docsaqarTvelo: Zalauflebis dabruneba
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saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis dabruneba
gigi TevzaZe saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis dabruneba Tbilisi 2003 1 sarCevi: sarCevi: .....................................................................................................................................................2 I. wignis struqturis ganmarteba .......................................................................................................3 II. ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” ................................................4 III. pirveli Sesavali – Back to USSR ..................................................................................................6 • Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi – politikuri movlenebis orbita XX saukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi ....................................................................10 paterloo, anu aRgeniTi samuSaoebi.........................................................................................16 mcire jgufebis kanoni ................................................................................................................20 III. meore Sesavali – iZuleba socialuri realobisaTvis .........................................................21 • simulantebi da fsiqiatrebi, anu avadmyofobebis, moCvenebiTi avadmyofobebis, maTi gankurnebis da vergankurnebis Sesaxeb .............................................................................22 III. mesame Sesavali – trul-klapaciusis sindromi .....................................................................27 • ukanaskneli inteligentis brwyinvaleba da siduxWire ...............................................30 • daskvna: revanSi mimdinareobs .............................................................................................32 IV. 12 niSani da amave dros argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris magivrad Sua saukuneebi aRdga .........................................................................................35 • • • • • • • • • • • • 1. politikuri sistema – Zalauflebis tipi.................................................................35 2. socialuri sistema .........................................................................................................37 3. ganaTlebis sistema ..........................................................................................................40 4. sasamarTlo sistema ........................................................................................................42 5. jari da policia .............................................................................................................44 6. sagareo urTierTobebi....................................................................................................45 7. ekonomika ...........................................................................................................................46 8. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba .................................................................................................52 9. socialuri kontrolis faruli formebi .................................................................55 10. politikuri partiebi da arCevnebi ............................................................................57 11. eklesia da masmedia........................................................................................................61 12. saqarTvelos oligarqebi da biznes-jgufebi ...........................................................65 V. politikosebis universaluri sazomi saqarTveloSi, sxva mis msgavs da mimsgavsebul qveynebSi..................................................................................................................................................67 VI. xuTi ZiriTadi umsjeloba, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs ............................................71 VII. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, misi jgufebi, Semadgenloba, rogori unda iyos da rogori ar aris is dRevandel saqarTveloSi. anu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo, da ara marto is, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris (Sua saukuneebis) modernizebul (regresirebul) versiad ..............76 VIII. dasasruli pirveli – Zalauflebis mokle istoria .........................................................78 VIII. dasasruli meore – rogor unda gaizomos qveyanaSi demokratiis yofnis, aryofnis da yofna-aryofnis xarisxi.......................................................................................................................83 Ein Planet, Ein Reich, Ein Volk ..............................................................................................................85 VIII. dasasruli mesame – aleqsis de tokvilis winaaRmdeg.......................................................96 IX. daskvna samive dasasrulisaTvis ...............................................................................................101 2 I. wignis struqturis ganmarteba am wignis avtorma icis, rom Zalian Znelia erTsa da imave dros saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTareba aRwero, am viTarebis Sesaxeb sociologiur-inteleqtualuristoriuli daskvnebi akeTo da, miuxedavad amisa, wigni mainc saintereso sakiTxavi gamovides. amitom wigns samjer iwyeben Tavidan. TiToeul Sesavals win uZRvis im sami tipis mkiTxvelis aRwera, visac es gansxvavebuli Tavebi unda moergos. samive es aRwera midis TavTan, romlSic 12 niSania aRwerili, da romlic wakiTxvac am wignis gagebisaTvis aucilebelia. Semdeg, wigni aseve sami dasasruliT mTavrdeba. albaT, mkiTxveli ukve Seafiqriana wina abzacis dasawyisSi motanilma frazam “iwyeben”. ukve Sefiqrianebuli mkiTxveli amis gamarTlebas waawydeba zogierTi Tavis dasawyisisas an dasrulebisas, sadac avtori da avtor-ego saubroben. es dialogebi, simarTle rom iTqvas, erTgvari gamosavalia im sirTuleebidan, romlebSic msjeloba Tavs rom amohyofs xolme. Tumca, meore mxriv, am dialogebs aqvs pretenzia, mkiTxvelis im wuTs warmoSobili azri amoicnos da amiT wignis kiTxva ufro saxaliso gaxados. 3 II. ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” Tavidan, rodesac am wignis dawera gadavwyvite, mindoda saTaurad “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” damerqmia. es iqneboda miTiTeba stiven spilbergis cnobil filmze “rigiTi raianis gadasarCenad”. am filmSi meore msoflio omSi monawile amerikeli jariskacis, saxelad raianis, gadarCenisaTvis filmis yvela gmiri, Tavad raianis garda, kvdeba. aseT saTaurs albaT, bundovnad unda mieniSnebina, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis dasaZlevad Zalian bevr arsebul sistemaze Tu Seguebul Rirebulebebze uaris Tqma mogviwevs. anda, ufro radikalur mkiTxvels es saTauri etyoda, rom saqarTvelos gadasarCenad msxverplis gaRebaa saWiro. samwuxarod, es saTauri gaugebari aRmoCnda am wignis umetesi adresatisaTvis, mxolod imitom, rom maT filmi ar enaxaT. . is saTauri, romelic wigns axla hqvia, kvlav kinoindustriaze miTiTebaa, oRond ufro saSinelebaTa an action filmebze, sadac wina filmSi damarcxebuli da TiTqos ganadgurebuli monstri (an gmiri) brundeba. imdenad, ramdenadac am seriis pirvel wigns hqvia “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi”, meoris saxeli – “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis dabruneba” mimdevrobis garkveul wesze miuTiTebs. saTauris, erTi SexedviT, simartivis miuxedavad, mkiTxvels Tavad mouwevs garkveva, vin brundeba – monstri Tu gmiri, Tu orive erTad. am wigns serialis sxva Tvisebac aqvs; bevri Tanamedrove action siuJeti Semdegnairia: pirvel seriaSi/nawilSi aRiwereba raRac viTareba, rogorc absoluturi da ueWveli. meore seriis/nawilis amoqmedebisas cxadi xdeba, rom pirvel seriaSi/nawilSi aRwerili ambavi sxva, ufro vrceli siuJetis ganuyofeli mcire elementia 1. xandaxan, pirveli nawilis dadebiTi personaJebi meores uaryofiTi protagonistebi aRmoCndebian da piriqiT. es wignic, pirvel wignTan “Zalauflebis simulaciebTan” erTad, aseTi tipis erTianobas qmnis. me Sevecdebi vaCveno, rom is, Tu rogor qveyanaSi vcxovrobT, sad vimyofebiT da ra warmatebebi da warumateblobebi gvelis, mxolod da mxolod institutebis, Rirebulebebis da socialuri struqturebis analiziTaa SesaZlebeli ganisazRvros 2. aseve, Sevecdebi avxsna, ratom aRar muSaoben Sefasebis, dakvirvebis da gazomvis 1 2 amis klasikuri magaliTia “adamianebi SavebSi” da “adamianebi SavebSi 2”. da ara politikuri sistemebis da subieqtebis gancxadebaTa zedapiruli analiziT da analogiebis gatarebiT, rogorc es CvenSi xSirad xdeba. 