assessment

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T3571A9951402
Callithrix flaviceps, Buffy-headed Marmoset
Assessment by: Rylands, A.B, Ferrari, S.F. & Mendes, S.L.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Rylands, A.B, Ferrari, S.F. & Mendes, S.L. 2008. Callithrix flaviceps. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2008: e.T3571A9951402.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Callitrichidae
Taxon Name: Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas, 1903)
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
Buffy-headed Marmoset
Ouistiti À Tête Jaune
Taxonomic Notes:
In the past, the eastern Brazilian marmosets (penicillata É. Geoffroy, 1812, geoffroyi É. Geoffroy in
Humboldt, 1812, aurita É. Geoffroy in Humboldt, 1812, and flaviceps Thomas, 1903) of the “jacchus
group” were considered to be subspecies of Callithrix jacchus, following Hershkovitz (1977). All are now
considered to be full species (see Coimbra-Filho and Mittermeier 1973, Coimbra-Filho 1984,
Mittermeier et al. 1988, Mendes 1997b, Marroig et al. 2004, Coimbra-Filho et al.. 2006).
Coimbra-Filho (1986a,b, 1990) and Coimbra-Filho et al. (1993b) argued that Callithrix flaviceps should be
considered a subspecies of C. aurita. The similarities between C. flaviceps and C. aurita in pelage
patterns such as the ear tufts and the skull-like facial mask, ecological adaptations, ontogeny (the infants
are extremely similar), vocalizations and clinal variation in overall pelage colour, indicate to us that
flaviceps might well be best considered a subspecies of aurita (Coimbra-Filho 1986a,b; Coimbra-Filho et
al. 1993).
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Endangered C2a(i) ver 3.1
Year Published:
2008
Date Assessed:
June 30, 2008
Justification:
This species is listed as Endangered due to small population size and ongoing decline. Current estimates
of the population are less than 2,500 mature individuals, with no subpopulation greater than 250
individuals. Remaining populations are fragmented. Densities are naturally low.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2003 – Endangered (EN)
2000 – Endangered (EN)
1996 – Endangered (EN)
1994 – Endangered (E)
1990 – Endangered (E)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
1
1988 – Endangered (E)
1986 – Endangered (E)
1982 – Endangered (E)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
The distribution of C. flaviceps is described by Hershkovitz (1977), Coimbra-Filho et al. (1981), and
Coimbra-Filho (1986a). It occurs in the Serra da Mantiqueira in southern Espírito Santo, south of the Rio
Doce at least to the state boundary with Rio de Janeiro (and in the past possibly in the north of the state
of Rio de Janeiro, in the municipalities of Natividade, Porciuncula and the north of Bom Jesus do
Itabapoãna when they were forested). It extends west into eastern Minas Gerais in scattered localities in
the highly fragmented forests of the Rio Manhuaçu basin as far as Manhuaçú (40°02’W), as noted by
Coimbra-Filho (1986a) Coimbra-Filho et al. (1981) and Mendes and Melo (2007). Ferrari and Mendes
(1991) and Mendes (1993) reviewed the distribution of C. flaviceps. Hirsch (2003; Hirsch et al. in prep.)
obtained records in Minas Gerais which have extended its known range somewhat north and west,
towards the east (right bank) of the Rio Doce (Fazenda Saet [19º43'S, 42º26'] and the Fazenda do Eraldo
A. Alves [19º45'S, 42º25'] both at an altitiude of 270 m and about 10 km from the east bank of the Rio
Doce, in the municipality of Pingo d’Água). Hirsch (2003) also refers to two localities which would extend
the range a little further south in Minas Gerais, but they have still to be confirmed and may be hybrids
with C. aurita (the left bank of the Rio Matipó, municipality of Abre Campo, and the Córrego Jurumirim,
left bank of the Rio Casca, municipality of Rio Casca).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
2
Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
3
Population
Their distribution is locally patchy, being abundant in some areas, but rare or absent in others close by.
In Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, Pinto et al. (1993) recorded a mean density of 7.1
individuals/km² (range = 3.4 - 18 injdividuals/km²). At the Caratinga Biological Station, Minas Gerais, the
recorded density was 40 individuals/km² (Ferrari 1988).
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Callithrix aurita and C. flaviceps are the southernmost forms of marmosets in terms of the natural range
of the genus (C. jacchus, C. penicillata and C. geoffroyi have been introduced further south in Paraná,
São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Argentina). They occur in the montane Atlantic coastal forest and forests
of the inland plateau, at altitudes up to 1,200 m where dry season temperatures can fall close to
freezing (Ferrari et al. 1996). They show a preference for disturbed forest, being rare in old growth forest
with sparse understoreys (Ferrari 1988; Ferrari and Mendes 1991). There is a natural hybrid zone, with
Callithrix aurita, at the Serra do Brigadeiro, Carangola, in south-eastern Minas Gerais (Coimbra-Filho et
al. 1993; Cosenza 1993; Mendes 1997a; Cosenza and Melo 1998).
