Living Collections

Transcrição

Living Collections

Newsletter of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network
Volume 8 No. 2
ISSN 1027-4286
January 2004
17th AETFAT Congress
New Books from SABONET
Living Collections: Zambia and South Africa
SABONET News Vol. 8 No. 2 January 2004
69
c o n t e n t s
Book Reviews
ON OUR COVER: Stipagrostis plain in the
100
Invasive Aquatic Plants
Usakos area. (Photo: S. Schubert)
101
Swaziland ferns and fern
allies
Cover Stories
75
SABONET’s Participation at
the 17th AETFAT Congress
80
New books from SABONET
84
Living plant collections: The
Natal National Botanical
Garden
86
91
Living plant collections: The
Botanical Garden: a
Window on National Plant
Diversity
Regulars
71
Editorial
72
Letters to the Editors
102
From the Web
108
The Paper Chase
115
Regional News Update
121
E-mail Addresses
80 New books from SABONET
Living plant collections:
Developing a Teaching
Botanic Garden at the
University of Zambia
Features
73
Profile: Dr Salomão
Bandeira
74
Profile: Soul Shava
82
The Eduardo Mondlane
University Herbarium,
Mozambique
96
Threatened Plants
Programme Gerbera
aurantiaca: Flagship Species
75 AETFAT Congress
84 Natal National Botanical Garden
70
115 Regional News
96 Gerbera
letter from the editors
Newsletter of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network
Editors
EDITORS: YOLANDE STEENKAMP & MARTHINA MÖSSMER
R
ecent months have seen many changes at the SABONET Regional Coordinator’s
Office!
Dr Stefan Siebert left for a teaching position at the University of Zululand earlier this year,
and has been replaced by Yolande Steenkamp. Yolande will manage the SABONET Project
to its close in mid-2004.
Yolande is ably assisted by Elsabé Malan, who has been working as administrative and
financial officer since Nyasha Rukazhanga-Noko and Ms Lorna Davis left the project for
new positions at the National Botanical Institute and the University of the Witwatersrand
respectively.
We have also had many welcome additions on the editorial front in the past several months:
Celia Belgraver de Vos, Lidia Gibson, Nicole Meyer, and Hanlie van Heerden are all assisting
with the editing of the many manuscripts we have received for publication this year.
Antoinette Burkhardt is still the design and layout expert for all our publications, including
SABONET News.
E-mail addresses have of course also changed, so here is a quick update:
Yolande Steenkamp—Regional Coordinator—[email protected]
Elsabé Malan—Administrative and Financial Officer—[email protected]
Marthina Mössmer—Editor-in-Chief—[email protected]
In this issue we include profiles for Dr Salomão Bandeira and Soul Shava, and articles on
SABONET participation at the 17th AETFAT Congress and the Eduardo Mondlane
University Herbarium. Our Living Collections section features the Natal National Botanical Garden, the development of botanic gardens in Zambia, and the Threatened Plants
Programme. Regional News includes information on internships to Cape Town and
Pretoria, field trips to the Kaokoveld and the Khomas Hochland in Namibia, and a report
on retracing Burchell’s route in the eastern Cape, South Africa. Read more about the
latest SABONET publications on page 80.
Enjoy your reading!
—Yolande Steenkamp & Marthina Mössmer
Yolande Steenkamp
Marthina Mössmer
Copy editors
Lidia Gibson & Hanlie van Heerden
Design and Layout
Antoinette Burkhardt
Vanilla Design Studio
(27) 82 909-0109
Reproduction and Printing
Business Print Centre
(27) 12 349-2295
Subscriptions
Elsabé Malan
[email protected]
Website
www.sabonet.org
Submission of Manuscripts
Marthina Mössmer
[email protected]
See Instructions to Authors on page 72.
SABONET News is the official newsletter
of the Southern African Botanical
Diversity Network (SABONET).
SABONET
National Botanical Institute
Private Bag X101
Pretoria 0001
SOUTH AFRICA
Tel.: (27) 12 804-3200
Fax: (27) 12 804-5979/3211
SABONET News is published in March,
July and November and is distributed free
of charge.
Printed on acid-free Dukuza Plus
Matte coated paper, which
contains a minimum of 60%
bagasse—the residue remaining
after sugar has been extracted
from sugar cane.
This newsletter was made possible through support
provided by the GEF/UNDP (SABONET is a GEF Project
implemented by the UNDP) and the Regional Centre
for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana, US Agency
for International Development (Plot no. 14818
Lebatlane Road, Gaborone West, Extension 6
Gaborone), under the terms of the Grant No. 6900283-A-00-5950. The opinions expressed in the
newsletter are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development, the GEF/UNDP, the SABONET
Steering Committee or the National Working Groups.
71
l e t t e r s to t h e e d i t o r s
T
he March 2003 issue of SABONET
News was packed with educational
and informative articles. My attention
was drawn by two articles in particular:
“A Tribute to SABONET Contract Staff”
and “Farewell Nyasha!”. As a member of
the SABONET team since December
2000, I feel convinced that the great
network of participating countries will
remain strong into the future, building on
the knowledge of the importance of plant
diversity in southern Africa, not only as a
unique heritage, but as an essential part
of our daily lives and needs.
I attended an advanced Database
Management and Networking course at
the Pretoria National Herbarium in May
2002. It was during this visit that I felt the
great bond that exists among the
members of SABONET. I had the
opportunity to meet fellow data capturers
[email protected]
relations between the Regional Office, all
par-ticipating countries, and the
SABONET staff.
from the ten participating countries.
Nyasha, who was project secretary until
recently, has left the SABONET team for
a new job. She delivered high quality
work and I am glad that this has been
recognised by the NBI. “All the best to
you Nyasha!” As a capacity-building
initiative, the SABONET project has been
very successful, equipping people with
many skills that will serve them well after
completion of the project.
Lastly, thank you to the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) and the
United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) for funding SABONET, also to the
Regional Office, participating countries,
fellow SABONET staff from all over, NBI
staff, and staff members of the Herbarium
of Malawi, for their great support. And
to the SABONET News editors: “Keep it
up! You are doing a good job.”
Thank you, Stefan and Nyasha, for the
article “Tribute to SABONET Contract
Staff”. I am proud to have been a member
of this successful team. Through
interaction and knowledge gained, I can
make a meaningful contribution to my
institution and country. As I have taken
my leave of the SABONET project on 30
June 2003, I bid farewell to a project that
will always be remembered for the good
—Donald Mpalika
National Herbarium of Malawi
Zomba
[email protected]
[email protected]
Various SABONET expeditions. (Photos: SABONET)
instructions to authors
1)
2)
3)
72
Manuscripts should preferably be in
English.
If possible, text should be sent in electronic
format via e-mail or on a stiffy disk and
should be in Microsoft Word, WordPerfect,
or Rich Text Format. Otherwise, hard copy
can be sent or faxed to the SABONET
head office.
Tables and charts should be in one of the
following formats: Microsoft Excel, Quattro
Pro, Lotus 1-2-3, or Harvard Graphics.
Data must be supplied with charts.
4)
5)
6)
If possible, include colour slides, black-andwhite photographs, or line drawings to
illustrate articles. If you want to submit
scanned images with your article, scan
them at 300 dpi and save as TIF or JPEG
files.
Caption all tables, figures, and photographs
clearly on a separate sheet. Include
photographer credits.
Each author should provide name,
affiliation, postal address, telephone and fax
numbers, and an e-mail address (if
applicable).
Look at the most recent issue of SABONET
News for stylistic conventions.
8) SABONET News holds the right to edit any
received copy.
9) Manuscripts should be sent to Marthina
Mössmer. Via e-mail: [email protected]
Hard copy: SABONET, National Botanical
Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001,
SOUTH AFRICA. Fax: (27) 12 804-5979/
3211.
10) Submissions for the next issue should
reach the editors before 29 February
2004. Late submissions will not be
included.
7)
Profile
Dr Salomão Bandeira
S
alomão Bandeira was born on 17
September 1965 at Maxixe, west of
Inhambane Bay, in southern Mozambique,
an area of coastal mosaic vegetation
interspersed with coconut tree plantations.
The area, including the bay, has extensive
mangroves and seagrass beds. He lived
most of his childhood at Gondola, a railway
village in central Mozambique, which
consists primarily of miombo and mixed
woodland.
the civil war in Mozambique. This choice
of location steered Salomão’s studies in the
direction of marine botany. At the time
there was a capacity-building project
funded by SIDA (Swedish International
Development Agency) that took place in cooperation with the government of
Mozambique. SIDA funded graduate work
in the marine sciences. As a result, Salomão
was selected to enroll in the Master of
Science program at Gothenburg University
in Sweden. After having successfully
acquired his M.Sc. degree in 1994, he was
pleased to be selected for the PhD program
in the Department of Marine Botany at
Gothenburg. In 2000 he successfully
defended his PhD thesis on seagrass
diversity and ecology and was awarded a
doctorate. He was one of the few people
who recognised the importance of seagrass
ecosystems, a research field that today is
considered one of the most important for
coastal zone management in the tropics.
A Rich Career
When Salomão went out to cultivate the
family fields or walked to school, or
explored the surrounding areas during his
free time, he was already observing the
natural world around him, eager to learn
all he could about it. During school
holidays, his father, a railway worker, used
to take him and his brother per cargo train
to the Beira Corridor. There the scenery was
different and this further stimulated his
interest in natural history. His interest in
marine biology was born after he moved
to Maputo, aged 14. He was fascinated by
the city shoreline, by the island of Inhaca
out in the Bay of Maputo, and by Bilene, a
coastal town several hours to the north.
Education
Salomão received his primary education in
Beira and Gondola (1972-1976) and attended secondary school in Chimoio and
Maputo (1977-1984). In 1992 he finished his
5-year Licenciatura at the University
Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Department of
Biological Sciences. His thesis was on
seagrass taxonomy and distribution at
Inhaca Island. He was one of the first
biology graduates in the country. As a result
of his excellent performance as a student,
he succeeded in getting a position as a
junior lecturer at Universidade Eduardo
Mondlane. Salomão’s career as a
professional botanist began in the late
eighties when Dr Jan de Koning (currently
Director of the Leiden Botanic Gardens in
the Netherlands) supervised his studies in
basic herbarium techniques, plant collecting, and seagrass taxonomy. Inhaca Island,
a place rich in history and relatively unspoiled, provided the ideal opportunity for
fieldwork, as it was a safe location during
During Dr Bandeira’s studies for his PhD,
he was fully engaged in an evolving career
in the Department of Biological Sciences,
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. In 2000
he was elected Chairman of the
Department of Biological Sciences, a
position he held till 2003. In 2002 he was
promoted to assistant professor in botany.
Dr Bandeira’s marine botany research
focused mainly on seagrasses, but at the
same time he also worked with seaweeds,
mangroves, and various aspects of terrestrial botany. The contributions by Dr
Bandeira in these fields have been recognised internationally, and are often quoted
in the scientific press. In total, Dr Bandeira
has published over 18 papers in the field of
marine botany, as well as several papers in
terrestrial botany.
One of Dr Bandeira’s special interests in
terrestrial botany is that of traditional
medicine. He has been involved in
gathering information (and in training others to do so) on traditional medicinal practices, the systems of harvesting, preparing,
distributing and marketing plant-based
medicines. He has researched the impact
of these activities on biodiversity, and how
to respond to the problem of over-harvesting. He has published several articles on
the topic. Related to this is a general interest in traditional folklore regarding plants,
and also in their vernacular names.
Subjects of early interest for Dr Bandeira
included the non-medicinal uses of plants,
the impact that collecting them has on the
environment, and how to encourage sustainable conservation practices. In addition
to deforestation, he is concerned about
degradation of other vegetation communities, including through unsustainable agriculture practices. He has a special interest in the intricacies of how abandoned
fields regenerate over time.
A Tremendous Task
Dr Bandeira’s interest in marine botany
naturally led to a growing interest in inland
aquatic botany and he has recently been
involved, through the university, in taking
an inventory of fresh water plants in various
rivers in the Maputo Province.
Dr Bandeira has a particular interest in
threatened species and has been known to
refuse to collect a specimen if he sees only
one. He realises that controlling the threat
to rare and over-collected species is very
difficult anywhere, but shares a
determination with other local botanists to
try to monitor the situation as well as
possible.
Dr Bandeira is a very active international
researcher, who has supervised several BSc
and MSc students. He currently coordinates several international research
programmes funded by the European
Union, Swedish Sida, The Netherlands
(NUFFIC) and others.
Much of the flora of Mozambique is poorly
surveyed and Dr Bandeira has been organising expeditions to the least well-known
areas of botanical interest. He has also been
involved in managing the herbarium at
UEM, in making many improvements
there, and in overseeing the ongoing updating of the curation of specimens.
Versatility
An Inspired Vision!
While Dr Bandeira has become an authority on marine botany, including the
macroalgae, seagrasses, and mangrove
communities, he also has a broad expertise in terrestrial and inland aquatic botany.
Although a taxonomist by training, he approaches botany from many different perspectives and this is reflected in his various projects and publications.
Not intimidated by big projects, Dr
Salomão Bandeira has been a driving force
behind the regeneration of the university
botanical garden, which had been used for
cultivating food during the civil war.
Through UNESCO he has been able to find
funding to develop the garden, taking a personal role in redesigning it, and in restocking the plant beds through collections
made on expeditions around the country.
73
He was co-author of two pamphlets about
the garden, and a brochure entitled O
Jardim Botánico Universit·rio de Maputo
e a Conservação das Plantas Medicinais e
Plantas Ameaçadas. Through these publications he has aimed to promote his ambitions for the development of the garden
as a resource for the general public. It is
his dream that the garden will house an
education centre, a medicinal plant conservation centre, and be a place of peace
and beauty at the edge of the city.
Approachable
As an assistant professor, Dr Salomão
Bandeira has been involved in improving
the technique of teaching botany at UEM,
and in promoting research, publishing
and other professional development
among the staff. One of the highlights of
his career was the co-organisation of an
exhibit in Maputo, held for the King and
Queen of Sweden, in 1998. The exhibit
focussed on the marine biology program
and the Marine Biological Station of
Inhaca Island.
sources and Sustainable Development”.
In the field of terrestrial botany, his publications have focused on aspects of plant
diversity and utilisation, conservation,
medicinal plants and ecology. Topics include the diversity and uses of plant species at Goba in the Lebombo Mountains;
non-medicinal plant uses on Inhaca Island; African ethnobotany and
healthcare, especially in Mozambique;
and the ecology and conservation status
of plant resources in Mozambique. He has
been involved in several consulting
projects throughout the country. He is
currently co-authoring two books. The
first, with D.Bolnick, entitled “A Guide to
Wild Flowers of Southern Mozambique /
Flores Nativas do Sul de Moçambique”,
will cover over 300 species. The second
book, is co-authored with H.Beentje: “A
Field Guide to the Mangroves of Africa and
Madagascar”. Dr Bandeira is particularly
interested in the genus Ceropegia, and in
the plant families Amaryllidaceae,
Malvaceae and Iridaceae.
It Runs in the Family!
As a teacher, he is popular and well respected, yet approachable.
International Involvement
and Publications
For his professional development Dr
Salomão Bandeira has taken advantage
of various conferences and workshops,
including as a participant, in Africa, Australia, Europe and the USA. In 1997, at the
AETFAT Congress in Harare, Dr Bandeira
co-chaired a symposium on “Plant Re-
Dr Bandeira’s wife, Romana, has a PhD
in entomology and also lectures at UEM.
Their young daughter, Ambar, loves to go
hiking in the bush with her parents. She
already has an interest in wild flowers.
By the time you read this article, Ambar
may have a little sister….
—D. Bolnick, M. Björk & F. Barbosa
Profile
Soul Shava
S
oul was born in the mining and wildlife resort town of Hwange (then
Wankie), Zimbabwe, on 14 October 1967.
He completed primary education at
Maphisa School in Bulawayo and secondary education up to Ordinary Level at
Ihlathi School. He went on to complete an
Advanced Level secondary education at
Manama High School in Gwanda in 1986,
graduating top of his Biology class.
On completing his high school education,
Soul went on to study at the University of
Zimbabwe where he obtained a BSc Honours degree in Biological Sciences in 1990.
He majored in Botany and Ecology.
Soul started work at the National Herbarium and Botanic Garden of Zimbabwe
in 1994 after four years as a Biology and
Science teacher at two high schools in
Mashonaland Central Province. In his new
career, he started off as a Research Officer
responsible for environmental education
and the curation of the grass section.
Involvement in environmental education
eventually culminated in Soul going on the
WWF Prince Bernhard Scholarship to
Rhodes University, South Africa, where he
obtained a Master of Education degree in
Environmental Education in 2000.
Soul has a keen interest in indigenous
knowledge systems. He has published several articles and booklets on traditional conservation, the use of wild plants for food
and medicine in local communities, and on
myths and story telling.
Currently Soul is a Principal Research Officer at the National Herbarium and Botanic
Garden of Zimbabwe. He is also the curator of the Botanic Garden and heads the
Environmental Education section of the
institute.
74
SABONET’s
Participation at the 17th AETFAT Congress
Some of the southern African delegates who attended the XVIIth AETFAT Congress. (Photo: J. Wieringa)
From left to right:
Ms Gladys Msekandiana (NHBG, Malawi), Ms Ferozah Conrad (NBI, South Africa), Mr Titus Dlamini (National Herbarium,
Swaziland), Ms Samira Izidine (INIA, Mozambique), Ms Angela Gono-Bwalya (University Herbarium, Zambia), Ms Angeline
Khunou (NBI, South Africa), Ms Ruvimbo Mapaya (National Herbarium, Zimbabwe), Mr Chris Cupido (NBI, South Africa),
Prof. Gideon Smith (NBI, South Africa), Dr Gail Reeves (NBI, South Africa), Prof. Brian Huntley (NBI, South Africa), Dr Jameson
Seyani (NHBG, Malawi), Mr Erich van Wyk (MSB, South Africa), Dr Stefan Siebert (SABONET, South Africa).
I
t seems like yesterday when we were editing articles on the 16th AETFAT Congress for SABONET News 5(3) 2000. Two interesting articles were featured to commemorate the 50th year of the Association
for the Taxonomic Study of the Flora of
Tropical Africa (AETFAT), one on its history
(Rammeloo 2000) and another on the Association’s vision for the new millennium
(Demissew 2000). SABONET was well represented at the Congress, since the steering committee held a planning meeting to
coincide with the historical occasion.
Once again, SABONET is fortunate to share
some news on AETFAT. The seventeenth
congress was held in Ethiopia during September 2003. Since its inception in 1951 in
Brussels, Belgium, it was the fourth time
that the AETFAT Congress had been held
in Africa. Other African venues include Pretoria, South Africa, in 1982, Zomba, Malawi,
in 1991, and Harare, Zimbabwe, in 1997.
At the SABONET Steering Committee
(SSC) meeting held on 29 August 2002, the
committee stressed the importance of participation by SABONET in an African Congress with the magnitude of AETFAT. As
SABONET had entered its Exit Strategy to
ensure sustainability in future, it was decided that young botanists should be given
Six (out of 22) students submitted abstracts
and all were accepted by the convenors of
the AETFAT symposia during May/June
2003. Subsequently, these students were
funded by SABONET to attend the 17th
AETFAT Congress in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 21-26 September 2003. Sponsored
delegates included Ms Samira Izidine (Mozambique), Ms Patricia Craven (Namibia),
Mr Christopher Cupido (South Africa), Mr
Titus Dlamini (Swaziland), Ms Angela
Gono-Bwalya (Zambia) and Ms Ruvimbo
Mapaya (Zimbabwe). The students obtained their MSc degrees from the universities of Cape Town (3), Pretoria (1),
Stellenbosch (1) and Witwatersrand (1). The
student delegates and trip coordinator all
presented posters at the AETFAT congress
(abstracts listed at the end of this article).
tary General of AETFAT, National Herbarium, Ethiopia), mentioned how pleased
they were with the activities and achievements of the project. Considering
SABONET’s new focus on the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), the keynote address of Prof. Peter Crane, Director
of Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, was of special interest to the project’s efforts to make
taxonomy relevant to plant conservation.
He mentioned that the SABONET project
was probably the most successful digitising initiative of its kind in the world. He
proposed it as a model to be emulated elsewhere as a capacity-building project that
works. He also stressed the value of the
SABONET Red Data List to support Kew’s
Millennium Seed Bank project in southern
Africa. He urged taxonomists to focus on
capacity-building that would encourage
taking on a pro-active role regarding in situ
conservation. Taxonomists have the potential to switch on the warning lights for plant
extinctions—prevention is better (and
cheaper) than cure! I sincerely hope that
Prof. Crane’s message has urged taxonomists to become more involved in plant
conservation.
SABONET’s presence at this conference
was well received, and several delegates,
including Prof. Sebsebe Demissew (Secre-
Based on an international recognition of the
importance to determine the needs of the
users of taxonomic information and her-
the opportunity to attend this international
congress to establish networks with prominent botanists from other institutions. Students who had successfully completed their
MSc degrees with financial support from
SABONET, were afforded an opportunity
to attend the AETFAT Congress and
present their research findings.
75
baria, approximately 20 taxonomists and
conservationists present at the AETFAT
Congress, attended an informal meeting
chaired by Mr Jonathan Timberlake
(Biodiversity Foundation for Africa). Discussion revolved around means of improving the services, offered by taxonomists, to
be of greater relevance to the conservation
fraternity. I took the liberty of taking notes
at the meeting and present the main ideas
below. I hope that these ideas will evoke
debate and thought that could result in
more user-orientated products. Of great
importance is that it will serve to bring
conservationists and taxonomists closer
together on the same playing field.
Conservationists expressed the following
needs:
• More detailed label information on herbarium specimens, for example always
include ecological data, abundance of
taxon, and GPS readings.
• The provision of good scientific information about rare and threatened plants
in a user-friendly manner, by means of,
for example, posters, talks, and school
programmes.
• The collation and provision of species
information required by parks, nature
reserves and other conservancies to include checklists, name changes, distributions, and endemic species per
biome.
• The setting of standards for taxonomic
publications to create opportunities for
Red Data List assessments, abundance
calculations, and ecological info to be
published alongside taxonomy.
• To take note of IUCN Red List approaches—the data on which initial estimates are based are minimal, and too
many techniques are available to conduct assessments.
• The development of a website with a
standardised database to allow sharing
of information on rare plants. Case studies involving threat assessments in the
field should be included as well.
• Active participation in the development
of field guides on poorly known areas,
as well as bringing up to date those that
are out of print.
• The re-direction of management at institutional level to drive new approaches
that will ensure the taking of responsibility concerning plant conservation.
• The development of a framework that
involves stakeholders in taxonomic
projects to generate data that meet conservation needs, for example,
bioregional planning and the production of Red Lists.
• The increase in leadership within (institutional responsibility) to showcase the
strengths of herbaria and to create increased awareness of taxonomy’s value
76
to conservation biology.
• Facilitating the distribution of important
data, while countering the belief that
data are owned until the work is published, for example, conservation status
of undescribed species and the alleviation of threats.
• The critical evaluation of the large
amount of misinformation and copying
of incorrect data – training taxonomists
in this regard to avoid the repetition of
mistakes.
• The contribution towards a two-way
approach of facilitating a collaborative
process of scientific information gathering that would prevent a bottleneck
of information delivery between taxonomy and conservation.
• The conduct of workshops to contribute towards the development of new
business plans that incorporate
stakeholder needs. These workshops
should involve herbaria and the endusers of taxonomic information,
• The development of stronger links with
CBD focal points and financial decisionmakers to create opportunities for collaboration in conservation projects.
• The identification of flagship species
that can be used to conserve unique
habitats that contain many rare and endemic species, as well as infraspecific
taxa.
• To win hearts and minds – passion is
needed to drive taxonomic contributions towards conservation.
Five SABONET delegates also participated
in the post-congress tour to the Bale Mountains. They were Ms Patricia Craven, Ms
Samira Izidine, Ms Angela Gono-Bwalya,
Ms Ruvimbo Mapaya and myself, Stefan
Siebert. We joined a group of over 50 people and travelled south along the numerous lakes of the Great Rift Valley. Prof.
Enermu Kelbessa and Dr Nigussu Aklilu
from the University of Ethiopia led the tour.
Other people who formed part of the group
included Dr Ib Friis, Prof. Peter Linder, Dr
Eric Knox, Dr Alan Paton and Mr Jonathan
Timberlake. The first night (27 September)
was spent in Goba, a small town at the foot
of the Bale Mountains. On the second day
we visited the Sof Omar Caves that lie 100
km east of Goba and spent much time
botanising in the dry Acacia-Commiphora
woodlands of this area. On day three, we
travelled up the Bale Mountains and explored the alpine zone. On the way, we
passed through the lower lying Juniperus
forests, Erica heathlands and high altitude,
giant Lobelia vegetation. We were fortunate
to leave our footprints on the second highest mountain in Ethiopia, Tullu Deemtu
(4,377 m asl). Day four was spent exploring
the larger lakes with ample opportunity to
do bird watching. We viewed game at Bale
National Park and paid a visit to a false banana (Ensete ventricosum) farm. We returned to Addis Ababa on 1 October and
botanised along the roadsides on the way
back through the Rift Valley. The SABONET
participants met many botanists on this trip
and it is hoped that these links will be
strengthened in the future.
In conclusion, it is important to mention
that Ethiopia was a very appropriate venue
for the seventeenth congress of AETFAT. It
is not the wasteland that we always see portrayed on international news, but a beautiful country with a rich botanical heritage.
Any botanist will find a visit to Ethiopia very
rewarding.
See you at the next AETFAT congress in
Cameroon during 2006!
The SABONET-sponsored delegates express
their gratitude to the Steering Committee for
affording them the opportunity to attend the
congress in Addis Ababa and the postcongress tour to the Bale Mountains. They
also thank the SABONET Regional Office for
arranging for their attendance.
DEMISSEW, S. 2000. Vision for AETFAT in
the next millennium. SABONET News 5:
147–151.
RAMMELOO, J. 2000. 16 th AETFAT
Meeting: Opening speech. SABONET
News 5: 142–146.
—Dr Stefan Siebert
Department of Botany
University of Zululand
Private Bag X1001
KwaDlangezwa 3886
Tel.: +27 35 902 6112
[email protected]
The giant Lobelia rhynchopetalum
growing in the alpine zone of the Bale
Mountains. (Photo: S.J. Siebert)
AETFAT Presentations
Oral and poster presentations at the AETFAT congress; number of presentations by SABONET members.
Symposium
Presentations
SABONET
Taxonomy of African plants
35
3
Forests and forestry in Africa
15
1
Phytogeography
26
2
Ecology of African vegetation
34
0
Conservation and sustainable use of African plants
36
4
Recent advances in species and generic concepts
15
1
Progress on African Floras
24
1
Convention on Biological Diversity
5
0
190
12
Chemotaxonomy of Salvia stenophylla and
related taxa
Centres of plant endemism and species
diversity in Namibia
Angela Gono-Bwalya1*, A.M. Viljoen1, T. De Castro2, B.
