlis Tavisufleba damoukidebeli marTlmsajulebis RerZia.
Tu mTavrobas mosamarTlis daTxovna nebismier dros SeuZlia, mosamarTleTa institucionaluri damoukidebloba ar aris uzrunvelyofili. ar Sedgeba samarTliani sasamarTlo procesi, Tu sasamarTlo an mosamarTleebi finansurad, politikurad an sxva raime gziT
ganicdian zewolas, an arasasamarTlo organoebis kontrols qveS
arian. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Secvla arasasamarTlo organos
mier SeuZlebelia, garda amnistiis SemTxvevisa, romelsac saxelmwifos meTauri acxadebs.
sajaro mosmena
marTlmsajulebisadmi ndobis ganmtkicebisa da mxareTa samarTliani
mosmenisTvis procesi Ria unda iyos. samarTlianoba ara marto unda
xorcieldebodes, aramed misi danaxvac unda iyos SesaZlebeli, sazogadoebam unda icodes, rogor xdeba samarTlianobis aRsruleba
da ra gadawyvetilebebi miiReba. sajaro mosmenas eswrebian sazogadoebis da presis warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac saSualeba aqvT, procesis msvleloba mxareebis sityvieri gancxadebebis safuZvelze Seafason. sajaroobis principi aucileblad unda iyos daculi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moxdeba sazogadoebis gamoricxva. daxuruli
procesebis SemTxvevaSic ki, mkacrad gansazRvruli gamonaklisebis
garda, gadawyvetileba sajaro unda gaxdes.
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia aRniSnavs nebismieri braldebulis uflebas, CaiTvalos udanaSaulod da mas moepyran, rogorc udanaSa73
ulos, vidre kanonis Sesabamisad samarTliani sasamarTlo mis braleulobas ar daamtkicebs. es principi moqmedebs pirovnebaze eWvis
mitanis momentidan da sruldeba varaudis dadasturebiT. amgvarad,
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi braldebis mxarem unda daamtkicos braldebulis danaSauli da safuZvliani eWvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
braldebuli ar unda iqnes cnobili damnaSaved. aravinaa valdebuli,
amtkicos sakuTari udanaSauloba. yvelas aqvs ufleba, iTvlebodes
udanaSaulod manam, sanam misi danaSauli kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
ar dadgindeba.
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia mosamarTleebisgan moiTxovs, Tavi Seikavon saqmis winaswari gansjisgan. es exeba agreTve sasamarTlo procesSi monawile yvela sajaro moxeles. miuxedavad amisa, am uflebis darRvevad ar iTvleba oficialuri organos mier sazogadoebis informireba gamoZiebis msvlelobis Sesaxeb an eWvmitanilis vinaobis dasaxeleba, Tu pirovneba braldebulad ar cxaddeba.
garda zemoT CamoTvlili uflebebisa, braldebuls aqvs ufleba, misi
gasamarTleba moxdes xangrZlivi dayovnebis gareSe, Tumca sasamarTlo procesis dawyeba damokidebulia saqmis viTarebaze da mis sirTuleze. sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi braldebul nebismier pirs
aqvs agreTve kvalificiuri samarTlebrivi rCeviT sargeblobis da
dacvis ufleba piradad an advokatis meSveobiT. braldebuls SeuZlia, Tavad airCios damcveli da Tu mas advokatis ayvanis SesaZlebloba ar aqvs, saxelmwifo garkveul SemTxvevebSi valdebulia, mas
ufaso samarTlebrivi daxmareba gauwios. braldebulis uflebaa agreTve, gasamarTleba moxdes misi TandaswrebiT.
braldebuls aqvs mowmeebis gamoZaxebisa da dakiTxvis da sakuTari
mowmeebis wardgenis ufleba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs, dakiTxos
rogorc sakuTari, ise braldebis mxaris mowmeebi. Tu braldebuli
ar laparakobs sasamarTloSi gamoyenebul enaze, mas ufleba aqvs,
isargeblos Tarjimnis ufaso daxmarebiT, maT Soris dokumentebis
Targmnisas. es ufleba exeba rogorc adgilobriv, ise ucxo qveynis
moqalaqeebs.
kanonis araukuqmediToba uzrunvelyofs nebismieri adamianis uflebas, pasuxi ar agos im danaSaulisTvis, romelic Cadenis droisTvis
74
kanoniT ar isjeboda. es ufleba aRiniSneba laTinuri fraziT Nulla
Poena Sine Lege. sasjelis ZiriTadi mizania samarTlianobis aRdgena,
danaSaulis prevencia, amdenad, sasjeli ar SeiZleba iyos danaSaulis
disproporciuli, sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi. aseve
dauSvebelia gasamarTlebis Semdeg imave qmedebisTvis piris ganmeorebiTi devna.
gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi
kanonis uzenaesobis princips zogadad yvela aRiarebs, Tumca arsebobs kulturuli gansxvavebebi, roca saqme exeba am principis arsis
interpretacias sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa amerikul da aziur midgomas Soris. amerikeli iuristebi kanonis uzenaesobas miaweren sakuTari samarTlebrivi sistemis iseT maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa nafic msajulTa instituti, ZalauflebaTa
gamijvna da sxv. azielebi ki xazs usvamen kanonis regularuli da
efeqtiani gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas ise, rom aucilebeli ar iyos misdami mTavrobis Zalauflebis daqvemdebareba.
zogierT gardamavali demokratiis qveyanaSi arsebul problemebs
kulturul mravalferovnebas ver mivawerT. es ufro imis bralia,
rom moqalaqeebs naklebad aRelvebT saxelisuflebo da samarTlebrivi sistemebi, romlebic proteqciuli da korumpirebulia, ris gamoc danaSauli da samoqalaqo Zaladoba matulobs. saqme isaa, rom
efeqturi kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidrebas dro da finansuri resursebi sWirdeba. iq, sadac politikuri liderebi pativs ar scemen
demokratiul Rirebulebebs da samoqalaqo uflebebs, rTulia sasamarTlos damoukideblobis miRweva. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomikuri
globalizaciis epoqaSi izrdeba saerTaSoriso stabilurobis, angariSvaldebulebisa da gamWvirvalobis saWiroeba, risi garantirebac
SeuZlia mxolod reJims, romelic pativs scems kanonis uzenaesobas.
implementacia da monitoringi
adamianis uflebebis dacva saxelmwifos Sida doneze iwyeba, aqedan
gamomdinare, kanonis uzenaesobis danergva damokidebulia saxelmwifos survilze, daamkvidros iseTi sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs kanonis uzenaesobas da sasamarTlos samarTlian meTodebs. sa75
xelmwifoebma unda Seqmnan institucionaluri infrastruqtura, romelic aucilebelia marTlmsajulebisTvis, aseve cxovrebaSi gaataron kanonebi da regulaciebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen samarTlian
da obieqtur sasamarTlo devnas.
kanonis uzenaesobis cneba mWidro kavSirSia demokratiis ideasTan
da agreTve Zalze mniSvnelovania sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis, amdenad, misi ganxorcieleba damokidebulia am Rirebulebebis
realizebaze. gardamavali saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom
kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidreba ar xerxdeba, Tu politikuri liderebi ar iziareben ZiriTad demokratiul principebs da, amgvarad,
xels uwyoben korufciul da kriminalur sistemebs.
rogorc wesi, kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkiceba korufciisa da politikosTa TviTnebobis aRkveTis erTaderT saSualebad iTvleba. mxolod am gziTaa SesaZlebeli adamianis uflebebis pativiscema. amis
cxovrebaSi gatarebisTvis sami nabijia aucilebeli: pirveli, arsebuli kanonebis gadasinjva da, Tu saWiroa, kodificireba; meore,
marTlmsajulebis institutebis gaZliereba; bolos, xelisuflebis
mier kanonis dacvis gazrda, pirvel rigSi sasamarTlos damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa.
arsebobs specifikuri sakonsultacio organoebi evrosabWos venis
komisiis msgavsad, romelic Seqmnilia kanonis uzenaesobis xelSewyobisTvis.
rogorc wesi, adamianis uflebaTa debulebebi saxelmwifos konstituciaSia Cadebuli. saerTaSoriso doneze adamianis uflebebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi icavs. rogorc ki saxelmwifo ama Tu im
xelSekrulebis wevri gaxdeba, is valdebulia, daicvas da qveyanaSi
gaataros dokumentis debulebebi. saerTaSoriso samarTali ar adgens implementaciis wesebs, es SidasamarTlebriv wyobazea damokidebuli.
adamianis uflebebis Sesrulebis monitoringisTvis zogierTi xelSekruleba, magaliTad, gaeros paqti samoqalaqo da socialur uflebaTa Sesaxeb, uzrunvelyofs sameTvalyureo meqanizms. es meqanizmi
Sedgeba moxsenebiTi sistemisgan, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifos val76
debulebas, regularulad moaxsenos adamianis uflebaTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Sesabamis saerTaSoriso organos. magaliTad, gaeros adamianis uflebebis komiteti akeTebs komentars imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
arTmevs Tavs saxelmwifo xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebulebebs, da
agreTve iZleva rekomendaciebs.
adamianis uflebebis zogierTi xelSekruleba uzrunvelyofs agreTve saCivrebis meqanizms. qveyanaSi yvela sasamarTlo saSualebis amowurvis Semdeg adamianis uflebebis darRvevis msxverpls SeuZlia mimarTos gaeros komitets, evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos,
adamianis uflebebis Sidaamerikul an afrikul komitetebs.
saerTaSoriso tribunalebi
ruandasa da iugoslaviaSi ganxorcielebuli genocidiT gamowveuli
saerTaSoriso reaqciis Sedegad Seiqmna ori saerTaSoriso tribunali, romelTac unda aReZraT saqme SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros
Cadenili yvelaze sastiki danaSaulebisTvis. tribunalebis warmatebuli saqmianobis miuxedavad maT brals sdeben ukanonobaSi, akritikeben saeWvo meTodikisaTvis, arasworad braldebuli pirebisTvis
kompensaciis ararsebobis gamo da dacvis mxarisadmi mtruli damokidebulebisTvis. am naklovanebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba apirebs, ise gardaqmnas sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, rom meti pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifoebs daekisroT da yuradReba kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkicebaze gamaxvildes.
Suamdgomloba da arbitraJi
saxelmwifoebi gamalebiT cdiloben davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli meTodebis moZebnas sasamarTlo procesis gasamartiveblad.
Suamdgomloba aris davis mogvarebis xerxi mesame mxaris daxmarebiT.
arbitraJi aris davis mogvarebis saSualeba arbitris gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, romelic savaldebuloa orive mxarisTvis. mravali
qveyana sasamarTlomdel etapze savaldebulo Suamdgomlobas mimarTavs. sasamarTlo procesis saWiroeba mxolod Suamdgomlobis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTs miaCnia, rom es meTodi adamians uzRudavs sasamarTlos xelmisawvdomobas, radgan xangrZlivi da ZviradRirebuli sasamarTlo Ziebis alternativam SesaZloa mxareebi aiZulos, gamosavali ipovon.