Marmosets and tamarins are distinguished from the other monkeys of the New World by their small
size, modified claws rather than nails on all digits except the big toe, the presence of two as opposed to
three molar teeth in either side of each jaw, and by the occurrence of twin births. They eat fruits,
flowers, nectar, plant exudates (gums, saps, latex) and animal prey (including frogs, snails, lizards,
spiders and insects) (see Ferrari 1988, 1991; Corrêa et al. 2000). Marmosets have morphological and
behavioural adaptations for gouging trees trunks, branches and vines of certain species to stimulate the
flow of gum, which they eat, and in some species form a notable component of the diet (Coimbra-Filho
1972; Rylands 1984). They live in extended family groups of between four and 15 individuals. Generally,
only one female per group breeds during a particular breeding season. The groups defend home ranges
10-40 ha, the size depending on availability and distribution of foods and second-growth patches.
The ecology and behaviour of C. flaviceps has been studied by Ferrari (1988, 1991, Ferrari and Diego
1992) at the 880 ha Caratinga Biological Station in Minas Gerais. The home range of the group he
studied was 35.5 ha. Guimarães (1998a, 1998b) also studied the same marmoset group at Caratinga.
The dentition of Callithrix flaviceps is less specialized for tree-gouging to obtain gum than it is in C.
jacchus and C. penicillata (see Natori 1986). Nevertheless, gum is an important part of the diet year
round, and largely obtained from sites where it is available without requiring gouging (Ferrari 1988,
1991; Ferrari et al. 1996).
Size:
Average weight: 406 g (Rosenberger 1992).
Systems: Terrestrial
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
4
This species has a restricted range in an area where the forest is extremely fragmented through
agriculture, cattle ranching, tree plantations (Eucalyptus), urbanization, and mining (Coimbra-Filho
1986a; 1990; Ferrari and Mendes 1991; Mendes and Melo 2007). They are hunted for pets.
Mendes and Melo (2007) surveyed forest fragments in the Zona da Mata of the state of Minas Gerais,
and recorded the presence of introduced populations of Callithrix jacchus, C. peniciilata and C. geoffroyi,
which they believe are displacing C. flaviceps. They recommended awareness campaigns to reduce the
habit of releasing marmosets willy nilly, in the region centred on the town of Manhuaçú.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
This species occurs in the following protected areas:
Minas Gerais
Caparaó National Park (31,853 ha) (part Espírito Santo)
Caratinga Biological Station / RPPN Feliciano Miguel Abdala (900 ha) (Coimbra-Filho et al. 1981).
RPPN Mata do Sossego Biological Station (221 ha) (privately owned)
Espírito Santo
Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve (4,492 ha) (Pinto et al. 1993)
Pedra Azul State Reserve (993 ha) (Mendes 1991; Ferrari and Mendes 1991; Oliver and Santos 1991)
Forno Grande State Reserve (340 ha) (Mendes 1991; Ferrari and Mendes 1991; Oliver and Santos 1991)
São Lourenço Biological Station (Mendes 1991; Ferrari and Mendes 1991; Oliver and Santos 1991)
Santa Lucia Biological Station (350 ha) (Mendes 1991; Ferrari and Mendes 1991; Oliver and Santos 1991)
Attempts to establish a captive breeding program have to date been unsuccessful (Coimbra-Filho et al.
1997).
It is listed on Appendix I of CITES.
Credits
Assessor(s):
Rylands, A.B, Ferrari, S.F. & Mendes, S.L.
Reviewer(s):
Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (Primate Red List Authority)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
5
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of the genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777. Folia Primatologica 20: 241-264.
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Primates). Primate Conservation 21: 1–24.
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Callithrix species from eastern Brazil. In: A. B. Rylands (ed.), Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics,
Ecology, and Behaviour, pp. 95-120. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
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buffy-headed marmoset (Callithrix aurita flaviceps) Callitrichidae, Primates. In: S. F. Ferrari and H.
Schneider (eds), A Primatologia no Brasil - 5, pp. 204-215. Universidade Federal do Pará, Sociedade
Brasileira de Primatologia, Belém, Brazil.
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of highland marmosets (Callithrix aurita and Callithrix flaviceps) in south-eastern Brazil. Journal of
Zoology (London) 252: 421-427.
Cosenza, B. A. P. 1993. Primatas do município de Carangola. Minas Gerais, Carangola.
Cosenza, B. A. P. and de Melo, F. R. 1998. Primates of the Serra do Brigadeiro State Park, Minas Gerais,
Brazil. Neotropical Primates 6: 18–20.
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- 4, pp. 129-137. Editora Universitaria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal.
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Thomas, 1903). Ph.D. Thesis, University College.