Demirci3 & K.H.C. Ba∫er3
Patricia Craven1* & P. Vorster2
1
1
PO Box 399, Omaruru, Namibia; 2Botany Department, University of
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences,
2
University of the Witwatersrand. 7 York rd, Parktown 2193, South Africa; De
Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, 7602 Matieland, South Africa;
Castro and Brits Ecology Consultants, PO Box 2145, Cresta 2118, Johannes-
*
[email protected]
burg, South Africa; 3Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Anadolu University, 26470-Eskisehir, Turkey; *[email protected]
Salvia stenophylla Burch. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae), a perennial aromatic herb that is endemic to southern Africa, is closely
related to Salvia runcinata L.f. and Salvia repens Burch. ex Benth.
The specific limits between the three taxa are not clear and determined the main objective of this study, that is, taxonomic delimitation using chemical data. Since S. stenophylla is reported to contain α-bisabolol, a compound that has anti-inflammatory and
wound-healing properties, the identification of favourable
chemotypes for commercial development was undertaken. Plant
material was collected from 28 different populations. Trichome
studies were performed using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). The hydrodistilled essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The SEM
results showed a diversity of trichomes, even though they did not
reveal variation of the types between the different taxa. The essential oil composition showed immense qualitative and quantitative
variation within and between populations of the same taxon, as
well as of different taxa. The cluster analysis of the qualitative data
retrieved three distinct groupings, which broadly supports the
delimitation of L.E.W. Codd, emphasising the value of chemical
characters in taxonomic studies.
Systematic studies in the genus Merciera
(Campanulaceae): a re-assessment of species boundaries
Species richness or diversity, defined as the number of
species in a given area, has been mapped for Namibia and the
same method applied to endemic plant species. Two maps, based
on georeferenced specimens and records in literature, were overlaid and compared. Many areas were found to correspond and
localities with high overall species diversity and endemism were
detected. Reasons for the richness in the identified areas are suggested. Centres of plant endemism and diversity have also been
identified in Namibia, using a different approach based on geographical distributions of individual taxa. Differences between
these centres are discussed, for example the Kaokoveld, Gariep
and lesser-known ones, and the locations identified in the first
approach. The first approach examined all species, regardless of
their locality in the world, while the latter approach was only concerned with range-restricted taxa, in particular those limited to
Namibia. Our study looked at the geographical ranges, not taking
growth form or other factors like climate and topography into consideration. The data obtained on the distribution ranges of individual endemic species were compared with taxon
phytogeographic centres— numerous species were found to correspond to these centres.
Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus
Melianthus L. (Melianthaceae)
Titus S. Dlamini1* & H.P. Linder2
1
*National Herbarium, Malkerns Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 4,
Malkerns, Swaziland; 2Institute for Systematics, Switzerland;
Chris N. Cupido1*
*
[email protected]
1
Compton Herbarium, National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont,
7735, Cape Town, South Africa; *[email protected]
Patterns of morphological variation were investigated in
the genus Merciera A.DC. to re-assess the species boundaries. This
study differs from previous studies in the genus, because it employs multivariate statistical methods. The study entailed the analysis of vegetative and floral characters obtained from herbarium
specimens. The results of cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis support the recognition of six taxa.
Melianthus L. is a southern African genus of eight species
of shrubs and woody herbs. The genus has an extremely diverse
floral morphology. All flowers have a cup-shaped nectary and they
exude copious amounts of unusual black nectar. We present a summary of the biology, phylogeny, and ecology of the genus, as well
as the implications of species distribution. Since Melianthus has
adapted to the afromontane grasslands in the eastern part of southern Africa, as well as to the semi-arid parts in the western part of
the sub-continent, the genus is best placed to test documented
77
theories on the evolution of the flora of southern Africa. A cladistic
analysis of morphological characters (including vegetative, floral,
pollen, and seed coat structure), using Bersama and Greyia as probable sister species, reveals that the genus is monophyletic, with M.
major retrieved as the basal species and the rest of the species
clustered between two major clades. Hawk’s theory that taxa develop from a geographically widespread species with subsequent
adaptive radiation to other areas, seems to be contradicted by the
fact that M. comosus, and not M. major, is the most widespread
species. The theory that speciation within southern Africa has been
largely influenced by ecological variables and allopatric distribution, is well supported.
form of short Sand Forest that covers about 14 000 ha in the Licuáti
Forest Reserve, southern Mozambique. Characteristics include
vegetation structure, floristic composition, and high levels of endemism. The aim of this study was to gather information on the
floristic composition, utilisation and conservation of Licuáti Thicket
that will aid in the development of a vegetation dynamics model.
Such a model can be used to guide reserve management, land-use
planning, and sustainable utilisation programmes to conserve this
rich, endemic vegetation type for future generations. This will only
be effective if the indigenous knowledge systems of the area are
incorporated and used in conjunction with official law enforcement.
Morphological phylogenetic analyses of
Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) with an emphasis on southern African representatives
Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET): Has it developed the regional botanical expertise it promised?
Ruvimbo J. Mapaya1*, T.A. Hedderson2 & P.V. Bruyns3
Stefan J. Siebert1*, B.J. Huntley2, N. Nobanda3, P.S.M. Phiri4,
T. Dlamini5, G.F. Smith6, G.L. Maggs-Kölling7, M.A.C. da Silva8,
A.C. Chikuni9, M. Polaki10, N. Mosesane11 & E. Costa12
1
National Herbarium and Botanic Garden, PO Box A889, Avondale, Harare,
Zimbabwe; 2Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag,
Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; 3Bolus Herbarium, Department of Botany,
1
University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa;
Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; 3National Herbarium
*
and Botanic Garden, PO Box A889, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe; 4Herbarium,
[email protected]
SABONET, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; 2National Botanical
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379,
The genus Euphorbia L. is morphologically diverse and
nearly cosmopolitan. Both succulent and non-succulent species
are found within the genus. Succulent species occur in most arid
and semi-arid areas of the world, but show their greatest concentration and diversity of form in southern Africa, and in particular
the Cape Floristic Region. The monophyletic and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Euphorbia were investigated, based on 21
morphological characters. These were obtained and scored from
taxonomic literature and by examination of live and herbarium
specimens where possible. Fifty-one species of Euphorbia and four
outgroups from Monadenium and Clutia were chosen and sampled. The data were analysed using parsimony methods. The results showed that the genus Euphorbia is non-monophyletic as
long as Monadenium is excluded. Morphological characters managed to resolve relationships among some broad groups of
Euphorbia. These results indicate that the morphological characters of Euphorbia could potentially play an active part in the
phylogenetic reconstructions of the genus. Although the results
obtained in the current study are preliminary, the groundwork has
been done for future studies of phylogenetic relationships in the
genus Euphorbia.
Lusaka, Zambia; 5National Herbarium, Malkerns Agricultural Research Station,
PO Box 4, Malkerns, Swaziland; 6National Herbarium, National Botanical
Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; 7National Herbarium,
National Botanical Research Institute, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek, Namibia;
8
Herbarium, Department of Botany, National Institute for Agronomic Research,
PO Box 3658, Maputo, Mozambique; 9National Herbarium and Botanic
Gardens of Malawi, PO Box 528, Zomba, Malawi; 10Herbarium, Department of
Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Lesotho; 11National
Herbarium, Private Bag 00114, Gabarone, Botswana; 12Herbarium, Faculty of
Science, Agostinho Neto University, CP 815, Luanda, Angola;
*
[email protected]
Kwadlangezwa 3886, South Africa; *[email protected]
The Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) is a donor-funded, capacity-building project that involves southern African botanists. A question often asked is whether SABONET
has succeeded in developing the regional botanical expertise promised at the project’s inception in 1996, and, if so, how this has enabled
herbaria and botanical gardens to address the needs of stakeholders.
Incorporating the ten southern African countries, the project has involved 16 herbaria and 22 botanical gardens in the preparation of
• Botanical inventories
• National plant checklists
• National and regional plant collecting expeditions
• Computerisation of herbaria
• Postgraduate support for herbarium staff
• National and regional training courses
• Internships for in-service training
• Production of plant Red Data Lists
• Threatened Plants Programmes in botanical gardens
• Workshops for the end-users of taxonomic information
Licuáti Forest (usually referred to as Sand Forest in South
Africa) is a very distinctive vegetation type, not only because of its
unique combination of rare and endemic species, but also because
it has a restricted global distribution. This dry, tropical type forest
only occurs in southern Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, where it is best developed on the ancient northsouth trending dune cordons of the coastal plain of Maputaland. It
is also one of the most important plant communities of the
Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism. Previously a distinction
has been made between so-called tall and short Sand (Licuáti) Forest. We propose to call it Licuáti Thicket, based on Edward’s structural classification of vegetation and referring to the short, dense
Regular monitoring and evaluation are important components of
the project and the implementation of the main recommendations of
the Midterm Review is discussed. SABONET has made a significant
contribution towards the development of networking skills and networks, as well as capacity amongst botanists in southern Africa to
provide a strong base of specialists, capable of addressing the information needs of stakeholders involved in plant conservation actions
in the region. This paper provides an update on the project progress
(September 2003), and shows that the regional botanical expertise,
built through SABONET, has equipped herbaria and botanical gardens to take part in activities that aim to impact conservation on the
ground.
Licuáti Sand Thicket: A unique vegetation
type from southern Mozambique
Samira Izidine1*, A.E. van Wyk2, & S.J. Siebert3
1
Department of Botany, National Institute of Agriculture Research, PO Box
3658, Maputo, Mozambique; 2Department of Botany, University of Pretoria,
Pretoria 0002, South Africa; 3Department of Botany, University of Zululand,
78
An analysis of the human and financial
resources used to produce the southern
African plant Red Data Lists
Merging tropical and southern African
flowering plant data: towards an African
plant database.
Stefan J. Siebert1* & J.S. Golding2
L. Gautier, G.F. Smith, R. Spichiger, R.R. Klopper, S.J. Siebert &
C. Chatelain
1
SABONET, c/o National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001,
South Africa; 2Threatened Species Unit, National Botanical Institute, Private Bag
(Sponsored by the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève)
X101, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; *[email protected]
Funds were made available to SABONET by IUCN-ROSA
to compile plant Red Data Lists for the ten SABONET countries.
This initiative culminated in Southern African Plant Red Data Lists,
a publication edited by Golding. The report incorporates the detailed assessments from seven workshops (110 participants) and
the compilations of 20 plant diversity specialists in the region. The
lists are globally recognized as a significant contribution towards
plant conservation in southern Africa. The question is, however,
what the costs were in terms of human and financial resources, to
assess the threatened plants of such a vast area (6,000 000 km2).
Over 32 months, 4,100 assessments were conducted and 3,900 plant
species were allocated a category of threat. The human and financial resources that were used are discussed and analysed under
the headings project coordination, data collection, report preparation, information packaging, and information dissemination. This
paper provides a background to the human and financial resources
involved in producing a report on the most threatened plant species of southern Africa and shows that by focusing on regional
botanical expertise, SABONET was able to assess 3,900 plant species at only US$ 30 each. In addition, other organisations sponsored the following SABONET-related presentations:
Red Lists and conservation assessments in
ten southern African countries.
J.S. Golding
(Sponsored by the Millennium Seed Bank)
The conservation biology and taxonomic
status of the threatened endemic grassland
daisy Gerbera aurantiaca.
I. Johnson & T.J. Edwards
(Sponsored by the University of Natal—Pietermaritzburg)
Phylogenetic relationships in southern
African representatives of the genus
Zygophyllum based on morphological and
molecular evidence: phytogeographical
implications.
A.M. Makwarela, L.L. Dreyer, E.M. Marais & D.U. Bellstedt
(Sponsored by the University of Stellenbosch)
Top row (from left to right): Angela Gono in
front of her poster: Chemotaxonomy of
Salvia stenophylla and related taxa; Chris
Cupido in front of his poster: Systematic studies in the genus Merciera (Campanula-ceae):
a re-assessment of species boundaries;
Patricia Craven in front of her poster: Centres of plant endemism and species diversity
in Namibia.
Bottom row: Samira Izidine in front of her
poster: Licuáti Sand Thicket: A unique vegetation type from southern Mozambique;
Ruvimbo Mapaya in front of her poster: Morphological phylogenetic analyses of Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) with an emphasis on
southern African representatives. (Photos:
S.J. Siebert)
79
New Books
from
SABONET
Palgrave 1983, Van Wyk
& Van Wyk 1997, Van
Wyk et al. 2000, Van
Rooyen 2001). Books by
Ellery & Ellery (1997) and
Roodt (1998) consider a
few common trees and
those of ethnobotanical
importance in the
Okavango Delta. Timberlake (1980) gives the only
comprehensive account
of the genus Acacia in
Botswana. This book,
therefore, represents the
first attempt at producing
a national checklist of tree
species recorded for Botswana—it lists approximately 440 species
of indigenous trees.
The book is divided into two sections: the
first part provides descriptions of some
common trees and shrubs of Botswana,
and the second is the complete checklist.
To ease reference, the scientific names of
the families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically. Vernacular names
are also given, in various languages, including Setswana and English. A distribution
map and line drawing of the leaves accompany each taxon in the list. A glossary at
the end of the book defines botanical terms
used in the text.
S
ince the publication of the previous issue of SABONET News, three new
books have appeared on the SABONET
shelves. The CD version of the Southern
African Plant Red Data Lists was also published to much acclaim. As always, copies
are available free of charge from the Regional Coordinator’s Office.
Trees of Botswana: Names and
Distribution
Up to the publication of Moffat Sethogo and
Fanie Venter’s Trees of Botswana: Names
and distribution no checklist had been compiled for the trees of Botswana. Information on tree species of Botswana is scattered
in various regional publications (Coates
80
A Checklist of Namibian
Grasses
Grasses of Namibia have been covered in
numerous publications in southern Africa
as well as Namibia, for example, those by
Müller (1984) and Walter & Volk (1954).
Much of the information in these publications was derived from southern Africa.
The authors’ aim with this book was to provide information from local sources. Only
information specific to Namibia was included in the Checklist of Namibian Grasses,
from notes on Namibian specimens,
Namibian ethnobotanical studies, and so
on. The book discusses and maps the 391
grasses indigenous to Namibia—10% of the
total indigenous flora. Fourteen naturalised
and nine cultivated species, as well as
twelve escapees, are also included.
The book is much more than a simple
checklist, and in addition to synonyms and
common names, includes information on
life form, abundance, habitat, distribution,
and uses. Status—whether the species is
endemic, near endemic, endemic to southern Africa, naturalised, cultivated, or an
escapee—is indicated with icons. The icons
and a short definition appear at the bottom
of each page in the checklist for ease of reference. Common names in the following
languages are listed: Afrikaans, English,
German, Ju|’hoan, Khoekhoegowab,
Oshiwambo, Otjiherero, Rugciriku,
Rukwangali, Shishambyu, Silozi, and
Thimbukushu. A distribution map for each
taxon is included.
Swaziland Ferns and Fern
Allies
When Compton’s Flora of Swaziland was
published in 1976, the pteridophytes were
omitted for an unknown reason. Today, this
monumental work in which 2,118 species
are described, still remains the standard
work for the flora of the country. More recently, A flora checklist for Swaziland (Kemp
1983) was published, bringing the number
of pteridophytes known for the country to
90 species. During 2001 Koos Roux conducted a survey of pteridophyte specimens
housed in some of the southern African
herbaria, and concluded that no
pteridophytes are known from large parts
of Swaziland. Several species occurring in
neighbouring South Africa have never
been recorded for Swaziland. In May 2002,
he conducted an intense pteridophyte survey in the area, collecting nearly 400 specimens. Many species were recorded for the
first time in the country, and raised the total number of species currently known for
Swaziland to 112. Subsequently, Roux compiled a new pteridophyte list that was recently published as a SABONET Report. For
a detailed description of the book, see
Ronell Klopper’s review on page 101.
Upcoming Publications
The following titles are also close to publication and will become available during
2004:
• A checklist of Zimbabwean bryophytes
• Seed plants of south tropical Africa
• A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular
plants
• A checklist of Mozambican vascular
plants
• Herbarium essentials: southern African
herbarium guide
• A checklist of Zambian vascular plants
• A checklist of Swaziland vascular plants
• A checklist of Botswana grasses
• A checklist of Botswana vascular plants
• Plants of Nyika: a conservation checklist
• A checklist of Angolan grasses
• African Botanic Gardens Congress
—Marthina Mössmer
Editor-in-Chief
SABONET News
Vol. 8 No 1
Vol. 7 No 3
Vol. 7 No 2
Vol. 7 No 1
Vol. 6 No 3
Vol. 6 No 2
Vol. 6 No 1
Vol. 5 No 2
Vol. 5 No 3
Vol. 5 No 1
Vol. 4 No 3
Vol. 4 No 2
Vol. 4 No 1
Vol. 3 No 3
Vol. 3 No 2
Vol. 3 No 1
Vol. 2 No 3
Vol. 2 No 2
Vol. 2 No 1
Vol. 1 No 1
Vol. 1 No 2
Summary of extent and content of the newsletter since its inception
Contributors
8
Pages
8 16 44 35 50 52 63 78 80 91 87 76 55 87 64 87 91 84 79 99 68
Profiles
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News from countries
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General articles/reports
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8 11 14 16 20 15 17 15 18 14 15 7 19 15 17 25 20 23 26 19
Book reviews
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81
Southern
African
Herbaria
The Eduardo Mondlane University Herbarium, Mozambique
A view of the Herbarium building surrounded by the Botanical Garden. (Photo: D. Maguengue)
T
he Eduardo Mondlane University Herbarium (LMU) was established in 1964,
at the time when the Flora zambesica study
was conducted. It incorporates the former
LMC (Institute of Scientific Investigation of
Mozambique) Herbarium. The locality of
the herbarium changed several times until
it was finally moved to the University Botanical Garden in 1990. The LMU Herbarium has an associated herbarium based
at Inhaca Island, where it is home to local
flora and macroalgae. The research done
at this herbarium includes ecological and
ethnobotanical research.
Plant Collections
The LMU herbarium contains about 63,000
specimens, distributed among 1,850 genera, represented by 256 families: Algae (35)
Pteridophytes (23), Gymnospermae (6), Dicotyledons (153) and Monocotyledons (39).
About three quarters of the voucher specimens at LMU are higher plants and 14%
are macroalgae (Figure 1). Collections of
higher plants consist mainly of the families
Fabaceae (178 genera), Poaceae (155 genera), Asteraceae (137 genera), Rubiaceae
(109 genera), and Euphorbiaceae (69 genera). Up to 1% of the LMU collection is type
material, including isotypes and paratypes;
these are mostly from central and northern Mozambique. There is a need for
proper labelling of some of the type material in the herbarium. The Inhaca Herbarium collection, with approximately 1,400
voucher specimens, represents nearly
100% of the island flora.
The herbarium plays an important role in
plant collecting, not only locally, but
throughout the country. Collecting has
taken place on a relatively large scale in the
Inhaca and Maputo provinces where the
herbaria are located. Collecting in the Gaza
and Inhambane provinces has also been
more frequent than in the central and
northern regions, which are generally under-collected. Since the foundation of LMU,
82
botanical expeditions have increased, and
all the provinces have been covered.
when herbaria are established in those regions.
Main collectors in the history of LMU are:
M.F.Correia, A.Marques, A.M.Perreira,
E.M.C.Groenendijik, J.de Koning, A.Nuvunga, D.Zunguze, C.Boana, C.M.António
and S.O.Bandeira. António and Bandeira
were concerned specifically with collecting
macroalgae. Many of the specimens collected in Mozambique are, however,
housed in Lisbon (LISC), England (K),
South Africa (PRE), Zimbabwe (SRGH),
USA (MO), and The Netherlands (WAG). It
would be advisable for herbaria in Mozambique to keep duplicates in future, or even
just a record of the voucher material collected in Mozambique.
Activities and Services
In Mozambique, plant expeditions to distant areas are faced with several constraints, such as poor road infrastructure,
lack of accommodation facilities, long distances between provinces and regions, and
absence of funding. These problems may
be more acute than in other countries in
the region. Plant collecting in central and
northern Mozambique will take off only
Activities at LMU Herbarium and the University Botanical Garden include the following:
• Collecting and preserving plant specimens
• Identification of plant material
• Exchange of plant material with similar
institutions abroad and within the country for scientific and conservation purposes
• Elaboration of seed catalogue (Index
seminum)
• Catalogueing voucher specimens (into
SABONET/ PRECIS database)
• In situ and ex situ conservation
• Vegetation surveys
• Teaching and research on taxonomy, plant
ecology and physiology, ethnobotany,
marine botany, threatened plants
• Dissemination of information on
ethnobotany and endangered species
aimed at promoting public awareness
• Provision of services
Figure 1. Percentage of groups represented in LMU
Monocotyledons
15%
Algae
14%
Pteridophytes
9%
Gymnospermae
2%
Dicotyledons
60%
The Herbarium building comprises the
main area, a room for storing duplicate
specimens, a library, three preparation
rooms, a lecture room, and four offices for
researchers.
Literature
The LMU Herbarium has a library specialising in plant systematics and flora. This
contains most relevant publications (Floras and books) that enable basic research
on flora found in Mozambique. Books and
floristic works have been purchased or
donated. This library, which is associated
with the main library at the Department
of Biological Sciences, also houses literature on botanical gardens and marine
botany.
Funding
The LMU Herbarium is a university herbarium that falls under the Department
of Biological Sciences. Funding from the
Government mainly covers running
costs. Other sources of funding for both
the Herbarium and the Botanical Garden
include:
SIDA, Swedish International
Development Agency
(1990–present)
SIDA funded the construction of the herbarium building, staff capacity-building,
and upgrading the Botanical Garden.
Staff
The following staff members have been
appointed:
UNESCO (1995–1998)
UNESCO provided funding for research on
medicinal plant conservation and
healthcare in the region of Maputo, and on
ethnobotanical and cultural perceptions of
cultivating medicinal plants in southern
Mozambique. Funding was also used in the
development of a medicinal garden within
the Eduardo Mondlane University Botanical Gardens and training on quantitative
ethnobotanical methods.
IUCN, InternationalUnion for the
Conservation of Nature
(2001–2003)
The IUCN provided funding used to increment the living plant collections in the Botanical Garden, focussing on threatened
species and species that have a medicinal
value. Other uses of funding include interactive signage and the production of pamphlets and a booklet.
Herbarium curator: Dr Salomão Bandeira
(Plant conservation, threatened plants, taxonomy and ecology of marine plants, including macroalgae)
Scientific staff: Ms Filomena Barbosa
(Ethnobotany – medicinal plants, endangered species); Ms Angelina Martins
(Seagrass ecology). However, LMU has a
shortage of scientific staff and the existing
staff are overloaded with teaching and administration.
Technical staff: Mr Julio Dungo; Mr Carlos
Boana; Mr António Langa; Mr Ernesto
Nacamo; Mr Aurélio Bechel; Mr Domingos
Maguengue; Mr Arlindo Jane; Mr Acácio
Cumbe; Mr Ernesto Boana.
University Open Fund
(2001–2003)
This fund supports the collection of freshwater plants in selected rivers in the
Maputo Province and the purchase of herbarium cabinets.
—Filomena Barbosa & Salomão Bandeira
The Herbarium and Botanical Garden
Department of Biological Sciences
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane
PO Box 257
Maputo
Mozambique
Tel.: +258 1 491223
[email protected]
[email protected]
Mozambique Collectors
Dates, regions, and provinces for collections by Jan de Koning and Alfredo Nununga
Jan de Koning
Alfredo Nuvunga
1978
southern Mozambique
Maputo, Gaza & Inhambane
1979
southern, central & northern Mozambique
Maputo, Gaza, Sofala, Zambézia & Nampula
1980
Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Sofala, Zambézia & Niassa
1981
southern Mozambique
Maputo & Inhambane
1982
southern Mozambique
Maputo
1983
Maputo, Sofala & Nampula
1984
southern & northern Mozambique
Maputo, Nampula & Cabo Delgado
1975
central & northern Mozambique
Zambézia, Niassa & Cabo Delgado
1977
Maputo & Cabo Delgado
1978
southern & central Mozambique
Maputo & Zambézia
1980
southern Mozambique
Maputo & Gaza
1981
northern Mozambique
Niassa
1982
Maputo, Gaza, Tete, Niassa, Cabo Delgado
1983
Maputo, Gaza, Nampula, Niassa & Cabo Delgado
1985
southern Mozambique
Maputo
1986
southern Mozambique
Maputo & Gaza
1987–1992
southern Mozambique
Maputo
83
Infrastructure
I
n 1874, the Natal Botanical Gardens were
established in Pietermaritzburg on 52 ha
of town land as a research station to investigate exotic tree species suitable for the
temperate areas of the Colony of Natal, as
well as to enhance the cultural life of the
capital. Pietermaritzburg is situated about
80 km inland from Durban and enjoys subtropical weather in summer and temperate weather in winter. Rainfall of between
750 mm and 1000 mm is recorded during
the summer months. The garden is situated
at the foot of a small escarpment on a perennial river, known as the Dorpspruit
(meaning “Town stream”), and is about
5 km from the city centre.
Inside the Herbarium building (Photo: D. Maguengue)
The garden was run by the Natal Botanical
Society and funded by a grant from the
British Government. Income was also generated from the sale of tree seedlings (both
timber and fruit).
In 1970, the garden was transferred to the
National Botanical Institute as a regional
garden, tasked with growing the flora of
the eastern region of South Africa.
Approximately 10 ha of the central part of
the garden was landscaped in a very formal rectangular grid system—a style popular during Victorian times. Exotic trees and
herbaceous plants, including camphor
(Cinnamomum camphora), Morton Bay fig
(Ficus macrophylla), swamp cypress
(Taxodium distichum), a wonderful avenue
of London planes (Platanus x acerifolia),
camellia, azalea, and magnolia were
planted.
Main Herbarium room and staff. (Photo: D. Maguengue)
Herbarium library. (Photo: D. Maguengue)
84
In 1990 it was decided to redevelop the garden along more modern lines and to replace all the exotic herbaceous plants, such
as azaleas, Liriope and Poinsettia, with suitable indigenous material. The grid of gravel
paths made way for a circular interlocking
path connecting the car park, restaurant,
and duck pond before returning to the car
park. Secondary paths were laid to other
places of interest.
Gerbera aurantiaca, a mistbelt
grassland endemic. (Photo: Natal NBG)
Living Collections
The Natal National Botanical Garden
More than three-quarters of the herbaceous plants in the garden are now indigenous and we are beginning to replace the
damaged and dying exotic trees with suitable indigenous trees.
The rest of the estate was cleared of gums
trees (Eucalyptus spp.) and wattle (Acacia
sp.) in the 1970s and replanted with a wide
selection of indigenous trees from montane
and coastal forests. A well-maintained network of paths takes visitors into and
through this natural wonderland.
At present, the curator, two horticulturists,
one administrative assistant, three supervisors, two drivers, and fifteen groundsmen and -women staff the garden.
Funds for maintaining the garden come
from a grant of R 1. 6 million, made available by national government. An amount
of R 250,000.00 per annum is generated
mainly from entrance fees paid by approximately 60,000 visitors, and from rental of
the restaurant near the duck pond.
The NNBG concentrates on collecting and
growing the plants from the eastern region
of South Africa. Roughly, this area stretches
from the Kei River in the south to the South
Africa-Mozambique border in the north,
and from the coast inland to the
Drakensberg Mountains. The vegetation of
the area consists mainly of grassland and
remnant forest patches.
Main Collections
Three species of Clivia occur in our collecting area
and all are under threat
from collectors who are interested in their medicinal
and cultural properties or
who are Clivia enthusiasts.