77
Tavi 10.
religiis Tavisufleba
`yvelas aqvs ufleba azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebaze.
es ufleba moicavs religiisa da
rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas,
aseve erTpirovnulad an sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan erTad, kerZod an sajarod religiisa da
rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas
RvTismsaxurebis, ritualebis Sesrulebis, wes-Cveulebebis dacvis
an swavlebis gziT~.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, me-18 muxli
religiis Tavisufleba:
gasavleli xangrZlivi gza
milionobiT adamians swams, rom
arsebobs Zala, romelic sulierad
gvmarTavs. saukuneebis manZilze
mravali ganicdida Seviwroebas da
devnas imisaTvis, rac swamda an ar
swamda. dResac imaves mowmeni varT.
Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi
romis imperiaSi jer qristianebs,
SemdgomSi ki eretikosebad SeracxulT devnidnen, mesame saukuneSi
budistebs aviwroebdnen indoeTSi,
78
mecxre saukunidan moyolebuli evropaSi araqristianebi gaxdnen
religiuri Seuwynareblobis msxverplni. mravali aseTi magaliTis
moyvana SeiZleba msoflio istoriidan. dResac vxvdebiT devnas
religiur niadagze mraval arsebul konfliqtSi morwmuneebsa da
aramorwmuneebs, multireligiur qveynebSi tradiciuli da `axali~
religiebis warmomadgenlebs, an oficialuri religiis mqone saxelmwifoebsa da im individebs Soris, romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian mas
(mag., `eTnikuri wmenda~ bosniaSi, religiuri dapirispireba CrdiloeT irlandiaSi).
religiuri mrwamsi mWidro kavSirSia adamianis sulier, Sinagan samyarosTan, vinaidan yvelaze Rrma pirad warmodgenebs Seexeba samyaros
warmoSobisa da masSi adamianis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. mrwamsi aseve
kulturuli identurobis gamoxatvis ZiriTadi elementia. garda amisa, xSirad religia da rwmena politikisa da politikosebis saqmianobis arealSi eqceva. zogjer religias da rwmenas politikuri mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare iyeneben da is xelisuflebisaken
swrafvis iaraRad iqceva. yovelive es religiis Tavisuflebas yvelaze mgrZnobiare Temad aqcevs adamianis yvela sxva uflebas Soris.
`aravin ar aris bunebiT SezRuduli erTi eklesiis an seqtis msaxurebiT, aramed yvela nebayoflobiT uerTdeba im sazogadoebas,
sadac miaCnia, rom ipova is aRmsarebloba, romelic yvelaze misaRebia RmerTisaTvis. imedi gadarCenisa, iyo ra erTaderTi mizezi
am sazogadoebaSi misi Sesvlisa, Sesabamisad gaxdeba erTaderTi
mizezi masSi darCenisa... aqedan gamomdinare, eklesia aris am miznisaTvis nebayoflobiT gaerTianebul adamianTa sazogadoeba~.
jon loki, werili Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb, 1689
ra aris religia?
ar arsebobs religiis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gansazRvreba. `religia~ etimologiurad momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan religare,
rac `makavSirebels~ niSnavs. religia aris is, rac morwmunes `uzenaes
WeSmaritebasTan~ akavSirebs. religiis dRemde SemoTavazebuli gansazRvrebebis ganuyofel elements warmoadgens rwmena uzenaesis arsebobaSi. am `uzenaess~ normatiuli funqcia aqvs da morwmuneni valdebulni arian, Seasrulon TavianTi religiiT dadgenili wesebi. maT
aseve evalebaT TavianTi religiuri mrwamsis gamoxatva RvTismsaxurebis an kultis garkveuli formiT.
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ra aris rwmena?
rwmena ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre religia. igi moicavs religias,
Tumca ar aris SezRuduli am ukanasknelis tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT. rwmena, rogorc wesi, ganisazRvreba gansazRvruli ideis an faqtis WeSmaritebis gonebriv aRiarebad. saerTaSoriso dokumentebis
Tanaxmad, termini rwmena faravs arareligiuri adamianebis uflebebsac, rogorebic arian aTeistebi (romelTac ar swamT RmerTi) an
agnostikosebi (romelTac ar SeuZliaT gadaWriT ganacxadon, arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi). rwmenis iseTi nairsaxeobebi, rogoricaa politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an samecniero mrwamsi, ar eqceva
mocemuli dacvis farglebSi.
ra aris religiis Tavisufleba?
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi religiis Tavisufleba daculia, rogorc
azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba. religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba Tavisi yvelaze uxeSi gagebiT moicavs uflebas garkveuli
religiuri midgomis an normebis aRiarebaze an araRiarebaze. azrisa
da sindisis Tavisufleba ki gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas nebismieri
sakiTxis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqmaze, personaluri msoflmxedvelobis
qonasa da gansazRvruli religiis an rwmenis mimdevrobaze, rogorc
erTpirovnulad, ise sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan erTad misi gamoxatvis gziT.
azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba upirobod daculi faseulobebia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom araviTari pirobiT ar SeiZleba adamianis iZuleba, gaamxilos Tavisi azrebi an gaxdes ama Tu im religiis
an rwmenis mimdevari.
saerTaSoriso standartebi
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-18 muxli religiis
Tavisuflebas `yvelas~ uflebad aRiarebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi
icavs mozardebsa da zrdasrulebs, ucxoelebsa da Tanamemamuleebs,
rogorc umciresobaTa religiuri jgufebis, ise dominanti religiebis warmomadgenlebs. deklaraciis am muxliT miniWebuli uflebis
CamorTmeva dauSvebelia TviT sagangebo mdgomareobis an saomari viTarebis dros.
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samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-18
muxlSi mocemulia is uflebebi, romlebsac religiis Tavisuflebis
cneba moicavs:
RvTismsaxurebisa da Sekrebis (religiasa da rwmenasTan mimarTebaSi) da am miznisaTvis Sesabamisi adgilebis dafuZnebisa da SenarCunebis Tavisufleba;
Sesabamisi religiisa da rwmenis ritualebisa da wes-CveulebebisaTvis aucilebeli masalebis Seqmna, miReba da gamoyeneba;
individebisa da organizaciebisgan saqvelmoqmedo saxis finansuri da sxva saxis daxmarebis Txovnisa da miRebis Tavisufleba;
religiisa da rwmenis moTxovnebis Sesabamisi liderebis momzadebis, daniSvnis an arCevis Tavisufleba;
adamianis mier sakuTari religiisa da rwmenis mixedviT dasvenebis
dReebis dacvisa da wminda dReebis aRsaniSnavi ceremoniebis
Sesrulebis Tavisufleba;
religiis Tavisufleba samuSao adgilebze locvis, Sesabamisi samosis tarebisa da dieturi sakvebis miRebis uflebis CaTvliT;
Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba RvTismsaxurebisa da religiuri ritualebis SesrulebisaTvis;
adamianis mier sakuTari rwmenis gacxadebis Tavisufleba;
religiis Secvlis an uaryofis ufleba;
ufleba religiuri ganaTlebis miRebaze `bavSvis saukeTeso interesebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT.
koleqtiuri Tavisufleba
religiis Tavisufleba ar gulisxmobs mxolod calkeuli individebis
mier zemoT CamoTvlili uflebebiT sargeblobas. religiisa da rwmenis gamoxatva SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi da, Sesabamisad, xSirad sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi. es niSnavs morwmuneTaTvis Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis uflebis miniWebas.
religiuri gaerTianebebi
religiur safuZvelze Seqmnili calkeuli organizaciebi aseve sargebloben religiis TavisuflebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sruli dacviT.
maTi uflebebi moicavs:
Sesabamisi saqvelmoqmedo da humanitaruli organizaciebis Camoyalibebis Tavisuflebas;
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religiuri publikaciebis Seqmnis, gamoqveynebisa da gavrcelebis
Tavisuflebas;
mosaxerxebel adgilebSi religiisa da rwmenis swavlebis Tavisuflebas.
aradiskriminaciulobis principi
akrZalulia dikriminacia da Seuwynarebloba religiur niadagze. es
gulisxmobs religiisa da rwmenis mixedviT gamorCevis, upiratesobis
miniWebisa da SezRudvis dauSveblobas. religiuri diskriminaciisa
da Seuwynareblobis akrZalva ZiriTadad sajaro samsaxurs moicavs,
Tumca ar aris SezRuduli misiT da kerZo seqtorsac Seexeba. es niSnavs, rom arc saxelmwifos da arc kerZo damqiravebels ar aqvT ufleba, diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba gamoiCinon adamianis mimarT
religiis niadagze.
ganaTleba
mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, Tavad gadawyviton, rogor aRzardon Svilebi
sakuTari mrwamsis Sesabamisad. saxelmwifo valdebulia, pativi sces
am uflebas da moaxdinos misi realizeba saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi. termini `bavSvis saukeTeso interesebisaTvis~ miznad
isaxavs mSoblebis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas mxolod iq,
sadac religiurma qmedebam SeiZleba ziani miayenos bavSvis fizikur
an gonebriv mdgomareobas (magaliTad, sakuTari religiuri Sexedulebebis gamo mSoblis uari bavSvis mkurnalobaze).
rwmenis gamoxatva
religiuri rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs Sesabamisi rwmenis mixedviT swavlebis, RvTismsaxurebis, ritualebisa da wes-Cveulebebis Sesrulebis samarTlebriv dacvas. TiToeul adamians aqvs
ufleba, ilaparakos Tavisi rwmenis Sesaxeb, aswavlos igi, Seasrulos
misi ritualebi martom an sxvebTan erTad, daicvas dieturi moTxovnebi da ataros Sesabamisi samosi.
religiis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba absoluturi ufleba ar aris. igi
SeiZleba SeizRudos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebidan
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gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobisa da sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mizniT. nebismieri SezRudva
aucileblad proporciul xasiaTs unda atarebdes da kanoniT unda
iyos gansazRvruli. magaliTad, religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudva
dasaSvebia, rodesac saqme gvaqvs adamianebis msxverplad SewirvasTan,
TviTmkvlelobasTan an sxva, adamianis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiS qmedebasTan.
religia da saxelmwifo
religiis Tavisuflebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT erT-erTi yvelaze
sadavo sakiTxia urTierToba saxelmwifosa da religiebs an rwmenebs
Soris. arsebobs religiur rwmenasTan saxelmwifos urTierTobis
ramdenime modeli: saxelmwifo religiebi, dawesebuli eklesiebi,
saxelmwifos neitraluri damokidebuleba religiebis mimarT, oficialuri religiis ararseboba, saxelmwifosa da religiis gamijvna,
samarTlebrivad aRiarebuli religiuri jgufebis dacva.
saerTaSoriso standartebi ar Seicavs moTxovnas saxelmwifosa da
religias Soris romelime konkretuli saxis urTierTobis damyarebis
Taobaze. erTaderT saerTaSoriso moTxovnas warmoadgens is, rom
nebismieris saxis urTierToba ar unda iwvevdes im pirTa diskriminacias, romlebic ar warmoadgenen oficialur an aRiarebul religias.
apostasia _ rwmenis arCevisa da Secvlis Tavisufleba
saerTaSoriso standartebiT religiis Secvlisa da uaryofis uflebis TvalsaCino dacvis miuxedavad sakiTxi kvlav inarCunebs Tavis
sadavoobas. istoriulad qristianoba, islami da sxva religiebi sasjelis sxvadasxva saxes iTvaliswinebdnen msgavsi tipis qmedebisaTvis.
