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Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften Institut für Kartographie, Prof. M. Buchroithner
Towards a concept for Ecotourism
in the Atacama Andes
The Show-Case of Laguna Verde Ojos del Salado - Tres Cruces National Park
Manfred F. Buchroithner
Dresden University of Technology, Germany
Motto:
“Take only memories, leave nothing but footprints”
Chief Seattle , 1854 in his speech in Seattle
(Chief of the Squamish and Dwamish Native American)
1
Clarifying some Terms
1.1
Types of Tourism
There exist various types of and terms for „tourism“, for
instance …
Category
Definition
Mass tourism
Characterized by…
Soft tourism
Historic term
which initiated discussion about problems of mass
tourism;
…led to consciousness and increasing awareness
Alternative
tourism
Tourism which is not mass tourism;
frequently synonymous with sustainable tourism
Sustainable
tourism
Tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and
host regions while protecting and enhancing
opportunities for the future
(type of tourism)
Source: http://www.yepat.uni-greifswald.de/geo/fileadmin/dateien/projekte/Szczecin/ST-types-of-tourism.pdf
Category
Definition
Natural area
tourism
Tourism in natural settings
(from „bird watching“ to „scuba diving“)
Adventure
tourism
Tourism that is focussed on the activity in a natural
area;
… is an outdoor leisure activity that takes place in an
unusual, exotic remote or wilderness destination.
(type of tourism)
Nature based
tourism
Ecotourism
a) Any form of tourism that relies primarily on the
natural environment for ist attractions or settings.
b) Occurs in natural settings but has the added
emphasis of fostering understanding and
conservation of the natural environment.
Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment and improves the welfare of local people
Ecotourism as a subset of
Sustainable Tourism
Ecotourism:
responsible travel to natural
areas that conserves the
environment and improves
the welfare of local people
1.2
„Definitions“
1.2.1 Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making
a low impact on the environment and local culture, while
helping to generate income and employment for local
people. The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that
development is a positive experience for local people;
tourism companies; and tourists themselves. But
sustainable tourism is not the same as 'ecotourism‘.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourism
1.2.2 Ecotourism
Ecotourism (also ecological tourism) stands for
responsible travel in fragile, pristine, and frequently
protected areas that strives of low impact and (often)
small scale. It purports to educate the traveler; provide
funds for conservation; directly benefit the economic
development and political empowerment of local
communities; and foster respect for different cultures
and for human rights.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism
Ecotourism is considered important so that future
generations may experience aspects of the
environment relatively untouched by human
intervention. It typically involves travel to destinations
where geology, flora, fauna and cultural heritage are
the primary attractions. Ecotourism gives insight into
the impact of human beings on nature and also a
greater appreciation of our own natural habitats.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism
2
Examples of Ecotourism Infrastructure
2.1
Mountain Huts
2.1.1 Germany – Austria – Suisse
Bruennstein Hut (1342 m), Bavarian Alps, Germany
New Magdeburg Hut
(1633 m),
Karwendel Mountains,
Austria
Toelz Hut (1825 m), Karwendel Mountains, Austria
Adamek Hut (2196 m), Dachstein Massif, Austria
Kaunergrat Hut (2817 m), Oetztal Alps, Austria
Completely managed with
renewable energy:
• photovoltaics
• solar cells
• block heating station driven
by rape (colza) oil
Waste water/sewage:
• filtering
• waste materials processed
by a solar composter
Marco e Rosa Hut (3609 m), Upper Valois, Suisse
Gouter Hut (3817 m), Mont Blanc Massif, France
… a contrasting
futuristic alternative …
Shape:
like a big quartz crystal
Total energy consumption:
autarchy 90 %
90 % of energy consumption
generated by photovoltaics (storage
in batteries  cloud coverage)
In addition:
block heating station
Water consumption:
melt water and rain
Wast water:
used for toilets
Monte Rosa Hut (2883 m),
Upper Valois, Suisse
Hot water for showers and
kitchen:
by solar heating
2.1.2 Andes
Examples of Mountain Huts in Native
Building Style
Hut Ishinca (4350m), Peruvian Andes, Peru
Hut "Don Bosco" Huascarán (4670m)
Hut „Don Basco“ Huascarán (4670m), Peruvian Andes, Peru
Wayra Lodge (3660m), Peruvian Andes, Peru
Salkantay Lodge (3600m), Peruvian Andes, Peru
… nice examples of local building style,
however, no signs of alternative energy production!