Habitat destruction is another real threat. Due to the
fragmented nature of the
habitats, it is important to
have plants from as many
populations as possible to
conserve the gene pool.
Clivia miniata growing under a Trichilia emetica tree.
(Photo: Natal NBG)
Kniphofia is one of those
South African plants that
has made an impact on the
horticultural industry in
Europe as a popular garden subject. Many
Kniphofia species occur in KwaZulu-Natal.
There are 17 species and three artificial
hybrids growing in the garden.
Many of the species of the very ornamental genus Dierama occur in our collecting
area. We are in the process of building up
as complete a collection of this genus as
possible. Many of the species cannot be
considered reliable garden subjects, as
there are still several horticultural problems.
The useful plants collection has developed
from the initial medicinal garden, established in the early 1990s. The scope has
been widened to include indigenous plants
that are used for healing, eating, in
craftwork, as hedge plants, or that are significant in any other way in the daily lives
of South Africans.
In keeping with the modern trend towards
less formal garden landscapes, we are developing areas where the geophytes of the
east coast grasslands are displayed
amongst the ornamental grasses of the region.
We also have a threatened plants collection.
The main project, sponsored by SABONET,
is to collect, grow, and popularise the mistbelt grassland endemic Gerbera aurantiaca
as a garden plant. In addition, we are involved in the conservation of the extremely
rare Kniphofia leucocephala, as well as several aloes and Dierama.
85
Living Collections
Given that KwaZulu-Natal is the most
populous province in South Africa, the
Natal National Botanical Garden is ideally
situated to bring to many the message of
the power of flowers and the value of the
floral richness that surrounds them.
—Brian Tarr
Natal National Botanical Garden
P.O.Box 21667
Mayor’s Walk 3208
[email protected]
Fax: (033) 3441284
Tel.: (033) 3443585
Learners in the useful plants garden. (Photo: Natal NBG)
Aloe arborescens hybrid in the Grassland garden.
(Photo: Natal NBG)
The threatened Kniphofia latifolius in flower. (Photo: Natal NBG)
The Botanical Garden:
a Window on National Plant Diversity
T
he conservation of biological diversity
is fundamental to the success of sustainable development, which entails the
safeguarding of the earth’s resources that
support life as we know it and on which
we depend in the struggle to improve our
crops and livestock (Heywood 1995). In
southern Africa, it has been noted that
floristic diversity and endemism are not
evenly spread over the subcontinent, but
concentrated in a number of restricted areas (Van Wyk & Smith 2001).
Zambia—Biodiversity in
Abundance
In Zambia, plants constitute an important
component of the biodiversity. The coun-
86
try is endowed with a diversity of
geomorphological units, a mosaic of geological formations and soil types, which
have all given rise to a corresponding diversity of vegetation formations with significant floristic diversity. The vegetation
types of Zambia include the miombo woodlands along the plateau regions, the
mopane and munga (Acacia) woodlands
along the Luangwa and Zambezi valleys,
and the Kalahari woodland in the northwestern and western provinces of the country.
There are four variants of the dry evergreen
forests in Zambia (Fanshawe 1971). The
Cryptosepalum forests are restricted to the
Kalahari sands in the high rainfall sector of
the north-western and western provinces.
The Marquesia forests are prominent on the
Bangweulu Lake basin in the southern half
of Luapula Province. The montane forests
are restricted to the Nyika Plateau, represented by the magnificent Chowo and
Manyenjere forest relics that are unique
habitats for bird life. Parinari forests, dominated by Parinari excelsa, occur on the
Copperbelt and in Serenje District. Swamp
forests are widespread in the high rainfall
sector of the country. Grasslands are associated with the riverine systems of the major rivers.
The rich floristic diversity supports a correspondingly high diversity of fauna, as is
apparent in our nature reserves and na-
In the Mpika district, a small community of the near endemic cycad,
Encephalartos schmitzii, has been
confirmed to occur in the
Bwingimfumu Forest Reserve.
Other populations of this cycad occur in the Kundelungu Mountain range
south-east of the Congo DR. This species
is threatened by foreign commercial collectors and illegal settlers encroaching on
the Forest Reserve. An important timber
tree, Mukwa, is harvested without regard
to restock the species in its natural habitat
for sustained utilisation by future generations. Endemic and rare plants, including
species of ecological, medicinal and economic importance deserve a greater slot in
the conservation of Zambia’s rich natural
resources. The aim of this paper is to bring
into focus the need to embark on an alternative option of developing a sustained Environmental Education programme by establishing a network of botanical gardens
in the country.
The Potential Role of Botanical
Gardens
A botanical garden is a facility that curates
a collection of living plants for the purpose
of scientific research, conservation, display
and education. Therefore, depending on organisational structure and location, botanical gardens can serve different purposes
to different communities. A botanical garden, while being a potential repository of
botanical information, also offers recreation
facilities to the general public. About 60%
of the botanic gardens of the world are located in the temperate regions, particularly
in North America, Europe and Asia. Few
have been developed in southern Africa.
Kirstenbosch Garden features as one of the
prominent gardens in the SADC region.
Only Munda Wanga Botanic Garden,
which is based on the curation of exotic
plants, exists in Zambia. Recently the development of a Teaching Botanic Garden
at the University of Zambia has been initiated by SABONET. Under the auspices of
the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and
Natural Resources, the Traditional Health
Practitioners Association of Zambia
(THPAZ) is also planning to develop two
botanic gardens for the cultivation of me-
dicinal plants. The District Councils of
Chibombo in Central Province and Mpika
in Northern Province, have allocated 50 ha
of land for the development of botanic gardens in each district. The development of
these botanic gardens will have a strong
link with the local communities, particularly
regarding the supply of water in the area.
In both Chibombo and Mpika districts two
boreholes will be sunk. One borehole is
earmarked for the development of the garden, while the local community in the vicinity of the garden will use the other
borehole. This gesture aims to promote a
sense of ownership of the garden and its
facilities within local communities.
The SABONET National Co-ordinator will
work closely with THPAZ in identifying
medicinal plants, determining the ecological requirements of each species, and advising on suitable habitats for the cultivation of plants. The government has facilitated the acquisition of a 4-wheel drive vehicle and computers, while international
donors have expressed an interest in assisting with the development of these specialised botanic gardens.
Plants are vital to all civilisations, providing food, medicine, and clothing. The establishment of botanic gardens promoting
the conservation of indigenous plants
based on their utilisation as aromatics, beverages, dyes and tannins, food crops (fruits
and vegetables), fibres, forage and pastures, oils, spices, timber trees and traditional medicines, could capture the conscience of our people and re-direct efforts
to encourage the sustainable utilisation of
plant resources. Botanic gardens have the
potential to promote public awareness and
positive action in relation to the importance
of in situ conservation of the forest reserves,
national parks and national heritage sites
spread across the country. Botanical gardens, as ex situ conservation institutions,
can bring important living collections of
wild plants closer to the people.
Each province is endowed with a
unique flora, representative of the
various vegetation types. The initial development of a network of
satellite botanical gardens in the
country could commence with
their location in provincial towns.
Town Councils should be sensitised to transform at least one public park into a botanical garden enriched with indigenous plants
known to be unique in their provinces. In some National Parks, arboreta (singular, arboretum, a specialised botanic garden of trees,) could
be developed where a sector of the national
park has a unique forest stand or woodland. Brief descriptions of the flora linked
to each provincial capital are given below.
• Chipata, Eastern Province The development of an arboretum is a good option for Chipata, which is situated at an
altitude of 1,030 m with rainfall of 1,014
mm per annum. A well preserved stand
of dry miombo woodland, located along
the Airport-Lundazi-Mfuwe road,
would be a suitable site. The area is under the management of the Zambia
Wildlife Authority (ZAWA).
Another conservation option would be
to develop a Nature Reserve on this site,
similar to the one that has been established in the City of Lilongwe, Malawi.
The establishment of footpath trails and
the introduction of some non-aggressive wild animals could add value to this
resort for the residents of Chipata and
the surrounding peri-urban areas. An
idea to relocate the Ngoni’s annual Traditional Ncwala Ceremony to this site
would attract more people and provide
them with an opportunity to appreciate
the conservation of the miombo woodland.
• Kabwe, Central Province Kabwe is
the provincial capital of Central Province located at 1,200 m above sea level.
The Town receives an annual rainfall of
952 mm, and is situated in an area where
the intermediate dry/wet miombos are
prevalent. A botanical garden could be
established in any one of the public
parks under the management of the
Council.
• Kasama, Northern Province Kasama
is a provincial town located at 1,380 m
altitude. Registering an annual rainfall
of 1,360 mm, the town is situated in the
high rainfall region of the country. The
wet miombo and Marquesia woodlands
are prominent in the district. The Town
87
Living Collections
Proposed Network of
Botanic Gardens
tional parks. Mwinilunga District
and the Nyika Plateau are two such
centres of diversity and floristic endemism. The Muchinga Escarpment zone, Mafinga Mountains, the
Albertine rift valley located between
lakes Mweru and Tanganyika, as
well as the sandy plains in the western parts of the country are potentially rich in endemic plants.
Living Collections
Council could take up the challenge of
establishing a botanical garden in any
one of the public parks. An alternative
site is the area south of the town along
the Mpika road.
• Livingstone, Southern Province The
tourist town of Livingstone has a diversity of vegetation types. The town is located at an altitude of 960 m and has an
annual rainfall of 727 mm. The Kalahari
woodland occurs on deep Kalahari
sands, the Mopane woodland occurs on
the shallow loamy clay soils, and an evergreen rain forest stand is a unique feature at the Victoria Falls. The National
Heritage Conservation Commission
could develop an arboretum in the Victoria Falls area. The best site is an area
around the Baobab View Point, along the
road leading to Chief Mukuni. This
could also be a good site for relocation
of the cultural centre. The management
of Sun Hotel is spearheading the cultivation of indigenous plants on the hotel
premises—a very encouraging contribution to the conservation of biodiversity in the area.
• Lusaka, Lusaka Province Lusaka
Province is covered by extensive dry
miombo woodland on the plateau and
mopane and Acacia woodlands in the
Luangwa and Rufunsa areas. Lusaka,
which receives an annual rainfall of 806
mm, is located on the Lusaka plateau at
an altitude of 1,200 m. Munga Wanga
Botanic Garden already exists in the
Chilanga area south of Lusaka.
Under the auspices of SABONET, a
Teaching Botanic Garden is being developed at the University of Zambia,
focussing on plants of educational interest. This garden will also act as a recreational facility for the University community and residents of Lusaka.
The gardens at the university and at
Munda Wanga provide the ideal opportunity for the introduction of indigenous, and in particular threatened and
endemic species.
• Mansa, Luapula Province Mansa district is situated within the wet miombo
woodland. Mansa town is located at an
altitude of 1,180 m and has an annual
rainfall of 1213 mm. Further south is
Samfya district where swamp forests
and Marquesia forests are prevalent on
the lake basin. The Mansa Council could
transform one of the public parks into a
botanic garden. Plants of cultural interest, linked to the Mutomboko Ceremony of the Lunda people, could add
value to the botanic garden.
88
• Mongu, Western Province The
greater part of Western Province is covered by dry Kalahari woodland. Trees
such as Baikiaea plurijuga (Mukusi)
Brachystegia bakerana (Lundu),
Copaifera baumiana (Mukuwa), and
Guibourtia coleosperma (Muzauli) are
unique to this area. Mongu is located at
an altitude of 1,050 m and receives an
annual rainfall of 1,001 mm. The best
locality for the botanic garden is a site
near the Museum at Litunga’s Palace,
where a display of living plants adapted
to the Kalahari sands, plants of cultural
interest and those of nutritional and
medicinal value would emphasise highlights of the famous Kuomboka annual
event in the province.
• Ndola, Copperbelt Province The industrial and commercial town of Ndola,
which is located at an altitude of 1,270
m, receives an annual rainfall of 1,212
mm and is located within the wet
miombo woodland zone. The Department of Forestry, in collaboration with
the Ndola City Council that runs the
Monkey Fountain Zoo, could forge an
alliance to transform the Trapnell’s Fire
Experimental Plots into an ecological
arboretum. This arboretum would be a
national asset well placed to display historical long-term effects of fire on
miombo woodlands. The introduction of
small mammals into the garden is an
integrated approach that would attract
visitors of diverse interests.
• Solwezi, North-Western Province
Solwezi district is located within the wet
miombo vegetation type. This district
lies within the centre of plant diversity
encompassing the Katanga (Shaba)
Province of the Congo DR and the
Moxico Province of Angola. The town
of Solwezi is located at an altitude of
1,330 m and has an annual rainfall of
1,368 mm. The Town Council could
transform one of the public parks into a
botanic garden. A number of interesting endemic species could be the main
attraction in this botanic garden. An alternative site for the botanic garden
could be along the road to Kasanshi
Mine that also leads to the Congo DR
border.
• Nyika National Park The Nyika Plateau, which is the largest montane ecosystem between the DrakensbergMalothi mountain range in the south
and the montane system of East Africa,
is located in the north-eastern part of
Zambia. This great topographical massif lies between 10 o15’–10 o59’S and
30o35’-43o05’E and covers a total area of
1,800 km2, of which 80 km2 lie in Zam-
bia. The plateau experiences relatively
low temperatures compared to the rest
of Zambia. Maximum temperatures up to
26oC, and temperatures as low as -12oC
have been recorded. Rolling grasslands
dotted with stunted trees of Protea spp.
cover the undulating terrain on the plateau. In the Zambian sector, montane
forests are restricted to the Nyika Plateau. Two relatively large forest relics,
known as Chowo and Manyenjere, are
unique bird sanctuaries. Visitors flown
onto the Nyika Plateau often visit the
Chowo Forest, located on the road that
links the Chitipa and Rumpi districts of
Malawi. The site of the Zambian
Resthouse, if renovated, will be an excellent transit point for tourists and travellers. One hopes that the Zambia Wildlife Authority could develop one of the
forests into an arboretum. Proceeds
earned from the arboretum and the rest
of the National Park could be shared
with the local communities in Isoka East.
Conclusion
The country has a chance to prevent the
destruction of the unique vegetation types
prevalent in a diversity of ecosystems. Plans
to develop a network of hydroelectric
power projects, the development of irrigation for agricultural projects and the availability of safe, clean water throughout the
country, will depend on sustained water
discharge. The availability of water is enhanced by indigenous vegetation cover.
In addition to the above, plants constitute
an important natural resource on which
other life forms depend. The development
of satellite botanic gardens in the country
is an important strategy to sensitise the
people to appreciate the value of plants, to
promote their sustainable use and to get
actively involved in the conservation of
biodiversity for the greater benefit of all
people in Zambia.
FANSHAWE, D.B. 1971. The vegetation of
Zambia. Research Bulletin No. 7.
Government Printer, Lusaka.
HEYWOOD, V.H. 1995. Global Biodiversity
Assessment. Cambridge University
Press.
VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 2001.
Regions of floristic endemism in southern
Africa. UMDAUS Press.
—P.S.M. Phiri
P.O. Box 32379
Lusaka
PTERIDOPHYTES (Ferns)
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium abyssinicum Fée: restricted to Victoria Falls
Asplenium dregeanum Kunze: rhizomatous, restricted to Mafinga Mt. and Nyika
ATHYRIACEAE
Athyrium annae Kornas: endemic to Lumangwe Falls
CYATHEACEAE
Cyathea dregei Kunze: a tree fern, restricted to high rainfall areas
Cyathea manniana Hook.: a tree fern, restricted to high rainfall areas
Cyathea thomsonii Bak.: a tree fern, restricted to high rainfall areas
MARATTIACEAE
Marattia fraxinea Sm. ex J.F. Gmel. var. salicifolia (Schrad.) C. Chr: occurs in high rainfall areas
SELAGINELLACEAE
Selaginella imbricata (Forssk.) Spring ex Decne.: medicinal, restricted to Victoria Falls gorges
GYMNOSPERMAE
PODOCARPACEAE
Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Mirb.: source of timber
ZAMIACEAE
Encephalartos schmitzii Malaisse: a cycad, restricted to the Northern Province
ANGIOSPERMAE: MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
AGAVACEAE
Dracaena camerooniana Bak.: shrub
Dracaena laxissima Engl.: scandent shrub
Dracaena reflexa Lam.: shrub
Dracaena steudneri Engl.: tree
ALOACEAE
Aloe bicomitum Leach: shrub, medicinal
Aloe buettneri Berger: shrub medicinal
Aloe bulbicaulis Christian: shrub, medicinal
Aloe cameronii Hemsel. var. cameronii: shrub, medicinal
Aloe chabaudii Schonl. var. chabaudii: shrub, medicinal
Aloe christianii Reynolds: shrub, medicinal
Aloe crassipes Bak.: shrub, medicinal
Aloe cryptopoda Bak.: shrub, medicinal
Aloe duckeri Christian: shrub, medicinal
Aloe esculenta L.C. Leach: shrub, medicinal
Aloe excelsa Berger var. excelsa: tree form, medicinal
Aloe fimbrialis S.Carter: shrub, medicinal
Aloe greatheadii Christian: shrub, medicinal
Aloe litoralis Bak.: shrub, medicinal
Aloe luapulana L.C. Leach: shrub, medicinal
Aloe milne-redheadii Christian: shrub, medicinal
Aloe mzimbana Christian: shrub, medicinal
Aloe nuttii Bak.: shrub, restricted to the Nyika Plateau
Aloe veseyi Reynolds: shrub, medicinal
Aloe zebrina Bak.: shrub, medicinal
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Ammocharis tineana (Kotschy & Per.) Milne-Redh.: herb
Crinum minimum Milne-Redh.
Crinum harmsii Bak.
Crinum macowanii Bak.
ARECACEAE
Borassus aethiopum Mart: tree
Hyphaene petersiana Klotzsch
Raphia farinifera Hylander: shrub
ASPARAGACEAE
Asparagus plumosus Bak.: twiner
Asparagus racemosus Willd.: liane
ASPHODELACEAE
Bulbine abyssinica A. Rich.: a bulbous geophyte
Jodrellia fistulosa (Chiov.) Baijnath: a geophyte
Kniphofia benguellensis Bak.: rhizomatous plant, potentially ornamental
Kniphofia dubia De Wild.: rhizomatous plant, potentially ornamental
Kniphofia grantii Bak.: rhizomatous plant, potentially ornamental
Kniphofia linearifolia Bak.: rhizomatous plant, potentially ornamental
Kniphofia reynoldsii Codd: rhizomatous plant, potentially ornamental
Trachyandra arvensis (Schinz) Oberm.
Trachyandra saltii (Bak.) Oberm.
COLCHICACEAE
Gloriosa speciosa (Hochst.) Engl.: bulbous geophyte
Gloriosa superba L..: bulbous geophyte
HYPOXIDACEAE
Curculigo multiflora Zimudzi: geophyte with corm
Curculigo pilosa (Schum. & Thonn.) Engl.: geophyte with corm
Hypoxis angustifolia Lam.: geophyte with corm, medicinal
Hypoxis bampsiana Wiland: geophyte with corm, medicinal
Hypoxis cuanzensis Welw. ex Bak.: geophyte with corm, medicinal
Hypoxis filiformis Bak.: geophyte with corm, medicinal
Hypoxis goetzei Harms: geophyte with corm, medicinal
Hypoxis nyasica Bak.: geophyte with corm, medicinal
Hypoxis polystachya Welw. ex Bak.: geophyte with corm, medicinal
IRIDACEAE
(All species under this family bear corms as perennating organs)
Anomatheca grandiflora Bak.
Anomatheca laxa (Thunb.) Goldblatt subsp. laxa
Aristea abyssinica Pax
Aristea angolensis Bak.
Aristea nyikensis Bak.
Aristea woodii N.E. Br.
Babiana hypogea Burch.
Crocosmia aurea (Pappe ex Hook.) Planch. subsp. aurea
Crocosmia aurea (Pappe ex Hook.) Planch. subsp. pauciflora (Milne-Redh.) Goldblatt
Dierama parviflorum Marais
Dietes iridioides (L.) Sweet ex Klatt
Ferraria glutinosa (Bak.) Rendle
Gladiolus atropurpureus Bak.
Gladiolus benguellensis Bak.
Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel subsp. dalenii
Gladiolus erectiflorus Bak.
Gladiolus gracillimus Bak.
Gladiolus gregarious Welw. ex Bak.
Gladiolus huillensis (Welw. ex Bak.) Goldblatt
Gladiolus intonsus Goldblatt
Gladiolus laxiflorus Bak.
Gladiolus magnificus (Harms) Goldblatt
Gladiolus melleri Bak.
Gladiolus microspicatus Duvign & Van Bockstael
Gladiolus pussilus Goldblatt
Gladiolus seremjensis Goldblatt
Gladiolus unguiculatus Bak.
Gladiolus velutinus De Wild.
Gladiolus verdickii De Wild.
Hesperantha longicollis Bak.
Lapeirousia erythrantha (Klotzsch ex Klatt) Bak.
Lapeirousia littoralis Bak. subsp. caudata (Schinz) Goldblatt
Lapeirousia odoratissima Bak.
Lapeirousia rivularis Wanntorp
Lapeirousia schimperi (Asch & Klatt) Milne-Redh.
Lapeirousia teretifolia (Geerinck et al.) Goldblatt
Lapeirousia zambesiaca Goldblatt
Moraea bella Harms
89
Living Collections
Appendix: Proposed List of Useful and Endangered
Plants for Ex Situ Conservation in Botanic Gardens
Living Collections
Moraea brevifolia Goldblatt
Moraea carsonii Bak.
Moraea clavata R.C.Foster
Moraea macrantha Bak.
Moraea natalensis Bak.
Moraea schimperi (Hochst.) Pic. Serm
Moraea textilis Welw. ex Bak.
Moraea ventricosa Bak.
Moraea verdeckii De Wild.
Romulea camerooniana Bak.
Savannosiphon euryphyllus (Harms) Goldblatt & Marais
Tritonia laxifolia (Klatt) Benth.
Zygotritonia nyassana Mildbr.
ORCHIDACEAE
Ansellia africana Lindl.: epiphytic orchid
Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars.) Lindl.: occurs in deep forest shade
Disa verdeckii De. Wild.: occurs in Mwinilunga
Habenaria argentea Cribb: tubers edible
Habenaria hebes I. La Crox & Cribb: edible tuber
Habenaria humilior Rchb. F.: edible tuber
Habenaria macrotidion Summerh.: edible tuber
Habenaria pasmithii G. Williamson: edible tuber
Habenaria pubidens Cribb: edible tuber
Habenaria tubifolia I.La Crox & Cribb: edible tuber
Habenaria velutina Summerh.: edible tuber
Satyrium microcorys Schltr.: edible tuber
Satyrium monadenum Schltr.: edible tuber
Satyrium princea Kraenzl: edible tuber
Satyrium shirense Rolfe: edible tuber
PANDANACEAE
Pandanus livingstonianus Rendle: shrub, occurs along Kalungwishi River
POACEAE
Oreobambos buchwaldii K. Schum.: rare shrub, restricted to Mbala District
Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A.Rich.) Munro: shrub, used in building, making baskets
VELLOZIACEAE
Xerophyta equisetoides Bak.: shrub
Xerophyta humilis (Bak.) T. Dur. & Schinz: shrub
ANGIOSPERMAE: DICOTYLEDONEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst subsp. caffra Sond.: fruits are a source of marula wine
ANISOPHYLLEACEAE
Anisophyllea boehmii Engl.: tree
Anisophyllea pomifera Engl. & Brehm.: fruit tree, occurs in high rainfall region
ANNONACEAE
Annona senegalensis Pers.
Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verdc.: shrub, fruits edible
BIGNONIACEAE
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.: tree, medicinal and cultural use
Markhamia acuminata (Klotzsch.) K. Schum.: shrub
Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.) Sprague: tree
BOMBACACEAE
Adansonia digitata L.: large fruit tree
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
Magnistipula butayei De Wild.: tree
Maranthes floribunda (Bak.) F. White: tree, restricted to high rainfall areas
Parinari capensis Harv.: suffrutex, fruit edible
Parinari curatellifolia Benth.: shade and fruit tree
Parinari excelsa Sabine: tree, restricted to high rainfall areas
COMBRETACEAE
Combretum microphyllum Klotzsch.: potential ornamental shrub
Combretum platypetalum Welw.: potential ornamental suffrutex
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
Marquesia acuminata (Gilg) R.E.Fr.: tree, restricted to high rainfall areas
Marquesia macroura Gilg: tree, restricted to high rainfall areas
Monotes africanus A.DC.: potential ornamental plant
90
Monotes angolensis De Wild.: potential ornamental plant
Monotes katangensis (De Wild.) De Wild.: potential ornamental plant
Monotes adenophyllus Gilg: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes africanus (Welw.) A.DC.: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes angolensis De Wild.: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes dasyanthus Gilg: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes discolor R.E.Fr.: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes elegans Gilg: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes engleri Gilg: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes glaber Sprague: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes katangensis De Wild.: tree, potential ornamental plant
Monotes magnificus Gilg: tree, potential ornamental plant
EBENACEAE
Diospyros kirkii Hiern: fruit tree
Diospyros mespiliformis A.DC.: a riverine tree fruit
Diospyros mweroensis F.White: tree, restricted to Kalambo Falls
EUPHORBIACEAE
Croton gossweileri Hutch.: tree, occurs in Zambezi District
Croton scheffleri Hutch.: tree, recorded in Mbala
Euphorbia debilispina Leach: endemic to Lusaka West
Euphorbia fanshawei Leach: considered rare in Northern Province
Euphorbia perplexa Leach var. kasamana Leach: recorded in Mbala and Kasama
Euphorbia speciosa Leach: recorded in Kasama, Chishimba Falls
Euphorbia whellanii Leach: endemic to Mbala
Euphorbia williamsonii Leach: endemic shrub to Ntumbachusi Falls
Monadenium fanshawei Bally: rare, recorded in Kitwe, Chinsali and Isoka
Monadenium friesii N.E.Br.: endemic to Chibombo and Lusaka
Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) Radcl.: used as soft timber, edible oil
Uapaca kirkiana Müll. Arg.: useful fruit tree, source of Masuku wine
FABACEAE
Acacia amythethophylla A.Rich.: small shrub/tree, attractive in miombo woodland
Afzelia bipindensis Harms: timber plant, occurs in Mwinilunga
Afzelia quanzensis Welw.: potential timber species
Albizia tanganyikensis Bak.f.: attractive white-barked tree, recorded at Victoria Falls
Baikiaea plurijuga Harms: much harvested timber plant in Western Province
Brachystegia astleii Hoyle: suffrutex, restricted to Kawambwa District
Brachystegia bakerana Burtt Davy & Hutch.: shrub to small tree confined to Kalahari sands
Brachystegia puberula Burtt Davy & Hutch.: tree, occurs in Mwinilunga and Solwezi
Bussea massaiensis (Taub.) Harms subsp. rhodesica Brenan: occurs in Itigi thicket
Cassia abbreviata Oliv. subsp. abbreviata: medicinal plant
Copaifera baumiana Harms: shrub, restricted to Kalahari sands
Cordyla africana Lour.: riparian tree of the Luangwa and Zambezi rivers
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.: used for carvings
Entada bacillaris F. White var. plurijuga Brenan: shrub, recorded in Mbala
Guibourtia arnoldiana (De Wild. & Th.Dur.) J.Leon.: restricted to Mbala district
Guibourtia coleosperma (Benth.) J.Leon.: potential timber species, restricted to Kalahari sands
Guibourtia conjugata (Benth.) J.Leon.: endemic to the Middle Zambezi
Kotschya imbricata Verdc.: occurs in Kabompo Gorge
Kotschya ruberifera Verdc.: endemic to Mwinilunga District
Monopetalanthus richardsiae J.Leon.: restricted to northern region
Monopetalanthus trapnellii J.Leon.: evergreen tree, restricted to northern region
Pterocarpus angolensis DC.: a much exploited timber tree
Rhynchosia insignis (O.Hoffm.) R.E.Fries: roots used as beverage
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.: potential use in agroforestry
Tamarindus indica L.: evergreen fruit tree
Tessmannia burttii Harms: rare tree, recorded in Mbala and Mwinilunga
FLACOURTIACEAE
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.: shrub, fruit edible
LOGANIACEAE
Strychnos cocculoides Bak.: fruits edible
MALVACEAE
Azanza garckeana (H. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillcoat: fruit tree
Hibiscus rhodanthus Gurk: suffrutex
MELASTOMATACEAE
Dissotis debilis (Sond.)Triana var. pedicillata A & R.Fern.: restricted to Mpulungu
Dissotis glandulosa A & R.Fern: recorded in Mwinilunga only
Living Collections
MELIACEAE
Entandrophragma delevoyi De.Wild.: used as source of timber, threatened
Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC.