TviT dResac apostasia (rwmenisgan gandgoma) sastikad isjeba im qveynebSi, sadac sazogadoeba islamis SariaTis tradicias emyareba. es
religiis Tavisuflebisa da sxva uflebaTa gaazrebaSi kulturuli
sxvaobebis naTeli ilustraciaa. amis miuxedavad saerTaSoriso standartebiT erTmniSvnelovnad aris garantirebuli ufleba Tavisuflad da yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe adamianis mier religiis arCevaze.
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prozelitizmi _ rwmenis gavrcelebis ufleba
adamians aqvs sakuTari rwmenis gavrcelebisa da sxvaTa waxalisebis
ufleba, Seicvalon sakuTari rwmena sxva religiis sasargeblod, sanam
yovelive es iZulebisa da Zaladobis gareSe xdeba. aseT qmedebas
prozelitizmi an evangelizmi ewodeba. centralur-aRmosavleT evropasa da afrikaSi xSirad xdeba konfliqtebi adgilobriv eklesiebsa
da misioneruli saqmianobiT dakavebuli religiebis warmomadgenlebs
Soris. calkeul SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifoebi krZalavdnen aseT qmedebebs. Tumca adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali erTmniSvnelovnad moiTxovs saxelmwifoebisgan gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
dacvas da morwmuneTa uflebis uzrunvelyofas, CaerTon prozelitizmis araZaladobriv formebSi.
keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba samxedro samsaxurisadmi
kulturuli sxvaobebi ganapirobebs gansxvavebuli midgomis arsebobas sxvadasxva qveynebSi savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurisadmi keTilsindisier winaaRmdegobasTan dakavSirebiT. SesaZlebelia piris
gaTavisufleba samxedro ZalebSi savaldebulo samsaxurisgan, Tuki
sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba seriozul winaaRmdegobaSi modis mis
sindisTan. mraval qveyanaSi SeiniSneba msgavsi uflebis aRiarebis
tendencia (mag., saqarTvelo, aSS, safrangeTi, avstria da a. S.), sadac
uzrunvelyofilia alternatiuli samsaxuri. meore mxriv, aseve bevr
qveyanaSi ar sargeblobs aRiarebiT keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba
samxedro samsaxurisadmi da adamians SeiZleba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
Seefardos samxedro samsaxurze uaris gamo.
saerTaSoriso standartebis implementacia da monitoringi
religiis Tavisuflebis dacvis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebul
ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens savaldebulo saerTaSoriso aqtebis
ararseboba. gaeros mier 1981 wels miRebul deklaracias religiisa
da rwmenis niadagze nebismieri saxis diskriminaciisa da Seuwynareblobis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi zemoqmedebis moxdenis SesaZlebloba aqvs, Tumca igi mxolod CveulebiTi saerTaSoriso samarTlis deklaraciul debulebebs Seicavs. garda amisa,
deklaracia xelSekruleba ar aris da Sesabamisad mavaldebulebel
xasiaTs ar atarebs.
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aRniSnuli problema aqtualuri ar aris evropaSi, vinaidan adamianis
uflebaTa evropis konvencia uzrunvelyofs religiis Tavisuflebis
adekvaturi dacvis SesaZleblobas. konvenciis safuZvelze Seqmnilia
adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo, romelic uflebamosilia, ganixilos moqalaqeTa individualuri saCivrebi religiis Tavisuflebis
darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT.
ris gakeTeba SegviZlia Cven?
Cven SegviZlia dasabami davudoT diskriminaciisa da religiuri Seuwynareblobis aRmofxvras sxvaTa uflebebis pativiscemiT. religiuri Semwynarebloba moicavs sxva rwmenis mimdevarTa pativiscemas,
imis miuxedavad, rom SesaZlebelia, maTi rwmena arasworad migvaCndes.
Semwynareblobisa da pativiscemis aseTi kultura Cvengan moiTxovs
uaris Tqmas sxva rwmenis mimdevarTa diskriminaciaze an Seuracxyofaze da pativiscemis gamoCenas adamianis fundamenturi uflebis mimarT, iyos gansxvavebuli.
rwmenaTaSorisi dialogi
religiuri pluralizmis misaRwevad
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze gaZlierda eklesiebisa da morwmuneTa interesi religiuri da kulturuli pluralizmis sakiTxebis
irgvliv dialogis dawyebaze. am survilma praqtikaSicpova asaxva,
ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada sxvadasxva religiuri sazogadoebebis urTierTanamSromloba adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi konfliqtebis mogvarebisa da mSvidobis miRwevis mizniT. wamyvan saerTaSoriso
arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, romelTa mizanic religiuri dialogis xelSewyobaa, warmoadgens: msoflio eklesiaTa sabWo, religiisa
da mSvidobis msoflio konferencia, religiaTa msoflio parlamenti
da a. S. Seqmnilia mravali regionuli organizacia dialogis gziT
rwmenaTaSorisi konfliqtebis mogvarebisa da Tavidan acilebis mizniT (mag., SuaaRmosavleTSi moqmedi samRvdeloeba mSvidobisaTvis,
sadac erTad iyrian Tavs rabinebi, mRvdlebi, pastorebi da imamebi
regionSi mSvidobis dasadgurebis xelSewyobis ganzraxviT).
kultebi, seqtebi da axali religiuri moZraobebi
dauSvebelia religiis Tavisuflebis viwrod interpretacia. axali
religiuri mimdinareobebi da religiuri umciresobebi iseTive dac85
viT unda sargeblobdnen, rogoriTac tradiciuli msoflio religiebi. es principi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze religiuri umciresobebisa da axali religiuri
mimdinareobebis Seviwroebis SemTxvevebisa da maT mimarT ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciuli qmedebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. axali religiuri mimdinareobebi ZiriTadad cnobilia `kultisa~ da `seqtis~ saxelwodebiT. orive termini sakmaod orazrovania, Tumca seqta, rogorc wesi, ewodeba disidenturi tipis iseT religiur jgufs, romelic gamoeyo ZiriTad religias, maSin, roca kultad ganixileba religiur rwmenaTa araRiarebuli sistema, romelsac Tan axlavs gansakuTrebuli ritualebi.
religiuri eqstremizmi da misi Sedegebi
2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom terorizmi imaze
metad iyenebs religiur rwmenas Tavis iaraRad, vidre odesme. aseTi
kombinacia Zalze saxifaToa, vinaidan igi msoflios `karg~ da `cud~
adgilebad yofs, xolo adamianebis diferencirebas religiuri
mrwamsis mixedviT axdens.
rodesac eqstremistuli Tavdasxmebis Semdeg eqstremistebi acxadeben, rom maT danaSauli `RvTis saxeliT~ Caidines, xdeba religiis
Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba politikurad motivirebuli qmedebebisa da moTxovnebis dafarvisaTvis. rwmenis niadagze Cadenili
teroristuli aqtebis momravleba metyvelebs ara religiur mrwamsze dafuZnebul gansxvavebul kulturebs Soris konfliqtze, aramed Seuwynareblobasa da umecrebaze damyarebuli dapirispirebis
arsebobaze.
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Tavi 11.
ganaTlebis ufleba
`...ganaTleba mimarTuli unda iyos
adamianis pirovnebis sruli ganviTarebisa da adamianis uflebaTa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa pativiscemis gazrdisken...~
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, 26-e muxli
preistoria da Sinaarsi
evropaSi ganmanaTleblobis epoqamde ganaTleba mSoblebisa da eklesiis pasuxismgeblobis sagans
warmoadgenda. mxolod Tanamedrove saero saxelmwifos CamoyalibebasTan erTad gaxda ganaTleba sazogadoebis sazrunavi. XVI-XVI I
saukuneebSi cnobili filosofosebi jon loki da Jan Jak ruso sakuTar naSromebSi ganaTlebis uflebis Tanamedrove koncefcias
exebodnen.
XIX saukuneSi socializmisa da liberalizmis gaCenasTan erTad ganaTleba adamianis uflebebis
87
sferoSi moeqca. aqedan moyolebuli ganaTlebis fundamenturi ufleba da saxelmwifos valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos ufaso ganaTleba,
aisaxa sxvadasxva qveynis konstituciebSi, agreTve arasakonstitucio
kanonmdeblobaSi. meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebis ufleba
Caido sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaSi.
XXI saukuneSi TiTqmis miliardma wera-kiTxvis ucodinarma adamianma
Seabija. es msoflios mosaxleobis meeqvsedi an indoeTis mTeli mosaxleobaa da es ricxvi dRiTidRe matulobs.
ganaTlebis ufleba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc `SesaZleblobis
ufleba~. es ufleba adamians saSualebas aZlevs, ukeT warmarTos sakuTari cxovreba, ganiviTaros pirovneba, SeiZinos is codna da unarCvevebi, rac aucilebelia kerZo da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi warmatebis Tanabari SesaZleblobisTvis, SeiTvisos adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemisa da Semwynareblobis faseulobebi, moemzados aqtiuri da pasuxismgebeli moqalaqeobisTvis. erTi
sityviT, ganaTlebis ufleba adamians saSualebas aZlevs, isargeblos
sxva uflebebiT.
mravali samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa
informaciis Tavisufleba, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, damokidebulia ganaTlebis minimalur doneze
mainc. agreTve zogierTi ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli
uflebis gamoyeneba, magaliTad samuSaos arCevis ufleba, Tanabari
Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis ufleba, samecniero da teqnologiuri
progresis SedegebiT sargeblobis ufleba da umaRlesi ganaTlebis
miRebis ufleba, SesaZlebelia mxolod ganaTlebis garkveuli donis
miRwevis Semdeg. igive marTebulia kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT. eTnikuri da enobrivi umciresobebisTvis ganaTleba sakuTari kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisa da
ganmtkicebis ZiriTadi saSualebaa.
ganaTlebas aseve SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos urTierTgagebas, tolerantulobas, erebsa da umciresobebs Soris pativiscemasa da megobrobas da adamianis uflebebis universaluri kulturis Camoyalibebas.
ganaTleba ufro metia, vidre kiTxvis, weris an daTvlis swavla. TviTon sityvas `Educatio“ (`ganaTleba~) laTinuri safuZveli aqvs da niS88
navs `vinmes gaZRolas~. adamianis ganaTlebis ufleba moicavs dawyebiTi, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobas. uamravi adamiani moklebulia dawyebiT ganaTlebasac ki, amitom
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso standartebiT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo enaze ufaso dawyebiTi, sabazo da saSualo ganaTlebis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobas da savaldebuloobas.
ganaTlebis uflebisa
da saxelmwifo valdebulebebis Sinaarsi
ganaTlebis uflebas myari safuZveli aqvs adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTalSi. is ganmtkicebulia adamianis uflebebis mraval universalur da regionul dokumentSi.
ganaTlebis fuZemdebluri ufleba xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs garkveul qcevas TiToeuli adamianis mimarT. saxelmwifo valdebulia,
pativi sces, daicvas da Seasrulos ganaTlebis ufleba.
pativiscemis valdebuleba saxelmwifos ukrZalavs aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sawinaaRmdego qcevas, am uflebebis aRsrulebaSi Carevas an mis SezRudvas. saxelmwifoebma pativi unda scen
mSobelTa Tavisuflebas, SvilebisaTvis SearCion kerZo an saxelmwifo skola, uzrunvelyon maTi religiuri da moraluri ganaTleba sakuTari rwmenis Sesabamisad. saWiroa Tanaswori midgoma rogorc gogonebisa da biWebis swavlebisadmi, ise yvela religiur, eTnikur Tu
enobriv jgufTan mimarTebaSi.
dacvis valdebuleba saxelmwifosgan moiTxovs, sakanonmdeblo an
sxva saSualebiT aRkveTos da akrZalos individualuri uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis darRveva mesame piris mier. saxelmwifo unda iyos
imis garanti, rom kerZo skolebi ar mimarTaven diskriminaciul praqtikas an moswavleTa fizikur dasjas.