4 Zveli, kargad nacadi meTodebi, da ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom aseTi meTodebi Tavidan dafuZndes. maqvs imedi, rom saqarTvelos SemoTavazebuli aRwera, SeiZleba sxva, saqarTvelos analogiur socialur da politikur sinamdvileSi myofi qveynebis mimarTac marTebuli aRmoCndes. me ar var Sepyrobili negatiuri nacionalizmiT, da ver vityvi, rom raRac “mxolod Cven gvWirs”. maT, vinc Cems wigns “Zalauflebis simulaciebs” icnobs, minda vauwyo, rom simulaciis etapi damTavrda. daiwyo meore, “Zalauflebis dabrunebis” faza. Cven gardauvlad miveqanebiT im mdgomareobisaken, romelic SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc Sua saukuneebi. is Sua saukuneebi, romelic saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia. erT-erTi gza, romelic am mdgomareobidan gamogviyvanda, kvlav simulaciis aRdgenaa. Tu es moxda, Cven saxifaTo wreSi aRmovCndebiT: ciklis – Zalauflebis simulaciebi/Zalauflebis dabruneba _ yovel gameorebasTan, anu ciklis tradiciad qcevasTan erTad, sxva gzis arCeva sul ufro da ufro SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. saTauris ganmarteba: Zalauflebis dabruneba niSnavs erTis mxriv, Zalauflebis dabrunebas imis mier, vinc Zalauflebis simulacias 3 awarmoebda, xolo meore mxriv, dabrunebas im droSi, rodesac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba iyo Semqmneli, mokarnaxe da ganmsazRvreli. 3 maTTvis, visac “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” ar waukiTxavs, simulaciis ganmarteba im wignidan: “simulacia, anu simulaciuri procesi, simulirebis saSualebiT miiReba. simulacia iseve moqmedebs, rogorc Tavad is, risi simulirebac xdeba. oRond safuZveli da dasayrdeni, romelic gaaCnia imas, risi simulirebac xdeba, simulacias ara aqvs. simulaciuri procesi mTeli ZalebiT cdilobs daamtkicos, rom simulaciis ukan Sesabamisi safuZvli da dasayrdeni imaleba. ase rom, simulacia arafers ar faravs, piriqiT, is cdilobs aCvenos imis arseboba, rac ar aris”. 5 es Sesavali gankuTvnilia im mkiTxvelisaTvis, visac istoria ufro itacebs, vidre am istoriis analizi da usagno ganazrebebi. agreTve imaTTvis, visac axsovs da/an ainteresebs, ra iyo sabWoTa kavSiri 4. III. pirveli Sesavali – Back to USSR anu survili moxvde ssrk-Si dRes xSirad gaigoneb politikuri analitikosisagan Tu inteleqtualisagan, rom “aba ra unda mosTxovo, man xom sxvanairi marTva ar icis”. am “man”-Si, ra Tqma unda, SevardnaZe igulisxmeba. bevria ganwyobili saimisod, rom is gaurkvevloba, rac qveyanaSia da romelic yoveli moqalaqis bedze/cxovrebaze aisaxeba, prezidents daabralos. magram, rac ar unda Zlieri iyos erTi adamianis pirovnuli zemoqmedebis unari da Zalaufleba, mTeli qveynis Semotrialeba mas ar SeuZlia; ar SeuZlia maT gareSe, vinc mas amaSi exmareba da eTanxmeba. es msjelobac nacnobia qarTuli inteleqtualuri diskursisaTvis da am SemTxvevaSi msjelobaSi irekleba “xalxi, romelic bnelia da kvlav warsulSi unda cxovreba”. Tumca, “xalxi” rac ar unda totalurad warsulze orietirebuli iyos – is erTi subieqti arasodes aris, da Sesabamisad, arasodes ara aqvs erTi neba da erTi piri. sociologebi da socialuri Teoretikosebi imasac amboben, rom xalxis “azri” ufro am azris organizebasa da miwodebazea damokidebuli. erTi da igive ganwyoba, romelic gavrcelebulia mosaxleobaSi, da romelsac myari socialuri safuZveli aqvs, sxvadasxvaApolitikuri garemos, tradiciis da arsebuli faruli da gacxadebuli devizebis gamo, SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli socialuri moTxovnebiT/molodinebiT/survilebiT gamovlindes: is, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs, faqtia. magram socialuri moTxovna, romelSic am gaWirvebidan gamosavlis Zieba gamoixateba, erTi mxriv qveyanaSi arsebuli tradiciuli garemos, xolo meore mxriv politikosebis mier aris nakarnaxevi. es gamosavali ZiriTadad JRers rogorc “davbrundeT sabWoTa kavSirSi” (zog SemTxvevaSi – SevuerTdeT ruseTs). Tumca, politikuri garemos ganxsvavebulobis SemTxvevaSi es “gadarCenis lozungi” SeiZleba iyos: 1. evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba; 2. nato-Si Sesvla; 4 anu sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri. 6 3. samxreT kavkasiis konfederaciis Camoyalibeba; 4. aziis qveyanaTa kavSiris Camoyalibeba da masSi gawevrianeba; 5. marTlmadidebelTa da muslimTa msoflio kavSiris [jer Seqmna, Semdeg] wevrad gaxdoma; 6. raime sxva, romelic arafriT ar iqneba “sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenaze” ufro uazro, suleluri da SeuZlebeli. am viTarebis saTave albaT iq unda veZioT, rom Zalauflebis modeli, romelic SevardnaZem saqarTveloSi Camoitana, da romlis gaxareba-ayvavebas noyieri niadagi daxvda, iseTive iyo, rogoric mas sabWoTa kavSirSi gaaCnda. Zalauflebis sabWoTa models Semdegi oTxi maxasiaTebeli hqonda: 1. ormagi standarti: ZiriTadi principi, romelic mosaxleobas avaldebulebda garkveuli wesebis Sesrulebas, magram ar vrceldeboda Zalauflebis mqone partiuli elitis wevrebze. iseTi akrZalvebi, rogoricaa kerZo sakuTrebis da sazRvargareTis bankebSi angariSis floba, qrTamis aReba, azartuli TamaSebi da sxva ar vrceldeboda Zalauflebis warmomadgenlebze. Tumca, rodesac Zalauflebis romelime warmomadgeneli isjeboda, mis mimarT swored am akrZalvebis darRvevis braldebebi iyo gamoyenebuli; 2. sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli sami saxis gadasaxadi: I. oficialuri, kanonSi dafiqsirebuli; II. araoficialuri, xarki, romelsac qveda donis oficialuri pirebi (qarxnis direqtorebi, sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelebi) uxdidnen zeda donis oficialur pirebs. es xazi iwyeboda nebismieri sawarmodan da partiuli elitis wveroSi mTavrdeboda. es gadasaxadi sayovelTao iyo da gamoiyeneboda rogorc piradi sargeblobisaTvis, aseve partiuli salarosTvis. Tumca, ZiriTadi, e. gadasaxadebisagan w. sakavSiro Sedgeboda partiuli (oqros salaro warmoeba, ufro xe-tyis seriozuli gayidva); III. moulodneli gadasaxadi, rodesac ufro maRali oficialuri piri ufro dabal oficialur pirs gansakuTrebuli saWiroebisaTvis Tanxis Sovnas avalebda. es fuli “iSoveboda” iqve, sadac zemoT aRwerili ori gadasaxadi – legalur da aralegalur sawarmoebSi; 3. kanonze arseboba. maRla kanonze dgomis maRla specialuri, dgoma institucionaluri Zalauflebis ZiriTadi instrumentebis elementi iyo: uSiSroebis samsaxuri erTsa da imave dros icavda da sjida Zalauflebis mflobelebs: specialuri samsaxurebi awarmoebdnen Zalauflebis subieqtebis 7 dacvas da maTi danaSaulis kvalis “waSlas”. Tumca es “waSla” absoluturi arasdros ar iyo, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi “waSlili” faqtebi socialur da partiul zedapirebze tivtivs iwyebda. 