Trichilia emetica Vahl: potential street and shade tree
MORACEAE
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. subsp. welwitschii (Engl.) C.C.Berg: occurs at Lumangwe Falls
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) Berg: rare tree restricted to Nchelenge
Morus mesozygia Stapf ex A.Chev.: rare tree, resctricted to high rainfall areas.
MYROTHAMNACEAE
Myrothamnus flabellifolius (Sond.) Welw.: shrub of medicinal value
MYRTACEAE
Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex Krauss: evergreen tree, fruits edible
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC.: evergreen tree, fruits edible
Syzygium owariense (Beauv.) Benth.: restricted to high rainfall areas
OCHNACEAE
Ochna afzelii R.Br. ex Oliv.: tree, in high rainfall areas
Ochna angolensis I.M.Johnston: suffrutex, recorded in Mwinilunga and Solwezi
Ochna cinnabarina Gilg: shrub, occurs on Kalahari sands
Ochna confusa Burtt Davy & Greenway: suffrutex
Ochna pulchra Hook.: tree, in high rainfall areas
OLACACEAE
Ximenia americana L.: shrub, edible fruit
Ximenia caffra Sond.: shrub, edible fruit
POLYGALACEAE
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen: shrub/tree, potential ornamental species
PROTEACEAE
Faurea intermedia Engl. & Gilg: tree
Faurea saligna Harv.: tree
Faurea speciosa Welw.: tree, ornamental
Protea gaguedi J.F.Gmel.: shrub/tree, ornamental
Protea madiensis Oliv.: shrub/tree, ornamental
Protea petiolaris Welw. ex Engl.: shrub/tree, ornamental
Protea trichophylla Engl. & Gilg: tree, ornamental
RHAMNACEAE
Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl.: riverine fruit tree of Luangwa and Zambezi rivers
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.: fruits edible
Ziziphus mucronata Wild.: tree, medicinal
RHIZOPHORACEAE
Anisophyllea boehmii Engl.: tree, with edible fruits
Anisophyllea pomifera Engl. & V.Brehm: shrub/tree, with edible fruits
RUBIACEAE
Rothmannia englerana (K.Schum.) Keay: shrub/tree
Rytigynia orbicularis (K.Schum.) Robyns: shrub, restricted to Kalahari sands
Vangueria infausta Burch.: small tree, fruits edible
Vangueria lasioclados K.Schum.: shrub, edible fruits
Vangueriopsis lanciflora (Hiern) Robyns: shrub/tree, edible fruits
STERCULIACEAE
Triplochiton zambesiacus Milne-Redh.: leaves used as vegetables in Zambezi Valley
VERBENACEAE
Vitex doniana Sweet: tree with edible fruits
Developing a Teaching Botanic Garden at the University of Zambia
T
he University of Zambia was established in 1963, following recommendations made by the Lockwood Commission
to the government of the then Northern
Rhodesia. The university became operational two years later and Dr. Kenneth D
Kaunda was inaugurated as the first Chancellor by the late Dr. Julius Nyerere on the
12th July 1966.
Soil Types and Vegetation
Three soil types were identified on the campus:
• Hydromorphic soils occurring on limestone terrain, in the western and southern sectors of the campus. It includes
the dambo lines along which the Goma
Lakes (dams) are sited.
• Red loamy soils, which develop from the
interface of limestone and quartzite lithology, cover the greater part of the
campus.
• Loamy soils underlain by a layer of
stones, about 30 cm deep, occur in the
northern sector of the campus, extending northwards from the School of Education. These soils are termed lithosols.
Before the construction of the University
Campus in 1967, the site was covered by
indigenous vegetation representing vegetation types such as grassland (dambo),
woodland and savannah. The basic
hydromorphic soils were covered by
edaphic grassland, locally known as
dambo. This variant of dambo is usually
dominated by Hyparrhenia rufa, whereas
wetter areas are covered with Imperata
cylindrica. A patch of degenerated miombo
occurred on the acidic lithosols in which
the characteristic species are Brachystegia
boehmii, B. spiciformis and Julbernardia
91
Living Collections
globiflora, with patches of Hyperthelia
dissoluta, a course grass, occurring in the
open spaces. The loamy soils in the transitional zone, currently fringing the Goma
Lakes, were originally covered by savannah in which trees such as Ficus sycomorus
and Acacia spp. were prominent.
section. The cycad Encephalartos schmitzii
which in nature occurs in rocky habitats
within the miombo woodland, has been
cultivated under Brachystegia boehmii, located on the lithosols.
The Garden Plan
The aquatic habitat, in the form of the Goma
Lakes, has a number of hydrophytes. These
include Cyperus papyrus, Ludwigia
stolonifera and the invasive Pontederia
cordata and Typha domingensis. Efforts are
made to eliminate Typha from the dams and
keep Pontederia under control. Neptunia
oralacea, a seismonastic plant collected
from the Luangwa Valley, has been cultivated on the banks of the Goma lakes. Occasionally, in the dry season, these lakes
tend to be invaded by a floating fern, Azolla
pinnata. The introduction of Nymphaea lotus is proving difficult as the fish feed on
the foliage.
The Teaching Botanic Garden, located at
the main entrance to the campus, covers
an area of about 12 hectares of land. The
garden was established initially to preserve
species that occurred on the site naturally.
A number of these plants are indicator species associated with the specific soil types
occurring on the campus. The garden has
been designed to serve as a field laboratory for students of botany, ecology, and
biogeography, and has been divided into
the following sections:
Wetland Flora and Aquatic Plants
Lower Valley Plants
The Role Players
These are plants collected from the
Luangwa and Zambezi Valleys, and comprise the following species Colophospermum mopane, Guibourtia conjugata, Friesodielsia obovata, Lonchocarpus
capassa, Tamarindus indica, Triplochiton
zambesiacus and Ziziphus mauritiana.
Miombo
Many of the Miombo species are being
encouraged to regenerate in their natural
habitat, while species such as Afzelia
quanzensis, Brachystegia tamarindoides,
Isoberlinia angolensis, Securidaca longipedunculata and Uapaca kirkiana have been
introduced. The epiphytic orchid Ansellia
africana has been mounted in a mature tree
of Brachystegia boehmii.
Succulent Plants
The management of the Teaching Botanic
Garden requires the input of all
stakeholders. Mr Alex Tembo, Horticultural
Officer based at the University Nursery, has
been responsible for the development of
the garden. Plants collected from the wild
are initially maintained at the University
(UNZA) Nursery located in Chilanga. The
plants are then passed on to Mr Ernest
Gondwe, the Horticultural Officer based at
the campus, for cultivation in the garden.
Two leading botanists, P.S.M. Phiri and D.
Chuba, encourage the horticulturists to
undertake regular field trips with the aim
of recording the ecological conditions under which the collected plants thrive. This
makes cultivation of these species both in
the nursery and eventually in the garden
easier.
Contact with the Outside
World
Mr Gondwe and Mr Tembo were interns
at the Pretoria and Kirstenbosch National
Botanical Gardens respectively. The
internships were aimed at ensuring
sustainability in the management of the
UNZA Botanic Garden and the back-up
nursery facilities, situated in Chilanga,
when the SABONET project comes to an
end.
Future Developments
As water is a scare resource in the garden,
this has been taken into account in
prioritising the nature of plant groups to
be cultivated. Water-wise plants have been
given preference. The perennial plants include trees, shrubs, and geophytes. Future
development plans for the garden will
probably include the sinking of at least two
boreholes and a system of pipes to maintain the herbaceous flora of ornamental,
cultural, and medicinal value. Rare and
threatened plants, requiring special environmental conditions to thrive, may necessitate the construction of greenhouses that
simulate the habitat conditions as they exist in nature. In order to improve the leisure amenities in the garden, the angling
lakes located in the eastern part of the garden have to be rehabilitated, since the
ponds are shallow and have been invaded
by the reed Typha. If these ponds are rehabilitated, it will further improve the landscape of the Teaching Botanic Garden, as a
place of recreation for students and residents of Lusaka.
—Patrick S.M. Phiri
School of Natural Sciences
P.O. Box 32379
Lusaka, Zambia
A rockery for succulent species has been
created and it is envisaged that species of
Aloe, Euphorbia, Sansevieria and Stapelia,
as well as other xerophytes will be cultivated here. Should funds become available,
a number of endemic species of Euphorbia
will be introduced to this sector of the garden. A concerted effort is being made to
eliminate invasive species of Agave.
Gymnosperms
A diversity of gymnosperms will be cultivated on loamy soils east of the Goma lakes.
Young plants of Ginkgo biloba obtained
from Harare, Pinus species collected from
the Zambian Rest house on the Nyika,
Podocarpus latifolius (syn. P. milanjianus)
collected from Mpika District and Araucaria
sp. have been included in the gymnosperm
92
Brachystegia boehmii towering over the rockery section of the Botanic Garden.
(Photo: P.S.M. Phiri)
Living Collections
Appendix: List of Plants Maintained in the
Teaching Botanic Garden
AQUATIC PLANTS
ALISMATACEAE
Limnophyton angolense: Rooted herb. Origin: Luangwa-Feira District
CYPERACEAE
Cyperus papyru: Rooted perennial. Origin: Kafue River
FABACEAE
Neptunia aralacea: Rooted herb with seismonastic leaves. Origin: Luangwa Valley
NYMPHAEACEAE
Nymphaea lotus: Rooted herb with floating leaves. Origin: Feira District
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia stolonifera: Prostrate herb on dam margin. Natural occurrence
POACEAE
Paspalum vaginatum: Mat forming perennial grass. Origin: Luangwa Valley
PONTEDERIACEAE
Pontederia cordata: Cultivated emergent perennial herb. Origin: N. & S. America
Aloes and agaves in the rockery.
A section of the Teaching Botanic Garden near the Goma
Lakes. (Photo: P.S.M. Phiri)
TYPHACEAE
Typha domingensis: Emergent invasive weed in shallow water
TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
PTERIDOPHYTES
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum: Cultivated. Origin: Chunyunyu Hot Spring
EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum ramosissimum: Natural occurrence near stream
THELYPTERIDACEAE
Thelypteris confluens: Cultivated fern. Origin: Chunyunyu Hot Spring, Chongwe
GYMNOSPERMS
ARAUCARIACEAE
Araucaria sp.: Cultivated ornamental tree. Origin: Australia, South America
Erythrina abyssinica allowed to regenerate in the
miombo section of the botanic garden.
A young Adansonia digitata plant with simple
juvenile leaves. (Photo: P.S.M. Phiri)
93
Living Collections
GINKGACEAE
Ginkgo biloba: Cultivated tree obtained from Zimbabwe. Origin: Southern China
PINACEAE
Cupressus sp.: Cultivated
Pinus insularis: Cultivated tree. Origin: Burma, Philippines
Pinus sp. Cultivated. Origin: Introduced from Nyika Plantation
PODOCARPACEAE
Podocarpus milanjianus: Cultivated. Origin: Bwingimfumu Forest Reserve, Mpika
ZAMIACEAE
Encephalartos schmitzii: Cultivated indigenous cycad. Origin: from Mpika District
ANGIOSPERMS—MONOCOTS
ALOACEAE
Aloe arborescens: Cultivated succulent plant. Origin: South Africa
Aloe barberae: Cultivated tree fern. Origin: Mozambique
Aloe chabaudii: Cultivated. Origin: 130 km east of Lusaka along GERd.
Aloe christianii: Cultivated. Origin: Kasisi Area, Lusaka
Aloe greenii: Cultivated. Origin: Kasisi Area, Lusaka
APOCYNACEAE
Nerium oleander: Cultivated ornamental shrub. Origin: Mediterranean region
ARACACEAE
Arecastrum romanzoffianum: Cultivated palm along main road. Origin: Brazil
Phoenix reclinata: Cultivated indigenous palm
Sabal sp.: Cultivated palm along main road. Origin: West Indies
DRACAENACEAE
Dracaena camerooniana: Cultivated. Origin: Chishimba Falls, Kasama District
Dracaena steudneri: Cultivated from UNZA Nursery
Sansevieria sp.: Cultivated. Origin: Lusaka West
MUSACEAE
Musa sp.: Cultivated. Origin: Asia
ORCHIDACEAE
Ansellia africana: Cultivated epiphytic orchid. Origin: Chikowa, Luangwa Valley
Worker at the UNZA Nursery in Chilanga.
Upaca kirkiana plants in a section of the agroforestry
nursery at Musekkera Research Station in Chipata.
Trichilia emetica seedlings in the SABONET section of the
UNZA Nursery (Photo: P.S.M. Phiri)
SABONET workers clearing Lantana camara in the eastern
sector of the Botanic Garden. (Photo: P.S.M. Phiri)
Yucca plants growing on the cleared site.
94
Workers planting strelitzias in the western section of the
Botanic Garden. (Photo: P.S.M. Phiri)
ANGIOSPERMS—DICOTS
ANACARDIACEAE
Rhus longipes: Natural occurrence in miombo sector
ANNONACEAE
Annona senegalensis: Natural occurrence at fringe of miombo
Friesodielsia obovata: Cultivated shrub. Origin: Livingstone
APIACEAE
Centella asiatica: Natural occurrence along fringe of moist ground
Steganotaenia araliacea: Natural regeneration in miombo sector
APOCYNACEAE
Nerium oleander: Cultivated ornamental. Origin: Mediterranean Region
ARALIACEAE
Schefflera sp.: Cultivated ornamental
ARAUCARIACEAE
Araucaria sp.: Cultivated exotic ornamental.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Calytropsis procera: Cultivated shrub. Origin: Lusitu, Zambezi Valley
Stapelia gigantea: Cultivated succulent plant. Origin: Lusaka East
ASTERACEAE
Vernonia amygdalina: Shrub. Natural occurrence
BIGNONIACEAE
Bignonia capreolata: Cultivated ornamental. Origin: North America
Tecoma stans: Cultivated ornamental. Origin: Tropical America
BOMBACACEAE
Adansonia digitata: Indigenous plant: cultivated from seed
Ceiba pentandra: Cultivated. Origin: Tropical America
CARICACEAE
Carica papaya: Cultivated fruit tree. Origin: Tropical America
Living Collections
POACEAE
Cortaderia selloana: Cultivated Pampas grass. Origin: South America
Cynodon dactylon: Cultivated lawn grass
Hyperthelia dissoluta: Natural occurrence in miombo sector
Imperata cylindrica: Natural occurrence in wetland sectors
Oxytenanthera abyssinica: Cultivated. Origin: SW of Kacholola, Nyimba District
Phragmites mauritianus: Natural occurrence along stream
STRELITZIACEAE
Strelitzia spp.: Cultivated ornamentals. Origin: South Africa
VELLOZIACEAE
Xerophyta equisetoides: Cultivated. Origin: Mpika District
ZINGIBERACEAE
Aframomum sp.: Cultivated. Origin: Lwitikila Falls, Mpika District
CASUARINACEAE
Casuarina equisetifolia: Cultivated. Origin: Australia
CELASTRACEAE
Gymnosporia senegalensis: Shrub of natural occurrence in miombo sector
COMBRETACEAE
Combretum fragrans.: Natural regeneration in miombo sector
Terminalia mollis: Natural occurrence at fringe of miombo
EBENACEAE
Diospyros senensis: Cultivated. Origin: Lusitu area, Zambezi Valley
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha sp.: Cultivated ornamental plant
Bridelia micrantha: Natural regeneration
Euphorbia ingens: Cultivated. Origin: South of Kafue Bridge, Mazabuka
Euphorbia matabelensis: Cultivated. Origin: Chadiza District, Eastern Province
Euphorbia sp. (probably E. cooperi): Cultivated. Origin: Lusitu, Zambezi Valley
Euphorbia sp.: Cultivated. Origin: Luangwa Valley
Phyllanthus muelleranus: Indigenous shrub: natural occurrence
Uapaca kirkiana: Cultivated. Origin: Lwitikira Falls, Mpika District
FABACEAE
Acacia polyacantha: Invasive plant in disturbed areas
Afzelia quanzensis: Indigenous tree species: cultivated from seed
Albizia amara: Natural occurrence in miombo sector
Albizia antunesiana: Natural regeneration in degraded miombo sector
Albizia versicolor: Natural regeneration in degraded miombo sector
Bauhinia galpinii: Shrub obtained from Church Rd, Lusaka. Origin: South Africa
Bauhinia petersiana: Natural regeneration in degraded miombo sector
Bauhinia variegata: Cultivated ornamental
Brachystegia boehmii: Natural occurrence in Miombo sector
Brachystegia spiciformis: Natural regeneration in degraded miombo sector
Brachystegia rotundifolia: Cultivated. Origin: Mamba Mine, Zambezi Valley
Colophospermum mopane: Cultivated. Origin: Livingstone & Luangwa Valley
Cordyla africana: Cultivated. Origin: Luangwa Valley
Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana: Natural regeneration in miombo sector
Erythrina abyssinica: Natural regeneration in degraded miombo sector
Erythrina livingstoniana: Cultivated tree. Origin: Livingstone
Erythrina lysistemon: Cultivated tree. Origin: obtained from Harare, Zimbabwe
Guibourtia conjugata: Cultivated. Origin: Zambezi Valley
Isoberlinia angolensis: Cultivated. Origin: 120 km E of Lusaka along GERd.
Julbernardia globiflora: Natural occurrence in degraded miombo sector
Lonchocarpus capassa: Cultivated tree. Origin: Livingstone
Piliostigama thonningii: Natural establishment in degraded miombo sector
Senna petersiana: Natural occurrence in miombo sector
A bird’s eye view of ZAWA’s protected miombo woodland plot being considered for the establishment of an
arboretum or nature reserve in Chipata Eastern Province, Zambia. (Photo: P.S.M. Phiri)
95
Living Collections
Senna singueana: Natural occurrence in miombo sector
Tamarindus indica: Cultivated. Origin: Luangwa and Zambezi Valleys
FLACOURTIACEAE
Flacourtia indica: Natural regeneration in miombo sector
LOGANIACEAE
Strychnos cocculoides: Natural regeneration in miombo sector
MALVACEAE
Azanza garckeana: Cultivated. Origin: Livingstone
MELASTOMATACEAE
Tibouchina granulosa: Cultivated ornamental from Rose Garden
MELIACEAE
Azadirachta indica: Invasive plant. Origin: Asia
Toona ciliata: Invasive plant. Origin: Asia
Trichilia emetica: Cultivated ornamental. Origin: Luangwa & Zambezi Valleys
MORACEAE
Ficus benjamina: Cultivated ornamental. Origin: India
Ficus sycomorus: Natural occurrence on termite mounds
MYROTHAMNACEAE
Myrothamnus flabellifolius: Cultivated. Origin: Chadiza District, Eastern Province
MYRTACEAE
Callistemon sp.: Cultivated. Origin: Australia
Eucalyptus spp. Cultivated. Origin: Australia
Syzygium sp.: Cultivated exotic plant
NYCTAGINACEAE
Bougainvillea sp.: Cultivated. Origin: South America
OCHNACEAE
Ochna schweinfurthii: Natural occurrence in miombo sector
POLYGALACEAE
Securidaca longipedunculata: Cultivated shrub. Origin: 100 km E of Lusaka
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum salicifolium: Natural occurrence along dam edges.
RHAMNACEAE
Ziziphus mauritiana: Introduced fruit tree. Origin: Luangwa District
RUBIACEAE
Coffea arabica: Cultivated crop plant. Origin: Ethiopia
RUTACEAE
Zanthoxylum chalybeum: Cultivated. Origin: Chinyunyu Area, E of Lusaka
SALICACEAE
Salix babylonica: Cultivated. Origin: China
SOLANACEAE
Brugmansia suaveolens: Cultivated ornamental. Origin: Brazil
Solanum hispidum: Invasive plant, common in campus area
STERCULIACEAE
Sterculia quinqueloba: Cultivated. Origin: Siavonga District
Triplochiton zambesiacus: Cultivated. Origin: Zambezi Valley
VERBENACEAE
Lantana camara: Invasive weed. Origin: Tropical South America
VITACEAE
Cissus cornifolia: Cultivated shrub. Origin: Luangwa Valley
Cissus quadrangularis: Cultivated liane. Origin: Lusitu area, Zambezi Valley
Threatened Plants
Programme
Gerbera aurantiaca:
Flagship Species
I
n 2001 the Natal National Botanical Garden in Pietermaritzburg submitted a
proposal for a Threatened Plant Programme to SABONET and subsequently
received a grant of US$ 3,000.00 in March
2002—an enormous source of encouragement!
The Hilton Daisy (Gerbera aurantiaca:
Asteraceae) was selected as the flagship
species of this programme for many reasons, including:
• Its status as a threatened species (ScottShaw 1999)
• Being known as an ‘indicator’ species
of the Moist Mistbelt Grassland, a rapidly disappearing habitat type
• Its ‘charisma’, because of its spectacular red flowers and its emotive association with the people of Pietermaritzburg
and surrounding areas
• Its considerable horticultural potential
The main aims of the project are:
• The establishment in the Garden of rep-
96
resentative ex situ populations (from
wild localities)
• The selection and propagation of some
of the most attractive varieties for horticulture
• A study of the population biology of the
species in its natural habitat to aid with
conservation strategies (This part of the
project is being carried out in collaboration with the University of Natal,
Pietermaritzburg, where the author is
currently registered for a postgraduate
degree)
The Hilton Daisy, with its striking dark-centred red flowerheads, is a long-lived endemic of the moist mistbelt grassland in
and around Pietermaritzburg. Colonies of
the daisies are found on rocky doleritic hill
slopes at altitudes of between 950 m and
1,500 m. The daisies grow vegetatively to
produce clones. These often measure over
a meter in diameter, and may be hundreds
of years old. The plants have thick thong-
like roots that allow them to withstand the
dry winter months and frequent veld fires.
In early spring rosettes of erect, dark green
leathery leaves emerge, followed by the
flowers.
Flower colours range from deep red, orange and pink to yellow and cream. While
some of this colour variation may result
from hybridisation with the closely related
species G. ambigua, which has white or
pinkish petals, the orange and yellow colours are probably variations within the species. The daisies also show great variation
in petal morphology.
Sadly, this once common flower has become endangered—a status that is attributed to habitat destruction and fragmentation, caused by agriculture and urban
sprawl. Less than 3.5% of the mistbelt
grassland remains in near-pristine condition and in large enough fragments to consider conserving. G. aurantiaca is now only
known to occur in about ten widely scattered localities.
Habitat fragmentation has many adverse
effects on the survival of plant communities, including inbreeding (which results in
reduction of genetic variation) and the disappearance of pollinators.
The populations are also affected by gardeners removing clumps of plants for their
gardens, where the daisies seldom survive
as they are notoriously difficult to grow in
cultivation.
As yet, little is known of the population biology of the Hilton Daisy. The most important pollinators appear to be brown hairy
monkey beetles, but seed set is low and
there is a high percentage of seed predation. Some populations have virtually no
small plants, indicating that seedling recruitment is low. This situation is probably
aggravated by the fact that many of the remaining populations are situated in small
pockets of grassland between timber plantations or sugarcane, which are burnt annually as firebreaks. Even if the seeds, shed
in late November, germinate immediately,
the six to seven month old seedlings are
not likely to have developed a sufficiently
robust root system to survive the early winter fires.
Ex situ Propagation
The SABONET grant has allowed us to construct seven raised beds in the nursery that
are specifically designed to house the
threatened plant collection. We now have
approximately 45 representative plants
from 9 localities growing and flowering in
the nursery. In addition, we have 110 small
plants that were raised from seed donated
in 2001 and collected in 2002.
G. aurantiaca seeds do not have a dormancy
period and germinate immediately after
maturity under suitable conditions. At
room temperature viability is lost after a few
months, but stored at 4°C, seeds have exhibited high germination rates after 12
months.
of such things as selective amplication and
band scoring. Some preliminary work on
G. aurantiaca DNA was done and we plan
to continue with more extensive samples
early next year.
Germination trials indicate that the seed
germination percentage is high (85%).
There does appear to be considerable loss
during the first year (up to 30%), which
could be attributed to pathogenic infection
or lack of seedling vigour.
Additional propagative material will be
collected from wild populations for the ex
situ collection. We also plan to collect seed
for the Kew Millennium Seed Bank Project.
DNA Fingerprinting
Genetic studies are crucial to ex situ conservation since collections need to be representative of the genetic range of the target species (Maunder 2002). The importance of assessing genetic variation on the
basis of molecular techniques in botanic
garden recovery plans, has been emphasised by Akeroyd & Wyse Jackson (1995).
Many molecular techniques have been developed in the last few years to investigate
genetic variation. While no single technique is universally ideal, the AFLP-PCR
(amplified fragment length polymorphismpolymerase chain reaction) is a relatively
cheap, easy, fast and reliable method to
generate hundreds of informative genetic
markers (Mueller & Wolfenbarger 1999).
In order to learn this technique, the author
applied to SABONET and was granted an
internship to the Leslie Hill Molecular Systematics Unit at Kirstenbosch in May this
year. The Unit uses the AFLP technique for
molecular systematic studies. This was a
valuable introduction to a precise and complicated technique, and the staff of the Unit
deserve much credit for teaching a hamhanded horticulturist about the intricacies
The brown hairy monkey beetle, a frequent visitor to
Gerbera aurantiaca. (Photo : I. Johnson, NBI)
Future Plans
Leaf material will be sampled from all
populations for genetic analyses (AFLPs) to
determine the degree of genetic variation
within and between populations (in collaboration with the Leslie Hill Molecular
Systematics Unit at Kirstenbosch).
We have initiated a feasibility study into the
micro-propagation of the Hilton Daisy with
the Durban Corporation, and hope to have
some initial results within the next few
months. Once successful techniques have
been established, desirable forms will be
propagated for distribution to home gardeners.
This season we are carrying out investigations into the breeding systems of the
Hilton Daisy, including pollinator studies,
crossing experiments to establish whether
the species is self-incompatible, and measurement of allozyme variation within the
different populations to determine the degree of homozygosity or inbreeding (in
collaboration with UNP)
We want to see what the effect of fire on
the survival of seedlings is.