Sesrulebis valdebuleba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc uflebis
Tanmimdevruli realizaciis valdebuleba. unda ganvasxvaoT warmarTvisa da dasrulebis valdebulebebic.
warmarTvis valdebuleba exeba saxelmwifos mier konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcielebas. ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa
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saerTaSoriso paqtis Tanaxmad, im saxelmwifoebma, sadac jer ar aris
ufaso da savaldebulo dawyebiTi ganaTleba, `unda SeimuSaon moqmedebis detaluri gegma ufaso da savaldebulo ganaTlebis principis
Tanmimdevruli danergvisTvis Sesaferisi drois ganmavlobaSi~.
aucilebeli standartebi:
ufaso da savaldebulo dawyebiTi ganaTleba;
yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualo ganaTleba;
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi umaRlesi ganaTleba;
gaZlierebuli fundamenturi ganaTleba maTTvis, visac arasruli
dawyebiTi ganaTleba aqvs;
wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobisa da gaunaTleblobis aRmofxvra saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis meSveobiT da gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebadi qveynebis saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
amrigad, ganaTlebis uflebis mTavari arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba Tanasworuflebianobisa
da aradiskriminaciis principisa da nebismieri saxis skolis arCevis
Tavisuflebis safuZvelze.
ganaTlebis uflebasTan mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo valdebuleba oTxi
elementisgan Sedgeba: uzrunvelyofa, xelmisawvdomoba, misaRebi
forma, adaptacia.
uzrunvelyofa
savaldebulo da ufaso dawyebiTi ganaTleba aucilebeli winapirobaa
ganaTlebis uflebis uzrunvelyofisTvis. dawyebiTi skolis garantirebisTvis saWiroa mniSvnelovani politikuri da finansuri valdebuleba. marTalia, saxelmwifo ar aris ganaTlebis erTaderTi mimwodebeli, magram adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali mas avaldebulebs ukanaskneli saSualebis uzrunvelyofas ise, rom dawyebiTi
skola yvela saskolo asakis bavSvisTvis iyos xelmisawvdomi. Tu skolebi ar aris sakmarisi saskolo asakis bavSvebisTvis, saxelmwifos
valdebuleba am SemTxvevaSi ar sruldeba da ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba realizebas saWiroebs.
90
saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa ganaTlebis uflebis Zalze mniSvnelovani elementia. `ufaso ganaTlebis Tanmimdevrulad warmodgenis~ moTxovna ar niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia,
TviTon moixsnas sakuTari valdebulebebi.
xelmisawvdomoba
xelisuflebam unda aiRos pasuxismgebloba ganaTlebis uflebis
Sesrulebaze, sul mcire, arsebuli saganmanaTleblo institutebis
xelmisawvdomobis garantirebiT yvela gogonasTvis, biWisTvis,
qalisa da kacisTvis Tanabrad, Tanasworuflebianobisa da aradiskriminaciulobis safuZvelze.
Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis pozitiuri valdebuleba
gulisxmobs rogorc fizikur, ise SemoqmedebiT miRwevadobas. institutebis fizikuri xelmisawvdomoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
ufrosebisa da unarSezRudulebisTvis. SemoqmedebiTi xelmisawvdomoba niSnavs, rom gamomricxavi barierebi moxsnili unda iyos, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloebidan unda amoiRon stereotipuli ideebi
mamakacisa da qalis rolis Sesaxeb, rogorc es gaTvaliswinebulia
konvenciaSi qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb.
misaRebi forma
es elementi gulisxmobs, rom mSoblebsa da Svilebs unda hqondeT
maTTvis misaRebi ganaTlebis tipis arCevis ufleba, agreTve unda
arsebobdes kerZo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa Seqmnisa da marTvis ufleba. moswavleebsa da mSoblebs aqvT ufleba, iyvnen Tavisuflebi indoqtrinaciisgan, iseTi masalis iZulebiTi swavlisgan, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba moswavlis religiur da sxva rwmenebs.
swavlebis enis sakiTxi aseve winaaRmdegobebiTaa aRsavse. ar arsebobs
sayovelTao ufleba enobrivi umciresobebisTvis, rom maTi mSobliuri
ena iswavlebodes skolaSi. socialur da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtSi mxolod isaa aRniSnuli, rom enis praqtika ar unda
aikrZalos. umciresobebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso dokumentebi erT91
mniSvnelovnad aRiareben mSobliuri enis swavlis uflebas, Tumca
ganaTlebis mSobliur enaze miRebis sakiTxi jerjerobiT gaurkvevelia. samwuxarod, zogierT umciresobas sakuTari enis swavlis saSualebac ar aqvs, magaliTad, boSebs evropaSi an avstraliis aborigenebs.
adaptacia
Cveulebriv, is, rasac bavSvi skolaSi swavlobs, unda ganisazRvrebodes misi momavali saWiroebebis mixedviT. ganaTlebis sistema morgebuli unda iyos moswavleebze da iTvaliswinebdes bavSvis interesebs, agreTve socialur ganviTarebas da winsvlas rogorc saxelmwifo, ise saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT.
xelisufleba unda iyos imis garanti, rom ganaTlebis uflebas pativs
scemen, icaven da asruleben. miuxedavad amisa, es movaleoba mxolod
saxelmwifos ar ekisreba. ganaTlebis uflebis danergvis xelSewyoba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis movaleobacaa.
saxelmwifo moxsenebebi da SedarebiTi maCveneblebi am sakiTxis gakontrolebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. am indikatorebiT Cven SegviZlia
vimsjeloT ganaTlebis uflebis araTanabar implementaciaze msoflios sxadasxva regionSi.
miuxedavad sagrZnobi warmatebisa bavSvebisTvis ganaTlebis uflebis
uzrunvelyofis sakiTxSi, jer kidev arsebobs mravali gadauWreli
problema: diskriminacia, uTanasworoba, ignorireba da eqspluatacia, romelic zemoqmedebs gogonebze, qalebsa da umciresobebze. sazogadoebam Tavisi Zalisxmeva unda mimarTos socialuri da kulturuli wesebis Sesacvlelad, romlebic am jgufebs uzRudaven sakuTari uflebebiT sargeblobis saSualebas da, amgvarad, xels uwyoben
maT daucvelobas.
implementacia da monitoringi
Seqmnis dRidan gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam aRiara `saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis aucilebloba ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli an humanitaruli xasiaTis saerTaSoriso problemebis
gadasawyvetad~.
92
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba informaciis, codnisa da teqnologiebis gacvlis meSveobiT Zalze mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis uflebis
SesrulebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
rogorc Cans, ganaTlebis ufleba ekonomikuri aucileblobaa, razec
damokidebulia am qveynebis ganviTareba. ganaTleba yvela saxelmwifos mier unda ganixilebodes, rogorc grZelvadiani, prioritetuli
investicia, radgan is aumjobesebs adamianur resursebs, rac mniSvnelovani Senatania erovnuli ganviTarebis procesSi.
ganaTlebis, rogorc adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebaSi Cadebuli
investiciis, mniSvnelobas xazs usvamen saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebic. ZiriTadi ganaTlebis efeqturi uzrunvelyofa damokidebulia politikur Sexedulebebsa da nebaze, romelic ganmtkicebulia Sesabamisi fiskaluri, ekonomikuri, savaWro, Sromis, dasaqmebis
da janmrTelobis dacvis politikiT. am miznis misaRwevad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania politikuri da finansuri valdebuleba, saxelmwifo seqtoris wamyvani roli, samarTlianoba am seqtorSi, saganmanaTleblo gadasaxadebis Semcireba, saganmanaTleblo reformebis ganviTarebis sxva strategiebTan integracia.
ganaTlebis uflebis sruli aRsrulebisTvis saWiroa instituciuri
mxardaWera. am kuTxiT iunesko wamyvan rols asrulebs, radgan ganaTleba misi saqmianobis ZiriTadi sferoa. iuneskos SemuSavebuli aqvs
sxvadasxva meqanizmebi, romlebic ganaTlebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebis ukeT SesrulebisTvisaa gamiznuli. ganaTlebaSi diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego konvenciis wevrma qveynebma
iuneskos yovelwliurad unda warudginon moxsenebebi, Tu ra sakanonmdeblo da administraciul zomebs mimarTaven isini konvenciis
sasargeblod.
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa komiteti, rogorc
makontrolebeli organo, zedamxedvelobas uwevs ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis Sesrulebis
process paqtis wevr qveynebSi. implementaciis procesis xelSewyobisTvis yuradReba unda mieqces SedarebiT maCveneblebs, rogoricaa:
wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa xvedriTi wili, registraciis koeficienti,
swavlis damTavrebisa da Sewyvetis koeficienti, moswavleebisa da
maswavleblebis proporcia, ganaTlebaze gaweuli saxelmwifo xar93
jebis Sefardeba mTlian saxelmwifo xarjebTan an sxva seqtoris xarjebTan.
`ganaTleba Tavisuflebis ufro kargi damcvelia, vidre mudmivi
jari~.
edvard evereti
implementaciis
problemebi
socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesruleba xSirad mniSvnelovan kapitaldabandebebs saWiroebs. mraval qveyanaSi
ganaTlebaze saxelmwifo saxsrebis mTavari nawili ixarjeba.
xSirad bavSvebisTvis ganaTlebis uflebiT sargeblobis mTavar dabrkolebas siRaribe warmoadgens. rogorc wesi, msoflioSi bavSvebis
90% skolaSi Sedis. mTavari problemebi Semdeg warmoiSveba, roca
moswavleTa didi nawili swavlas Tavs anebebs an erTsa da imave klasSi
ramdenjerme rCeba.
finansebis nakleboba saTanado organoebs saSualebas ar aZlevs,
aaSenon axali skolebi, xeli Seuwyon maswavlebelTa momzadebis centrebis funqcionirebas, SearCion kompetenturi maswavleblebi da administraciuli personali, skolebi uzrunvelyon saswavlo masalebiT da sxva resursebiT, aseve uzrunvelyon normaluri satransporto sistemis arseboba. yvelaferi es pirdapiraa damokidebuli saxelmwifos ekonomikur SesaZleblobebze. siRaribis gamo ojaxebs ar
SeuZliaT gadaixadon swavlis da saswavlo masalebis safasuri. siRaribe aseve iwvevs SimSils, ramac SeiZleba gamousworebeli ziani
miayenos bavSvis ganviTarebad tvins.
ganaTlebis uflebis cxovrebaSi efeqturi gatarebis kidev erTi
xelisSemSleli faqtoria farTod gavrcelebuli bavSvis Sroma. samwuxarod, mraval ojaxs sWirdeba is damatebiTi Semosavali, romelsac bavSvebis mier gaweuli samsaxuris sanacvlod iRebs da amis gamo
ojaxs ar SeuZlia bavSvis skolaSi gaSveba.