4. qveynis mTels teritoriaze Zalauflebis araTanabari gavrcelebuloba. amave dros, sakuTari teritoriis simkacris/sisastikis centralizebuli gamovlenis mmarTvelobis nebismier wertilSi SesaZlebloba: pirobebSi mkacri gansakuTrebuli da Zalaufleba absoluturad Tanabrad ver nawildeboda. amitomac iyo, rom qveynis periferiebs (magaliTad, saqarTvelos) Crdilovani ekonomikisaTvis da ideologiuri wnexis ararsebobis mxrivadac, samoTxed miiCnevdnen. Tumca, rodesac es “Tavisufleba” garkveul dasaSveb zRvars aWarbebda, represiebi, demonstraciebis daxvretis CaTvliT, miRebul da aucilebel zomad iTvleboda. ra Tqma unda, SevardnaZem aseTi Zalauflebis avan-Cavani kargad icoda, da misTvis ideals swored aseTi Zalauflebis ierarqiis wveroSi moxvedra warmoadgenda. samwuxarod, isini, vinc mas aq daxvda, an Semdeg SeuerTda, am idealis pirveladobas aRiarebdnen. swored es mzadyofna iyo is, ramac saqarTveloSi dRes arsebuli viTareba gamoiwvia. aRmoCnda, rom maTTvisac, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi gaizarda, sabWoTa Zalauflebis struqtura iseTive misaRebi da sasurveli iyo, rogorc maTTvis, vinc sabWoTa droSi mmarTvelobiTi elitis wevrad Camoyalibda. Sedegad, aseTi Zalauflebisaken swrafvam gamoiwvia is politikur-socialuri garemo, romelSic sabWoTa kavSiris kvlav miRweva mizani aRmoCnda. aravin ar eubneba mosaxleobas Tavis politikur gamosvlebSi, rom germaniaSi bevrad ukeTesi socialuri dacvaa, vidre ssrk-Si iyo, rom aSS-Si daqiravebuli bevrad ufro daculia moulodnelobebisagan, vidre ssrk-Si, rom ganaTleba fineTSi bevrad ufro maRali donisaa da a. S. am bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aravin ambobda, rom demokratia aris ara mxolod referendumi da parlamentis arCevnebi, aramed, amave dros, adamianis uflebebis Seulaxaoba da mikro, raionul, samosaxlos doneze gadawyvetilebebis arCevnebis wesiT miReba. diskursi, romelic Cvens politikosebs axasiaTebdaT, SevardnaZisagan modioda; is ambobda: “me movedi da karg saqmeebs vakeTeb”. iseTi ram, rogoricaa warmomadgenlobiToba da pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis mimarT – Zalian mcire doziT arsebobda da arsebobs 8 saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv sivrceSi. warmomadgenlobiTobis da pasuxismgeblobis siduxWiris kulminacia iyo prezidentis gamosvla 2003 wlis biujetis parlamentSi Cavardnis Semdeg: man Tqva, rom biujetis Cavardna aris ara xelisuflebis, aramed opoziciis da mosaxleobis problema. sabWoTa kavSirSi dabrunebis survili iyo da aris ara mxolod SevardnaZis da misi ybadaRebuli klanis mizani. Zalauflebis dabruneba, anu sabWoTa tipis Zalauflebis aRdgena, yvela im politikosis mizani iyo da aris, vinc Riad Tu farulad, mTavrobaSi Tu mis gareT, ambobda da ambobs: “me moval da, ai, naxavT, ra karg saqmeebs gavakeTeb”. rodesac axali saqarTvelos axalma da Zvelma politikosebma ifiqres, rom sabWoTa kavSiri SeiZleba “calke aRebul qveyanaSi” aRdges, maT ver gaiTvaliswines, rom saqarTveloSi ver aRdgeboda is, rac sabWoTa imperias asuldgmulebda da rac, marTalia, Zalauflebis maxasiaTebeli ara, magram misi winapiroba namdvilad iyo: es winapiroba iyo socialuri SiSi usqeso, Tvisebebis da survilebis gareSe myofi, zeadamianuri sabWoTa mmarTvelobis mimarT, romelic kremlis kedlebis miRma imyofeboda. sabWoTa kavSiri axali tipis imperia iyo, romlis ekonomikur sistemasac socialuri SiSi edo safuZvlad. socialuri SiSis danergvas ki iseTi represiebi sWirdeboda, rogorc ssrk-Si 1924 da 1937 wlebSi gatarda. ver ityvi, rom SevardnaZem ar scada am tipis represiebis dawyeba, magram mxedrioni aSkarad sxva mimarTulebiT wavida: mxedrionis xelmZRvanelobas da gansakuTrebiT jaba ioselians aSkarad ar izidavda sabWoTa represoris roli. garda amisa, ioseliani Zalauflebis mopovebis nacionalisturdemokratiul meTodebzec amyarebda imeds, rac misi mxridan represiebis gamtareblis rolis Sesrulebas gamoricxavda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ssrk-Si dabrunebis gamoTvla kargad ver moxerxda: socialuri SiSi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis politikosebisaTvis imdenad TavisTavad cxadi da saxelmwifos Tanamdevi faqti iyo, rom seriozulad aravis ufiqria misi kvlavwarmoebis meqanizmebze. rodesac mixvdnen rom maTi sasurveli Zalaufleba mxolod SiSis kvlavwarmoebiT miiRweva, ukve gvian iyo. socialuri SiSis kvlavwarmoeba ver moxerxda imitomac, rom verc SevardnaZe da verc misi garemomcveli politikuri elita mosaxleobis winaSe ver warsdga rogorc yovelive adamianurisagan daclili Zalauflebis gansaxiereba. aseTi imiji yvelaze didxans mxolod SevardnaZem 9 SeinarCuna. Tumca, swored Zalauflebis simulaciis im proeqtis gamo, romelsac SevardnaZe mogvianebiT daTanxmda, rogorc Zalauflebis misTvis sasurveli modelisaken pirdapir gzas, Zaluflebis gansxeulebis da qveynisaTvis mzrunveli zeadamianuri arsebis saxe mosaxleobis TvalSi yvelaze mtkivneulad manve dakarga. qvemoT vecdebi mokled, ramdenime gverdze aRvwero Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi: misi gandevna, misi simulacia, misi dabruneba. es aRwera faqtobrivad imis identuri iqneba, rac zemoT, oRond, amjerad mas ufro politikuri istoriis saxe eqneba. Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi – politikuri movlenebis orbita XX saukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi 1992 wels SevardnaZe dabrunda saqrTveloSi. samxedro sabWo, romelic qveynis de faqto mmarTveli iyo, Sedgeboda a) yofili mojanyeebisagan, romlebic gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobas ebrZodnen, b) liberalurad ganwyobili inteleqtualebisa da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebisagan. realuri “mxedrionis” Zalaufleba im damaarsebeli), dros Tengiz jaba ioselianis kitovanis (samxedro (gamsaxurdias dajgufeba dros Tavdacvis ministri da erovnuli gvardiis sardali) da Tengiz siguas (gamsaxurdias dros premier-ministri, gamsaxurdias Semdeg gandevnis gamsaxurdias Semdeg Seqmnili mTavrobis mier samxedro sabWo devnili) iyo xelSi pirveli iyo. organo, romelsac Zalauflebis upirobo mopoveba surda da uars ambobda iseTi, ukve saeWvo instrumentebis gamoyenebaze, gamsaxurdias rogoricaa, xelisufleba kitovani-siguas SeiaraRebuli mTlianad xelisuflebam dajgufebebis qarizmatuloba. Tuki qarizmatulobas eyrdnoboda, ioseliani- demonstrirebis gza sxvadasxva Zalis Seqmna magaliTad, am “politikuri” airCia. aucileblobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. rogorc aRmoaCines, Cans, rom maTTvis moulodnelad, saerTaSoriso SeuZlebelia. SesaZloa, maqsimalurad didxans es maT gaeZloT samxedro sabWos faqtoris gauTvaliswineblad yovelTvis icodnen, saerTaSoriso da xelmZRvanelebma qveynis ubralod legitimaciis gareSe. marTva cdilobdnen xolo am legitimaciis misaRwevad, saWiro iyo imdroindeli qarTuli demokratiis erTaderTi garantis – SevardnaZis – saqarTveloSi Camoyvana. 10 marTalia, yofiTi Tu politikuri analitikosebi amboben, rom gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi SevardnaZis 1992 sulac wels SevardnaZis Camoyvanis mier iyo aucileblobas organizebuli, sulac magram ar es amcirebs: gadatrialebis/ajanyebis/putCis 5 logikuri gamosavali, erTis mxriv Sida, xolo meore mxriv gare legitimaciisaTvis, SevardnaZis Camoyvana iyo. ase daiwyo saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis mier warmoebuli pirveli simulacia: SevardnaZe samxedro sabWos imisaTvis sWirdeboda, rom liberalur-demokratiuli gardaqmnebisaTvis sakuTari mzadyofna daedasturebina. ver ityvi, rom samxedro sabWos meTaurTagan vercerTi ver xedavda demokratiis aucileblobas da ar undoda momavalSi saqarTvelo demokratiul qveynad exila (magaliTad, ioselians da siguas). magram im instrumentebidan, romelic maT upirobo Zalauflebis dasamyareblad airCies, aseTi momavali sulac ar gamomdinareobda. Zalauflebis mier warmoebuli simulacia ormagi iyo: 1. Zalaufleba (warmomadgenlebi: ioseliani-kitovani-sigua) simulirebda, rom is demokratiul gardaqmnebze iyo orientirebuli; 2. imave dros Zalaufleba simulirebda, rom is SevardnaZis (jer samxedro sabWos Tavmjdomaris, xolo Semdeg – saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauris) xelSi iyo. Tumca es simulireba sakmaod martivad gaiSifra da maleve yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda. swored aman aiZula SevardnaZe, aqtiuri moqmedebebisaTvis miemarTa. amisaTvis ki upirveles yovlisa, mxedrionis, gvardiis da sxva gasamxedroebuli SenaerTebis, rogorc Zalauflebis safuZvlis, gauqmeba iyo saWiro. 1993 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad miRebul ZalTa gadanawilebaSi gamoCndnen is Zalebi, romlebsac SeeZloTYSevardnaZisaTvis iseTive samsaxuri gaewiaT, rogoric SevardnaZem samxedro sabWos liderebisaTvis Seasrula. am Zalebs is xalxi warmoadgenda, SemTxvevaSi mas romelic SevardnaZis liberalur-demokratiul mier gardaqmnebze Zalauflebis mimarTul mopovebis politikosad darCenaSi daexmareboda. erTi, rac aSkarad icoda SevardnaZem, da rac mas Camohyva rusuli, aSS-evropuli Tu qarTuli gamocdilebidan, iyo is, rom arsebul viTarebaSi mxolod liberalur demokratiaze orietacia miscemda mas saSualebas moepovebina da SeenarCunebina Zalaufleba. yvela sxva mcdeloba – saqarTvelos msgavs 5 qveynebSi da TviTon saqarTveloSic – ganwiruli iyo marcxisaTvis. es aris sami saxeli, romliTac 90-91 wlis zamTris movlenebi dResac moixseneeba qarTul miTologiaSi. 11 SeiZleboda aRmosavluri variantis gaTamaSebac, magram SevardnaZe swored imaT ebrZoda, visac aseTi (Turqmenuli tipis) reJimis damyareba SeeZlo. Tanac adgilobrivi myari fuladi wyaros (navTobi, bamba da a. S.) ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, Zneli iqneboda paternalisturi reJimis didi xniT SenarCuneba. amitom, 1993 wlis parlamentSi, axali politikuri Zalebis gamoCenis Semdeg, erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyda, rom saqarTveloSi fulis upirobo wyaro liberaluri demokratia unda gamxdariyo. amitom SevardnaZem gamoacxada sakuTari e. w. “garantis” tenderi, romlisTvisac brZolaSi im dros yofili “mwvane” da ukve moqalaqeTa kavSiris mmarTvel fenaSi myofi zurab Jvania Caeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasawyis etapze TiTqos sxvebi imarjvebdnen, sabolood es brZola Jvaniam moigo. realuri brZola SevardnaZeze gavlenis mosapoveblad mimdinareobda. frTam, raRac romelsac etapze moqalaqeTa moqalaqeTa kavSiris kavSiris Tbilisis Jvaniasadmi dapirispirebulma organizaciis lideri gia JorJoliani meTaurobda, gadawyvita, sakuTari partia Seeqmna da bolomde moeqcia SevardnaZe sakuTari gavlenis qveS: Camoecilebina is moqalaqeTa kavSirisagan, romelic, Tavad SevardnaZis proeqtiT, Zalauflebis mTavari fari da demokratiis simulirebis mTavari poligoni unda gamxdariyo. arCevani, romlis winaSec SevardnaZe dadga, faqtobrivad arc iyo arCevani: erT mxares idga xalxi, gaurkveveli partiuli momavliT, romelic cdilobda xelisuflebis upirobo mrCeveli gamxdariyo, xolo meore mxares – saqarTvelos inteleqtualebis da inteligenciis umravlesobis mier mxardaWerili moqalaqeTa kavSiri, JvaniasTan erTad, romelsac undoda ara mrCevloba, aramed meore kacoba 6. isic unda iTqvas, rom SevardnaZis garemocvaSi im dros JorJoliani yvelaze gavleniani kaci iyo da, rogorc Cans, SevardnaZis piradi simpaTiiT da mxardaWeriTac sargeblobda. magram aman ver SeuSala xeli SevardnaZes, sakuTari proeqtis miznebisaTvis optimaluri kandidatura SeerCia: ZalTa imdroindeli ganawilebis mixedviT Jvanias mdgomareoba da survili ufro cxadi, gasagebi da kontrolirebadi iyo, vidre sxvebisa: “meore kacoba” gulisxmobda “mrCevlobaSi” gamosWvioda 6 naTel, ki, daqvemdebarebul marTalia, Suasaukuneobrivi da gaurkvevlad “ruxi “Tavis da Tavze Camouyalibeblad, kardinalis” silueti: es, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo gansxvaveba male gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. 12 amRebis” pozicias, magram mainc gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis pretenzia pasuxismgeblobis SevardnaZisaTvis. mas sruliad pasuxismgeblobas aiRebda mis gareSe, rac sapirispiro yovlad sWirdeboda: gadawyvetilebebze. aseTi miuRebeli adamiani, kaci ki, iyo vinc arsebul kandidaturebs Soris mxolod Jvania iyo. ase iqca Jvania aTkaciani fraqciis lideridan Zalauflebis pasuxismgeblobis moziared aspeqtSi, magram – marTalia, yvelaferi imaze jerjerobiT miuTiTebda, mxolod rom male gadawyvetilebis nawilic misi sakuTreba gaxdeboda. Sedegad, axali konstituciis, SevardnaZeze teraqtis da axali parlamentis arCevis Semdeg, Jvania parlamentis Tavmjdomare gaxda. man SevardnaZis axali gzis gameoreba daiwyo: rogorc SevardnaZe airCia jer parlamentma, xolo Semdeg, 1995 wels – xalxma, aseve, 1995 wels Jvania parlamentis wevrebma parlamentis Tavmjdomared airCies. Jvaniam Zalauflebis sakuTari wilic miiRo. am wilis mixedviT mas ufleba hqonda, sakuTari momxreebi Seegrovebina. am Segrovebas SevardnaZec aqtiurad uWerda mxars: simulaciis mwarmoebeli rac ufro meti iqneboda, miT ufro myari gaxdeboda misi Zalauflebac. meore mxriv, realuri Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad, SevardnaZem Zalauflebis sakuTari (ufro mozrdili) nawilis mSeneblobasac mihyo xeli: ori Zala, romelsac is kargad icnobda jer kidev saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis mdivnobis dros, iyo 1) policia da 2) e. w. “saqmosnebi”, romlebic amave dros komunisturi partiis elitasac warmoadgendnen. yofili partiuli elita gawevrianda moqalaqeTa kavSirSi, ramac SevardnaZes, kvlavac Jvanias gunds amofarebuls, saSualeba misca, Zalauflebis mpyrobel Tanamdebobebze sakuTari xalxi moeyvana. am saqmis pirveli mercxali komunisturi partiis Tbilisis organizaciis yofili xelmZRvanelis – niko lekiSvilis – saxelmwifo ministrad daniSvna iyo. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac SevardnaZem aSkarad gayo Zalaufleba: parlamenti Jvanias Caabara demokratiis da Zalauflebis simulirebisaTvis, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba – lekiSvils: Zveli da Soris xelisuflebis subieqtebis gamocdili meTodebiT sakontrolod. aseT viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, konfliqti lekiSvilsa Jvanias gardauvali iyo. paralelurad Jvania Zalauflebis sakuTar sqemas adgenda: iseve, rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi, Jvaniasac sWirdeboda liberaluri demokratiis sayrdeni. amisaTvis man erTis mxriv arasamTavrobo seqtoris da mediis Ria mxardaWera, meore mxriv ki sakuTari gundis axali wevrebiT 13 gamdidreba daiwyo. Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT am proeqtis mizani cxadi iyo: rogorc Tavis droze SevardnaZes da ioselians, axla Jvaniasac sWirdeboda mxardamWerebi da liberaluri demokratiis upirobo warmomadgenlebi sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. 1995-1999 wlebze modis im reformebis piki, romelic Jvanias gundma daiwyo. Sesabamisad, amave dros emTxveva lekiSvilsa da Jvanias Soris dapirispirebis pikic. yoveli konfliqti, romelic am dros warmoiSva, SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyo Segnebulad stimulirebuli romelime mxaris mier, magram mimdinare procesebi xSirad TviTorganizebis principiT muSaobdnen. im wlebis yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli konfliqti telekompania “rusTavi 2”-is gamo moxda, rodesac prezidentTan daaxloebulma ramdenime pirovnebam moindoma am televiziis xelSi Cagdeba, anda, rogorc isini ambobdnen, maTi kuTvnili telekompaniis dabruneba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli mxare iyo marTali, erTmaneTs aSkarad daupirispirda prezidentis garemocva da kerZo biznesi, romelic maSin samoqalaqo aqtivobis xelisuflebas aSkarad telekompaniam, formas ufro SeeZlo samoqalaqo hgavda. brZola miuxedavad moego, sazogadoebis is imisa, moerida imdroindeli rom saqmis Canasaxebis im dros gamwvavebas. daxmarebiT, romlebic telekompaniaSi sakuTar xats da msgavs xedavdnen, SeZlo daecva Tavi. es ki iyo, susti magram mainc sagulisxmo niSani, rom xelisuflebis upirobo Zalaufleba qveyanaSi arsebobas wyvetda. SevardnaZis banakSi brZola Jvaniam kvlav moigo. lekiSvili gadadga. es Zalian xaverdovani gadadgoma iyo: lekiSvili gaxda moqalaqeTa kavSiris Tavmjdomaris moadgile da scada, mWidro kavSirebi daemyarebina JvaniasTan. es kavSiri Jvaniasac daujda WkuaSi, mas Semdeg, rac SevardnaZem saxelmwifo ministrad vaJa lorTqifaniZe, yofili ssrk 7 komunisturi partiuli elitis wevri, saxelmwifo ministris moadgile, Semdeg saqarTvelos elCi ruseTSi, daniSna. vaJa lorTqifaniZe cnobili iyo rogorc gamocdili moTamaSe da sxvadasxva SefasebebiT – Jvanias Tanabari mowinaaRmdege. lorTqifaniZe cnobili iyo ara marto politikosis unarebiT, aramed seriozuli kapitaliT da rus biznesmenebTan kavSirebiT. is SedarebiT axalgazrda da faqtobrivad, pirveli figura iyo, romelic Jvanias garda SevardnaZis memkvidris lorTqifaniZemac 7 postze daiwyo seriozuli sakuTari kandidati simulaciuri sabWiTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri. 14 SeiZleboda TamaSebi – yofiliyo. mediasTan, arasamTavroebTan mWidro urTierToba, rasac Jvania da misi gundi, ra Tqma unda, ver moiTmenda. Jvanias ukve Zlieri mokavSireebi sWirdeboda. es Zlieri mokavSireebi lekiSvilis daxmarebiT biznesmenebis – gaCeCilaZisa da gamyreliZis _ jgufis saxiT gamoCndnen. SevardnaZe kvlav agrZelebda mousyidavi msajulis rolis TamaSs. es misi pirveli da dauZleveli arasamTavroebis iluzia daxmarebiT iyo; Jvaniam, moaxerxa, rom sakuTari gundis, aRmasrulebeli mediis da xelisufleba SevardnaZesTan yofiliyo gaigivebuli da SevardnaZisaTvis sasurveli formula – parlamentis Tavmjdomare da saxelmwifo ministri – dapirispirebuli, TviTon maTze maRla mdgomi, mousyidavi msajuli – sazogadoebis TvalSi sakmaod male gaxda fiqcia. lorTqifaniZe damarcxda, SeiZleba iTqvas, swored Jvanias da axali Taobis biznesmenebis koaliciis gamo. Znelia ivaraudo, ra iyo am koaliciis realuri SemakavSirebeli da ra ara. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis mogebis Semdeg, sadac gaCeCilaZe-gamyreliZis gundi moqalaqeTa kavSiris siiT monawileobda, Jvanias gunds da biznesmenebs Soris konfliqti daiwyo. zogi versiiT, aliansis piroba iyo saxelmwifo ministris posti daviT gamyreliZisTvis. saxelmwifo ministris posti ki lorTqifaniZis Semdeg aSkarad neitralurma figuram, gia arseniSvilma daikava, romelic, jer kidev kaxeTSi prezidentis rwmunebulis Tanamdebobaze swored momrigebeli msajulis da konfliqtebze maRla mdgomis rols TamaSobda. rols, romelic SevardnaZes saqarTvelos masStabiT Tavisad miaCnda. SevardnaZes aSkarad undoda, arseniSvils Rirseulad Seecvala lorTqifaniZe da dapirispireboda Jvaniasac da saakaSvilsac. magram arseniSvilma es, aseve aSkarad, ar moindoma. amis Sedegad ZalTa ganawileba bundovani da gadRabnili gaxda. amaze cota xniT adre ramdenime mniSvnelovani movlena moxda. Jvanias gundis ramdenime wevri aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi gadavida: iusticiis, Semosavlebis da finansTa ministrebis postebi saakaSvilma, maWavarianma da noRaidelma daikaves. SevardnaZes da albaT Jvaniasac, am SemTxvevaSi erTnairi motivebi amoZravebdaT: orives undoda, egrZnobinebina TavTavianTi aRzrdilebisaTvis (SevardnaZes JvaniasaTvis, Jvanias – saakaSvil-maWavarian-noRaidelisaTvis), rom maT gareSe isini ver gadarCebodnen. Sedegi sakmaod sapirispiro iyo orivesaTvis: saakaSvilma damoukidebeli TamaSi daiwyo, rac dagvirgvinda nacionaluri moZraobis SeqmniT, Tbilisis sakrebuloSi 15 arCevnebis mogebiT da sakrebulos Tavmjdomared arCeviT, xolo maWavarianma da noRaidelma aSkarad SeiZines mniSvnelovani politikuri figurebis imiji. SevardnaZem kidev erTxel scada aRedgina sasurveli wonasworoba da sakuTari ze-pirovnuli msajulis roli: saxelmwifo ministrad avTandil jorbenaZe dainiSna. rogorc Cans, jorbenaZe Tanaxma iyo, konfliqtis subieqti gamxdariyo. Jvanias gadadgomis Semdeg da parlamanetSi e. w. Tematuri umravlesobis dafiqsirebis miuxedavad, jorbenaZes rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi ramdenime brZolis gadaxda/gamarTva mainc mouwia. ver ityvi, rom am Cum Tu Ria brZolebSi (mamalaZis, kartozias, xazaraZis winaaRmdeg) jorbenaZis pozicia antidemokratiuli iyo, magram faqtia, rom, konfliqtis centri mainc ar SenarCunda mTavrobasa da parlamentis Soris. Sedegad, xelisuflebis bzarebi ukve aSkarad SesamCnevi gaxda. paterloo 8, anu aRgeniTi samuSaoebi sadRac 2001-2002 wlebSi Zalauflebis arsebulma struqturam daSla daiwyo. Zalauflebis struqtura, iracionaluri Tanxmobis aRmasrulebel da romelic Sedegad kanonmdebel SevardnaZis demokratiis Stoebs Soris da Jvanias simulirebas konfliqts racionaluri da Tu xelisuflebis gulisxmobda, veRar muSaobda. Semdegi movlenebic, romlebic, Cemo momTmeno mkiTxvelo, Cvens garemoSi xdeba, anu romelTa Sesaxebac Seityob, Tuki SeeSvebi am wignis kiTxvas da televizors mousmen anda dRevandel gazeTebs gadaxedav 9, am faqtze reaqcias warmoadgens: xelisuflebaSi arsebobs mimarTuleba, Tavisi Zalian konkretuli warmomadgenlebiT, 8 Paterlaw (ingl.) – mamis (mamaos) kanoni. es sityva gansakuTrebiT im inteleqtualebs moewonebaT, romlebic am politikuri terminis ukan froidizmis gansxeulebas dainaxaven da mis gadatanas, rogorc es xdeba xolme, Seecdebian iq, sadac erTaderTi Sedegi fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebis metaforuli (ver vityvi maxvilgonivruli, radganac aseTi miyenebebi sul ufro da ufro Tavsdeba rutinuli azrovnebis sazRvrebSi) gamoyenebis xelovnebaa. 9 es pasaJi exeba saqarTvelos (an postsabWoTa qveynis) moqalaqes da validuria am wignis gamocemis dRidan maqsimum erT weliwads. Tumca, avtorisaTvis movlenaTa arasasurveli ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi es pasaJi SeiZleba am wignis meore, mesame da a. S. gamocemebis drosac iyos aqtualuri. 16 romelic xels uwyobs Zalauflebis am struqturis aRdgenas, da aseve, arsebobs mimarTuleba, romelic xels uwyobs am struqturis rRvevas. am Zalebis subieqtebi ar aris mkveTrad dadgenili 10, Tumca maTi diferenciacia mainc SesaZlebelia. 2003 wlis dasawyisis ramdenime politikuri movlena aSkarad miuTiTebs imas, rom xelisuflebas TiTqosda gamosavali ara aqvs da apirebs Zveli, saqarTveloSi ukve gamocdili scenariT imoqmedos, anu Tavidan daadges im gzas, ramac dRevandlamde mogviyvana: me minda gagaxsenoT, Tu ra iyo im Zalauflebis dasawyisi, romelic dRes irRveva: 1) mkveTri dapirispireba prozviadistur ZalebTan mimdinareobda mitingebis rbeviT da adamianis uflebebis darRveviT. es xdeboda inteleqtualTa ZiriTadi nawilis mxardaWeris fonze, romlebic yvelaferze iyvnen Tanaxma, oRond saqarTvelo demokratiul Tanamegobrobas eRiarebina. es imdroindel (yofil partiul) funqcionerebsac awyobdaT, radganac arsebuli, memkvidreobiT miRebuli resursebi mravalricxovani demokratiasa amowuruli kreditebi da iyo, liberalur iyo, da romelsac demokratiaze erTaderTi saSveli saqarTvelo mimarTul miiRebda, qveynad maTTvis Tuki is mas aRiarebdnen; 2) arCevnebis Ria gayalbeba: xelisuflebas amaSic Cumi Tanxmoba hqonda miRebuli rogorc funqcionerebisagan inteleqtual/inteligenciisagan: (gasagebia, esec iyo erTgvari ratomac), sazRauri aseve, liberaluri reformebis dawyebisaTvis; 3) terori mimarTuli revanSistul da mowinaaRmdege politikur partiebisaken: esec Cumad marTldeboda, rogorc stabilurobis da demokratiis safasuri. xelisufleba 2003 wlis dasawyisSi Seecada samive am maxasiaTeblis aRdgenas: 1) SeiaraRebulma jgufma daarbia “axali memarjveneebis” ofisi; 2) parlamentSi Sevida kanonproeqti e. w. “imperatiuli mandatis” Sesaxeb, romelic partiul bosebs saSualebas aZlevs, urCi partiis wevrebi gamoiwvion sakrebuloebidan; 3) daiwyo momitingeebis rbeva: argumentebi da diskursi, romelsac policielebi iyenebdnen Zalian waagavda 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis enas: “mxolod sami adgilia TbilisSi, sadac SeiZleba mitingebis gamarTva”, “aravis mivcem nebas, rusTavelze mitingi moawyos”, “specialuri nebarTvaa saWiro meriidan” da a. S. amave dros xelisufleba cdilobs, Seqmnas inteligenciis jgufi, romelic amas yvelafers gaamarTlebs: 10 anu erTi da imave politikuri subieqti sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba an Zveli struqturis aRdgenas exmarebodes, anda angrevdes mas da sxva wesrigisaken iyos mimarTuli. 17 moqalaqeTa kavSiri (ukve “axali saqarTvelo”) jorbenaZis xelSi isev cdilobs inteligenciis karti gaaTamaSos. iseve, rogorc 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amjerad “mxardamWerTa jgufis” erTi nawili mkveTrad gamoirCeva nomenklaturuli warsuliT da awmyoTi, xolo meore nawils jerjerobiT ucnobi axalgazrdoba 11 warmoadgens. xelisufleba cdilobs, kvlav Sekras demokratiis is simulaciuri veli, romelic rRvevas iwyebs. isic unda iTqvas, rom xelisufleba am mcdelobaSic erTiani ar aris; Tuki jorbenaZe cdilobs 90-iani wlebis Tavidan dawyebas da albaT fiqrobs, rom TviTon ukeTesad SeZlebs, vidre Jvaniam SeZlo, SevardnaZis guli aSkarad sabWoTa kavSirs ekuTvnis. amas miuTiTebs mis mier am bolo dros gaxSirebuli apelireba sakuTar sabWoTa warsulze da gamocdilebaze. Tumca es dapirispireba jerjerobiT mxolod Teoriulia, da zogjer Tu wamohyofs Tavs. es “zogjer” iyo, rodesac jorbenaZem saxelmwifo kancelariis miseuli struqtura warudgina SevardnaZes – saxelmwifo ministrisaTvis didi uflebebis miniWebiT da sxva qve-danayofebis (maT Soris uSiSroebis sabWos) daqvemdebarebiT. es proeqti imdenad aSkarad cvlida ZalTa ganawilebas, rom SevardnaZem masze aseve aSkarad uari Tqva. sxva mxriv – aRdgeniT samuSaoebze TiTqos SevardnaZec Tanaxmaa – Tundac imitom, rom misTvis demokratiis simulaciis aRdgenis procesi da “socializmi adamianuri saxiT” 12 Zneli gansasxvavebeli iqneba. Tumca, am saqmeSi isini martoni ar arian, da xan erT, xan ki meore opoziciur partias “wascdeba xeli” aRdgeniT samuSaoebSi monawileobisaken: aseTi magaliTi arc Tu ise cotaa, iqneba es axali memarjveneebis gaubedaoba adamianis uflebebis dacvis moTxovnis saqmeSi Tu nacionaluri moZraobis survili, jumber patiaSvili Caweros saparlameto saarCevno siaSi. rac Seexeba naTelaSvilis leiborizms, is mTlianad aRdgeniTi samuSaos momxrea. ase rom Znelia, qarTvel leiboristebs opozicia uwodo, imdenad mimarTulia maTi lideris mowodebebi sabWoTa kavSiris socialuri da politikuri garemos restavraciisaken. bolo dromde “axlebs” aSkarad uWirdaT Segueba imasTan, rom mxolod “Tanabari pirobebis moTxovna” ar unda iyos demokratiuli Zalis damaxasiaTebeli. 