Other Species
We have also established collections of other
threatened mistbelt grassland species, such
(continued on page 100)
Young Gerbera aurantiaca plants in the nursery. (Photo : I. Johnson,
NBI)
97
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Southern African National Herbaria: Status Reports, 1996
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gardens needs assessment
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Information
A checklist of Zimbabwean
Grasses
A checklist of Lesotho Grasses
Trees of Botswana: Names and
Distribution
PLEASE NOTE:
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Reports will soon be
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No. 19:
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Swaziland ferns and fern
allies
Checklist of grasses in Namibia
99
(continued from page 97)
as Dierama luteoalbidum and Watsonia
canaliculata, successfully raised from
wild-collected seed. We hope to add
more species this season.
I hope that the results of this project will
provide us with a better understanding
of the population dynamics and growth
requirements of the Hilton Daisy, which,
in turn, will enable more informed conservation guidelines to be drawn up by
the relevant conservation agencies.
We have been very fortunate and want
to thank SABONET for the grant of
US$ 3,000.00 to take on this project. The
grant has enabled the construction of
nursery facilities, the financing of field
trips, the outsourcing of micropropagation
and the promotion of the project. In
addition, BOTSOC generously awarded a
conservation grant of R 20,000.00 to
study some aspects of the wild
populations, including measurements of
genetic variation. The University of Natal,
Pietermaritzburg, has provided research
facilities and much guidance with
taxonomic and population biology
investigations. In particular, I am indebted
to Prof. Trevor Edwards, Curator of the
Bews Herbarium.
AKEROYD, J.R. & WYSE JACKSON,
P.S. 1995. A handbook for botanic
gardens on the reintroduction of
plants to the wild, BGCI. RTZ Publ.
MAUNDER, M. 2002. IUCN Policy on
the management of ex-situ
populations for conservation.
SABONET News 8(1):18-19.
MUELLER, U.G. & WOLFENBERGER,
L.L. 1999. TREE 14 (10).
SCOTT-SHAW, C.R. 1999. Rare and
threatened plants of KwaZulu-Natal
and neighbouring regions. KZN
Conservation Services, PMB.
—Isabel Johnson
P.O.Box 21667
Mayors Walk
3208
Tel.: 033-3443585
Fax: 033-3441284
[email protected]
book review
Invasive Aquatic Plants
Henderson, L. & Cilliers, C.J. 2002
Plant Protection Research Institute,
Handbook No. 16
ARC–Plant Protection Research Institute
Pretoria [i–iv + 1–88]
I
t is a pleasure to come across a book with
such a wealth of useful information—well
presented and illustrated, in a convenient
size, and at a very reasonable price.
The authors cover a range of plants from
floating ferns to vascular plants, both alien
and native southern African species that
have become dangerously invasive or have
the potential of becoming so in South Africa’s aquatic environment.
Simple symbols make this book easy to use.
The well-produced line drawings and ample coloured photographs of the plants
make identification easy and the book attractive. It lists bio-control agents and their
effect on selected species, as well as registered herbicides
and physical control methods. Line
drawings of the
leaves of the alien
Hydrocharitaceae
and such largeleaved native members, such as
Lagarosiphon major
would have been a
useful addition, as
these are often difficult to identify, especially when only
the leaves are
present. Since they
can all be controlled
in a similar manner,
such criticism is,
however, a minor.
nor oversights and the book will be valuable to farmers, aquatic scientists, and a
wide range of environmentalists.
Ms Lesley Henderson can be contacted at:
Agricultural Research Council
Plant Protection Research Institute
Weeds Division
Private Bag X101
Pretoria
0001
South Africa
Tel.: 27 12 8043200
Fax: 27 12 8043211
[email protected]
—C.J. Ward
Botanical Scientist/Consulting Ecologist
Durban
[email protected]
More emphasis could have been placed on
the potential danger of Ipomoea carnea
subsp. fistulosa in aquatic environments.
One has merely to recall the scarcity of
Chromolaena odorata immediately postWorld War II, when its control would have
been far less costly than the eradication
campaigns necessary today. The value of
taking timely steps to control dangerous
aliens should not be underestimated.
Nevertheless, the amount of information
given in this book far outweighs these mi-
100
book review
Swaziland ferns and fern allies
J.P. Roux
Number 19 in the Southern African
Botanical Diversity Network Report
Series became available on 1 October
2003 (ISBN 1-919795-97-9). This 241 page
soft cover publication is available free of
charge from the SABONET Regional
Office.
T
he work starts with an Introduction section giving a short history of plant collecting and botanical research in Swaziland,
illustrating the background for the project
that preceded this publication. This section
also provides a short description of the layout of the book and the structure of the data
contained in the descriptions and distribution maps found in the Taxonomy section.
The Topography section provides a short
description of Swaziland’s topography, indicating the differences between the
highveld, middleveld and lowveld regions.
It also contains a map illustrating the topography of the country.
The rock formations found in Swaziland
and the country’s geological history are described in the Geology section. A table
shows the stratigraphy of the major volcano-sedimentary and igneous rock formations and a map illustrates the major geological formations in the country.
The Climate section describes the differences in mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures and mean annual rainfall between the country’s three topographic regions.
In the Vegetation section the four Acocks vegetation types and their subdivisions (totalling
seven) that occur in Swaziland, are briefly
described, giving some of their features, distribution and listing a number of (non-fern)
species commonly occurring in them. A map
indicating the distribution of these vegetation
types also accompanies this section.
The Conservation section depicts the state
of conservation in Swaziland. A table indicates the proclaimed nature reserves,
showing their date of proclamation, size
and the vegetation types conserved by
these areas. Threats to conservation and
biodiversity are also briefly touched.
A total of 112 taxa are treated and illustrated
in the 49 line drawings of the Taxonomy sec-
tion. This section
is started by a key
to the families of
pteridophytes occurring in the
country. Thereafter the families
and their genera
are treated in a
systematic/phylogenetic sequence
following Roux
(2001). Each family
treatment is started by a short family description, followed by a key to
the genera of the
family. Each genus treatment is
started by the publication reference and
type of the genus name, an indication of
the derivation/meaning of the name, a genus description, a short indication of the
general size and distribution of the genus,
and a key to the species. Each species/
infraspecific taxon treatment comprises a
list of publication references for the name,
its type specimen, a key to the infraspecific
taxa (where present), a list of synonyms, an
indication of the derivation/meaning of the
name, a species/infraspecific description,
vernacular names and short pieces on the
ecology, distribution and uses (where
known) of the species/infraspecific taxon.
Each taxon is also accompanied by a distribution map, which was compiled using
a two-system approach. This two-system
approach was necessary since GPS readings are generally not available for older
collections and since the exact locality can
thus not be plotted, the quarter-degree
square in which the plant was collected is
outlined (not shaded as indicated in the Introduction section). Where GPS readings
were available, the collecting localities are
indicated by a dot. This is a good way in
which to get the best of both worlds and to
use all the distribution data that are available for each taxon.
The Abbreviations and Glossary section
gives a useful explanation of the commonly
used abbreviations and terms in the book.
The publication is ended with a short References section and a comprehensive Index to all the taxa and their synonyms that
are treated in the work.
The Flora of Swaziland (Compton 1976) has
long been the standard work for the flora
of Swaziland, but for some reason the
pteridophytes were omitted from this
monumental work. The current publication
will fill a big void in the enjoyment and understanding of the pteridophyte flora of this
country and is a must on the bookshelves
of any fernatic planning to venture into
Swaziland.
COMPTON, R.H. 1976. The Flora of
Swaziland. Journal of South African
Botany, Suppl. 11.
ROUX, J.P. 2001. Conspectus of southern
African Pteridophyta. Southern African
Botanical Diversity Network Report No
13. SABONET, Pretoria
—Ronell Klopper
Reprinted from Pteridoforum 67: 3–5 with
kind permission from the Fern Society of
Southern Africa.
101
Putting taxonomy on the
web
Numerous current efforts to put taxonomy on the Web demonstrate the feasibility of our computer technology era,
and include the following sites:
www.ipni.org
The International Plant Name Index
www.tolweb.org/tree
The Tree of Life Project, which provides
phylogenies
www.itis.usda.gov
The Integrated Taxonomic Information
System
www.gbif.org
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility
http://speciesanalyst.net
A search engine to access multiple databases of specimen information from collections located throughout North
America and
www.all-species.org
The All Species Foundation, which intends to make an inventory of all species
on earth within the next 25 years. (It is
perhaps worth noting parenthetically that
this task may seem less daunting now
than it did just a few months ago, because
it appears that the number of species is
actually manageable, perhaps closer to 10
million than the 100 million that some
have speculated.)
Biodiversity Hotspots
www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/
Hotspots
Biodiversity hotspots are regions containing an unusually rich or unique assemblage of species, which by their very nature deserve preservation. Sites from each
continent are featured, from islands to
mountaintops and river valleys. The 25 selected biodiversity hotspots contain 44%
of plant species and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate species, but occupy only 1.4 % of
the planet’s land area. This site includes
information about biodiversity hotspots in
general, as well as pages showing each
hotspot individually. Site constructed by
102
Conservation International, sponsored by
Intel.
phanerogams; physiology, and the
referring literature.
Fact Sheets for 680 Trees
Global Forest Science—
Research Projects
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/
This gateway features 680 tree fact sheets,
each presented as three-page pamphlets in
portable document format (PDF), requiring
the Acrobat Reader (available free from
Adobe). Species are listed by family, common name, and scientific name. Each guide
provides detailed information on the species’ growth form, characteristics, U.S. distribution, use & management, pests & diseases and more. Although produced in the
early 1990s, the fact sheets remain a useful
resource.
Picture Profile of the
Northern Namib
www.slowcoach.org/sct/namibia/galleries/
collections/westofbrandberg0101.html
The Namibian Desert is an area of
fascination, as well as the native habitat of
Welwitschia mirabilis, one of the most
remarkable plants known to man. It is
endemic. Welwitschia mirabilis is in a
monotypic family of the Gnetales that has
many highly advanced characters for a
gymnosperm, forming a saddle-shaped
trunk with vessels and sieve tubes,
unisexual strobili derived from bisexual
ones, a form of “double fertilization” in
which two embryos are formed, and a
remarkably
reduced
vegetative
organization. In its lifetime, it forms only
four leaves; two of them cotyledons and the
two mature leaves growing for the
remainder of its often quite lengthy lifetime.
Botany: The History of a
Science
www.i-a-s.de/IAS/botanik/e01/01.htm
“Botany: The History of a Science” provides
detailed and excellent chapters covering
botany from before Theophrastes (excellent
summary of early Greek work) to the
present. Chapters include: first scientific
description; botany under Roman rule;
decline of botany—the Dark Age;
renaissance; botany in the 17th and 18th
century: the basis of systematics;
microscopy: the achievements of the 19th
century and their 17 th-century roots;
characterisation of cryptogams: phylogenetical relations between cryptogams &
www.globalforestscience.org/research/
projects.html
The Global Forest Society is a researchoriented consortium of research scientists
affiliated with numerous universities that
funds a wide diversity of research projects
on forests. Topics include subalpine
ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems,
species at risk, inner city flora & fauna,
redwood treetop ecology, biomedical &
pharmaceuticals,
environmental
monitoring, unique ecosystems &
habitats, forest entomology & pathology,
and first peoples’ non-timber forest
products. This extensive web site reports
on progress on these studies, as well as
providing children’s materials, general
information on forest ecology, and various
resources.
PlantZAfrica.com
www.plantzafrica.com/
This site features information about plants
native to southern Africa (SA). The site
includes: Plants of SA, Vegetation of SA,
Using SA Plants, From the Archives,
Miscellaneous Info and a site search. The
plants site contains images, plant
information and how to grow the plant.
Since this is part of the Gondwana flora,
visitors from Europe, Asia, and North
America will find many plants to be
unfamiliar. The site also provides
thumbnail images of plants of the week
from Kirstenbosch NBG and Witwatersrand NBG. This site is sponsored
by the National Botanical Institute of
South Africa.
Pine (Gymnosperm) Life
Cycle
http://fybio.bio.usyd.edu.au/vle/L1/
ResourceCentre/GraphicFiles/
FS_LCPine.html
The typical gymnosperm life cycle on the
sexual reproductive cycle of pines,
Phylum Coniferophyta, is well illustrated
on this site. Developmental phases and
organs are hyperlinked with well chosen
illustrations, brief narratives and
(continued on page 107)
103
104
105
106
(continued from page 102)
appropriate glossary items. Hyperlinked
terms include sporophyte, female cone
(meiosis, megaspores, female gametophyte), male cone (meiosis, microspores,
male gametophyte), pollination, sperm,
egg, fertilisation, zygote, embryo,
endosperm and young sporophyte. The
quality is high, reasonably hyperlinked, and
well designed.
Predicting Invasions of
Non-indigenous Plants
and Pests
www.nap.edu/books/0309082641/html/
This web site contains the free book:
Predicting Invasions of Non-indigenous
Plants and Plant Pests, provided by the
National Academies Press. Compiled by
the United States Board on Life Sciences
and the Board on Agriculture and
Natural Resources, this 194-page book
explores the difficulties in predicting the
immigration and impact of exotic
species. Researchers active in this field
may find this free resource of use.
Seed Dormancy and/or
Germination in Higher
Plants
http://library.usask.ca/dbs/seed.html
Although online databases abound, this
one on seed dormancy and germination
is unusually authoritative, including
entries (12,000 items!) from 1890 to the
present. The site generates bibliographic data, much of which may be
copied, or selected and e-mailed. The
interface is reasonably intuitive,
complementing other more general
databases (for instance, AGRICOLA).
Although primarily a research site, amateur
gardeners and plant biologists alike may
find interesting and useful data here.
Computational Aquatic
Ecosystem Dynamics
Model
www.cwr.uwa.edu.au/services/models/
CAEDYM/documentation/
scienceGuide/caedym_science/
CAEDYM is a research site consisting of
a suite of models for predicting the
behaviour of aquatic ecosystems under a
variety of different conditions. The entire
work contains 16 topics from phytoplankton to sea grasses (& macrophytes),
macroalgae, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients,
suspended solids, pH and various specific
macronutrients (like iron, manganese and
aluminium). There are also extensive
references.
The Electronic Plant
Information Centre
www.rbgkew.org.uk/epic/
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew presents
the Electronic Plant Information Centre
(ePIC), an online resource designed to
serve as a single gateway to all digitised
plant information generated by Kew. ePIC
brings together Kew’s major specimen,
bibliographic and taxonomic databases in
an easy-to-search interface. Simply enter
a scientific plant name into the search
engine, and ePIC will retrieve all available
information on record, as well as links to
related information resources from
external organizations. Search results may
be downloaded as an email message. More
information, including digital images and
electronic documents, will be added to ePIC
as it becomes available.
Malvaceae Pages
www.meden.demon.co.uk/Malvaceae/
Malvaceae.html
The Malvaceae pages include an
introduction, an extensive image gallery,
web links, family indices, a modern
discussion of the current classification
scheme for this group, as well as
information on the biology, chromosome
counts and economic uses of members
of this family. The Malvaceae image
gallery has 46 genera listed, featuring
coverage of the “new” Malvaceae,
including Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae,
Tiliaceae and Byttneriaceae. The images
are impressive jpegs of various plants
parts, not just flowers. Although these
are modest in size, the collection is
reasonably encyclopedic. A detailed
discussion of members of the family,
genus-by-genus is planned.
The Herbage CD-ROM,
Third Edition
www.web-of-life.org/herbage/ or
www.ecocopia.com/herbage/
The Herbage CD-ROM by Tim Johnson
(author of the CRC Ethnobotany Desk
Reference) contains a database of over
28,000 concise monographs of medicinal
plant species characteristics—and an
inventory of claimed attributes and
historical uses by cultures throughout
the world—the result of more than a
decade of independent research.
Monographs are linked to millions of
articles and images via the World Wide
Web, providing an exhaustive tool for indepth global herb research. The Herbage
CD-ROM, Third Edition was released on
April 23rd, 2003. It is web-browserbased, compatible with any Windows or
Macintosh computer.
—Franci Siebert
Department of Botany
University of Pretoria
107
ThePaper Chase
T
he object of this column is to keep an eye open for literature which SABONET users may find useful. This will mostly be new
publications, but may well include older information in answer to questions such as “what’s the best key to …”. It is neither possible
nor desirable that the flow of such information should be one-way, from Pretoria outwards, so would readers please feel free to submit
notes and useful information to the address at the end of this column.
The citation of an item here does not imply any guarantee of its contents or even its existence; very often the compiler has not seen the
documents referred to.
Mary Gunn Library: Theses
❚ Aboobaker, H. 2002. Gene conservation in the threatened
medicinal plant Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels (Asclepidiaceae)
using DNA profiles and micropropagation. MSc thesis, University of
Durban-Westville, Durban.
❚ Craven, P. 2002. Phytogeography of Namibia: A taxon approach to
the spermatophyte flora. MSc thesis. University of Stellenbosch,
Stellenbosch.
❚ Hahn, N. 2002. Endemic flora of the Soutpansberg. MSc thesis,
University of Natal, Durban.
❚ Harry, N. 2003. Edaphic effects on vegetation at the Baryulgil
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❚ Izidine, S.A. 2003. Licuati forest reserve, Mozambique: Flora,
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❚ Steenkamp, Y. 2002. Generic status of Catha and Lydenburgia
(Celastraceae). MSc thesis. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
Mary Gunn Library: New Books
❚ Advances in Legume systematics Part 9. 2000. Herendeen, P.S. &
Bruneau, A. (eds). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 363 pages.
❚ Africa environment outlook: past, present and future perspectives.
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❚ Atlas of the vascular plants of Texas. Volume 1. Turner, B.L., Nichols,
H., Denner, G. & Doron, O. 2002. Brit Press. A Sida Botanical
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Maunder M., Clubbe, C., Hankama, C. & Groves, M. (eds). Kew
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❚ Status survey and conservation action plan. Cycads. Donaldson, J.
(ed.). 2003. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN/
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❚ The cactus family. 2001. Anderson, E.F. Timber Press, Portland,
Oregon. 776 pages.
❚ The purpose and teaching of applied ethnobotany. 2003. Hamilton,
A.C., Shengji, P., Kessy, J., Khan, A.A., Lagos-White, S. & Shinwari,
Z.K. World Wide Fund for Nature, London. 72 pages.
❚ The root causes of biodiversity loss. 2000. Wood, A., StedmanEdwards, P. & Mang J. (eds). Earthscan, London. 399 pages.
❚ The vascular plants of the Dzanga-Shanga reserve, Central African
Republic. 2002. Harris, D.J. Meisc. National Botanic Garden of
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❚ Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia. Contribution to
ethnobotanical studies in Swaziland. 1998. Adeniji, K.O., Amusan,
O.O.G., Dlamini, P.S., Enaw-Orock, E.G., Gamedze, S.T., Gbile, Z.O.,
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Soforwara, A. & Vilane, M.J. Swaziland Organization of African
Unity, Scientific, Technical and Research, Swaziland.
❚ Tropical African Flowering Plants. Ecology and Distribution. Volume
1. Annonaceae–Balanitaceae. 2003. LeBrun, J.-P. & Stork, A.L.
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de le Ville de Geneve, Geneve,
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❚ World Economic Plants. A standard reference. 1999. Wersama,
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Mary Gunn Library: New Parts of Floras
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Grobbelaar, N. 2002. Published by the author, Pretoria. First english
edition. Also available in Afrikaans. 331 pages.
❚ Endangered species threatened convention: the past, present and
future of CITES, the convention on international trade in endangered
species of wild fauna and flora. 2000. Hutton, J. & Dickson, B.
Earthscan, London. 202 pages.
❚ Flora Fanerogamica da ilha do cardosa. Vol 7.
❚ Flora Neotropica: 87. Melicoceae (Sapindaceae): Melicococcus and
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❚ Flora of Ecuador
❚ Flora of Malesiana bulletin vol 13 (2)
❚ Forest conservation genetics: principles and practices. 2000. Young,
A., Boshier, D. & Boyle, T. (eds). CSIRO Publishing, Australia. 352
pages.
❚ Flora of tropical east Africa. Adiantaceae, Pteridaceae,
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❚ Plant conservation in the tropics: perspectives and practice. 2002.
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Recently Published Papers
❚ Threatened Species Programme – an overview of succulent plants
in South Africa. M. Keith. Pages 64–67.
❚ Untangling thicket and its components. J.Vlok. Pages 68–72.
❚ A new pachycaul Dioscorea species from Mpumalanga Province,
South Africa and its conservation. J. Hurter. Pages 73–75.
African Journal of Aquatic Science 28(1) 2003
❚ The impact and control of alien aquatic vegetation in South African
aquatic ecosystems. M.P. Hill. Pages 19–24.
African Geographic September 2003
(Commemorative Issue – 5th IUCN World Park
Congress.)
❚ Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme (SKEP). K. Freckleton.
Pages 76–79.
❚ Patterns of floristic diversity in Mesembryanthemaceae. P.
Chesselet, A.E. van Wyk, N. Griffin & G.F. Smith. Pages 80–85.
❚ Benefits beyond boundaries. A. Steiner. Pages 12–15.
❚ Minature Medusoid Euphorbias (Jacobson’s group 15): some
observations and comments. G. Marx. Pages 86–92.
❚ From the past…into the future. South Africa’s National Parks. P.
Borchert. Pages 28–45.
❚ Delosperma: taxonomic notes and proposed Red List status of
certain species. P.M Burgoyne & J.E. Victor. Pages 98–103.
Australian Journal of Botany 52 (4) 2003
❚ Adaptations without barriers: succulent plants shaped by cliffs.
Evan Jaarsveld & B. van Wyk. Pages 98–103.
❚ A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement
of plant functional traits worldwide. J.H.C. Cornelissen, S. Lavorel,
E. Garnier, S. Diaz, N. Buchmann, D.E. Gurvich, R.B.Reich, H. ter
Steege, H.D. Morgan, M.G.A. van der Heijden, J.G. Pausas & H.
Poorter. Pages 335–380.
❚ Diversity and host tree preferences of vascular epiphytes and vines
in a temperate rainforest in southern Chile. A.A. Muñoz, P. Chacún,
F. Pérez, E.S. Barnet & J.J. Armesto. Pages 381–391.
❚ Ecology and conservation of remnant Melaleuca ericifolia stands in
the Tamar Valley, Tasmania. L.A. Bowkett & J.B. Kirkpatrick. Pages
405–413.
❚ Micropropagation of two threatened Tasmanian species of
Calocephalus (Asteraceae), with comments on phenotypic plasticity.
R.J. Sands, N.R Brown & A. Koutoulis. Pages 415–420.
❚ Gene flow between introduced and native Eucalyptus species:
exotic hybrids are establishing in the wild. R.C. Barbour, B.M. Potts
& R.E. Vaillancourt. Page 429–439.
❚ Orchid species succession in rehabilitated bauxite mines in
Western Australia. C.D Grant & J. Koch. Pages 453–457.
❚ Some basic guidelines for the cultivation of succulent plants. G.
Marx. Pages 104–107.
❚ Perspectives on succulent gardens of the world. G.F. Smith & C.K.
Willis. Pages 108–111.
Alsterworthia International 3(3) November 2003
❚ Infrageneric classifications of Haworthia (Aloaceae): perspectives
from nectar sugar analysis. G.F. Smith, B.-E. van Wyk, E.M.A. Steyn
& I. Breuer. Pages 9–12.
❚ A correction to the 2003 offering of the International Succulent
Introductions. G.F. Smith & E.M.A. Steyn. Pages 13–14.
❚ Variations on Aloe variegata, the partridge-breast aloe. P.I. Forster.
Pages 15–19.
Biodiversity and Conservation 12(6) (2003)
❚ Conservation to the rescue of taxonomy. A.G. Valdecasas & A.I.
Camacho. Pages 1113–1117.
Biological Conservation 111(3) (2003)
❚ Leaf epidermal microcharacters of the Old World species of Lotus
(Leguminosae: Loteae) and their systematic significance. S.A.
Stenglein, M.N. Colares, A.M. Arambarri, M.C. Novoa, C.E. Vizcaino
& L. Katinas. Pages 459–469.
❚ Responses of cycads with different life histories to the impact of
plant collecting: simulation models to determine important life
history stages and population recovery times. D.C. Raimondo & J.S.
Donaldson. Pages 345–358.
Aloe 40(2, 3, 4) 2003
The Botanical Review 69 (1) January–March 2003
❚ New cliff-dwelling Crassulaceae from the Eastern Cape: a new
Cotyledon and two new Adromischus taxa from Mbashe and
Mzimvubu Rivers, South Africa. E.J. van Jaarsveld & A.E. van Wyk.
Pages 36–40.
❚ Should taxon names be explicitly defined? G.Moore. Pages 2–21.
❚ Is the Neotropical flora ready for the PhyloCode? J.P. Janovec, L.G.
Clark & S.A. Mori. Pages 22–43.
❚ Whereto Haworthia limifolia? M.B. Bayer. Pages 41–51.
❚ Dracophilus dealbatus (N.E.Br.) Wald. in the Richtersveld National
Park. G. Williamson. Pages 53&54.
❚ Apomorphy-based definition also pinpoints a node, and PhyloCode names prevent effective communication. J.Kojima. Pages 44–
58.
❚ Cherishing the gems of the Little Karoo. A.L. Schutte-Vlok. Pages
60–64.
❚ The Linnaean System and its 250-year persistence. R.T. Schuh.
Pages 59–78.
109
❚ Critique of pure folly. J.M. Carpenter. Pages 79–92. This presents a
critique of the draft PhyloCode.
❚ The illogical basis of phylogenetic nomenclature. R.A. Keller, R.N.
Boyd & Q.D. Wheeler. Pages 93–110.
Conservation Biology 17(1) (2003)
❚ Conservation science in Africa and the role of international
collaboration. D. Western. Pages 11–19.
Diversity and Distributions 9(1,3,5) (2003)
❚ The Phylocode is fatally flawed, and the “Linnaean” system can be
easily fixed. K.C. Nixon, J.M. Carpenter & D.W. Stevenson. Pages
111–120.
❚ Species richness and floristic relationships between mesas and
their surroundings in southern African Nama Karoo. A. Burke, K.J.
Esler, E. Pienaar & P. Barnard. Pages 43–53.
The Botanics Autumn 2003 Issue 14
❚ Teach, empower and grow. Why skills is the key to conservation. I.
Maspero. Pages 4–7.
❚ Identifying spatial components of ecological and evolutionary
processes for regional conservation planning in the Cape Floristic
Region, South Africa. M. Rouget, R.M. Cowling, R.L. Pressey & D.M.
Richardson. Pages 191–210.
Bothalia 33(1) (2003)
❚ The genus Solanum (Solanaceae) in southern Africa: subgenus
Leptostemomum, the introduced sections Acanthophora and Torva.
W.G. Welman. Pages 1–18.
❚ Studies in the genus Machairophyllum (Mesembryanthemaceae),
with notes on some related genera. H. Kurzweil & P. Chesselet.
Pages 19–40.
❚ A new serotinous species of Cliffortia L. (Rosaceae) from Northern
Cape, South Africa and section Arboreae emended. A.C.
Fellingham. Pages 41–48.
❚ A revision of Ledebouria (Hyacinthaceae) in South Africa. 3. The
reinstatement of L. ensifolia, L. galpinii and L. sandersonii. T.J.
Edwards & S. Venter. Pages 49–52.