94
siRaribe da bavSvTa Sroma xels gansakuTrebiT gogonebis ganaTlebas
uSlis. bevr gogonas imisaTvis, rom iarsebos, mZime Sroma uwevs sakmaod adreul asakSi. maT aseTi simZime awvebaT ara marto ojaxis saWiroebebidan gamomdinare, aramed socialuri molodinebis gamoc, rac
ukavSirdeba adreul dedobas da Zvelmodur damokidebulebebs. gogonebis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb tradiciul Sexedulebebs jer kidev didi
zegavlena aqvs da mSoblebs gogonebis skolaSi Seyvanis survils
ukargavs. gogonebisTvis ganaTlebis miRebisa da TviTrealizaciis
SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofa mzardi saerTaSoriso sazrunavia.
saerTaSoriso da Sida SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi da socialuri
uTanxmoeba cxovrebis normalur temps arRvevs. saswavlo procesi
ferxdeba, roca skolebi konfliqtis regionTan axlos mdebareobs.
humanitaruli samarTliT uzrunvelyofili garantiebis miuxedavad
skolebze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevebi mainc arsebobs. es ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis kidev erTi dabrkolebaa.
95
Tavi 12.
bavSvTa uflebebi
`bavSvis mimarT nebismieri qmedebis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifo
Tu kerZo socialuri uzrunvelyofis dawesebulebis, sasamarTlos, administraciuli Tu sakanonmdeblo organoebis mier upirvelesi yuradReba unda daeTmos bavSvis interesebis ukeT uzrunvelyofas...~
bavSvTa uflebebis gaeros
konvenciis me-3 muxli
bavSvTa uflebebis buneba
da Sinaarsi
bavSvTa uflebebis koncefcia adamianis uflebebis zogadi moZraobidan ganviTarda, Tumca mis srulyofaze aseve didi zegavlena moaxdina ukanaskneli 300 wlis manZilze socialur, saganmanaTleblo da fsiqologiur sferoebSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma. meoce
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi bavSvis ganviTarebis axleburi koncefciis
formirebis Sedegad bavSvis dauc96
velobis sakiTxebidan aqcentis gadatana moxerxda misi avtonomiis,
uflebaunarianobis, TviTgamorkvevisa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
monawileobis Temebze tradiciuli paternalisturi Sexedulebebis
sawinaaRmdegod, rom bavSvi mxolod mSoblebis kontrolis obieqts
warmoadgens. yovelive aman mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia politikur procesebze, rac dagvirgvinda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier 1989 wlis 20 noembers bavSvTa uflebebis sferoSi pirveli savaldebulo saerTaSoriso aqtis _ bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis _ miRebiT (saqarTvelos mier ratificirebulia 1999 wlis 5
Tebervals).
bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis ZiriTadi debulebebi
a) bavSvis uflebaunarianoba
yvela adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemis niadagze bavSvTa uflebebis
konvencia bavSvs sakuTari uflebebis matareblad aRiarebs. es imas
niSnavs, rom bavSvis uflebebi ar aris warmoebuli misi mSoblebis an
sxva nebismieri zrdasruli adamianis uflebebidan. swored es aris
bavSvTa uflebebis koncefciis fuZemdebluri principi, rom bavSvi,
rogorc Rirsebis matarebeli subieqti da sazogadoebis srulfasovani moqalaqe, uflebamosilia, gaaprotestos da Secvalos misTvis
miuRebeli diskriminaciuli midgoma da qmedebebi.
realurad bavSvebi mSoblebze arian damokidebulni (fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis, materialuri saxsrebis/Semosavlis
naklebobis gamo) da nebismieri saxis cvlileba am ukanasknelTa ekonomikur da socialur yofaSi uciloblad aisaxeba bavSvis cxovrebaze.
aqedan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebuli zrunva bavSvebis interesebze ar
gulisxmobs socialurad privilegirebuli jgufis Seqmnas. meore mxriv,
es aris aucilebeli piroba sazogadoebaSi bavSvebis statusis amaRlebisa im donemde, rom maT SeeZloT sakuTari interesebis dacva (maT Soris sasamarTlos gziT). mxolod am SemTxvevaSi moxdeba bavSvebis,
rogorc socialuri jgufis, interesebis aRqma seriozulad.
`asi bavSvi, asi individi, romlebic srulfasovani adamianebi
arian, _ ara momavlis adamianebi, aramed adamianebi axla _ dRes~.
ianuS korCaki,
`How to Love a Child~ (`rogor gviyvardes bavSvi~) (1919)
97
b) yovlismomcveli midgoma bavSvis mimarT
bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia unikaluri tipis dokumentia, vinaidan
igi adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb pirveli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa, romelSic kombinirebulia erTdroulad ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli, aseve samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi.
am konvenciaSi yovlismomcveli midgomaa SemuSavebuli bavSvebis uflebebis Sesaxeb. igi gacilebiT Sors midis, vidre bavSvTa uflebebis
adrindeli deklaraciebi, romlebic bavSvebis aRzrdis procesSi maT
daculobaze akeTebdnen aqcents, radgan Seicavs aseve debulebebs
bavSvis identurobis, TviTgamorkvevisa da monawileobis uzrunvelyofis Taobaze.
g) bavSvis _ mSoblis _ saxelmwifos urTierTdamokidebuleba
bavSvTa dacvis konvencia Tanabrad axdens bavSvis rogorc avtonomiuri, ise dacviTi tipis uflebebis garantirebas. konvencia gamokveTilad aRiarebs mSoblis `uflebas, valdebulebas da pasuxismgeblobas~ bavSvis `aRzrdasa da ganviTarebaze~. Tumca mSoblis es
pasuxismgebloba SezRudulia `bavSvis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobasTan Sesabamisobis~ standartiT. es imas niSnavs, rom mSobels ar gaaCnia absoluturi Zalaufleba Svilze. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos monawileobas bavSvis aRzrdis procesSi, upirvelesi pasuxismgebloba
TavianTi Svilebis ganaTlebaze mSoblebs akisriaT, Tumca rodesac
ar SeuZliaT an ar aqvT survili, Tavi gaarTvan sakuTar valdebulebebs, sruliad legitimuria saxelmwifos/sazogadoebis mxridan
Careva bavSvis interesebidan gamomdinare.
d) bavSvebis mimarT diskriminaciis akrZalva
konvencia naTlad krZalavs diskriminaciul damokidebulebas bavSvebis mimarT, ayalibebs ra grZel CamonaTvals im safuZvlebisa, romelTa mixedviTac dauSvebelia diferenciacia: `rasa, kanis feri, sqesi, ena, religia, politikuri da sxva Sexeduleba, erovnuli, eTnikuri
an socialuri warmoSoba, qonebrivi mdgomareoba, qmeduunaroba, dabadebis adgili an sxva nebismieri statusi~.
98
`Cemi ocnebaa, rom Cemma patara Svilebma odesme icxovron qveyanaSi, sadac maT gansjian ara kanis feris, aramed maTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebis mixedviT~.
martin luTer kingi (meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si
samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis lideri)
e) bavSvis saukeTeso interesebi
`nebismieri naciis momavali perspeqtiva SeiZleba Sefasdes misi
axalgazrdobis dRevandeli mdgomareobiT~.
jon kenedi
mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis saxelmZRvanelo principia `bavSvis saukeTeso interesebi~. am debulebiT aqcentirebulia bavSvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis upirvelesi aucilebloba. igi ar aris SezRuduli bavSvebTan pirdapir SexebaSi myofi
qmedebebiT (mag., ganaTleba, meurveobis Taobaze sasamarTlo saqmeebi), aramed moicavs yvelafer mniSvnelovans, ramac SesaZlebelia
pirdapiri an arapirdapiri gavlena iqonios bavSvze (maT Soris dasaqmebis politika, sabiujeto saxsrebis ganawileba). es niSnavs rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtorSi moRvawe piris valdebulebas,
nebismieri qmedebis ganxorcielebamde gaiTvaliswinos misi SesaZlo
gavlena bavSvebze.
v) `bavSvis~ gansazRvreba bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis mixedviT
bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia `bavSvs~ gansazRvravs Tvramet wlamde
asakis adamianad, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac esa Tu is saxelmwifo
srulwlovanebis miRwevis sxva asaks aRiarebs. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, srulwlovanebis miRwevis asakis Semcirebisas, saxelmwifoebi
valdebulni arian, daicvan konvenciiT ganmtkicebuli principebi
nebismier niadagze diskriminaciis dauSveblobisa da bavSvis saukeTeso interesebis gaTvaliswinebis Taobaze.
z) konveciiT daculi uflebebi: monawileoba _ dacva _ uzrunvelyofa
bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis me-12 muxliT garantirebulia bavSvis ufleba monawileobaze. kerZod, am muxlis mixedviT saxelm99
wifoebi valdebulni arian, uzrunvelyon sakuTari Sexedulebebis
Camoyalibebis unaris mqone bavSvis ufleba, Tavisuflad gamoTqvas es Sexedulebebi masTan dakavSirebul nebismier sakiTxze.
amasTan bavSvis am Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba unda daeTmos bavSvis asakisa da mowifulobis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT. bavSvis
mosazrebisaTvis `saTanado yuradRebis~ mipyroba am debulebis
ZiriTadi elementia. igi moiTxovs bavSvebis garkveuli donis CarTulobas, rac maT SesaZleblobas miscems, realuri zegavlena iqonion gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze (mag., sasamarTloSi meurveobis Taobaze samarTalwarmoebis dros). garda amisa, bavSvTa
uflebebis konvencia bavSvebs sxva mniSvnelovan politikur da
samoqalaqo uflebebsac aniWebs, rogoricaa sindisis, religiis,
Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, aseve ufleba wamebisa da
ukanono dakavebisgan dacvaze, samarTliani sasamarTlos garantiebi da a. S.
rac Seexeba dacviTi tipis uflebebs, bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis safuZvelze bavSvebi sargebloben dacviT `nebismieri saxis
fizikuri da gonebrivi Zaladobisgan, gaufrTxilebeli, eqspluataciuri, sastiki da zianis mimyenebeli mopyrobisgan, mSoblebis,
kanonieri meurvis an mzrunvelis an sxva nebismieri piris meurveobasa da mzrunvelobaSi yofnis dros~ (yovelive es aseve Seexeba
skolaSi gamosayenebel disciplinur zomebs). bavSvebis dacviTi
garantiebi aseve ganmtkicebulia konvenciaSi Semavali ekonomikuri da sqesobrivi eqspluataciis, trefikingisa da toqsikomaniis sawinaaRmdego debulebebiT.
bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciiT garantirebuli bavSvis ufleba
uzrunvelyofaze moicavs uflebas janmrTelobaze, ganaTlebaze,
socialur usafrTxoebasa da cxovrebis adekvatur standartze.
yovelive zemoTqmulis garda konvencia amkvidrebs axal standarts,
kerZod masSi gaTvaliswinebulia bavSvis ufleba Tavisi identurobis,
ojaxuri da sxva socialuri tipis urTierTobis dacvaze, aseve ufleba dasvenebaze, Tavisufal droze, TamaSsa da kulturul saqmianobaze, SezRudvebi bavSvebis sazRvargareT gaSvilebaze, saxelmwifos valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos nebismieri formis Zaladobisa da
eqspluataciis msxverpli bavSvebis gamojanmrTeleba da reabilitacia.