11 12 qarTuli politikuri JargoniT “axali saxeebi”. “socializmi adamianuri saxiT” – lozungi, romelic ssrk-s arsebobis bolo wlebSi ideologias edo safuZvlad da sabWoTa banakis da dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis simbolur daaxloebas isaxavda miznad. 18 xelisuflebasTan mkveTr gamijvnamde “axlebs” imedi hqondaT, rom Zveli “Jvaniaseuli” meTodebiT moaxdendnen Zalauflebis mopovebas Tu ara, gaziarebas mainc. maTac gadadges “axalgazrda moqkavSirelebis” istoriuli nabijebi: wavidnen aSS-Si, elaparaknen wamyvan politikosebs, daarwmunes isini (an darwmundnen rom daarwmunes) TavianT demoratiulobaSi, iqauri qarTvelebi lobistobisaTvis gamoiyenes. mokled, Caidines yvelaferi, rac Jvanias gundma 90-ian wlebSi moimoqmeda. magram Tu yovelive es Jvanias, am teqnologiis gamomgoneblis, SemTxvevaSi lamis gamocxadebad Tu Canacvlebis saxe winaaRmdeg, maT miuxedavad amisa, TargamaZesTan aRiqmeboda, miiRo. Semdeg, dRes gamosvlebSi axlebi ismis patarkaciSvilTan, kavSiris xSiri axlebis ukve mkveTrad samoqalaqo aseve, miTiTeba maT mier gameorebisas gamodian uflebebis yofil jer rutinuli xelisuflebis dacvis moTxovnebic. nomenklaturasTan kidev aRdgeniTi – kaxa samuSaoebis mwarmoebelTa rigSi tovebs. aseve, aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis monawile xdeba Jvanias partiac – gaerTianebuli demokratebi. ris winaaRmdegac maT jer-jerobiT xma aimaRles, aris politikuri partiebis uflebebis Selaxva da dabali xelfasebi. es ukanaskneli, marTalia, mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebazea mimarTuli, magram mainc “mzrunveli partia/momlodine, madlieri mosaxleobis” sabWoTa institutis suni asdis. es ki miuTiTebs, rom restavraciis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini sxvanairad veRar darCebian politikur zedapirze, siamovnebiT ganaaxleben im TamaSs, romelic kargad ician – Zalauflebis mier simulirebuli demokratiiT da demokratiis mier simulirebuli ZalauflebiT. nacionalur moZraobas rac Seexeba, cxadia, rom patiaSvilis CarTva sakuTar siebSi maT mier xmebis dagrovebis surviliTaa gamowveuli: magram saeWvoa, rom moZraoba am CarTviT ufro mets moigebs, vidre dakargavs. nacionaluri moZraoba sakuTar momavals liberalur-demokratiul gardaqmnebs ukavSirebs. misi wevrebisaTvis cxadia, rom isini verasodes daupirispireben maT winaaRmdeg arsebul fuls ufro met fuls. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daupirispires, maTi unikaloba, anu maqsimaluri demokratizaciis da liberalizmis talRaze xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaken mimarTuloba, gaqreba: did fuls didi kompromisebi mosdevs. 19 mcire jgufebis kanoni rogorc dagrovebis amas gamo bolo aTi saarCevno weli siaSi gviCvenebs, gaerTianeba saqarTveloSi yovelTvis mxolod cudad xmebis mTavrdeboda. Zalauflebis saswori yovelTvis im mcire jgufisaken ixreboda, vis sasargeblodac didma jgufma mcire daTmoba moaxdina. ase iyo Jvanias SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is yofil partiul nomenklaturasTan da axlebTan wavida garigebaze, aseve iyo aRorZinebis SemTxvevaSi – rodesac is mcire jgufma – giorgi TargamaZis da sandro bregaZis meTaurobiT – faqtiurad daSala. amitom, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom patiaSvilis daxmarebiT gamarjvebuli nacionaluri moZraoba iseve Caeflos kompromisebis da “politikuri aucileblobebis” WaobSi da aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis mwarmoeblebis rigSi Cadges. 20 es dasawyisi imaTTvisaa, vinc “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” waikiTxes, anda, ar waukiTxavT, da mainc ainteresebT, ra weria im wignSi. amave dros, moswonT inteleqtualuri TamaSebi – cnobili da arc Tu ise cnobili azrebis amocnoba, maTi parodireba an maTTan SekamaTeba, daTanxmeba an ardaTanxmeba. . III. meore Sesavali – iZuleba socialuri realobisaTvis sami wlis winaT, 1999 wels, Cems wignSi “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” vwerdi, realobisaTvis. rom imisaTvis, saqarTvelosTvis rom qveyana aucilebelia iZuleba socialuri Camoyalibebuliyo rogorc garkveuli, konkretuli tipis socialuri sistema, Zalauflebis im simulaciebze, romelsac imdroindeli xelisufleba awarmoeboda, uaris Tqma mimaCnda saWirod. wigni “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” aris imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor simulirebs Zalaufleba liberalur demokratias, da aseve, Tu rogor xdeba Zalauflebis arsebobis simulirebac: saqarTvelo aris qveyana, sadac Zalian Zlieria sabWoTa kavSiris ganpirobebulia droindeli mravali sistemebi, mizeziT, institutebi rogoricaa da Rirebulebebi. sabWoTakavSiriseuli es mmarTvelobis gamocdilebis mqone xalxis mosvla xelisuflebaSi, axali gamocdilebis mqone mmarTvelebis sisuste, qveyanaSi arsebuli simdidris arasamarTliani gadanawileba da sxva. amave dros, warmatebiT mimdinareobs liberaluri demokratiis arsebobis simulacia 13: xdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, masmediis, demokratiuli institutebis simulaciuri orbitis Seqmna, romelic, erTi mxriv, qveynis SigniT, xolo meore mxriv, qveynis gareT qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom sabWoTa reliqtebi kvdomadi da umniSvneloa, xolo axali institutebis gavlenis zrda da momavali – mniSvnelovani. aseve, iqmneba Sexeduleba, rom bolos da bolos, demokratiuli institutebi Caanacvleben sabWoTa reliqtebs da yvelaferi kargad “dasruldeba”. Cemi wignis mizani iyo cxadad meCvenebina, rom aRweril mdgomareobas ara aqvs ganviTareba, rom es balansi – Zlieri reliqtebi da demokratiuli intitutebis simulaciuri orbita – maradiulia, Tu ar moxda gansakuTrebuli politikuri nebis Camoyalibeba. amis 13 simulacia aris is, rac faravs imas, rom mis ukan araferi ar aris. rac simulirebs safuZvlis da kavSiris gareSe. anu simulacia simulirebs safuZvels, arsebiTs, ZiriTads, ise, rom araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs imasTan, ris simulirebasac axorcielebs. 21 safuZvels maZlevda simulaciuri (da ara marto simulaciuri) sistemebis TviTkmari buneba, romelTa SigniT araferi ar aris iseTi, rom mniSvnelovani struqturuli Secvla da gadasxvafereba gamoiwvios. ra Tqma unda, arsad ar damiweria, magram namdvilad vgulisxmobdi, rom gza, romelsac saqarTvelos mmarTveloba da sazogadoeba unda daadges, aris liberaluri demokratiis gza, rom sxva SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, am sami wlis win imedi mqonda, rom simulaciuri sistemebidan erTaderTi gamosavali iyo simulaciaze uaris Tqma da liberalur-demokratiuli sistemis danergva/dadgena. magram es ase ar moxda. am wignis mizania imis aRwera, Tu ra moxda am bolo dros da ra SeiZleba moxdes: arsebobs Tu ara dRevandeli movlenebis ganviTarebis Sansi, Tu dResac, iseve, rogorc sami wlis winaT, gayinvis winaSe vdgavarT. ra ucnauric ar unda yofiliyo, simulaciuri sistemis darRveva daiwyo ara iqidan, saidanac me am “gansakuTrebul politikuri nebas” velodi 14, aramed imaTi mxridan, vinc reliqtur sistemebSi cxovrobda da maT kvlavwarmoebas axdenda. amis mizezi isev simulaciuri sistemebis bunebaSia, romelsac pirobiTad “simulanti pacientis da fsiqiatris urTierToba” SeiZleba davarqvaT. simulantebi da fsiqiatrebi, anu avadmyofobebis, moCvenebiTi avadmyofobebis, maTi gankurnebis da vergankurnebis Sesaxeb arsebobs eWvi, rom giJebi mxolod mas Semdeg gaxdnen sapyrobileSi Casasmeli, rac simulantebma socialuri sargeblis miReba daiwyes. anu maSin, rodesac simulacia, rogorc socialuri fenomeni, safrTxis Semcveli gaxda. “erTaderTi meTodi, riTac mcodne fsiqiatri cnobs simulants, aris avadmyofobis ganviTarebaze dakvirveba. simulanti ver simulirebs avadmyofobis ganviTarebas, simulants mxolod stabiluri simptomebis simulacia SeuZlia” – britanel fsiqiatr serJ iomasTan saubridan. ambavi ki ase moxda: demokratiis da liberaluri momavlis simulacia saqarTveloSi warmatebiT mimdinareobda. erTi SexedviT es ar zRudavda reliqtur, sabWoTa Zalauflebas, magram SezRudva mainc arsebobda; es iyo TviTSezRudva, romelsac reliqturi 14 xelisufleba eweoda simulirebuli demokratiis da demokratiuli me amas velodi, ra Tqma unda, im gundidan, romelic, rogorc maSin Canda, am simulirebas imitom eweoda, rom namdvilis gakeTebis saSualeba ar hqonda. 