❚ An annotated checklist of the pteridophyte flora of Swaziland. J.P.
Roux. Pages 53–58.
❚ Taxonomy of the genus Passerina (Thymelaeaceae). C.L.
Bredenkamp & A.E. van Wyk. Pages 59–98.
❚ A new subspecies of Brachystelma from Eastern Cape, South
Africa (Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae). A.P. Dold & P.V. Bruyns.
Pages 105–106.
❚ Tetradenia kaokoensis, a new species from Kaokoland, Namibia.
E.J. van Jaarveld & A.E. van Wyk. Pages 107–108.
❚ A new species and combinations in Drimia (Urgineoideae). J.C.
Manning & P. Goldblatt. Pages 109–111.
❚ A new species of Ornithogalum from Eastern Cape, South Africa.
A.P. Dold & S.A. Hammer. Pages112–115.
❚ Two new cremnophilous taxa from semi-arid regions in South
Africa. E.J. van Jaarveld & A.E. van Wyk. Pages 115–118.
❚ A new species of Philyrophyllum (Gnaphalieae) from Namibia.
P.P.J. Herman. Pages 118–120.
❚ A comparison of Mopaneveld vegetation in South Africa, Namibia
and Zimbabwe. F. Siebert, G.J. Bredenkamp & S.J. Siebert. Pages
121–134.
❚ New chromosome counts for three Drimiopsis taxa. P.D. Lebatha,
J.J. Spies & M.H. Buys. Pages 135–138.
❚ Inselbergs in a changing world – global trends. A. Burke. Pages
375– 383.
❚ Distribution of alien plant species in relation to human disturbance
on the Georgia Sea Islands. J.C. Rodgers III & K.C. Parker. Pages
385–398.
❚ Bibliodiversions (book reviews) – Regions of floristic endemism in
southern Africa by A.E. Van Wyk and G.F. Smith. Pages 412–413.
Ecological Monographs 73(3) August 2003
❚ Community and phylogenetic structure of reproductive traits of
woody species in wet tropical forests. R.L. Chazdon, S. Careaga, C.
Webb & O. Vargas. Pages 331–348.
❚ Response of Eucaluptus-dominated savanna to frequent fires:
Lessons from Munmarlary, 1973–1996. J. Russell-Smith, P.J.
Whitehead, G.D. Cook & J.L. Hoare. Pages 349–375.
❚ Relationships at the aboveground-belowground interface: plants,
soil biota, and soil processes. D.L. Porazinska, R.D. Bardgett, M.B.
Blaauw, H.W. Hunt, A.N. Parsons, T.R. Seastedt & D.H. Wall. Pages
377–395.
Environmental Conservation 29(4) (2002)
❚ Attitudes of coastal-forest users in Eastern Cape Province to
management options arising from new South African forest
policies. J.A.F. Obiri & M.J. Lawes. Pages 519–529.
Farmers Weekly 26 September 2003,
10 October 2003
❚ Checklist for cut-flower projects. J. Maree Page 48.
❚ Planets list of protected areas tops 100 000 mark. L. Phillips. Page
14. This was a short news article reporting on the World Parks
Congress in Durban (2003).
❚ How to grow lily bulbs. J. Maree. Page 46.
Fern Gazetteer 16(6,7,8) (2002)
❚ Fern conservation in south tropical Africa. J.E. Burrows & J.S.
Golding. Pages 313–318.
Flowering plants of Africa 58 (2003)
❚ Monotes glaber. Dipterocarpaceae. G. Kamumvuri, H.F. Glen & G.
Condy. Pages 74–81.
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❚ Strophanthus kombe. Apocynaceae. E. Nyamhanga, H.F. Glen & G.
Condy. Pages 90–95.
PlantLife 28 (2003)
❚ Pachycarpus concolor subsp. arenicola. D.J. Goyder & G. Condy.
Pages 96–103.
❚ A checklist of the plants found in the Venda Brachystegia sites, and
some comments on their future. J. Burrows, M. Lotter & N. Hahn.
Pages 5–10.
❚ Dicerocaryum forbesii and D. senecioides. Pedaliaceae. A.E. van
Wyk & G. Condy. Pages 118–133.
❚ The making of a checklist of Mahwaqa Moutain (Bulwer),
Southern Drakensberg. A. Rennie. Pages 14–15.
Journal of Applied Ecology 40(2) (2003)
❚ Canthium, Keetia and Psydrax (Rubiaceae) in South Africa. Part 2:
How to recognise the South African species of Canthium. P.M.
Tilney. Pages 19–24.
❚ The resistance of a chalk grassland to disturbance. R.A. Hirst, R.F.
Pywell, R.H. Marrs & P.D. Putwain. Pages 368–379.
Journal of Arid Environments 54(2) (2003)
❚ Very cold areas: trees and shrubs for beginners. B. Small. Pages
25–28.
❚ Regional perspectives on agriculture and biodiversity in the
drylands of Africa. M.B.K. Darkoh. Pages 261–279.
❚ The spikethorns (Gymnosporia) in southern Africa: Sections
Putterlickioides and Mossambicensis. M. Jordaan. Pages 35–41.
❚ Resource use conflicts: the future of the Kalahari ecosystem. N.M.
Moleele & J. Mainah. Pages 405–423.
❚ The species concept and the conservation of biodiversity.
Y. Steenkamp. Pages 42–43.
Journal of Environmental Management 67(2)
(2003)
South African Journal of Botany 68(4) (2002)
❚ A multi-criteria targeting approach to neutral grassland
conservation. J. Bayliss, A. Helyar, J.T. Lee & S. Thompson. Pages
145–160.
Landscape Ecology 17(6) (2002)
❚ Landscape diversity in a conservation area and commercial and
communal rangeland in xeric succulent thicket, South Africa. C.
Fabricius, A.R. Palmer & M. Burger. Pages 531–537.
❚ Optimisation of the tissue culture protocol for the endangered Aloe
polyphylla. J.C. Chukwujekwu, C.W. Fennell & J. van Staden. Pages
424–429.
❚ Growth of enset (Ensete ventricosum) suckers under different
horticultural practices. M. Diro, S. Gebremariam, A. Zelleke & J van
Staden. Pages 430–433.
❚ The horizontal distribution of root biomass in a South African
winter-rainfall desert community. K.J. Esler, R.M. Cowling & N.S.
Eccles. Pages 443–446.
Nature 422(6930) (2003)
❚ The price of collecting life: overcoming the challenges involved in
computerising herbarium specimens. G.F. Smith, Y. Steenkamp, R.R.
Klopper, S.J. Siebert & T.H. Arnold. Pages 375–376.
Oikos 99(2) (2002)
❚ Invasibility and compositional stability in a grassland community:
relationships to diversity and extrinsic factors. B.L. Foster, V.H.
Smith, T.L. Dickson & T. Hildebrand. Pages 300–307.
❚ Mechanisms of resistance of Mediterranean annual communities
to invasion by Conyza bonariensis: effects of native functional
composition. A.H. Prieur-Richard, S. Lavorel, A. Dos Santos & K.
Grigulis. Pages 338–346.
Oryx 36(4) (2002)
❚ An analysis of the performance of an artificial wetland for nutrient
removal in solar saltworks. S.R. du Toit & E.E. Campbell. Pages 451–
456.
❚ Interpretation of late Holocene pollen in channel fills in the eastern
Free State, South Africa, in terms of local conditions and sediment
reworking. J.U. Grobbelaar & F.H. Mohn. Pages 469–474.
❚ Vegetation ecology of Sekhukhuneland, South Africa: Combretum
hereroense–Grewia vernicosa Open Mountain Bushveld. S.J.
Siebert, A.E. van Wyk & G.J. Bredenkamp. Pages 475–496.
❚ Vegetation ecology of Sekhukhuneland, South Africa: Kirkia
wilmsii–Terminalia prunioides Closed Mountain Bushveld. S.J.
Siebert, A.E. van Wyk & G.J. Bredenkamp. Pages 497–517.
❚ The effect of smoke on the photosynthetic gas exchange of Chrysanthemoides monilifera. M.E. Gilbert & B.S. Ripley. Pages 525–531.
❚ The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. P.P. Smith. Page 325.
❚ Possible control of Senna spectabilis (Caesalpiniaceae), an invasive
tree in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. J.V. Wakibara &
B.J. Mnaya. Pages 357–363.
Oryx 37(1) (2003)
❚ An escalating trade in orchid tubers across Tanzania’s Southern
Highlands: assessment, dynamics and conservation implications.
T.R.B. Davenport & H.J. Ndangalasi. Pages 55–61.
❚ The genetic diversity of Scaevola plumieri (Goodeniaceae), an
indigenous dune coloniser, as revealed by Inter Simple Sequence
Repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting. N.P. Barker, K.T. Harman, B.S. Ripley &
J. Bond. Pages 532–541.
South African Journal of Science 98(11,12)
(2002)
❚ Modelling Nama Karoo subshrub dry matter production using
climatic variables.. P.C.V. du Toit. Pages 527–533.
111
❚ Yeasts and related microorganisms isolated from ripe marula fruits
(Sclerocarya caffra) in Zimbabwe. R.N. Okagbue & M. Siwela. Pages
551–552.
❚ Are Namibian inselbergs conservation islands? A floral
perspective. A. Burke. Pages 560–562.
❚ The trade in medicinal plants in the Eastern Cape Province, South
Africa. A.P. Dold & M.L. Cocks. Pages 589–596.
Systematic Botany 8(2) (2003)
❚ The concepts of deep-time flora’s and paleobotanical hot-spots. A.
Graham. Pages 461–464.
Systematics and Geography of Plants 71(2)
(2001)
1. Floristics: exploration, institutions and progress with the
Floras of Africa
❚ Plant systematics and phytogeography for the understanding of
African biodiversity: Proceedings of the XVIth AETFAT Congress. E.
Robbrecht, J. Degreef & I. Friis. Pages 101–114.
❚ Progress with the botanical exploration of Ethiopia and Eritrea
during the last forty years. I. Friis. Pages 165–186.
❚ Remarks on the diversity of Sapotaceae in the natural flora of the
Ivory Coast. L.A. Assi. Pages 187–196.
“SIG IVOIRE” and with regard to ecological factors. C. Chatelain, L.
Gautier & R. Spichiger. Pages 313–326.
❚ The database FLOTROP and rangeland biodiversity in the Eastern
Chad. P. Daget & A. Gaston. Pages 327–336.
❚ The database FLOTROP and the inventory of the flora of the
pastures of Sahelian Africa. A. Gaston & P. Daget. Pages 337–344.
❚ Computerized data on the flora of Africa and Madagascar at the
Paris Herbarium. M. Pignal, J-N. Labat, H. Falaise, C. Cusset et al.
Pages 345–356.
❚ New floras from old: a roadmap for converting existing floras to
electronic media. W.G. Gosline. Pages 357–362.
❚ The herbarium and ALF on line. P. Daget & C. Frohlich. Page 363.
❚ Validity at regional level of the national floras in Western Africa: the
example of Poaceae. B. Toutain, P. Daget & P. Poilecot. Pages 364–
365.
3. Monographs and revisions of African genera
❚ A survey of continental African Coptosperma (Rubiaceae,
Pavetteae). J. Degreef, P. De Block & E. Robbrecht. Pages 367–382.
❚ The genus Sabicea (Rubiaceae) in São Tomé (São Tomé and
Príncipe). G. Joffroy. Pages 383–390.
❚ Aquatic and wetland plants in Guinea-Bissau: an overview. L.
Catarino, M.C. Duarte & M.A. Diniz. Pages 197–208.
❚ Infrageneric classification of Haworthia (Aloaceae): perspectives
from nectar sugar analysis. G.F. Smith, B-E. van Wyk, E.M.A. Steyn
& I. Breuer. Pages 391–398.
❚ Distribution of vascular epiphytes on quickset hedges in the Bafou
region (Cameroon). B. Sonké, L. Zapfack & C. Folefack. Pages 209–
222.
❚ Leaf and bract diversity in Gnidia (Thymelaeaceae): patterns and
taxonomic value. A.J. Beaumont, T.J. Edwards & F.R. Smith. Pages
399–418.
❚ A floristic study of weed species of Kampala (Uganda). M.
Mosango, O. Maganyi & M. Namaganda. Pages 223–236.
❚ Patterns of diversity among involucral bracts, inflorescences and
flowers in Gnidia (Thymelaeaceae). A.J. Beaumont, T.J. Edwards &
F.R. Smith. Pages 419–432.
❚ Assessment of status of Herbaria and capabilities in taxonomy and
systematics for natural resources inventory in sub-Saharan Africa.
C.S. Kabuye. Pages 237–246.
❚ SABONET: Developing capacity within southern Africa’s herbaria
and botanical gardens. C.K. Willis & B.J. Huntley. Pages 247–258.
❚ The Centro de Botânica of the IICT (Lisboa) and the co-operation
with African countries. M.A. Diniz & E.S. Martins. Pages 259–264.
❚ FTEA and after. H.J. Beentje & S.A.L. Smith. Pages 265–290.
❚ Project Flora of Benin – a Flora and more. A. Akoegninou,
J. van der Burg & J. van der Maesen. Pages 291–292.
❚ Flora Zambesiaca and its progress. G. Pope. Pages 293–294.
❚ State of the botanical and floristic research in the Dja biosphere
reserve. A. Akoa & M. Mbolo. Pages 295–298.
❚ Further systematic studies in Berlinia (Leguminosae,
Caesalpinioideae, Detarieae sensu lato). B. Mackinder. Pages 433–
442.
❚ Xyris (Xyridaceae) in Africa – a progress report. J.M. Lock. Pages
443–444.
❚ Millettia sect. Efulgentes and sect. Opacae (Leguminosae,
Papilionoideae), an overview. A.C. Adomou & L.J.G. van der
Maesen. Pages 445–447.
4. Family level systematics
❚ Generic delimitation of Hyacinthaceae, with special emphasis on
sub-Saharan genera. B. Stedje. Pages 449–454.
❚ Reinstatement of the Afro-Malagasy genus Coptosperma
(Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae, Pavetteae). P. De Block, J. Degreef & E.
Robbrecht. Pages 455–492.
2. Computerised floristic information for the African flora
❚ A study – using WORLDMAP – of distributions of African savanna
plants. A-M. Bürger. Pages 301–312.
❚ The potential distribution of species as extracted from the database
112
❚ The occurrence of long, narrow corolla tubes in southern African
Lamiaceae. C.J. Potgieter & T.J. Edwards. Pages 493–502.
❚ Myxocarpy in the Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) with notes on
myxodiaspory in general. O. Ryding. Pages 503–513.
5. Molecular approaches towards taxonomy of African plants
❚ Tribal delimitation of Naucleeae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae):
inference from molecular and morphological data. S.G.
Razafimandimbison & B. Bremer. Pages 515–538.
❚ Generic relationships and character evolution in Cyperus s.l.
(Cyperaceae). A. Muthama Muasya, D.A. Simpson & M.W. Chase.
Pages 539–544.
❚ Phylogenetic studies in Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae):
reconstruction of biogeographic history and distribution patterns.
M. Möller & Q.C.B. Cronk. Pages 545–556.
❚ The taxonomic value of bacterial symbiont identification in African
Psychotria (Rubiaceae). S. van Oevelen, E. Prinsen, R. de Wachter &
E. Robbrecht. Pages 557–564.
6. Orchid taxonomy and conservation
❚ Orchidaceae diversity of São Tomé (São Tomé and Príncipe). T.
Stévart & D. Geerinck. Pages 565–574.
❚ Ethnobotany on the Internet. What are the prospects for the African
Ethnobotany Network? C. Petit & E. Dounias. Pages 765–775.
8. The lowland forest floras of Africa
❚ The catastrophic destruction of central African rain forests occurring about 2500 years ago still exerts a major influence on the present distribution of vegetation formations. J. Maley. Pages 777–798.
❚ Floristic diversity of two gallery forests in the Biosphere Reserve of
the Mare aux Hippopotames (Burkina Faso, West Africa). B.O.
Mamounata. Pages 797–806.
❚ Study of the latitudinal gradients of the natural undergrowth of
teak (Tectona grandis) plantations in south and central Benin. J.C.
Ganglo. Pages 807–816.
❚ Woody plants recovery in abandoned farms of different ages in the
Mount Cameroon region. N. Ndam & J. Healey. Pages 817–826.
❚ Habitats and diversity of phytogeographical groups in the flora of
the Odzala National Park (Congo-Brazzaville). L.A. Kouka. Pages
827–836.
❚ Diversity of Upper Katanga epiphytes (mainly orchids) and
distribution in different vegetation units. M. Schaijes & F. Malaisse.
Pages 575–584.
❚ Diversity of trees in the Nsork rain forest (Equatorial Guinea). B.
Senterre & N. Nguema. Pages 837–846.
❚ Symbiotic seed germination in twelve Kenyan orchid species. J.
Ochora, W.D. Stock, H.P. Linder & L. Newton. Pages 585–596.
❚ Phytogeographical analysis of Ngotto forest (Central African
Republic). O. Yongo & B. de Foucault. Pages 847–858.
❚ In vitro germination of several South African summer rainfall Disa
(Orchidaceae) species: is seed testa structure a function of habitat
and a determinant of germinability? D.I. Thompson, T.J. Edwards &
J. van Staden. Pages 597–638.
❚ A phytogeographical analysis of the forest flora of the Kasai Sector
(Congo-Kinshasa). C.L. Ayingweu. Pages 859–871.
7. Plant utilization and its effect on biodiversity and
conservation
❚ Considerations on the plant systematics and nomenclature used
by the Malinké, Ivory Coast. G-A. Ambé & F. Malaisse. Pages 639–
660.
❚ Endangerment of plants used against malaria in the Mintom
subdivision south of the Dja biosphere reserve (Cameroon). J.L.
Betti. Pages 661–678.
❚ Contribution to ethnobotanical and floristic studies of the Lossi
forest (R.P. Congo): the edible plants harvested by picking. V.
Kimpouni. Pages 679–686.
❚ A contribution to the study of native edible plants by the Turumbu
and Lokele of the Tshopo District, Province Orientale, D.R. Congo.
I.B. Liengola. Pages 687–698.
❚ Habitat, conservation, and use of Gilletiodendron glandulosum
(Fabaceae, Caesalpinoideae) in southwestern Mali. C.S. Duvall.
Pages 699–738.
❚ Domestication of Gnetum africanum and G. buchholzianum
(Gnetaceae), over-exploited wild forest vegetables of the Central African Region N. Ndam, J.-P. Nkefor & P. Blackmore. Pages 739–746.
❚ Traditional utilisation of Garcinia lucida and Garcinia kola
(Clusiaceae) in Cameroon. N.M. Guedje & R. Fankap. Pages 747–758.
❚ AFlora: A database of traditional plant use in tropical Africa. M.
Ichikawa, D. Kimura & H. Terashima. Pages 759–764.
9. Flora and phytogeography of miombo type woodlands
and savannas
❚ Life forms and species diversity of woodland associations in
northern Benin. B. Sinsin. Pages 873–888.
❚ Phytogeographical analysis of the Monts Kouffé region in Benin.
M. Houinato & B. Sinsin. Pages 889–910.
❚ First botanical diversity studies of inselbergs from continental
Equatorial Guinea. I. Parmentier. Pages 911–922.
❚ Chipya in Kasanka National Park, Zambia: floristics, soils and
dynamics. P.P. Smith & R. Fisher. Pages 923–934.
❚ Small-scale variations in species composition of miombo
woodland in Sengwa, Zimbabwe: the influence of edaphic factors,
fire and elephant herbivory. I. Mapaure. Pages 935–947.
10. The montane floras of Africa
❚ What do we really know about the Afromontane Archipelago?
J.M. Grimshaw. Pages 949–958.
❚ Succession and regeneration patterns of East African mountain
forests: A review. R.W. Bussmann. Pages 959–974.
❚ The Simen Mountains (Ethiopia): comments on plant biodiversity,
endemism, phytogeographical affinities and historical aspects. C.
Puff & S. Nemomissa. Pages 975–992.
❚ Developing a greater understanding of the flora of the Nyika C.K.
Willis, J.E. Burrows, L. Fish, P.S.M. Phiri, A.C. Chikuni & J. Golding.
Pages 993–1008.
113
❚ Flora and vegetation of the natural forest of Nyungwe, Rwanda.
C.E.N. Ewango. Pages 1009–1016.
❚ The Mzimvubu River Botanical Expedition. E. van Jaarsveld, P.
Xaba, A.Harrower & G. Zwide. Pages 101–105.
❚ Plant diversity assessment on Mount Cameroon: surveys from
1990 to 2000. N. Ndam, J. Acworth, D. Kenfack, P. Tchouto & J.B.
Hall. Pages 1017–1022.
❚ Zantedeschia jucunda and Zantedeschis pentlendii. The beautiful
yellow arums from the Sekhukhuneland Centre of Floristic
Endemism. C. Craib. Pages 106–109.
❚ Plant recovery on the 1922 and 1959 lava flows on Mount
Cameroon, Cameroon. N. Ndam, J. Healey, M. Cheek & P. Fraser.
Pages 1023–1032.
❚ Sands of Time. A dune garden in the Harold Porter National
Botanical Garden, Betty’s Bay. J. Forrester. Pages 110–112.
11. Phytogeography
❚ Cape elements on high-altitude corridors and edaphic islands:
historical aspects and preliminary phytogeography. C. Carbutt & T.
Edwards. Pages 1034–1062.
❚ The Lindi local centre of endemism in SE Tanzania. G.P. Clarke.
Pages 1063–1072.
❚ Microrefugia, small scale ice age forest remnants. M.E. Leal. Pages
1073–1078.
❚ Influence of environmental features in the phytogeographic
framework of Guinea-Bissau. L. Catarino, E.S. Martins & I. Moreira.
Pages 1079–1086.
❚ The phytogeography of the rain forests of Equatorial Guinea, with
special emphasis on the Nsork rain forest. B. Senterre. Pages 1087–
1096.
❚ The phytogeography and flora of western Cameroon and the
Cross River-Sanaga River interval. M. Cheek, B. Mackinder, G.
Gosline, J-M. Onana & G. Achoundong: Pages 1097–1100.
❚ Diversity, phytogeographical affinities and possible origins of the
flora of Mayotte (Comoro Archipelago). O. Pascal, J-N. Labat, M.
Pignal & O. Soumillec. Pages 1101–1124.
❚ Patterns of African vascular plant diversity – a GIS based analysis.
J. Mutke, G. Kier, G. Braun, C. Schulz & W. Barthlott. Pages 1125–
1145.
❚ A sticky story. Why do some ericas have sticky flowers? J. Vlok &
A.L. Schutle-Vlok. Pages 113–115.
❚ War on weeds. K. Montgomery. Pages 116–117.
❚ Every plant has its weevil. Intimate relationships between weevils
and plants in the Baviaanskloof. S. Proches. Pages 118–120.
❚ Perusing a most unusual parasitic plant: Hydnora africana. T. Dold,
M. Cocks & N. Sizane. Pages 12–14.
❚ Chikanda: they eat orchids in Zambia. M. Bingham, G.M. Kokwe &
J. Golding. Pages 15–17.
❚ Plant with an appetite: sundews of the south. W. Voigt. Pages 18–20.
❚ Re-discovery of the antler-leafed crassula, Crassula alcicornis. P.
Desmet & M. Opel. Page 21.
❚ Oxalis: weed or treasure. J. Holmes. Pages 26–27.
❚ Protea asymmetrica: what defines this unusual winter-flowering
Zimbabwean endemic? D. Plowes & A. Moore. Pages 28–29.
❚ The plight of the once abundant but now declining Gerbera
aurantiaca. I. Johnson. Page 31.
❚ Seed dispersal and banking in Renosterveld. N. Shiponeni. Pages
32–33.
❚ The fynbos Garden of Eden. S. Privett. Pages 50–52.
❚ What is SABONET? S.J. Siebert & C.K. Willis. Pages 53–55.
Taxon 52(1) (2003)
❚ Driving the E-type initiative as the ALL Species Project picks up
speed. G.F. Smith. Pages 99–100.
❚ How many species of seed plants are there? R.W. Scotland & A.H.
Wortley. Pages 101–104.
❚ Maputaland’s Licuati Forest and Thicket. S. Izidine, S.J. Siebert &
A.E. van Wyk. Pages 56–61.
❚ Cyphia: often seen, but little known. C.N. Cupido & F. Conrad.
Pages 62–63.
Veld & Flora 89(1,2,3) (2003)
❚ Eulophia welwitschii: a safe haven for a rare orchid. A.M. Brynard.
Pages 68–69.
❚ Positive news for Bushmanland. M. Anderson. Pages 93–95.
❚ Poor little rich flora? A.V. Milewski. Pages 72–73.
❚ The extraordinary floral riches of Pondoland. Working towards a
‘Pondo park’. M. Nel. Pages 96–99.
114
— Yolande Steenkamp, Tammy Smith & Stefan Siebert
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
News from
Botswana
Internship: Botswana comes to
Kirstenbosch, Cape Town
K
irstenbosch Botanical Garden was my
destination of choice for two reasons.
Firstly, it is one of the best developed and
largest gardens in southern Africa providing the ideal opportunity to develop an insight into the management of living plant
collections in developed gardens and to gain
an understanding of the role of community
gardens and their influence, particular on
school groups. Secondly, under the auspices
of the SABONET project, Kirstenbosch works
in close collaboration with the Botswana National Botanical Garden.
Activities and Highlights
The interaction with the garden staff responsible for the different sections of the
Garden was informative and educational
and some highlights included:
clever constructions that imitate natural
conditions. By creating these conditions,
plants such as succulents and ferns thrive.
This is an effective way to conserve plants
and to educate people about their importance.
Plant interpretation and labelling is the
most important link to the public and forms
an important part of botanical garden management. It is the medium through which
active, fun-filled learning is encouraged.
The writing on the labels should be short,
informative, and easy to read. I was particularly interested in the different types of
labels and the advantages and disadvantages associated with using certain media
for signage. It is recommended, for example, that only a certain metal label should
be used for plants in the garden, as it is
longer lasting.
Recording plant information is a daunting
task. Computerisation makes this critically
important function attainable. Two members of staff showed me how data are captured on computer.
Visits to other Gardens
The library is a rich source of easily accessible information, which, apart from books, includes collections of slides and videocassettes.
In the nursery, seedlings, grown from seed
collected on different collecting trips to selected areas, are housed. Amongst these
are seedlings of threatened species, their
very presence an example of the commitment to conservation.
The glasshouses and conservatories are
There was a chance to visit other gardens,
such as the Karoo Desert National Botanical
Garden and Harold Porter National Botanical Garden in Betty’s Bay. The most important insight gained from these visits was that
although each garden is different and has different needs and functions, especially when
compared to the Botswana National Botanical Garden all gardens have the same main
focus: the successful ex situ cultivation and
conservation of plants.
The Community Outside the
Garden
The community outside the garden is not
excluded from the resources Kirstenbosch
has to offer. Outreach Greening programmes focus on the planting of indigenous gardens at schools, situated in historically disadvantaged communities. NBI
staff offer their skills and knowledge to assist in this process. These gardens serve as
a means to introduce pupils to their heritage and to the concept of a botanical garden. These gardens also conserve indigenous plants.