3
Sustainable Energy Generation and
Consumption
3.1
Windparks in the Alps
Tauernwindpark
(1900m),
Styria/Austria
Currently highest windpark in Europe.
More than 40.000 MWh
per year.
Photo by Herzi Pinki, Wikipedia
Steinriegel
(1600 m),
Styria/Austria
Energy supply for
12.000 households.
3.2
Hydropower in the Alps
Currently Austria relies on more 2500 mini hydropower
stations covering 9 % of the total Austrian electric power
consumption. They support approx. 1.6 million
households, corresponding to 52 % of all Austrian
households.
Thus, annualy 4.1 million tons of CO2 can be saved.
NB: In the Ojos del Salado Region Rio Lama and La Ola
near Salar de Pedernales show perennial water
discharge.  Suitable for permanent hydropower
generation.
3.3
Solar Energy: Examples Solar Cookers
Price: approx. 60-350 Euro
Tibet
3.4
Valley Buses in
Lungau, Austria
Electric vehicles
Powered by solar energy
Most Important Ecological Targets
• Contribution for the establishment and consolidation of
an „Eco-image“ for the guests and the public
(media,
local government, population)
• Conservation of the important touristic capacity/
capital, namely the intact enviroment and
landscape
• Traffic calming
• Car-free side-valleys – improvement of mobility true
a flexible public transport system: every important
tourist destination can be reached without private
cars
Source: http://taelerbus.at
4 Ecotourism and Financial Income
Situation 2000 - 2010
NB: Austria and Switzerland rely to 9% and 5% resp. of
their gross domestic product on their (alpine) tourism.
Here, hiking, climbing and ski-mountaineering represent
a major and the most sustainable portion.
Now: What does it look like in the Atacama Andes?
 As-Is-Analysis
5
Situation in the Ojos del Salado Region:
Campground at Laguna Verde
Overview
showing the
sloping tent pitches
Windshelter StoneWalls
Photo by Sylvia Eydam
Administration/
Registration/
Indoor Thermal
Pool
Administration/
Registration/
Indoor Thermal
Pool
Boulder Heaps
for ?
Administration/
Registration/
Indoor Thermal
Pool
Restrooms,
Thermal Pipelines
Administration/
Registration/
Indoor Thermal
Pool
View of
Wind-sheltered
Outdoor Pools
Outdoor Pool
6
European Outdoor Campgrounds
Camping Eggmatte (1200 m)
Bernese Alps, Suisse
Camping Plauns (1900 m), Engadin, Suisse
Dining Room
Kitchen
Heated Restrooms and Showers
Odda Camping (120 m), Near Glacier Folgefonna, Norway
7
Excurs: The “Big Money” of the Dakar Rally
DAKAR RALLY 2010 (Official Press Release)
DIRECT ECONOMICAL EFFECTS: 57 MILLION EUROS
The Dakar rally travelled during over two weeks in Argentina and
Chile with important logistical needs. All the expenses of the
organisation linked for example to transportation, accommodation
and catering represent a direct injection into the local economy.
The studies done concerning the spectators that travelled to go
and see the race or the media that covered it, allowed evaluating
the global sum of the direct economical effects. As a total, the
economical impact reaches 57.5 million Euros (US$, 74.5M).
The study does not take into account the indirect economical
effects that will come from the tourist impact on a short, medium
and long term, and linked to the media exposure.
The race in Chile “presents a million dollar business,” said
Oscar Santelices, Director of Sernatur, the federal tourism
promotion office.
Giancarlo Coronata, chairman of the Antofagasta Chamber of
Commerce, gives the race an unqualified thumbs up, saying
it will bring about 6,000 spectators to the region who will
spend as much as US$ 120 daily on lodging, food,
transportation and recreation.