100
`Tu mtkice da xangrZlivi mSvidobis damkvidreba gvsurs, bavSvebiT unda daviwyoT~.
mahaTma gandi
gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi
bavSvTa uflebebis dacva naTels hfens bavSvebis statuss sazogadoebaSi, maT cxovrebiseul pirobebs da mibaZvis obieqtebs. ufro metic,
es mravlismetyvelia ojaxisa da qalTa statusis Sesaxeb Sesabamis
sazogadoebaSi.
bavSvTa uflebebis sferoSi yvelaze mwvave davis sagania fizikuri
dasjis sakiTxi. maSin, roca msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi moqmedi
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi zrdasrulebs Soris sxvisTvis gamiznulad zianis miyenebas danaSaulad CaTvlida, igive principi ar gamoiyeneba bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi. amis sanacvlod xSirad gadaawydebiT
diskusiebs rogorc fizikuri dasjis `gonivruli~ zomisa da saSualebebis, ise am procesis dros eqimis daswrebis aucileblobis Taobaze. gasaocaria, magram msoflios mxolod 10 qveyanaSi aris calsaxad akrZaluli bavSvebis fizikuri dasja.
sxva sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgens gogonebis statusi (mag., biWebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba ojaxSi, ganaTlebaSi, dasaqmebaSi, religiuri samarTlis SezRuduli interpretacia gogonebis sawinaaRmdegod da a. S.).
`nuTu SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes imaze wminda valdebuleba, rogoricaa bavSvis uflebebis dacvis movaleoba iseve gulmodgined,
rogorc sxva nebismieri adamianis uflebebs vicavT? nuTu SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes imaze didi gamocda liderebisaTvis, rogoricaa yvela bavSvisaTvis am Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyofis amocana nebismier qveyanaSi, yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe?!~
kofi anani,
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri mdivani
implementacia da monitoringi
rogorc wesi, adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvaoba principebsa da praqtikas Soris. bevris mtkicebiT, es
101
sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia bavSvebis uflebebTan mimarTebaSi. amis mravali mizezi arsebobs (bavSvTa uflebebis sakiTxi
xSirad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul SexedulebebTan `ojaxuri faseulobebisa~ da `kulturul-religiuri
tradiciebis~ Sesaxeb), Tumca erT-erT mTavar xelSemwyob faqtors
albaT bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis implementaciaze zedamxedvelobis sistemis araefeqturobac warmoadgens.
konvencia Tavisi debulebebis implementaciaze monitoringis ganxorcielebis mxolod erT meqanizms iTvaliswinebs, kerZod konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebis valdebulebas, warudginon angariSebi
sazedamxedvelo organos, bavSvTa uflebebis komitets. am proceduris mixedviT, saxelmwifo valdebulia, warudginos komitets angariSi konvenciis moTxovnebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mizniT miRebuli zomebis Taobaze. komiteti Seiswavlis am angariSebs da `qveynebis mTavrobebTan konstruqciuli dialogis farglebSi~ gamoscems
SeniSvnebs, aseve SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebs.
ar arsebobs monitoringis sxva meqanizmebi, romlebsac adamianis uflebebis dacvis sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi iTvaliswinebs (individualuri saCivris wardgenisa da gamoZiebis procedura). amis
miuxedavad komitetis saqmianoba sakmaod inovaciuria da yvelanairad cdilobs tradiciuli meqanizmebis ararsebobis kompensirebas.
pirvel rigSi Sesabamis qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
srulfasovani suraTis misaRebad igi cdilobs arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa mozidvas, raTa maT sakuTari angariSebi waradginon bavSvTa uflebebTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, komitetis iniciativiT
yovelwliurad tardeba sazogadoebrivi forumebi specifikuri sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad (mag., `bavSvi da ojaxi~, `Sidsi~) maTze saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis yuradRebis koncentrirebis mizniT.
rac Seexeba konvenciis implementaciaze monitoringis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT zomebis miRebas erovnul doneze, 2002 wels bavSvTa uflebebis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil gaeros specialur sesiaze SemuSavebuli dokumenti mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, daafuZnon bavSvTa
uflebebis dacvaze monitoringis ganxorcielebis organoebi, rogoricaa damoukidebeli ombudsmeni bavSvTa sakiTxebze, da uzrunvelyon maTi saqmianoba. ombudsmenma unda uzrunvelyos rogorc sa102
Civrebis miRebis, bavSvebisa da mSoblebisaTvis konsultaciis gawevis, ise bavSvTa uflebebis dacvaze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis meqanizmebi.
msoflio masStabiT mraval qveyanaSi mimdinareobs erovnuli kanonmdeblobis SesabamisobaSi moyvana bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis debulebebTan. ufro metic, bevrgan xdeba konvenciis aRiareba erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis nawilad da Cveulebriv praqtikad aris qceuli misi
uSualo gamoyeneba erovnul sasamarTloebSi bavSvTa uflebebze samarTalwarmoebisas. saqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis upirates iuridiul Zalas
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebaSi da Sesabamisad
saqarTvelos erovnuli kanonmdeblobis nawilad aqcevs bavSvTa uflebebis konvencias.
103
Tavi 13.
gamoxatvisa da mediis
Tavisufleba
`yvelas aqvs ufleba azrisa da misi
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze. es ufleba moicavs yovelgvari Carevis
gareSe azris qonis, informaciisa da
ideebis moZiebis, miRebisa da gavrcelebis Tavisuflebas mediis nebismieri saSualebis gamoyenebiT da
sazRvrebis miuxedavad~.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, me-19 muxli
warsuli
da dRevandeli mniSvneloba
azrisa da misi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba _ romelic moicavs informaciisa da ideaTa miRebisa da
gavrcelebis Tavisuflebas nebismieri mediasaSualebis gamoyenebiT (sayovelTao deklaraciis me19 muxli) _ erT-erTi ZiriTadi
politikuri da samoqalaqo uflebaa, romelic yvela sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentiT aris ganmtkicebuli. britanelma filosofosma jon sti104
uart milma presis Tavisuflebas uwoda `dacvis gadamwyveti saSualeba korufciuli da tiranuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg~ (On Liberty, 1859). igi demokratiuli sistemis fuZemdebluri uflebaa,
sadac yvelas da ara mxolod Sesabamisi saxelmwifos moqalaqes aqvs
ufleba, ganacxados is, rasac fiqrobs da akritikos xelisufleba.
1941 wlis ianvarSi aSS-s prezidentma ruzveltma sityvisa da
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba erT-erTad moixsenia im oTx fundamentur
Tavisuflebas Soris, romlebzec unda dafuZnebuliyo momavali
msoflio wesrigi meore msoflio omis Semdgom. informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba da gavrceleba sazRvrebis miuxedavad Ria da
pluralisturi sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi elementia.
`batono Cemo, me ar viziareb Tqvens Sexedulebebs, magram Tavs
gavwirav Tqveni uflebisaTvis, gamoxatoT isini~.
volteri (1694-1778)
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aris CarCo ufleba, romelic iseTi elementebisgan Sedgeba, rogoricaa informaciis Tavisufleba da presis,
iseve rogorc zogadad mediis, Tavisufleba. igi emyareba azris Tavisuflebas da Tavisi arsiT mWidro kavSirSia masTan. azris gamoxatvis
formebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan azris individualuri gamoxatviT dawyebuli da mediis instituciuri TavisuflebiT damTavrebuli. azris Tavisufleba absoluturi samoqalaqo uflebaa, maSin, roca
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba politikuri uflebaa, romelic SeiZleba
garkveul SezRudvebs daeqvemdebaros.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ormxrivi uflebaa: mosazrebebisa da ideebis
gavrcelebisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da informaciisa da ideaTa
moZiebisa da miRebis Tavisufleba rogorc sityvierad, ise werilobiTi, beWdviTi an xelovnebis formiT, an sxva nebismieri mediasaSualebiT, axali teqnologiebis CaTvliT. saboloo jamSi gamoxatvis
Tavisufleba komunikaciis uflebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi elementebia:
1. yovelgvari Carevis gareSe azris qonis ufleba (azris Tavisufleba);
105
2. informaciisa da ideaTa moZiebis, miRebisa da gavrcelebis Tavisufleba (sityvis Tavisufleba, informaciis Tavisufleba):
sityvierad, werilobiTi, beWdviTi an xelovnebis formiT;
nebismieri mediasaSualebiT (mediis Tavisufleba);
sazRvrebis miuxedavad (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Tavisufleba).
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ZiriTad SezRudvebs Seicavs samoqalaqo
da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis me-10 muxli. igi krZalavs omisa da erovnuli, rasobrivi an religiuri SuRlis gaRvivebas,
romelic moicavs mowodebas diskriminaciisa da Zaladobisadmi. saxelmwifos ekisreba valdebuleba, aRasrulos es valdebulebebi
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis gziT.
mediis roli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
media pluralizmi pluralisturi sazogadoebis aucilebeli elementia. ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi demokratiis xarisxi SeiZleba presisa
da mediis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis donis mixedviT Sefasdes.
pirveli, rasac avtoritaruli an diqtatoruli reJimebi akeTeben
Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, aris gamoxatvisa da mediis TavisuflebaTa SezRudva an saerTod aRmofxvra. mediis Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelyofasTan erTad, romelsac meoTxe xelisuflebasac uwodeben sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
Semdeg, umniSvnelovanesia Jurnalistebisa Tu mediasaSualebaTa
mflobelebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamoCena, raTa
maT ar Selaxon sxvaTa uflebebi TavianTi saqmianobis procesSi. es
ki iseTi samarTlebrivi sistemis Seqmnas moiTxovs, romelic, erTi
mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebrivi mediasaSualebebis damoukideblobas da kerZo saSualebaTa Soris pluralizmis arsebobas, xolo, meore mxriv, zedamxedvelobs mediis saqmianobas mis mier obieqturobis, samarTlianobisa da eTikis normebis dacvis mizniT.
media da umciresobebi
umciresobebi, gansakuTrebiT erovnuli umciresobebi, xSirad awydebian mediis xelmisawvdomobasa da sakuTar enaze mediasaSualebebis
arsebobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs. maTi gadaWrisaTvis gamiznul specialur savaldebulo standartebs Seicavs erovnuli um106
ciresobebis dacvis evropis CarCo konvencia, miRebuli evropis sabWos mier 1995 wels. konvenciis Sesabamisad erovnul umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebsac aqvT azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebi valdebulni arian, pativi scen maT Tavisuflebas informaciisa da ideaTa moZiebaze, miRebasa da gavrcelebaze umciresobaTa enebze, sazRvrebis miuxedavad. dauSvebelia
maT mimarT diskriminacia mediis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT.
aseve dauSvebelia, maT xeli SeeSaloT sakuTari beWdviTi an eleqtronuli mediis SeqmnaSi kanonis farglebSi.
regionuli da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evropis konvenciis me-11
muxli saxelmwifoebs avalebs samauwyeblo saSualebebis mier umciresobis enaze programebis Seqmnis uzrunvelyofas, an erTi radios
an televiziis arsebobas mainc, romelic mauwyeblobas umciresobaTa
enebze ganaxorcielebs.
mowodeba omisken da SuRlis gaRviveba
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, kanonmdeblobiT akrZaluli unda iyos nebismieri mowodeba omisken.