22 Zalauflebis SiSiT. anu SevardnaZe 15, misi ojaxi, klanebi, romlebic nel-nela yalibdeboda, ufrTxoda, erTi mxriv, dasavleTs, romelsac warmoebul simulaciaSi liberaluri demokratiis garantis roli hqonda miniWebuli, xolo meore mxriv, samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, romelic amave simulaciis scenarSi demokratiis Zlieri damcvelis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. swored aq Semodis scenaze “fsiqiatri”, romelic mcodnec aris da gamocdilic 16. sigiJe, misi imitacia da mkurnalTa mxridan mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gzebi, meTodebi da gamocdileba sigiJis da civilizaciis istorias rom gadavxedoT, vnaxavT, rom giJebis gancalkeveba normalurebisagan da maTTvis specialuri adgilebis miCena ar unda iyos maindamanc XVII saukunis pirmSo da represiis mesame aqti kacobriobis istoriaSi (policiis da sasamarTlos Semdeg). giJebis socialuri izolacia ufro sargeblis miRebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. sigiJidan da gansxvavebulobidan sargeblis miRebis SezRudvis survili unda yofiliyo is, rac e. w. normalurebs, Zalauflebis mqoneT da normebis damdgenebs, amoZravebdaT akrZalvebis da represiebis SemoRebisas. giJi da sigiJe ar adgas imave gzas, rasac sazogadoebis normaluri wevri, da ar cdilobs imave mizans miaRwios. amas mxolod simulanti akeTebs, anu is, vinc garkveuli miznis misaRwevad igiJianebs Tavs. Sesabamisad, civilizaciis mmarTvelebi igoneben izolaciis meqanizms. marTalia, giJs eniSneba da eZleva sazogadoebrivi simdidris nawili, magram es aranair kavSiriSi ar aris im miznebTan da im “simdidresTan”, romelsac simulanti SeiZleba eswrafodes. Sesabamisad, sagiJeTi es aris warmatebuli (an warumatebeli) mcdeloba, gauqmdes simulaciis saWiroeba da xibli. sagiJeTi, calke, izolirebuli dasaxleba giJebisaTvis, mimarTulia ara sigiJis, aramed simulaciis winaaRmdeg. M 15 dRes ukve SevardnaZe aSkara reliqturi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelia, Tumca jer kidev sami wlis win TviTonac aqtiurad monawileobda simulaciuri orbitebis SeqmnaSi. 16 mkiTxvelis vTxov ar gaaigivos es personaJi konkretul eduard SevardnaZesTan. Aam SemTxvevaSi, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, “fsiqiatri” reliqturi xelisuflebis koleqtiuri saxea, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT moqmedebda saqarTvelos politikur scenaze. is xan SevardnaZea, xan abaSiZe, xan Jvania, xan rCeuliSvili, xan saakaSvili. 23 mxolod mogvianebiT, rodesac simulacia daZleulia, an hgoniaT rom daZleulia, civilizacia mimarTavs “mkurnalobis, dialogis da siCumis” meTodebs. anu mTeli marili isev da isev simulantis amocnobaSia, rac rTuli saqmea, da rasac gamocdili fsiqiatri sWirdeba. es inteleqtualuri pasaJi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba ase iTargmnos: reliqturma mmarTvelobam, romelic sakmaod gamocdili iyo Tavis da Tavisi msgavsebis dakvirvebaSi, aRmoaCina, rom liberaluri demokratia romelic e. w. demokratiuli “frTis” mier iwarmoeba, ar viTardeba, da mudam erTsa da imave TemebSi, problemebSi da sakiTxebSi trialebs. es aRmoCena sworxazovnad ar unda gavigoT da ar unda CavTvaloT, rom SevardnaZem aRmoaCina, rom Jvania da saakaSvili simulireben liberalur demokratias da daiwyo maT mimarT represiuli meTodebis gamoyeneba, rac maT srul ignorirebaSi gamoixata. igive procesi SeiZleba aRvweroT Jvanias da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis urTierTobis mimarTac, rodesac Jvania mixvda, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ramdenime arasamTavrobo organizaciaa da meti araferi, da SevardnaZis msgavsad, adekvaturi nabiji gadadga maTi ignorirebisaken da a. S. mokled, daaxloebiT 2000 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mTelma politikurma speqtrma aRmoaCina, rom is, risic eSinodaT, sul ar iyo saSiSi da angariSgasawevi. Tumca, imisi Tqmac ar SeiZleba, rom Tavis droze, rodesac demokratiis simulaciis proeqti mzaddeboda, am proeqtis mTavari safrTxobela – saerTaSoriso demokratiuli Tanamegobroba da demokratiuli qveynebi – sulac ar iyo saSiSi reliqturi Zaluflebis klubisaTvis: saqme isaa, rom Zalian bevri ram, rac dRes saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasicocxlo safuZvelia – saxelmwifo kreditebi, saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo grantebi, saerTaSoriso politikuri mxardaWera da a. S. – haerSi ekida da yvelam, maT Soris SevardnaZemac icoda, rom SevardnaZis avtoriteti, misi Zlierebis miuxedavad, sakmaod sasruli iyo da Zalian male amoiwureboda, ise, rom SeiZleboda erT saarCevno vadasac ar hyofnoda. is, rac im dros saSiSi da mosafrTxilebeli iyo, “marTlac” aseTi iyo: simulaciis proeqti xels aZlevda yvelas – maTac, visac ZalauflebaSi mosvla undoda, da maTac visac ar undoda wasuliyo Zalauflebidan: anu es awyobda rogorc im gunds, romelic Jvanias garSemo yalibdeboda, aseve im gundsac, romelic Tavs ikrebda SevardnaZis garSemo: Tumca, im dros, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, Jvania jer kidev ar iyo erTaderTi: is ubralod 24 saukeTeso partniori aRmoCnda SevardnaZisaTvis. simulaciis man SevardnaZes gaziarebis simulaciuri safasurad Zalauflebis aranaklebi SesTavaza. da Zalauflebis arasamTavrobo organizaciebis politikuri bumi Jvanias damsaxurebaa, aseve, misi damsaxurebaa im politikuri elitis Seqmna, romelic 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi – 2001 wlis noembris ambebamde – warmatebiT eweoda simulaciis proeqtis ganxorcielebas da am proeqtSi sxva – gare Tu Sida – aqtorebis CarTvas. Sedegad moxda is, rac wonasworul sistemebs emarTebaT. azri, rom sistema SeiZleba mudam iyos wonasworobaSi, da rom wonasworobis darRveva ara sistemis Sinagani bunebidan, aramed subieqturi faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, iluziaa, ucodinaroba Tu ara: subieqturma faqtorma SeiZleba wonasworoba Zalian didxans SeinarCunos – amis saukeTeso magaliTia SevardnaZe, romlis wonasworulma sistemam (rogorc iqna) 2000 wlis bolos daiwyo rRveva. verc erTi subieqturi faqtori ver Secvlis sistemis Sinagan Tvisebas: bunebrivia, sistemis amocanaa im safrTxeebis ganeitraleba, rac mas garedan emuqreba: sistemam safrTxe sakuTar enaze unda “Targmnos”, garkveuli kodireba mianiWos, imisaTvis, rom misi sawinaaRmdego Zalebi sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCinos an gamozardos. Sesabamisad, arsebulma simulaciurma sistemam gare safrTxe sakuTar, simulaciis enaze Targmna da, Sesabamisad, simulaciurad aqcia. anu mTeli wonasworuli sistema darwmunda, rom safrTxe safrTxe ar aris, Tu mas simulaciis enaze daelaparakebi. es rTuli msjeloba saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis enaze niSnavs, rom Jvanias gundi ise kargad aTamaSda, rom yvelas, maT Soris SevardnaZis mxaresac, daanaxa, rom safrTxe simulaciuria, da rom erTi maRali saerTaSoriso reputaciis mqone gundis arseboba sakmarisia, rom es safrTxe ganeitraldes. maSasadame, simulaciuri meTodebi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom realuri safrTxe gaqres. TiTqosda sistema kvlav wonasworobaSi movida. magram amjerad TamaSSi SevardnaZis mxarec CaerTo: maT reliqturis aRorZinebis proeqtis SemuSaveba ukve dawyebuli hqondaT. am axali proeqtis mixedviT, Tuki isini aRadgendnen Zvel Zalauflebas ise, rom simulaciur fars xels ar axlebdnen, yvelaferi kargad iqneboda. Tumca, am proeqtiT Zalaufleba araTanabrad nawildeboda: mTeli Zalaufleba reliqtur gunds unda dabruneboda, xolo axal gunds mTlianad simulaciis TamaSebi unda eTamaSa. es versia gamagrebuli iyo imiTac, rom politikur scenaze sxva, gamyreliZe/gaCeCilaZis gundic gamoCnda, romelic Jvanias daumorCileblobis 25 SemTxvevaSi sixaruliT Caenacvleboda mas. reliqturis aRorZinebis proeqtis mixedviT, jildo kargi qcevisaTvis simulaciuri Zalauflebis samyarodan realuri Zalauflebis samyaroSi gadayvana unda yofiliyo. ganxorcielebac daiwyo: Jvanias gundidan ramdenime kaci dainiSna aRmasrulebeli finansTa ministrebi. xelisuflebis Tanamdebobebze: magram amjerad procesSi simulaciis dros Seiqmna. 