The Chilean government invested US$ 6 million to help host
the Dakar Rally 2010.
Fuente: http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17941:dakar-rally-takes-off-inchile&catid=56:other&Itemid=51
Ecologistas en Acción, has asked the Dakar Rally to be
finished early because of the environmental damage that
more than 800 all-terrain vehicles are performing: for
each 1,000 km of off-road motoring, one hectare (about
2.5 acres) is eroded. Then there is the high fuel
consumption, noise and the general promotion of this
type of "sport." Ecologistas en Acción thinks that the spirit
of adventure and discovery themes of the adventure hide
all too well the reality of big-engined vehicles running on
heaviest frames through a natural environment.
Fuente: http://green.autoblog.com/2009/01/14/environmental-group-launches-anti-dakar-rally-campaign/
8
Chile: The Official View
8.1
Environmental Education at University Level
8.2
„Calidad Turistica“: The Legal Requirements
Catchword „Calidad Turistica“:
www.calidadturistica.cl
Now:
How does the reality look?  See previous pictures.
Consequently:
How should the Atacama Andes tourism destinations look
in order to compare with alpine climbing destinations?
 See previous examples.
9
Marketing: Importance of Websites
9.1
Alpine Exaples
Search Word „Ramsau
am Dachstein“
 The first hit is the
Official Website of a
Community.
Here a Summer
Version.
Official Website
of the same
Community
… Winter
Search Word
„Schweiz“
The first hit is
The Official Website
of Swiss Tourism
Agency.
9.2 Ojos del Salado Region
Search Word
„Ojos del
Salado“ 
Official
Websites?
www.google.com
Website of the
Official Concession
Holder
… , however, no
information about
the most
frequented
climbing base for
Ojos del Salado,
the campground
at Laguna Verde,
findable.
www.aventurismo.cl
OJOS DEL SALADO CONCESSION
On January 20th, 2004, the Bienes Nacionales Ministry granted the concession of this
mountain for the next 50 years to our Company, AVENTURISMO expediciones (or Martínez,
Illanes e Hijo and Ltd. Co.).
This means that our Company is the only one enterprise in charged of the administration of
services and security in this mountain.
We will have to invest about $230.000.000 (about US$380.000, 2004) in several
constructions, camping zones, baths, roads, signs, huts, radio comunication systems, etc.
during the next five years.
Our concession includes Laguna Verde Hot Springs and we will have the same services there.
From December 1st, 2004, all people that want to visit Ojos del Salado or Laguna Verde will
have to have the authorization of our Company (apart from that of DIFROL to climb Ojos del
Salado) to enter into the Concession (for climbing, hikking, any kind of sports, or simply
visiting the place). This authorization is named “Contrato Tipo para Ingreso a Concesión Ojos
del Salado”, and has to be obtained BEFORE going to the place.
All information you need about it, please contact us to [email protected] specially
about what you need to get the authorization.
Our main office is located in: Atacama street Nº240 Copiapó Tercera Región, Chile. you can
write also to P.O. box 134 Correo Caldera CHILE, or contact through the phones 56 52
232455- 56 52 316395 ; 09-5992184. our e mail is: [email protected] ,
Maximiliano Martínez Espinoza
Director
Aventurismo expediciones
There also exists
the Official Chilean
Website …
…but how to find it?
… and:
Where comes the official governmental SERNATUR
website?
Where comes the Aventurismo Ojos website?
 „Analysis de Brechas“
10 Conclusions
With a minimum of efficient and effective work a lot
can be achieved for the improvement of sustainable
ecotourism in the High Atacama Andes.
Superlatives have to be solved (!):
• the highest volcano on earth
• the highest density of independent peaks above
6000 m in the world
• the driest desert on earth
• the only glaciers (!) in the driest desert on earth.
This type of tourism will pay back as a sort of
counterbalance for the impacts of the very “hard”
tourism caused by the Dakar Rally. These countermeasures have also to be “sold” adequately.
Gaps between “legal wishes” placed by the
government and the “reality” have to be bridged.
I thank you for your attention.
Any further questions:
[email protected]

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