`pirvelad sityvebi klavs, tyviebi mxolod Semdeg~.
adam miniki, poloneli mwerali
yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze warmoebuli omebis inspirirebaSi
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam Tavisi wili pasuxismgebloba daakisra medias, romelic omis, SuRlisa da eTnikuri wmendis propagandas eweoda. 1994 wels ruandaSi momxdar ZaladobaSi, ramac milionamde adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, ZiriTad damnaSaved cnobil iqna radio Mille
Colline-s programebi. `ar daxocoT es taraknebi tyviebiT, xanjlebiT
aCexeT isini nakuwebad~ _ iyo erT-erTi Zaladobisken momwodebeli uamravi gancxadebidan. krizisis dasrulebis Semdeg saomari moqmedebebis
waqezebaSi pasuxismgebel JurnalistTa umravlesoba daapatimres.
media da internetqseli
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 2001 wlis angariSis mixedviT
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi internetis momxmarebelTa raode107
nobis zrdam arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. 1995 wlis maCvenebelTan
SedarebiT (16 milioni) internetis momxmarebelTa raodenoba 2000
wlisTvis 25-jer gaizarda da 400 milion adamians miaRwia. 2002
wlisTvis internetis momxmarebelTa raodenobam 1 miliards miaRwia.
msoflio qselis aseTma masStaburma zrdam udidesi zegavlena moaxdina mediaze, radgan mravali siaxle SesTavaza rogorc Jurnalistebs, ise gamomcemlebs. TviT mcire mediakompaniebsac gauCndaT globaluri publikisaTvis xmis miRwevis SesaZlebloba. Sedegad saxelmwifo kontrolisa da cenzurisaTvis Tavis arideba gacilebiT ioli
gaxda.
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRveva, safrTxe da riski
praqtikaSi adamianis am fuZemdebluri uflebis darRvevis mravali
faqtis mowmeni varT msoflios mraval qveyanaSi mediisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze dawesebuli usamarTlo SezRudvebis gziT. Reposrters Withour Boarders-is Tanaxmad, 2001 wels 21 Jurnalisti iqna
mokluli da 489 dapatimrebuli TavianTi profesiuli movaleobis
Sesrulebis gamo.
arsebobs aseve cenzuris safrTxe, romelic SesaZlebelia gamovlindes saxelmwifo cenzuraSi an cenzuraSi ekonomikuri an sxva saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. saxelmwifo cenzura imaSi gamoixateba, rom
garkveuli statiebis publikacia mxolod mTavrobis Tanxmobis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli, rogorc es aRmosavleT evropis mraval socialistur qveyanaSi xdeboda civi omis dasrulebamde. cenzuris mizezi
SeiZleba ekonomikuri interesebic gaxdes. magaliTad, rodesac samxedro industria cdilobs, is statiebi aRkveTos, romlebic kritikuli xasiaTisaa omis mimarT.
cenzura SesaZloa TviTcenzuris saxiTac gamovlindes, rodesac gadawyvetilebis miRebamde Jurnalisti an mediasaSualebis mflobeli
politikur an sxva interesebs iRebs mxedvelobaSi. dabolos, gadawyvetilebebma informaciis gavrcelebis Taobaze SeiZleba gamoricxos
is informacia, romelic kargad ar iyideba, aseve umciresobaTa mosazrebebi.
108
legitimuri SezRudvebi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze
azris Tavisufleba ar eqvemdebareba aranair SezRudvas da absoluturi xasiaTisaa. rac Seexeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, igi SeiZleba
daeqvemdebaros legitimur SezRudvebs. samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad, gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebaze SeiZleba dawesdes SezRudvebi, romlebic kanoniTaa
gaTvaliswinebuli da aucilebelia:
sxvaTa uflebebisa da reputaciis dacvisaTvis;
erovnuli uSiSroebis an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvisaTvis;
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis an moralis dacvisaTvis.
adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-10 muxlSi warmodgenil
dasaSveb SezRudvaTa CamonaTvali ufro vrceli, magram gacilebiT
konkretulia. mis mixedviT gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros im pirobebs, SezRudvebs an sasjels, romlebic gansazRvrulia kanoniT da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erovnuli uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare. aseTi SezRudvebi SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT Semdegi legitmuri
miznebi aqvT:
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis an danaSaulis aRkveTa;
janmrTelobis an moralis dacva;
sxvaTa uflebebisa da reputaciis dacva;
konfidencialurad miRebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan
acileba;
sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da misi miukerZoeblobis SenarCuneba.
kanoniT gansazRvruli niSnavs imas, rom SezRudvas unda Seicavdes
mxolod parlamentis mier miRebuli kanoni da ara mTavrobis mier
gamocemuli brZaneba an gankarguleba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aucileblobis moTxovna. igi gamoxatvisa da mediis Tavisuflebas Ria da pluralisturi sazogadoebis
koncefciasTan akavSirebs, romelic demokratiuli saSualebebiT
imarTeba. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo yovelTvis Zalze mkacrad moiTxovda am moTxovnis dakmayofilebas, rac kargad Cans
aseve egreT wodebuli lingensis saqmidan. 1986 wels adamianis uf109
lebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom, romelic strasburgSi imyofeba, am
saqmeze daadgina, rom politikosis mimarT dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi gacilebiT farToa, vidre Cveulebrivi adamianis mimarT da
dauSvebelia Jurnalistis SezRudva reputaciis dacvis motiviT.
implementacia da monitoringi
arsebobs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis realizebis xelSemwyobi instrumentebisa da procedurebis farTo speqtri. gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis aucilebeli minimaluri standartebi dadgenilia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso aqtebiT. es ufleba ganmtkicebulia msoflio masStabiT saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis konstituciebSi. gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT aseve gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mediisa da komunikaciis Taobaze arsebuli
kanonebi da regulaciebi. maTi meSveobiT xorcieldeba Tavisuflebis
dakonkreteba da rogorc konstituciuri, ise saerTaSoriso debulebebis cxovrebaSi gatareba.
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso standartebisa da
adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebaze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebisTvis monitoringis mravali meqanizmi arsebobs. magaliTad,
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciis safuZvelze saxelmwifoebs aqvT valdebuleba, yovel 5 weliwadSi waradginon angariSebi saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebis Taobaze, romlebsac samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis gaeros komiteti ganixilavs. garda amisa, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, miiRos saCivrebi saxelmwifoebis mier
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevis Taobaze da miiRos gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa aRsrulebac savaldebuloa evropis sabWos wevri
saxelmwifoebisTvis.
gaeros wesdebis safuZvelze Seqmnilia azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mxardaWerisa da dacvis specialuri momxseneblis instituti, romelic gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisias moaxsenebs msoflio
masStabiT gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, aseve SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebs Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad.
110
euTos wevr 55 saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs euTos warmomadgeneli mediis
Tavisuflebaze. misi ZiriTadi funqciaa, misdios saxelmwifoSi mediis seqtorSi ganviTarebul movlenebs da xeli Seuwyos Tavisufali,
damoukidebeli da pluralisturi mediis Seqmnas, rac gadamwyveti
faqtoria Tavisufali, Ria sazogadoebisa da angariSvaldebuli xelisuflebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebisa
da euTos standartebis Sesabamisad.
profesiul gaerTianebaTa
da arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa roli
iseTi profesiuli gaerTianebebi, rogoricaa JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso asociacia an presis saerTaSoriso instituti, cdiloben, yovlismomcveli informacia moipovon sxvadasxva qveynebsa Tu regionebSi mediis Tavisuflebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. isini gansakuTrebul
aqcents akeTeben gamoxatvisa da mediis Tavisuflebis darRvevis faqtebze, cdiloben, operatiuli daxmareba aRmouCinon darRvevebis
msxverplT, awarmoeben kampaniebs Tavisufali mediis mxardasaWerad
da amzadeben angariSebs iseTi mniSvnelovani problemebis Taobaze,
rogoricaa medis koncentracia an saxelmwifos struqturaTa saqmianobis gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis informaciis Tavisuflebis moTxovnebis Sesruleba. TavianT saqmianobaSi maT daxmarebas
aRmouCenen iseTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic presisa
da mediis Tavisuflebis dacvze axdenen specializacias an zogadad
adamianis uflebebis mxardaWeraze arian orientirebulni. isini aseve
TiTqmis yovelTvis erToblivad miznad isaxaven adamianis uflebebis
aRkveTas, kritikuli Jurnalistebis gaCumebisaTvis gamiznuli mkacri ciliswamebis kanonmdeblobis SemsubuqebisaTvis kampaniebis warmoebas.
111
Tavi 14.
demokratia
`yvelas aqvs ufleba, monawileoba
miiRos Tavisi qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi uSualod an Tavisuflad
arCeul warmomadgenelTa meSveobiT.
yvelas aqvs ufleba Tavisi qveynis
sajaro samsaxuris Tanabar xelmisawvdomobaze.
xalxis neba unda iyos saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis safuZveli. es neba
unda gamoixatos periodul da gauyalbebel, sayovelTao da Tanaswor arCevnebSi faruli kenWisyriT an sxva ekvivalenturi Tavisufali saarCevno procedurebiT~.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, 21-e muxli
demokratia xSirad ganmartebulia,
rogorc xalxis mmarTveloba. Tumca misi gansazRvra arc ise iolia
_ demokratia mmarTvelobis formaa, igi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
112
ideologiad, romelic mraval gansxvavebul modelSi aisaxeba rogorc TeoriaSi, ise praqtikaSi.
demokratia mWidro kavSirSia adamianis uflebaTa principebTan da
SeuZlebelia arsebobdes nebismieri adamianis Rirsebisadmi sruli
pativiscemis uzrunvelyofis gareSe. dReisaTvis demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis forma udavod yvelaze produqtiulia adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da adamianis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. demokratia sasicocxlod damokidebulia moqalaqeTa interesebsa da aqtiur monawileobaze.
ra aris demokratia da rogor viTardeba igi?
demokratia aris mmarTvelobis forma, sadac xelisuflebis wyaro
xalxia. sityva `demokratia~ warmodgeba ZvelberZnuli sityvebidan:
`demos~ niSnavs xalxs da `kratos~ _ mmarTvelobas. demokratiis
eqsperimenti pirvelad aTenSi ganxorcielda. gadawyvetilebebs
aTenis moqalaqeebi pirdapiri kenWisyriT iRebdnen. kenWisyraSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba mxolod zrdasrul mamakacebs hqondaT.
qalebi, bavSvebi, monebi da ucxoelebi ar sargeblobdnen am uflebiT.
aTenis demokratia uSualo demokratiis nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda.
Tanamedrove demokratiis principi ki me-17 saukuneSi ganviTarda
kalvinisturi religiuri moZraobidan, gansakuTrebiT SotlandiaSi.
yvelas Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis idea aRmocenda da SemdgomSi
ganviTarda ganmanaTleblobis periodSi da demokratiis fuZemdeblur Rirebulebad iqca.
pirveli Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi Camoyalibda, xolo pirveli evropuli saxelmwifo, romelic demokratiul principebze dafuZnda, iyo safrangeTi demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg. 1945 weli aRsaniSnavia dasavluri liberaluri demokratiis gavrcelebiT msoflio masStabiT da mis mier
mmarTvelobis alternatiuli avtoritaruli reJimebis CanacvlebiT.
faSisturi reJimebis damarcxebis Sedegad me-20 saukuneSi daZleul
iqna demokratiis krizisi evropaSi. dekolonizaciis procesisa da
dasavleTis mier xalxebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis aRiarebis Sedegad demokratiuli procesebi mraval yofil koloniaSi ganviTarda.