Recommendation
Internships, an activity initiated by the
SABONET project, should form an essential part of Botanical Garden management
internationally. Through internships, crucial knowledge is gained, serving to improve Botanic Garden practice in the cultivation and conservation of indigenous
plants. It could be the vehicle for learning
and teaching, and a means to strengthen
ties with other gardens through insight
gained, ultimately resulting in a growing
network of gardens.
Conclusion
The trip was very successful, offering valuable learning experiences that have enabled
me to make a worthwhile contribution to
our botanic garden. I was well received and
enjoyed the interaction with the staff. The
activities were well planned and educational. I learned a lot about Botanic Garden
management, focussing on Living Plant
From left to right: Petalidium bracteatum, a Namibian species; Internees discussing the propagation of bulbs; Inspecting the
huge compost heap at Kirstenbosch NBG.
115
From left to right: Trevor Adams explaining the misting system; Ernst van Jaarsveld with Tobias Angla and Steve Carr; Deon
Viljoen demonstrating propagation techniques.
Collections. The insight gained into the
garden’s community involvement,
focussing on growing gardens in schools,
was invaluable.
A special thank you to Global Environment
Facility (GEF) and the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) for
sponsoring this initiative. My appreciation to
the SABONET Regional Office for implementing this programme and the Botswana
Government (National Museum) for permission to visit Kirstenbosch. I am grateful to the
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden for
hosting me, and for the training I received. It
was a pleasure to visit the Karoo Desert
Botanical Garden and Harold Porter
Botanical Garden—thank you for the keen
interest shown in my visits there.
—Diphetogo Menyatso
National Botanical Garden
Botswana
[email protected]
News from
Malawi
Botanic Garden Internship at
Pretoria
I
had a rare and most exciting opportunity to visit the Pretoria National Botanical Garden from 17-28 March 2003 on a Botanical Internship. Karin Behr, Curator of
the Pretoria National Botanical Garden and
Stefan Siebert, Regional Co-ordinator of
SABONET, facilitated my visit and stay at
the NBI. I worked closely with and benefited from the untiring efforts of
Thompson Mutsinyalo, Nick Klapwijk and
Francinah Mphaka. I also made outside visits to other institutions to see and learn what
they were doing.
Arriving at the Pretoria National Botanical
Garden, I was gripped by what I saw: “An
African Savanna in the heart of Tshwane”
and felt right at home! The enthusiasm of
the people I came into contact with, as well
116
Some of the wonderful and weird cacti on display at Sheilam Nursery.
as their keen interest in training me, made
me feel appreciated.
My objectives for this period centred
around the development of the following
areas of interest:
• Nursery Work and Management
• General Botanical Garden Management
• Documenting the Living Collections
• Environmental Interpretation
Nursery Work and
Management
I worked with Thompson Mutsinyalo, the
horticulturist responsible for plant propagation and nursery management. I observed that they target those species in the
collection area that are not in the garden
and nursery. The aim of the propagation of
indigenous plant species is to enrich the
Botanic Garden. Each plant collected and
propagated is labelled with an accession
number, the place where it was collected and
the date on which it was collected. This information is important to keep proper records.
In the Pretoria Garden the nurseries have
been well constructed and many have facilities for mist propagation. The various
collections, for example aloes, lithops and
stapelia, are kept separate. The different
people responsible for each collection have
thorough training and the knowledge to
maintain that specific group of plants. A
maintenance plan, developed by the horticulturist, is used as a basis for weekly and
monthly reports written by the nursery
personnel, containing details of work done
for a specific period. The horticulturist gives
feedback on these and on individual performance each month. I noted that because
of hard work, co-operation and a keen interest to learn new skills, the nursery is able
to reach its targets.
Environmental Interpretation
Pitta Joffe defines Interpretation as a form
of communication with visitors in the Garden. The main aim of interpretation in the
Botanic Garden is usually to get people
excited about plants and to make them re-
alise how important plants, and therefore
their sustainable use, are. She emphasises
that signs should always have funny and
catchy themes that tell a story, as people
usually remember themes, not facts.
Storyboards should always
• Be short and simple.
• Attract attention—give them catchy and
amusing titles.
• Entertain and make learning fun—use
informative text and illustrations.
• Be active not passive – use powerful,
active verbs in your text.
• Be brief—a maximum of 70 words.
• Use short sentences.
• Have simple straightforward text.
• Have titles that tell a story.
• Be positioned and sized correctly for
your audience.
• Address non-botanists—no unfamiliar
language or technical terms.
• Use simple and clearly defined terminology if necessary.
• Be bold, clear, and attractive.
• Ensure that existing signs, displays, and
storyboards are clean, neat, and up-to-date.
Doing visitor surveys and observing responses is a good way to evaluate your
work. Learning from this process and
changing your approach to suit the interpretive situation will result in a more meaningful experience for the visitor.
Living Collection
Documentation
Plant recorder Collet Solomons showed me
how she records information from plant
collection books on a computer. Plant species at the nursery and in the garden, including dead and missing specimens, are
also computerised. Various sections of the
garden can be viewed on computer, using
slides and pictures.
Garden Layout and
Landscaping
Nick Klapwijk and Francinah Mphaka
showed me around the Garden in order to
develop an understanding of, and insight
into the tremendous amount of creative
thought and work that go into landscaping and garden layout. I observed various pathway and flowerbed designs and
some special areas like the Medicinal,
Succulent, and Euphorbia gardens, as
well as the Dassie Trail. I was made aware,
and loved the art of massing up and colour mixing ground covers with indigenous flowers, as this makes the garden
attractive.
Cate Mthembi is the marketing officer who
is responsible for advertising the activities
in the garden. She is also responsible for
accessing funding to support the marketing functions in the garden from various
stakeholders. This seems to have paid off,
if one is to look at how well the community
supports the Garden activities. Through the
involvement of the community, funds are
generated and used towards the development of the Garden.
Outside Visits
Environmental Education
The Environmental Education Centre at the
Pretoria Botanical Garden offers a wide
range of activities and resources for educators and learners. Resources of the NBI
inspire and enable people to take responsibility for their environment. I learnt from
Cyprian Mathaba and Eugenie Novellie,
both education officers, that the Education
Centre assists people who wish to develop
learning programmes with an environmental focus. These are developed in line with
the National Curriculum.
The Centre has a hall that can be used for
meetings and a resource centre for environmental education information for teachers and learners. A guided visit costs R10
per learner, while teachers assisting have
free entry.
Botanical Garden
Management/Marketing
The curator, Karin Behr, emphasised that
as a leader you must have a vision and
goals. It is also important to behave in a
straightforward manner and to display
trust in others. I noted that being assertive
and pursuing goals vigorously, while being able to accept different opinions and
viewpoints; developing new ideas and applying innovative approaches; seizing opportunities and taking responsibility without hesitation; as well as working long and
hard to achieve results are essential principles in management.
Karin Behr and Francinah Mphaka arranged a visit to the Safari Nursery Complex and the Union Buildings in Pretoria to
demonstrate what they were doing in the
areas of plant propagation and landscaping. This was very educational.
I acquired a lot of information during my
Botanical Garden Internship. There was
something new to learn every day. I will
implement the knowledge that I gained to
the benefit of our botanical garden.
I am grateful that I was afforded the opportunity
to visit the Pretoria National Botanical Garden
as an Intern. On behalf of the National
Herbarium and Botanic Gardens (NHBG) of
Malawi, I thank Karin Behr, Curator of the
Pretoria National Botanical Garden, and Stefan
Siebert, SABONET Co-ordinator, for facilitating
my stay during the Internship. I thank all
members of staff for looking after me and for
their enthusiasm in teaching me. I also thank the
SABONET Secretariat in Pretoria for providing
the funding for the visit. Finally, I thank the
NHBG of Malawi for releasing me for the
visit.
—Austin Enock Chikumba
Zomba National Botanic Garden
Malawi
From left to right: Donald Mpalika and Ludo Matenge in the Pretoria National Botanical Garden during a SABONET database
course in November 2002. (Photo: Shaibu Kananji); Maxwell and Alice examining monocot specimens in the herbarium.
(Photo: Alpheus Mothapo); Maxwell and Lyn identifying a grass specimen. (Photo: Alpheus Mothapo).
117
News from
Namibia
Roughing it in the Kaokoveld!
T
he National Herbarium of Namibia
(WIND), in collaboration with the Tree
Atlas Project (TAP), organised a field trip to
the north-western region of Namibia from
3–14 March 2003. This area is known as the
Kaokoveld, and lies in the Kunene Region.
Its vegetation comprises mainly of mopane
savanna. Collecting was done over 17 quarter degree squares, with a total distance of
2,325 km covered by each vehicle.
Together, the five of us, that is, Barbara
Curtis (TAP), Luise Hoffmann (TAP), Silke
Rügheimer (WIND), Esmerielda Klaassen
(WIND), and I, Sonja Schubert (WIND),
collected approximately 1,063 specimens,
recorded 850 TAP observations and collected about 20 live plants for the National
Botanic Garden.
Kaokoveld is a semi-desert to very arid region, consisting of a variety of landscapes,
ranging from areas with deep sand to areas
that are very hilly, rocky and rough. Travelling there is extremely tough on vehicles. Our
entire field trip had been planned in the communal areas, meaning that we would see no
people, cars or get into a town for many consecutive days. As vehicles can break down
quite easily and garages are virtually non-existent, it is important to use at least two vehicles on a trip when travelling in this area.
Owing to a shortage of space, we used three
4 X 4 vehicles, one of which was a SABONET
vehicle, the second a vehicle hired by
SABONET, and the third, a private vehicle
used by the Tree Atlas Team, a little Suzuki
with a big “heart”. We mainly targeted
undercollected grids as determined from the
Specimen Database at WIND.
At first, our collecting prospects seemed
very bleak as hardly any rain had fallen in
this area. The ground looked barren. This
feeling of hopelessness changed radically
when we stopped to take some photographs of flowering Adenium boehmianum
specimens next to the road and spotted many
different herbs! Now our collecting endeavours could take off properly, with plant presses
carried up and down mountains to press
those delicate specimens immediately before
they have a chance to wilt. Every now and
then you would hear: “Hey! Look what I
found—this is one of my babies”, and so the
excitement continued. Being new at the herbarium and on my first field trip, these comments sounded rather strange.
As the Kaokoveld is mostly communal farm
land, there are many two-track paths that
we followed to do our collecting. We also
collected on mountains, often known to
harbour greater species diversity than the
plains or lower lying areas. Fortunately
Luise speaks a little of the local language.
However broken, her command of
Otjiherero often helped us to locate guides
who could assist in finding the places we were
targeting for collecting purposes. At the Etoto
Hills, some of the local people were interested
in our activities, and when Luise explained the
purpose of our presence there, they brought
her all types of plant specimens and taught
her the Otjiherero names for these. This was
very useful.
Five days were spent in the area south and
slightly south-west of Ruacana. Rainfall had
been quite good in this area and collecting
went well. On the Etoto Hills, Essie and I
collected about 65 different herb species on
the southern slope of the mountain. Such
good collecting filled half of our presses within
five days—we brought 25 presses along!
Travelling further west, we entered the
more semi-arid region. This area was very
Euphorbia
dry, making herb collecting quite difficult.
We concentrated on collecting in the Zebra Mountains and their surrounding areas and saw many specimens of Euphorbia
eduardoi. This species is endemic to the
area, and is cited in the Red Data List of
Namibia.
The further west we travelled, the drier it
became. Every herb that dared to emerge
was pressed. We travelled all the way up to
the northern border of Namibia, and tried
our luck collecting along the perennial
Kunene River, but as the River had come
down in flood, the tracks had either washed
away or were underwater. We started removing parts of a huge Combretum
imberbe that had washed over a little detour we were trying to build, but cut it short
at the thought of the flow of the river that
at times rise up to and over 2 metres within
a few hours. It all depends on the amount
of water released through the sluices at the
Ruacana Hydroelectric Scheme. What if the
river came down in flood while we were
From left to right: Having a break at the spectacular Ruacana Falls. From left to right: Silke, Essie (Kleintjie), Barbara and
myself. Luise is the specialist photographer; Luise pressing plant specimens.
118
when it looked as if we would have to travel
on enthusiasm as a substitute for petrol. The
pipe leading from the spare petrol tank to
the main tank of the hired vehicle had a
serious leak. Never without a plan, we
mixed finely cut pieces of sunlight soap
with water to form a mush pulp that was
put on the broken section of the pipe. This
lasted till we reached Ruacana. Ruacana, not
surprisingly, does not have a mechanic workshop, but the owner of the petrol station organised a 2 m long water hose, which we used
to make the repair. Essie and I were drenched
with petrol in the process—our improvisation
lasted until the end of the trip. Barbara rewarded us with a six pack of ice cold beer for
our hard, messy work.
Of course, every field trip has its unexpected mishaps as well. On the second day
we thought things had turned for the worst
Back at home, the “fun” part of the field trip,
namely identifying all collected plants, lay
ahead. Not all specimens have been identified yet, but two of the specimens caused a
lot of excitement in the institute: a new
record was identified by Silke from her collection (Stapelia leenderitziae N.E.Br.), and
Essie collected a rare specimen—only the
second record for Namibia (Rhinacanthus
kaokoensis K.Balkwill & S.Williamson).
Pursuing Plants in the Khomas
Hochland, Central Namibia
We also found Pterodiscus aurantiacus, a
small caudiciform plant, and lifted two.
W
Damp soil eased the task of lifting
Euphorbia gariepina subsp. gariepina and
reduced damage to the root system in the
process. Tobias showed some mastery with
the crowbar, while Silke cursed the GPS
and relentlessly filled in data collection
forms. When lunchtime came, we sought
the shelter of a tree next to the road. With
no time to waste, we soon took to the road
again and it was then that I became aware
of something burrowing into my neck. It
was a tick! To my horror I noticed more,
crawling up my legs and shirt. Time stood
still as I furiously plucked them off.
Strangely, my companions were tick-free…
The Zebra Mountain area.
busy building roads? We thought it wiser
to get out of the area!
e started out on a field trip on 11
February 2003 that took us to
Nauchas, the Spreegtshoogte, and the
Gamsberg. The cloudy skies kept us cool
and calm. As we drove from Windhoek up
into the Khomas Hochland, it was hard to
imagine that only a few weeks before it had
been dry and blisteringly hot—the January rains refusing to fall, with record high
temperatures the order of the day. Now
everywhere was green.
It was a Tuesday morning when Silke
Bartsch, Tobias Angula and I set out in the
SABONET vehicle with our spades, secateurs, crowbars, boxes and enthusiasm to
collect a range of plants for the National
Botanic Garden in Windhoek. We aimed to
collect cuttings of Euphorbia guerichiana
and Commiphora sp., as well as some live
plants. With Silke at the wheel, we made
steady progress west out of Windhoek and
then south towards the Namibgrens Guesthouse. We stopped regularly as we marvelled at the difference in the roadside
plants, as compared to when we had travelled here with Ian Oliver, curator of the
Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden,
before the rains. We stopped at the two
known locations for Euphorbia
pseudoduseimata, looking for seeds. Although there were no seeds, we were delighted to find another small population!
With the afternoon stretching out before
us and the drizzle keeping us in good spirits, we stopped to lift Ebracteola montismoltkei, Sarcocaulon marlothii, Anacampseros albissima and a Stapelia flavapurpurea
(that almost escaped our attention under a
thick bush).
Shortly before reaching our destination for
the night, we stopped to explore an interesting granite koppie alongside the road.
The rock hyrax (dassie) watched our every
movement. The koppie turned out to be a
place of great interest with a number of
large Aloe viridiflora and Cyphostemma
bainesii growing on the slopes. We lifted
two C. bainsii. We were disappointed to find
A Lifesaving Tip for a
“Successful” Field Trip
At the end of a hard day’s work, there is
nothing more enjoyable than a cold beer.
It relieves the frustration of the chores, such
as changing blotters and making notes that
need to be taken care of in the evenings.
Luise’s recipe to keep a beer cold is as follows: Take a sock; soak it in water; put the
beer bottle into the sock; hang the sock in
a tree where there is enough wind circulation for half an hour; take the sock down;
open the beer and enjoy!
(Thanks TAP for providing the beer incentive
for the evenings.) We would also like to thank
SABONET for sponsoring the hired vehicle.
This increased our capacity to take enough
presses along to make the trip really
worthwhile. Thanks also to the Anglo
American Camp for the generous use of their
most welcome facilities in the Zebra Mountains for two nights.
—Sonja Schubert
neither young A. viridiflora plants nor any
seeds. Reports from farmers in the area suggest that young A. viridiflora plants are rare,
as the baboons remove the inflorescences
before the seeds have time to disperse.
We reached our destination, grapevines
laiden with sweet, ripe, black grapes waiting as if ordered – a delicious entré to the
main course of venison. The busy day called
for an early night.
On Wednesday morning we worked our
way down the Spreegtshoogte Pass. Here
we targeted Euphorbia guerichiana, taking
cuttings and lifting young Euphorbia
guerichiana plants. About 30 truncheon
cuttings of E. guerichiana were taken to
create a “forest” in the National Botanic
Garden. We were also hoping to lift some
Sarcocaulon salmoniflorum, but had to settle for only one plant in the end. The very
steep, rocky terrain did not allow for the
removal of the plants with sufficient roots
intact. As we progressed down the pass,
we saw Commiphora, Hoodia and Moringa.
It was obvious that the season’s rain had
not yet been down the pass into the lower
Namib and it was dry and hot. After lunch,
enjoyed under a Boscia albitrunca, we set
off on the circular route for the Gamsberg.
We stopped near some white quartz plains,
hoping for an interesting find. I searched
in vain, while my colleagues, who chose to
climb a nearby mountain ridge, were excited to find a Commiphora saxicola. We
119
took a single truncheon cutting, not wanting to spoil the aesthetic appeal of the only
plant near the road.
Soon we arrived at the Goub River Canyon, a tributary of the Kuiseb River. The heat
and humidity were stifling, and while the shallow, muddy flow ruled out any prospect of a
refreshing swim, Tobias showed the way by
splashing his arms and face. As we travelled
east towards the Gamsberg, the vegetation
changed, with tree species becoming more
evident. Leaving the brown dryness of the
desert behind us, we climbed the steep
Gamsberg Pass and were surrounded by
Commiphora, Euphorbia, Sterculia and
Moringa tree species. After winding our way
to the very top of the pass and along the farm
road, we arrived at Hakos Guest Farm, situated between the Gamsberg Mountain and
the Hakos Mountains, with its endless view
of the mountainous Khomas Hochland.
News from
South Africa
Burchell’s Tracks Retraced in
Search of Oxylaena
I
n March 2003, we set out on a collecting
trip in search of a species thought to be extinct. The trip started in the Uniondale area
and was prompted by the opening of the
Burchell 4 x 4 trail on Pietersrivier, a farm near
the Prince Alfred’s Pass, owned by Katot
Meyer. A section of ox wagon tracks used by
Burchell was revealed after a fire and now
leads to adventures for many modern-day
explorers. Since Burchell first collected the
species in 1814, it has not been re-collected.
A trip like this requires careful planning well
ahead of the departure date. We did our
homework well, researching all available literature, analysing the descriptions, illustrations, old maps and journals. One of our references included a photocopy of the type
specimen that is housed at Kew. Of great importance was to visit the region at the same
time of the year as Burchell did and to get as
close as possible to the original locality, which,
in this case, was precise: “Knysna Division,
between Cloete’s kraal and Paardekraal.” This
is near Uniondale on a minor road, west of
Prince Alfred’s Pass. Fourcade (1944), who
was familiar with the area, transcribed
Burchell’s field notebook (“Catalogus
Geographicus Plantarum”) and provided comprehensive notes on this part of his travels.
This is essential reading for anyone interested
in Burchell or in collecting plants in the area.
Oxylaena has been an enigma for many years.
Many botanists searched for it but “never
120
Thursday found us working our way down
the pass again, stopping to take cuttings of
the Euphorbia, Sterculia and the two common Commiphora species in the area. A few
Myrothamnus flabellifolius and ferns were
also lifted. Later that afternoon we took a
walk on the farm (not to collect but to observe) and were surprised at the abundance
of Cyphostemma bainesii. They seemed to
pop up behind every rock and in every
crevice.
On Friday morning, we headed back to
Windhoek, having successfully collected all
the plant material we set out to, other than
Euphorbia spartaria, which we lifted closer
to Windhoek. This last target accomplished,
we returned from a very rewarding, beautiful trip! Into the back of the Toyota went
E. lignosa, E. guerichiana, E. gariepina
subsp. gariepina, Ebracteola montismoltkei, Stapelia flavopurpurea, Sarco-
found it.” One of the main reasons for the
uncertainty has been flower colour, as it was
never described originally. The colour of the
florets was stated by Bentham to be orangeyellow, but Burtt and Anderberg thought that
the florets might be white and pink. The
leaves, as illustrated in Hooker’s Icones
Plantarum (1876), are exceptionally long and
the cypselas are immature, making positive
identification in this case difficult.
After doing all the groundwork, we were positive that we knew what the plant looked like
and we had a good idea where to find it. Even
then, it was not easy, as we had to search long
and hard, putting the SABONET 4x4 to the
test in an effort to find a plant resembling our
“search-image.” Our excitement was great
when we found a small, compact, yellowflowered plant with all the characteristics we
were searching for. It was a grey, misty day in
the Western Cape mountains. We were cold,
but satisfied and decided to head for
Oudtshoorn, very proud of our find and ready
to process the collections of the day.
A visit to Mr Jan Vlok that evening burst our
bubble. “No, this is not Oxylaena. It is Gibbaria
scabra.” What a disappointment! It was hard
to believe, as there was nothing else flowering in the area that even vaguely resembled
the taxon. This had to be it—surely there was
another explanation? We were not going to
give up that easily.
Shortly afterwards, one of us (Marinda
Koekemoer) was fortunate to go on a trip to
Geneva, sponsored by SABONET. An opportunity presented itself to investigate the type
specimens when the NBI sponsored an
extension of the trip to Kew. The most thrilling moment of this trip was when we established that Oxylaena acicularis and
caulon marlothii, S. salmoniflorum,
Cyphostemma bainsii, Boophane disticha,
Pterodiscus aurantiacus, Anacampseros
albissima, Commiphora dinteri, C.
glaucescens, C. pyracanthoides, C.
glandulosa, C. tenuipetiolata, C. saxicola,
Sterculia
africana,
Myrothamnus
flabellifolius and a fern.
Should the various cuttings be successfully
rooted and later planted out into the National Botanic Garden as planned, they will
represent an attractive area of great interest to the public.
Our thanks to SABONET for funding the
trip!
—Steve Carr
SABONET Horticulturist
Gibbaria scabra are in fact the same species. Botanists have been tricked all along:
we have known the taxon, but under a different name! What remained was to establish the correct name and to publish the
taxonomic treatment for the genus—a story
for another day.
We thank SABONET for sponsoring this
trip. Thank you also to Katot and Ilse Meyer
for their hospitality in providing accommodation and sharing their enthusiasm and
knowledge generously, and to Mr Jan Vlok
for sharing his expertise. While we are
pleased that the mystery has been resolved,
we are sad that the excitement and the camaraderie of the search are over!
For accommodation in Oudtshoorn and
information on the Burchell trail (or other exciting places around Oudtshoorn), contact:
Katot & Ilse Meyer
192 Van Riebeeck Road
Oudtshoorn, 6620
Tel.: (044) 272 5114
[email protected].
BENTHAM, G. 1876. Anaglypha acicularis. In
Hooker’s Icones Plantarum II: 9, Pl. 1109.
FOURCADE, H.G. 1944. Notes on Burchell’s
Catalogus Geographicus, middle portion.
The Journal of South African Botany 10:
145–149.
GUNN, M. & CODD, L.E. 1981. Botanical
exploration of southern Africa. Balkema,
Cape Town.
JOHNSTON, M. 2001. Burchell’s Oxwagon
Route. South African 4x4, October 2001: 24–
30.
—Marinda Koekemoer & Hester Steyn
Pretoria
@@
@
Southern African Botanists’
E-mail Addresses
The following list includes the e-mail addresses of staff working in some of the national/university herbaria, botany departments, botanical gardens, and biodiversity
programmes of southern Africa. Thanks to
all those who have sent their e-mail addresses to the editors for inclusion in this
list.
PLEASE NOTE that this list gets updated
every issue of our newsletter. In order to
avoid frustration and possible disappointment, our readers are advised to use the
most recent list available. Some of the addresses listed in previous editions of the
newsletter may no longer be relevant.
@
Dr Moffat Setshogo:
[email protected]
LESOTHO
Herbarium: National University of
Lesotho (ROML)
Mr Khotso Kobisi:
[email protected]
Ms Annah Moteetee:
[email protected] (currently studying
for a PhD at the Rand Afrikaans
University)
Ms Puleng Matebesi:
[email protected]
SPECIAL APPEAL: Should you be aware
of any changes to one or more of the addresses listed below, or would like to be
added to the list, please notify Elsabé
Malan, at [email protected] so that
the list can be updated on a regular basis.
Katse Botanical Garden
Mr Tau Mahlelebe:
[email protected]
ANGOLA
University Botanic Garden
Mr Moretloa Polaki:
[email protected]
Agostinho Neto University
Dr Esperança Costa:
[email protected] OR
[email protected]
Dr Elissaveta Loutchanska:
[email protected]
Ms Liz Matos:
[email protected]
Ms Sonia Pereira:
[email protected]
BOTSWANA
National Botanical Garden
Mr Diphetogo Menyatso:
[email protected]
Mr Nonofo Mosesane:
[email protected]
National Herbarium (GAB)
General address:
[email protected]
Peter Smith Herbarium (PSUB)
Mr Bongani Sethebe:
[email protected]
University of Botswana Herbarium
(UCBG)
Mr Mbaki Muzila:
[email protected]
National Environment Secretariat
Mr Thulo Qhotsokoane:
[email protected]
MALAWI
National Herbarium (MAL) and
Botanic Gardens
Prof. J.H. Seyani:
[email protected] (currently on leave
of absence at the Commonwealth
Secretariat, London)
Dr Augustine Chikuni:
[email protected]
Mr Dickson Kamundi:
[email protected]
Mr Bintony Kutsaira:
[email protected]
Mr Zacharia Magombo:
[email protected]
Ms Cecilia Nyirenda (nee Maliwichi):
[email protected]
Ms Elizabeth Mwafongo (nee Mayaka):
[email protected]
Mr Montfort Mwanyambo:
[email protected]
Ms Gladys Msekandiana:
[email protected]
Mr Jameston Kamwendo:
[email protected]
General NHBG address:
[email protected]
@
Medicinal plants:
[email protected]
National Botanic Gardens of Malawi
Mr Mphamba Kumwenda:
[email protected]
MOZAMBIQUE
LMA Herbarium
Mr Mario da Silva:
[email protected]
Ms Samira Izidine:
[email protected]
Ms Marta Manjate:
[email protected]
LMU Herbarium: Eduardo Mondlane
University
Mr Salomão Bandeira:
[email protected]
Ms Filomena Barbosa:
[email protected]
Mr Domingos Manguengue:
[email protected]
Ms Carlota Quilambo:
[email protected]
Department of Biological Sciences:
Eduardo Mondlane University
John Hatton:
[email protected]
NAMIBIA
National Botanical Research Institute
Ms Patricia Craven:
[email protected]
Dr Gillian Maggs-Kölling:
[email protected]
General NBRI address:
[email protected]
National Herbarium (WIND)
Ms Esmerialda Klaassen:
[email protected]
Ms Coleen Mannheimer:
[email protected]
National Botanic Garden
Mr Tobias Angula:
[email protected]
Vegetation Survey
Mr Ben Strohbach:
[email protected]
121
National Plant Genetic Resources
Centre
Ms Herta Kolberg:
[email protected]
Namibian Tree Atlas Project
Ms Barbara Curtis/Ms Coleen
Mannheimer:
[email protected]
Polytechnic of Namibia
Mr Dave Joubert:
[email protected]
SOUTH AFRICA
ARC-Plant Protection Research
Institute
Mr Alan Wood:
[email protected]
Bolus Herbarium (BOL): University
of Cape Town (includes Associated
Staff)
Mrs Anne Bean:
[email protected]
Dr Peter Bruyns:
[email protected]
Dr Cornelia Klak:
[email protected]
Prof. Anthony Hall:
[email protected]
Mr Steven Hammer:
[email protected]
Prof. Terry Hedderson:
[email protected]
Mr Terry Trinder-Smith:
[email protected]
Dr Tony Verboom:
[email protected]
Dr Graham Williamson:
[email protected]
Bolus Library:
[email protected]
Buffelskloof Private Nature Reserve
& Herbarium
Mr John Burrows:
[email protected]
Biotechnology & Environmental
Specialist Consultancy cc.