Ferrari, S. F. 1991. Preliminary report on a field study of Callithrix flaviceps. Sociedade Brasileira de
Primatologia, Belo Horioznte, Brazil.
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Ferrari, S. F. and Diego, V. H. 1992. Long-term changes in a wild marmoset group. Folia Primatologica 58:
215-218.
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2-4.
Ferrari, S. F. and Mendes, S. L. 1991. Buffy-headed marmosets 10 years on.
Ferrari, S. F., Corrêa, M. K. M. and Coutinho, P. E. G. 1996. Ecology of the southern marmosets (Callithrix
aurita and Callithrix flaviceps) - How different, how similar? In: M. A. Norconk, A. L. Rosenberger and P.
A. Garber (eds), Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates, pp. 157-171. Plenum Press, New York,
USA.
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Callithrix flaviceps (Callitrichidae, Primates), na Estação Biológica de Caratinga, Minas Gerais. M.Sc.
Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
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Neotropical Primates 6(2): 51-52.
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University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
Hirsch, A. 2003. Avaliação da fragmentação do habitat e seleção de áreas prioritárias para a conservação
dos primatas na bacia do rio Doce, Minas Gerais, através da aplicação de um sistema de informações
geográficas. Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Hirsch, A., Toledo, P. P., de Brito, B. F. A. and Rylands, A. B. In press. New records enlarge the geographic
distribution of Callithrix flaviceps. Neotropical Primates.
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marmosets (Platyrrhini). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123: 11-22.
Mendes, C. S. L. and de Melo. F. R. 2007. Situação atual do sagüi-da-serra (Callithrix flaviceps) em
fragmentos florestais na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. In: J. C. Bicca-Marques (ed.), A Primatologia no
Brasil - 10, pp. 163-180. Porto Alegre.
Mendes, S. L. 1991. Situação atual dos primatas em reservas florestais do estado do Espírito Santo. In: A.
B. Rylands and A. T. Bernardes (eds), A Primatologia no Brasil – 3, pp. 347-356. Sociedade Brasileira de
Primatologia, Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte.
Mendes, S. L. 1993. Distribuição geográfica e estado de conservação de Callithrix flaviceps (Primates:
Callitrichidae). In: M. E. Yamamoto and M. B. C. de Sousa (eds), A Primatologia no Brasil – 4, pp. 139154. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Natal.
Mendes, S. L. 1997. Hybridization in free-ranging Callithrix flaviceps and the taxonomy of the Atlantic
forest marmosets. Neotropical Primates 5(1): 6-8.
Mendes, S. L. 1997. Padrões biogeográficas e vocais em Callithrix do Grupo jacchus (Primates,
Callitrichidae). Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B. and Coimbra-Filho, A. F. 1988. Systematics: species and subspecies - an
update. In: R. A. Mittermeier, A. B. Rylands, A. F. Coimbra-Filho and G. A. B. da Fonseca (eds), Ecology
and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, pp. 13-75. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA.
Natori, M. 1986. Interspecific relationships of Callithrix based on dental characters. Primates 27(3): 321336.
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Oliver, W. L. R. and Santos, I. B. 1991. Threatened endemic mammals of the Atlantic forest region of
south-east Brazil. Wildlife Preservation Trust, Special Scientific Report 4: 1-125.
Pinto, L. P. S., Costa, C. M. R., Strier, K. B. and da Fonseca, G. A. B. 1993. Habitat, density and group size
of primates in a Brazilian Tropical forest. Folia Primatologica 61: 135–143.
Rosenberger, A. L. 1992. Evolution of feeding niches in New World monkeys. 8: 525-562.
Rylands, A. B. 1984. Exudate-eating and tree-gouging by marmosets (Callitrichidae, Primates). In: A. C.
Chadwick and S. L. Sutton (eds), Tropical Rain Forest: The Leeds Symposium, pp. 155–168. Leeds
Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, UK.
Citation
Rylands, A.B, Ferrari, S.F. & Mendes, S.L. 2008. Callithrix flaviceps. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2008: e.T3571A9951402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
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8
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
-
Suitable
-
1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
-
Suitable
-
Use and Trade
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
End Use
Local
National
International
Pets/display animals, horticulture
Yes
No
No
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
-
-
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp
plantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or
farming
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching
or farming
5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood
harvesting -> 5.3.5. Motivation
Unknown/Unrecorded
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & fire
suppression -> 7.1.3. Trend Unknown/Unrecorded
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.
Named species (Callithrix geoffroyi)
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.
Named species (Callithrix jacchus)
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes ->
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.
Named species (Callithrix penicillata)
Ongoing
-
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.2. Competition
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.2. Competition
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.2. Competition
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
10
Conservation Actions Needed
4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
1. Research -> 1.6. Actions
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Callithrix flaviceps – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3571A9951402.en
11
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™