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diqtatoruli reJimebi espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, saberZneTSi, argentinasa da urugvaiSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. berlinis kedlisa da komunizmis ngrevasTan erTad demokratiam kidev
ufro ganimtkica poziciebi. Tumca jer kidev yvela im qveyanaSi, sadac Teoriul doneze mxars uWeren demokratias, rogorc mmarTvelobis formas, praqtikaSi srulad ar scemen pativs demokratiul
principebs.
Tanamedrove demokratiis fuZemdebluri elementebi
Zalze rTulia imis Sefaseba, Tu rogoria demokratiis xarisxi ama
Tu im qveyanaSi, Tumca sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli is ZiriTadi
elementebi, romlebic yoveli demokratiuli sazogadoebis safuZvels qmnian.
`demokratiul sistemaSi yvelaze susts iseTive SesaZleblobebi
unda hqondes, rogoric yvelaze Zliers~.
mahaTma gandi
Tanasworoba _ Tanasworobis principi gulisxmobs, rom yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da unda sargeblobdes sazogadoebis
politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis Tanabari SesaZleblobiT, da
yvela Tanasworia kanonis winaSe.
monawileoba _ demokratia ar arsebobs monawileobis gareSe. monawileoba sazogadoebriv da politikur procesebSi demokratiuli
sistemis Seqmnis winapirobaa. demokratia monawileobis formaa,
Tumca es ukanaskneli ufro farTo cnebaa da ar Semoifargleba
mxolod politikiT, aramed ekonomikur da socialur sferoebsac moicavs. Tumca mxolod monawileoba ar SeiZleba gaxdes demokratiis garanti.
umravlesobis xelisufleba da umciresobis uflebebi _ Tumca
demokratia definiciurad xalxis mmarTvelobas niSnavs, Tavisi
arsiT igi umravlesobis xelisuflebaa. igi aseve gulisxmobs umravlesobis valdebulebas, pativi sces umciresobaTa uflebebs
da gaiTvaliswinos maTi gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebani. am valdebulebis Sesruleba sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli Rirebulebebis
mxardaWeris indikatoria.
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kanonis uzenaesoba da samarTliani sasamarTlo _ demokratiis
mizania, aRkveTos erTi adamianis an adamianTa mcire jgufis mier
Zalauflebis TviTneburi ganxorcieleba sxvebze. kanonis uzenaesoba uzrunvelyofs samarTlebrivi wesrigis arsebobas saxelmwifoSi, romliTac garantirebulia yvelas Tanasworoba kanonis
winaSe, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SezRudva da damoukidebeli da
samarTliani sasamarTlo xelisuflebis xelmisawvdomoba.
adamianis uflebebis pativiscema _ imis aRiareba, rom yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tanaswori da Tavisufalia, demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZvelia. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
sistemaSi saxelmwifo pativs scems adamianis uflebebs da uzrunvelyofs maTi sruli realizebis Tanabar SesaZleblobas yvelasTvis. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mxardaWeriT sargeblobs iseTi uflebebi, rogoricaa Sekrebis, gamoxatvis, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba. magram mxolod samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis uzrunvelyofas ar ZaluZs mSvidobisa da adamianis usafrTxoebis garantiis Seqmna. aucilebelia
aseve fuZemdebluri ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri
moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswineba demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis
sasurveli garemos Sesaqmnelad.
politikuri pluralizmi _ sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Sexedulebebisa da ideebis konsolidaciisa da sazogadoebriv debatebSi warmodgenis funqcia politikur partiebs ekisrebaT. mxolod politikuri pluralizmis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli cvalebadi moTxovnilebebisadmi adaptirebadi moqnili struqturebis, rogorc
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis safuZvlis, SenarCuneba.
Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebi _ arCevnebi demokratiis
yvelaze fundamenturi da unikaluri damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
mmarTvelobis arc erTi sxva forma ar utovebs xalxs politikuri
xelmZRvanelobis SerCevis SesaZleblobas. arCevnebSi maT SeuZliaT gamoxaton rogorc cvlilebis, ise arsebuli politikuri
kursis SenarCunebis survili.
xelisuflebis danawileba _ jon lokis mier SemoTavazebuli da
monteskies mier ganviTarebuli Teoria xelisuflebis danawilebis Sesaxeb demokratiis fundamenturi principia. am principis
Tanaxmad, xelisufleba dayofilia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel
da sasamarTlo Stoebad, romlebic damoukideblad funqcioni115
reben da angariSvaldebulni arian rogorc erTmaneTis, ise xalxis
winaSe. amgvari sistema kontrolis adekvatur meqanizmebs uzrunvelyofs da aRkveTs saxelmwifo Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas.
demokratiis formebi
Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi warmodgenili mmarTvelobis sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. liberalur demokratiul modelebTan mimarTebaSi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben pirdapir da warmomadgenlobiT demokratias.
pirdapiri demokratia mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, sadac politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebis realizeba xdeba pirdapiri
wesiT moqalaqeTa mTeli erTobliobis mier, romlebic umravlesobis
wesis procedurebs eqvemdebarebian. aseTi modeli ganxorcielebadia
mxolod ukiduresad patara saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebSi. Sesabamisad arc erTi Tanamedrove demokratiuli sistema srulad ar
efuZneba pirdapiri demokratiis principebs, Tumca garkveulwilad
Seicavs mis calkeul elementebs. pirdapiri demokratiis institutebis magaliTebia referendumi, saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva (plebisciti), saxalxo sakanonmdeblo iniciativa da a. S.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, sadac
xalxis ufleba politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze xorcieldeba ara uSualod, aramed arCeuli da mis winaSe angariSvaldebuli
warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis ori
ZiriTadi elementia mmarTvelTa gamijvna marTvis obieqtebisgan da
perioduli arCevnebi, rogorc xalxis mier mmarTvelTa kontrolis
saSualeba.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia asocirebulia mmarTvelobis or
ZiriTad sistemasTan: saparlamento da saprezidento demokratiasTan.
saparlamento demokratia: mmarTvelobis am formaSi centralur
rols parlamenti TamaSobs. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas xelmZRvanelobs premier-ministri, romelic damokidebulia parlamen116
tis ndobaze. qveynis meTaurs mxolod mcire aRmasrulebeli uflebamosileba aqvs an saerTod ar gaaCnia igi da mxolod warmomadgenlobiT funqcias asrulebs.
saprezidento demokratia: aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas xelmZRvanelobs saxelmwifos meTauri (prezidenti), romelic pirdapiri wesiT airCeva xalxis mier da ar aris damokidebuli parlamentis ndobaze.
demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mniSvnelovani sxva sakiTxebi
urTierToba umravlesobasa da umciresobas Soris da gansakuTrebiT politikuri umciresobis dacva erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia. umciresoba unda daemorCilos umravlesobis gadawyvetilebebs, amitom aucilebelia umciresobis warmomadgenelTa uflebebis pativiscemisa da maTi politikuri nebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis samarTliani donis garantireba.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba demokratiis formirebisa da mis irgvliv
gamarTuli debatebis ZiriTadi sagania. demokratia saWiroebs
Tavisufal da aqtiur adamianebs, iseve rogorc pasuxismgebel moqalaqeebs. mxolod Tavisufal da aqtiur moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT,
angariSvaldebuli amyofon mTavroba misi winasaarCevno dapirebebis mimarT.
Tavisufali da damoukidebeli media nebismieri demokratiis fuZemdebluri principia. sainformacio saSualebebis kontroli
dResdReobiT faqtobrivad gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis
uzurpirebis sinonimuria demokratiul wyobilebaSi. JurnalgazeTebi, televizia, radio Tu interneti gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs demokratiul saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebaSi. adamianebs, sazogadoebebsa da saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTTan komunikaciis SesaZlebloba unda hqondeT. eleqtoratis mier arCevanis gakeTebisaTvis xelis Sewyobis mizniT aucilebelia maTi informireba arCevis
msurvelTa miznebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
adamianis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani uflebaa funqcionirebadi demokratiis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT.
demokratia da adamianis uflebebi ganuyofeli kategoriebia. am
TvalsazrisiT adamianis yvela uflebis uzrunvelyofas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba demokratiisaTvis. garkveuli saxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi sistemebi ganasxvaveben adamianis uflebeb117
sa da moqalaqeTa uflebebs. es imaSi gamoixateba, rom calkeuli
politikuri uflebebiT mxolod Sesabamisi qveynis moqalaqeebi
sargebloben.
adamianis uflebebis garantireba mxolod demokratiis pirobebSia
SesaZlebeli. Tumca mxolod formaluri demokratia ver uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebebis realizacias. Sesabamisad adamianis uflebebis realizacia demokratiis sicocxlisunarianobis indikatoria.
implementacia da monitoringi
srulyofili demokratia ar arsebobs da arc arasodes arsebobda.
Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi demokratiis ZiriTadi
elementebis integracias axdenen sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Tanasworobis, aradiskriminaciisa da socialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelsayofad. demokratia mudmivi interaqciis, srulyofisa da regulirebis procesia ZiriTad sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebebsa da maT uzrunvelsayofad arsebul socialur struqturebs Soris.
arsebobs demokratiis principis damcavi mravali meqanizmi rogorc
saerTaSoriso, ise regionalur doneze. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
evropis konvencia, romelic konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg Civilis SesaZleblobas iZleva misi debulebebis darRvevisaTvis, amis saukeTeso magaliTia. demokratia konvenciiT aRiarebuli da, amdenad, misi Sesabamisi mmarTvelobis erTaderTi formaa.
1967 wels daniam, SvedeTma da norvegiam aRZres saCivari saberZneTis
winaaRmdeg, sadac sastiki samxedro reJimi damyarda. amis Semdeg saberZneTi gamovida konvenciidan, magram sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoeba gagrZelda, rac saberZneTis evropis sabWodan gaZevebiT dasrulda. 1974 wels saberZneTSi demokratiuli wyobilebis damyarebasTan
erTad igi daubrunda evropis sabWos da konvenciasac SeuerTda, daiwyo aseve samxedro reJimis msxverplTa reabilitaciis procesi.
rasakvirvelia, demokratiis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Seqmnili yvela
meqanizmi ar aris iseTi efeqturi, rogoric evropis sabWos mier miRebuli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi, Tumca arsebobs demokratiisaTvis mebrZoli mravali sxva organizacia. 1990 wels euTos (evropis
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usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia) egidiT Seiqmna
demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis uflebaTa ofisi varSavaSi, romlis amocanacaa daxmarebis aRmoCena euToSi Semavali saxelmwifoebisaTvis demokratiuli institutebis mSeneblobasa da gaZlierebaSi. igi dakvirvebas axorcielebs erovnul arCevnebze demokratiul principebTan maTi Sesabamisobis Semowmebis mizniT.
demokratia da globalizacia
tradiciulad politikuri monawileoba SemosazRvrulia erovnuli
sazRvrebiT. gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdens adamianebis cxovrebze, rogorc wesi, miiReboda konkretuli saxelmwifos
teritoriaze. globalizaciis epoqaSi mravali gadawyvetileba da
maTi Sedegi scildeba erovnul sazRvrebs. iseTi axali globaluri
moTamaSeebi, rogorebicaa mravalerovnuli kompaniebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, did zegavlenas axdenen socialur-ekonomikur
cvlilebebze mTel msoflioSi. globalizacias SeuZlia aseve demokratiis gavrcelebas Seuwyos xeli axali teqnologiebisa da informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis gziT.
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