Dr M R R Logie
[email protected]
C.E. Moss Herbarium (J): University
of the Witwatersrand
Prof. Kevin Balkwill:
[email protected]
Ms Glynis Cron:
[email protected]
Mr Donald McCallum:
[email protected]
Mrs Reneé Reddy:
[email protected]
122
Mr Ramagwai Sebola:
[email protected]
Coastal & Environmental Services
Dr Ted Avis:
[email protected]
Compton Herbarium (NBG)
Ms Pascale Chesselet:
[email protected]
Mr Christopher Cupido:
[email protected]
Dr Peter Goldblatt:
[email protected]
Dr Hubert Kurzweil:
[email protected]
Dr John Manning:
[email protected]
Ms Fatima Parker:
[email protected]
Dr Ted Oliver:
[email protected]
Dr John Rourke:
[email protected]
Dr Koos Roux:
[email protected]
Dr Dee Snijman:
[email protected]
Donald Killick Herbarium, KwaZuluNatal Nature Conservation Service
Mr Rob Scott-Shaw:
[email protected]
Durban Botanic Gardens
Mr Martin Clement:
[email protected]
Mr Christopher Dalzell (Curator):
[email protected]
Mr Barry Lang:
[email protected]
Eco Assessments
General e-mails to Eco Assessments:
[email protected]
Mark Custers:
[email protected]
Christa Custers:
[email protected]
Donette Ross:
[email protected]
Hulisani Mukwevho:
[email protected]
Free State National Botanical Garden
Mr Peter Gavhi (Curator):
[email protected]
When sending mail to a staff member at the
Free State National Botanical Garden, insert
the name of the person in the subject line.
Gauteng Nature Conservation
Ms Michele Pfab:
[email protected]
Harold Porter National Botanical
Garden
Ms Toni Shaide (Curator):
[email protected]
Herbarium Soutpansbergensis
Mr Norbert Hahn:
[email protected]
Hermanus Herbarium
Ms Priscilla Drewe:
[email protected]
Jonkershoek Herbarium
Ms Melanie Simpson:
[email protected]
Karoo Desert National Botanical
Garden
Mr Ian Oliver (Curator):
[email protected]
Kimberley McGregor (KMG)
Museum Herbarium
Ms Tania Anderson (Curator):
[email protected]
Ms Annemarie van Heerden:
[email protected]
Kimberley South African National
Parks Herbarium (KSAN)
Dr Hugo Bezuidenhout:
[email protected]
Kirstenbosch National Botanical
Garden
Mr Graham Duncan:
[email protected]
Mr Philip le Roux (Curator):
[email protected]
Mr Ernst van Jaarsveld:
[email protected] (home)
Kirstenbosch Research Centre
Dr Neville Brown:
[email protected]
Mr J de Wet Bösenberg:
[email protected]
Dr John Donaldson:
[email protected]
Mr Barney Kgope:
[email protected]
Ms Boniswa Madikane:
[email protected]
Dr Guy Midgley:
[email protected]
Dr Charles Musil:
[email protected]
Ms Ingrid Nänni:
[email protected]
Mr Les Powrie:
[email protected]
Dr Tony Rebelo:
[email protected]
Dr Mike Rutherford:
[email protected]
Lowveld National Botanical Garden
Mr Rudi Britz (Curator):
[email protected]
Mr Johan Hurter:
[email protected]
Mr Willem Froneman:
[email protected]
When sending mail to a staff member at the
Lowveld National Botanical Garden, insert
the name of the person in the subject line.
Mpumalanga Parks Board:
Lydenburg
Ms Sonnette Krynauw:
[email protected]
Mr Mervyn Lotter:
[email protected]
Natal Herbarium (NH)
Ms Hassina Aboobaker:
[email protected]
Dr Neil Crouch:
[email protected]
Ms Zoleka Dimon:
[email protected]
Mr Melusi Mazibuko:
[email protected]
Ms Meeta Nathoo:
[email protected]
Mr Alfred Ngwenya:
[email protected]
Ms Yashica Singh:
[email protected]
Ms Rosemary Williams (Curator):
[email protected]
Mr Brian Tarr (Curator):
[email protected]
Mr John Roff:
[email protected]
Prof. Brian Huntley:
[email protected] (CEO)
Prof. Gideon Smith:
[email protected] (Director:
Research & Scientific Services)
Mr Christopher Willis:
[email protected] (Director:
Gardens & Horticultural Services)
Dr Maureen Wolfson:
[email protected] (DeputyDirector:
Research & Education)
National Herbarium (PRE)
Dr John Anderson:
[email protected]
Ms Clare Archer:
[email protected]
Dr Robert Archer:
[email protected]
Mr Trevor Arnold:
[email protected]
Ms Antoinette Botha:
[email protected]
Dr Christien Bredenkamp:
[email protected]
Ms Priscilla Burgoyne:
[email protected]
Ms Carole de Wet:
[email protected]
Ms Emsie du Plessis:
[email protected]
Ms Lyn Fish:
[email protected]
Mr Gerrit Germishuizen:
[email protected]
Dr Hugh Glen:
[email protected]
Ms René Glen:
[email protected]
Ms Janice Golding:
[email protected]
Mr Hans Heilgendorf:
[email protected]
Ms Lesley Henderson:
[email protected]
Mr Paul Herman:
[email protected]
Ms Marie Jordaan:
[email protected]
Dr Marinda Koekemoer (Curator):
[email protected]
Ms Louisa Liebenberg:
[email protected]
Mr Cuthbert Makgakga:
[email protected]
Ms Alice Masombuka:
[email protected]
Mr Jean Meyer:
[email protected]
Ms Beverley Momberg:
[email protected]
Dr Sarie Perold:
[email protected]
Ms Julie Ready:
[email protected]
Ms Elizabeth Retief:
[email protected]
Mr Paulus Sebothoma:
[email protected]
Ms Shirley Smithies:
[email protected]
Ms Hannelie Snyman:
[email protected]
Ms Christina Steyn:
[email protected]
Dr Elsie Steyn:
[email protected]
Dr Jacques van Rooy:
[email protected]
Ms Helen van Rooyen:
[email protected]
Ms Janine Victor:
[email protected]
Ms Mienkie Welman:
[email protected]
NBI Libraries:
Mary Gunn Library:
[email protected]
Librarian, Mary Gunn Library (Ms Estelle
Potgieter), National Herbarium:
[email protected]
Librarian, Kirstenbosch (Ms Yvonne
Reynolds):
[email protected]
National Museum Bloemfontein:
Dr Ziets Zietsman:
[email protected]
Peninsula Technikon: Department of
Biological Sciences
Mr JC Coetzee:
[email protected]
Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African
Ornithology: Tierberg Karoo
Research Centre field station
Dr Sue Milton:
[email protected]
Plant Genetic Resources Unit,
Dr Roger Ellis:
[email protected]
Potchefstroom University
Dr Matt Buys:
[email protected]
Prof. Sarel Cilliers:
[email protected]
Prof. Braam Pieterse:
[email protected]
PRECIS
[email protected]
Pretoria National Botanical Garden
Ms Karin Behr (Curator):
[email protected]
General:
[email protected]
Qwa Qwa Herbarium: University of
the Free State (Qwa Qwa Campus)
Prof. Rodney Moffett:
[email protected]
Qwa Qwa Herbarium: University of
the Free State (Qwa Qwa Campus)
Prof. Laco (Ladislav) Mucina:
[email protected]
Rand Afrikaans University: Botany
Department
Dr Patricia Tilney:
[email protected]
Prof. Herman van der Bank:
[email protected]
Prof. Ben-Erik van Wyk:
[email protected]
123
Range and Forage Institute,
Dr Kathy Immelman:
[email protected]
Rhodes University: Botany
Department
Dr Nigel Barker:
[email protected]
Prof. CEJ Botha:
[email protected]
Prof. Roy Lubke:
[email protected]
Dr Brad Ripley:
[email protected]
Rondevlei Scientific Services
Herbarium, Wilderness National
Park, Sedgefield
Dr Nick Hanekom:
[email protected]
Dr Ian Russell:
[email protected]
Ms Beate Sachse:
[email protected]
Saasveld Herbarium (SAAS): Port
Elizabeth Technikon
Mr Mike Cameron:
[email protected]
Mr Peet Peens (Curator):
[email protected]
H.G.W.J Schweickerdt Herbarium
(PRU): University of Pretoria
Prof. Braam van Wyk:
[email protected]
Scientific Services Herbarium,
Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry, Knysna
Mr Johan Baard (Curator):
[email protected]
Mr Rynhard Kok:
[email protected]
Selmar Schonland Herbarium,
Grahamstown
Ms Estelle Brink:
[email protected]
Mr Tony Dold:
[email protected]
Skukuza Herbarium (KNP), Kruger
National Park
Ms Guin Zambatis (Curator):
[email protected]
Mr Nick Zambatis:
[email protected]
Southern Cape Herbarium
Yvette van Wijk:
[email protected]
124
Technikon Pretoria Herbarium
Cecilia de Ridder:
[email protected]
Dawid du Plessis (Curator):
[email protected]
Umtamvuna Herbarium, Umtamvuna
Nature Reserve
Mr Tony Abbott:
[email protected]
University of Cape Town: Botany
Department
Prof. John Bolton:
[email protected]
Prof. William Bond:
[email protected]
Dr Jeremy Midgley:
[email protected]
Prof. Willie Stock:
[email protected]
University of Cape Town:
Department of Cell and Molecular
Biology
Prof. Jill Farrant:
[email protected]
Dr Brigitte Hamman:
[email protected]
University of Cape Town: Institute
for Plant Conservation
Dr Dave Richardson:
[email protected]
University of Durban-Westville:
Botany Department
Prof. Snowy Baijnath:
[email protected]
Prof. AD Barnabas:
[email protected]
Prof. G Naidoo:
[email protected]
Dr Ashley Nicholas:
[email protected]
Mr Pravin Poorun:
[email protected]
Dr Francois Smith:
[email protected]
University of Natal-Durban:
Biological Sciences Department
Prof. Alan Amory:
[email protected]
Prof. Patricia Berjak:
[email protected]
Dr Glen Campbell:
[email protected]
Prof. John Cooke:
[email protected]
Mr Bruce Page:
[email protected]
Prof. Norman Pammenter:
[email protected]
Mr Herbert Sibiya:
[email protected]
Mr Dehn von Ahlefeldt:
[email protected]
Dr Paula Watt:
[email protected]
University of Natal-Durban: Electron
Microscope Unit, George Campbell
Building
Mr James Wesley-Smith:
[email protected]
University of NatalPietermaritzburg: School of Botany
& Zoology
Ms Angela Beaumont:
[email protected]
Dr RP Beckett:
[email protected]
Mr Clinton Carbutt:
[email protected]
Dr TJ Edwards:
[email protected]
Ms CW Fennell:
[email protected]
Dr JF Finnie:
[email protected]
Dr JE Granger:
[email protected]
Prof. EF Hennessy:
[email protected]
Dr Steven D Johnson:
[email protected]
Ms NP Makunga:
[email protected]
Ms Christina Potgieter:
[email protected]
Dr MT Smith:
[email protected]
Prof. Hannes van Staden:
[email protected]
University of the North: Botany
Department
Mr Martin Potgieter:
[email protected]
Mr Pieter Winter:
[email protected]
University of the Free State:
Department of Botany and Genetics
Dr Andor Venter:
[email protected]
Prof. Johan Venter:
[email protected]
Prof. RL Verhoeven:
[email protected]
University of Port Elizabeth: Botany
Department
Dr JB Adams:
[email protected]
Prof. Guy C Bate:
[email protected]
Dr EE Campbell:
[email protected]
Dr DR du Preez:
[email protected]
Mr PT Gama:
[email protected]
University of Pretoria: Botany
Department
Prof. George Bredenkamp:
[email protected]
Prof. Marion Meyer:
[email protected]
Ms Franci Siebert:
[email protected]
Dr Veldie van Greuning:
[email protected]
Prof. Gretel van Rooyen:
[email protected]
University of Pretoria: Pharmacology
Department
Prof. JN Eloff:
[email protected]
University of Stellenbosch: Botany
Department
Dr Charlie Boucher:
[email protected]
Dr Leanne Dreyer:
[email protected]
Dr Karen Esler:
[email protected]
Ms Lynn Hoffmann:
[email protected]
Dr Bettie Marais:
[email protected]
Prof. Valdon Smith:
[email protected]
Dr Piet Vorster:
[email protected]
University of Stellenbosch: Biochemistry
Department
Mr Benny Bytebier:
[email protected]
University of Stellenbosch: Botanic
Garden
Mr Piet van der Merwe:
[email protected]
University of the Transkei: Botany
Department
Prof. R Bhat:
[email protected]
Dr Sizwe Cawe:
[email protected]
RV Nikolova:
[email protected]
University of North-West: Biological
Sciences Department
Mr David Phalatse:
[email protected]
University of Venda: Botany
Department
Mr Maanda Ligavha:
ligavham/[email protected]
Ms Colleen Todd:
todd_colleen/[email protected]
Mr Robert Tshivhandekano:
robie/[email protected]
Prof. Pablo Weisser:
pablo/[email protected]
Independent
Ms Linda Dobson:
[email protected]
ZAMBIA
University of the Western Cape:
Botany Department
Dr Derek Keats:
[email protected]
Dr Richard Knight:
[email protected]
Lincoln M Raitt:
[email protected]
Mr Frans Weitz:
[email protected]
University of the Western Cape:
Department of Biotechnology
Dr Gwen Koning:
[email protected]
University of the Witwatersrand:
Department of Animal, Plant and
Environmental Sciences
Prof. Ed Witkowski:
[email protected]
University of Zululand: Department
of Botany
Prof. Daan Ferreira:
[email protected]
Ms Heleen de Wet:
[email protected]
Dr Stefan Siebert:
[email protected]
Dr Alpheus Zobolo:
[email protected]
Witwatersrand National Botanical
Garden
Ms Sharon Turner (Curator):
[email protected]
Mr Andrew Hankey:
[email protected]
General WNBG address:
[email protected]
Insert the name of the staff member you wish
to contact in the subject line.
Forestry Herbarium (NDO)
Mrs EN Chupa:
[email protected]
Noah Zimba:
[email protected]
Herbarium (UZL): University of
Zambia
Ms Tasila Banda-Sakala
(currently studying at the Arizona State
University, Phoenix, USA):
[email protected]
Mr David Chuba:
[email protected]
Dr Patrick Phiri:
[email protected]
Munda Wanga Trust (Botanical
Garden)
Mr Douglas Gibbs:
[email protected]
Independent
Mr Mike Bingham:
[email protected]
Mr Ernest Gondwe:
[email protected]
Ms Florence Nyirenda:
[email protected]
ZIMBABWE
Bindura University of Science
Education
Mr Alfred Maroyi:
[email protected]
Biodiversity Foundation for Africa
Mr Jonathan Timberlake:
[email protected]
SWAZILAND
National Herbarium (SDNH)
Mr Titus Dlamini (Curator):
[email protected]
This address can also be used to contact
Gideon Dlamini and Bongani Dlamini at the
National Herbarium. Insert the name of the
person in the subject line.
Department of Biological Sciences:
University of Swaziland
Dr Ara Monadjem:
[email protected]
Ewanrigg Botanic Garden
Mr Onias Ndoro:
[email protected]
National Herbarium (SRGH) &
Botanic Garden
Mr Ezekeil Kwembeya:
[email protected]
Mr Claid Mujaju:
[email protected]
Ms Nozipo Nobanda:
[email protected]
Mr Soul Shava:
125
[email protected]
Ms Ratidzayi (Rattie) Takawira:
[email protected] (also
available through SRGH address)
General SRGH address:
[email protected]
TEAM VUMBA: The Environmental
Association for Management of
Vumba’s Unique Mountain
Biodiversity Areas
Dr Colin Saunders:
[email protected]
University of Zimbabwe: Department
of Biological Sciences
Dr Shakkie Kativu:
[email protected]
Dr Clemence Zimudzi:
[email protected]
University of Zimbabwe: Institute of
Environmental Studies
Prof. Peter GH Frost:
[email protected]
Vumba Botanic Garden
Mr John Mapanga:
[email protected]
Independent
Mr Mark Hyde:
[email protected]
Mr Michael Kimberley:
[email protected]
Ms Meg Coates Palgrave:
[email protected]
Mr Darrel CH Plowes:
[email protected]
Mr Rob M Plowes:
[email protected]
Dr Fay Robertson:
[email protected]
Ms Cathy Sharp:
[email protected]
Botanists Working on
Southern African Plant
Taxa
This section lists e-mail addresses of a few
of the botanists living outside southern Africa that are working with southern African plant taxa. If you would like to be included in this list, please notify one of the
editors together with the names of the families/taxa you are working on.
@@
126
AUSTRALIA
Queensland Herbarium, Toowong,
Queensland
Bryan Simon:
[email protected] (w) OR
[email protected] (h)
(Tropical grasses)
Paul Forster:
[email protected] (w) OR
[email protected] (h)
(Asphodelaceae, Alooideae)
Dr Brian Schrire:
[email protected]
(Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae)
Dr Kaj Vollesen:
[email protected]
(Acanthaceae: Blepharis, Duosperma)
Independent
Mrs Nikaya Govender:
[email protected]
(Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae,
Gentianaceae)
ENGLAND
FRANCE
IUCN: World Conservation Union
Craig Hilton-Taylor:
[email protected]
Muséum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris
Mr Peter Phillipson:
[email protected]
National History Museum, London
George Lawson:
[email protected]
(Algae)
Brian O’Shea:
[email protected]
(Bryophytes)
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Diane Bridson:
[email protected]
(Rubiaceae, Vahliaceae)
Dr Dick Brummitt:
[email protected]
Dr Thomas Cope:
[email protected]
(Poaceae)
Dr Phillip Cribb:
[email protected]
(Orchidaceae)
Dr David Goyder:
[email protected]
(Asclepiadaceae, Fabaceae)
Ms Yvette Harvey:
[email protected]
(Capparaceae, Lamiaceae, Sapotaceae)
Dr Michael Lock:
[email protected]
(Fabaceae, Xyridaceae, Zingiberaceae)
Dr Alan Paton:
[email protected]
(Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae)
Dr Sylvia Phillips:
[email protected]
(Eriocaulaceae, Poaceae)
Dr Gerald Pope:
[email protected]
(Asteraceae)
@
GERMANY
Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena
Dr Norbert Zimmermann:
[email protected]
(Euphorbiaceae,
Mesembryanthemaceae)
Hamburg University: Botanical
Institute & Garden
Prof. Dr HEK Hartmann:
[email protected]
(Aizoaceae, Mesembryanthema)
Dr Pia Parolin:
[email protected]
(desert ecology, ecophysiology)
Dr Joachim Thiede:
[email protected]
(Aizoaceae, Crassulaceae)
University of Bayreuth
Prof. Sigrid Liede:
[email protected]
(Asclepiadaceae,
Dr Ulrich Meve:
[email protected]
(Asclepiadaceae)
NETHERLANDS
Department of Plant Sciences,
Wageningen University
Ir Ben Groen:
[email protected]
(Asphodelaceae,
@
@
Mr J.Folkert Aleva:
[email protected]
Prof. Dr LJG van der Maesen:
[email protected]
(Fabaceae, Mesembryanthemaceae)
Dr Ir Jan Wieringa:
Herbarium Vadense (WAG)
[email protected]
(Fabaceae, Aphanocalyx, Bikinia,
Icuria, Monopetalanthus and
Tetraberlinia)
SWEDEN
NEW ZEALAND
Uppsala University
Prof. Kåre Bremer:
[email protected]
(Asteraceae)
Mr Mattias Iwarsson:
[email protected]
(Lamiaceae, Leonotis)
Victoria University, Wellington
Mr Fanie Venter:
[email protected]
Swedish Museum of Natural History
Dr Mari Kallersjo:
[email protected]
(Asteraceae, Myrsinaceae,
Primulaceae)
Prof. Bertil Nordenstam:
[email protected]
(Compositae, especially Senecioneae
and Calenduleae, Syncarpha,
Colchicaceae: Anticharis)
NORWAY
Agricultural University of Norway:
Department of Biology and Nature
Conservation
Prof. Kåre Lye:
[email protected]
(Cyperaceae)
Botanical Garden, University of Oslo,
Blindern
Prof. Brita Stedje:
[email protected]
(Anthericaceae, Asphodelaceae,
Hyacinthaceae)
Botanical Institute, The Norwegian
Arboretum, University of Bergen,
Hjellestad
Dr Cornelis Berg:
[email protected]
(Moraceae, Ulmaceae)
Iowa State University: Department of
Botany (Ada Hayden Herbarium)
Prof. Robert Wallace:
[email protected]
(Molecular systematics and phylogeny
of Aizoaceae s.l., Aloaceae/
Asphodelaceae, Cactaceae,
Didiereaceae, Nyctaginaceae,
Phytolaccaceae, Portulacaceae)
University of California: Jepson
Herbarium
Bruce Baldwin:
[email protected]
(Asteraceae: Blepharispermum,
Welwitschiella)
SWITZERLAND
Institute for Systematic Botany,
University of Zürich
Prof. Christopher Cook:
[email protected]
(Hydrocharitaceae, Limnocharitaceae,
Lythraceae, Podostemaceae,
Pontederiaceae)
Prof. Peter Linder:
[email protected]
(Restionaceae, Poaceae)
Juerg Schoenenberger:
[email protected] (Penaeceae,
Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae)
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Arkansas State University: Beebe
Prof. Stephen Manning:
[email protected]
SCOTLAND
Bishop Museum (Department of
Natural Sciences): Hawaii
Dr George Staples:
[email protected]
(Convolvulaceae)
University of Missouri-Columbia:
Dunn-Palmer Herbarium (UMO)
Dr Leszek Vincent:
[email protected]
(Asteraceae: Senecio, Iridaceae:
Aristea)
Independent
Mrs Mary Wilkins & Mr Anthon Ellert:
[email protected]
WALES
National Botanic Garden of Wales
Dr Charles Stirton:
[email protected]
(Fabaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Rosaceae,
Verbenaceae)
Last updated October 2003
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
Dr Mary Gibby:
[email protected]
(Geraniaceae)
In the March 2004 edition of SABONET News...
Special Edition:
Threatened Plants Programme
Remember to send us your submissions
before 29 February 2004!
127
About SABONET
This publication is a product of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), a programme aimed at strengthening the level of
botanical expertise, expanding and improving herbarium and botanic garden collections, and fostering closer collaborative links among botanists
in the southern African subcontinent.
The main objective of SABONET is to develop a strong core of professional botanists, taxonomists, horticulturists, and plant diversity specialists
within the ten countries of southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and
Zimbabwe). This core group will be competent to inventory, monitor, evaluate, and conserve the botanical diversity of the region in the face of
specific development challenges, and to respond to the technical and scientific needs of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
To enhance the human resource capacity and infrastructure available in the region, SABONET offers training courses, workshops, and collaborative expeditions in under-collected areas. The programme produces a series of occasional publications, the Southern African Botanical Diversity
Network Report Series, and a newsletter, SABONET News.
SABONET is co-funded by:
• The United States Agency for International Development (USAID/World Conservation Union—Regional Office for southern
Africa (IUCN-ROSA)
• The Global Environment Facility (GEF)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
For more information about our projects in southern Africa contact one of the following addresses:
General enquiries about SABONET
SABONET Coordinator
c/o National Botanical Institute
Private Bag X101
Pretoria 0001
South Africa
Tel: (27) 12 804 3200
Fax: (27) 12 804 3211/5979
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.sabonet.org
ANGOLA
Luanda Herbarium
(Prof. Esparança Costa)
Universidade Agostinho Neto
Rua Fernando Pessoa No. 103
Villa Alice
Caixa Postal 3244
Tel: (244) 2 336 168
Fax: (244) 2 336 168
E-mail: [email protected] /
[email protected]
BOTSWANA
National Herbarium
(Mr Nonofo Mosesane)
National Museums, Monuments and Art
Gallery
c/o Mobuto Drive & Notwane Road
Private Bag 00114
Gaborone
Tel: (267) 373860/374616
Fax: (267) 311186/302797
[email protected]
LESOTHO
National Environment Secretariat
(Mr Thulo Qhotsokoane)
Ministry of Environment
6th Floor, Development House
Private Bag A23
Maseru 100
Tel: (266) 311 767
Fax: (266) 310 506/321505
128
MALAWI
National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens of
Malawi
(Dr Zacharia Magambo)
c/o Livingstone & old Naisi Road
P.O. Box 528
Zomba
Tel: (265) 525 388/118/145
Fax: (265) 524164/108
[email protected]
MOZAMBIQUE
LMA Herbarium
(Mr Calane da Silva)
Instituto Nacional de Investigaçáo
Agronómica
Departamento de Botânica
Avenida das Forças Populares
Caixa Postal 3658
Mavalane
Maputo
Tel: (258) 1 460 255/130/190/097/149
Fax: (258) 1 460 074
[email protected]
NAMIBIA
National Herbarium
(Dr Gillian Maggs-Kölling)
National Botanical Research Institute
Orban Street
Private Bag 13184
Windhoek
Tel: (264) 61 202 2020
Fax: (264) 61 258 153
[email protected]
SOUTH AFRICA
National Herbarium
(Prof. Gideon Smith)
2 Cussonia Avenue
Brummeria
Private Bag X101
Pretoria 0001
Tel: (27) 12 804 3200
Fax: (27) 12 804 3211/5343
SWAZILAND
National Herbarium
(Mr Gideon Dlamini)
Malkerns Agricultural Research Station
P.O. Box 4
Malkerns
Tel: (268) 52 82111/83017/83038
Fax: (268) 52 83360/83490
[email protected]
ZAMBIA
Herbarium (Dr Patrick Phiri)
P.O. Box 32379
Lusaka
Tel: (260) 1 293 158
Fax: (260) 1 294806/253952
ZIMBABWE
National Herbarium and Botanic Garden
(Ms Nozipo Nobanda)
P.O Box A889
Avondale
Harare
Tel: (263) 4 708 938/744170/745230
Fax: (263) 4 708 938

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