26 is Semosavlebis, realoba CaerTo, iusticiis, romelic es mesame Sesavali imaTTvisaa, visac wakiTxuli aqvs “Zalauflebis simulaciebi” da survili gauCnda avtors ufro mokled eTqva Tavisi saTqmeli. mesame Sesavali aris umoklesi gza 12 niSnisaken, romelic samive Sesavlis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. . . . . . . III. mesame Sesavali – trul-klapaciusis sindromi stanislav lemis fantastikuri Janris erT-erTi moTxroba, romelic trulis da klapaciusis – mTels samyaroSi cnobili konstruqtorebis erT-erT mogzaurobas eZRvneba, gviyveba, rogor Seuqmna trulma erT-erT gandevnil mefes saxelmwifos miniaturuli simulaciuri modeli. Kkonstruqtori imdenad ecada, rom modeli namdvilisaTvis daemgvanebina, rom misda uneburad axali, marTalia miniaturuli, magram mainc, civilizacia gamouvida. miniaturuli adamianebi, sabolood, atomuri energiis saidumloebas daeuflnen, mefe ki sakuTari asteroidis (maTTvis planetis) xelovnur Tanamgzavrad gadaaqcies. realoba, romelic simulaciurma procesebma gamoiwvia, iyo is minimumi, romelic aucilebeli iyo simulirebisaTvis: imisaTvis, rom simulaciam iarsebos, mas minimaluri realoba mainc sWirdeba – realoba, romelic daadasturebs, rom simulirebuli realuria. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi simulirebulis realuroba eWvqveS dadgeba. ase, simulants sWirdeba eqimi, romelic ityvis, rom is avadaa. aseve, simulirebul politikur sistemas sWirdeba damadasturebeli, romelic ityvis, rom politikuri sistema marTlac aseTia da ki ar simulirebs, aramed, realurad awarmoebs demokratias. saqarTveloSi realobis aseTi sul mcire sami agenti iyo saWiro, romlebic daadasturebdnen, rom arsebuli saxelmwifo-politikuri sistema marTlac is iyo, radac is Tavs asaRebda: es sami aucilebeli agenti, romelic rogorc demokratiuli TanamegobrobisaTvis, aseve Sida politikuri diskursisaTvis daadasturebda simulaciis realobas, iyo 1) Tavisufali masmedia; 2) samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ZiriTadi birTvi – arasamTavrobo organizaciebis simravle, maT Soris, adamianis uflebaTa damcveli organizaciebis siZliere; 3) Tavisufali bazari, anu Tavisufali da Zlieri mewarmeebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT sakuTari da sakuTari daqiravebulebis uflebebis dacva, TviT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da romlebic aseve, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenen. 27 amis Sesaxeb “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebSi” vwerdi da aranairi survili ara maqvs Tavidan aRvwero is meqanizmebi, romlis saSualebiTac Zalaufleba simulirebda Tavisufal masmedias da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs. aseTive warmatebiT saxelmwifo Tavisufali mewarmeebis arsebobis simulaciasac eweoda; ZiriTadad es xdeboda merkantilur-oligarqiuli sistemebis SeqmniT, sadac centrSi, ra Tqma unda, prezidentis ojaxi iyo moTavsebuli. Tumca Tavisufali mewarmeebis simulirebas e. w. demokratebTan dakavSirebuli biznesmenebic asrulebdnen. maTi gvarebic ar emTxveoda politikos-liderebis gvarebs da oligarqiuli kavSirebisadmi Tvalis midevneba rTuli iyo rogorc saSualo qarTvelisaTvis, aseve da miT ufro, saqarTvelos megobari demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis. M me aranairi survili ara maqvs es biznesmenebi “sisxlismsmel wurbelebad” warmovadgino: ubralod, faqtia, rom axlobloba aRmoCnda is gadamwyveti am xalxisaTvis piroba, politikos-liderebTan romelmac maT sxvebTan SejibrSi gaamarjvebina. aseve araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi konkurencia ar arsebobs da warmoebis da kvlavwarmoebis sferoebi mkacrad ganawilebulia 17. konkurencia mimdinareobs da mimdinareobs swored oligarqebs Soris 18. anu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisufali bazari arsebobs mxolod rogorc oligarqebis konkurencia. magram, oligarqiuli sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri dayofa: oligarqiuli sistemebis wevrebi TviTon qmnian sakuTar ojaxebs, agulianeben sakuTar xalxs da a. S. resursebi ki iseT qveyanaSi rogoric saqarTveloa, sadac oligarqiulobis Sesabamisad, xelSemwyobi konfliqti kanonebi “Zvelebs” da miiReba, “axlebs” potenciurad Soris amowurvadia. gardauvalia. resursebi amowurvadia im azriT, rom aravin ar aris Tanaxma Tundac hipoTezur mogebaze Tqvas uari. es daZabuloba farulad arsebobda mmarTveli partiis konklavebs Soris, magram afeTqda noembris movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac mmarTveli partia daiSala. igive SeiZleba iTqvas masmediis da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qve- sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom masmedia Tavisuflad gamoiyurebodes, man am Tavisuflebis demonstrireba unda moaxdinos. demonstrireba ki Semdegnairad unda moxdes: konkretulma masmediis organom unda aCvenos mosaxleobas, rom is 17 Tumca 90-iani wlebis bolos mmarTvel partiaSi ZiriTadad aseT ganwyoba dominirebda. 18 iseve, rogorc ZiriTadi politikuri brZola, 2002 wlis noembramde, mxolod mmarTvelo partiis SigniT mimdinareobda. 28 politikurad dapiripirebuli mxareebis Sesaxeb simarTles ambobs. anu simarTles ambobs rogorc imis Sesaxeb, vinc mas simulirebs, aseve imis Sesaxeb, vinc am simulaciis winaaRmdegia. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, fsiqiatriuli daskvnis gakeTeba, rom 2001 safrTxis wlis 11 ararsebobis seqtembramde aRmoCena, moxda, anu rodesac saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisaTvis nebismier regionSi stabilurobas gacilebiT meti mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre demokratias da sazogadoebis mowyobis liberalur principebs. es iyo dro, rodesac Tundac teroristebis mier uzrunvelyofili mSvidoba da siwynare misaRebi iyo rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, aseve, da ufro metad, evropis Zlieri saxelmwifoebisaTvis. miT umetes, Tuki es wynari adgili geografiulad centraluri evropidanac ki sakmaod daSorebuli iyo. amitomac, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi daiwyo mzadeba sabWoTa kavSiris restavraciisaTvis. erTi ucnauri ram ki moxda: Tuki am dromde “reliqturi xelisuflebis klubi” mzad iyo yvela mieRo Tavis rigebSi, risTvisac sakmarisi iyo formaluri Tavisufleba, dartyma liberaluri sindisis demokratiis Tavisufleba, romelime adamianis wyaroze uflebebi, (sityvis arasamTavrobo organizaciebi), amis Semdeg es klubi daiketa, da gawevrianebis rac ar unda didi survili gamoeTqvaT sxvebs, Tu maT genetikuri kavSiri ar hqondaT an aRsadgen sistemasTan, an prezidentis ojaxTan, maTi miReba ar xdeboda. Tuki xelisuflebam 2000 wlisaTvis aRmoaCina, rom demokratiuli safrTxobela mxolod safrTxobela iyo, 2001 wlis Semodgomis movlenebma daanaxa, rom isini aSkarad cdebodnen Tavis SefasebebSi. manamde maT Tavisi Secdomis dadastureba telekompania “rusTavi 2”-is Jurnalistis, giorgi sanaias mkvlelobaze Tbilisis mosaxleobis reaqciaSi SeiZleboda amoekiTxaT: giorgi sanaias mkvlelobis gamoZiebis moTxovniT rusTavelis gamzirze mosul ramdenime aTas moqalaqes cxadad unda eqcia demokratiis (am SemTxvevaSi xalxis mmarTvelobis) arcTu iluzoruloba da simulirebuloba. magram aq albaT rusuli analogiebi CaerTo movlenebis SefasebaSi – kompania NНТВ-s lideris – listevis mkvlelobam, Tumca gamoiyvana xalxi quCaSi, magram aman xeli ver SeuSala ruseTis xelisuflebas mogvianebiT НТВ saerTod daexura da sakuTari mmarTveloba, marTalia arapirdapir, magram mainc, daeniSna. swored am rusulma analogiam waaqeza 2002 wlis noemberSi e. w. Zalovani ministrebi Seteva mietanaT “rusTavi 2”-is ofisze. konkretulad, 27 oqtombers 29 uSiSroebis saministros TanamSromlebi mividnen “rusTavi 2”-is saTao ofisSi da finansuri dokumentaciis gadmocema moiTxoves. televiziis ukve gamocdilma mflobelebma da Jurnalistebma erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba miiRes: am faqtidan satelevizio Sou dadges. saqmeSi telekamerebi CaerTvnen da is, rac xdeboda “rusTavi 2”-is ofisSi, mTel TbilisSi gadaicemoda. Tavis dasacavad mowyobili aqcia Semtev moqmedebad iqca. “rusTavi 2”-is SenobasTan Tavmoyra daiwyes moqalaqeebma. “rusTavi 2”-Tan Ramis gatarebis Semdeg momitingeebma ukve parlamantis win gadainacvles SevardnaZis da mTavrobis gadadgomis moTxovniT. ra Tqma unda, es ukve, rogorc saqarTveloSi uyvarT 19 Tqma, “marTuli aqcia iyo”, magram verc erTi mitingi ver Catardeba, Tuki ar arsebobs is, risi marTvac 20 SeiZleba. 2002 wlis noembris movlenebis SemTxvevaSi es iyo mosaxleobis ukmayofileba da protestis grZnoba im socialuri Tu politikuri damcirebis mimarT, romelsac mTavroba yovel wuTs, pirdapir, Ria eTeriT, Tu iribad, sakuTari warmomadgnelebis saSualebiT, axorcielebda. ukanaskneli inteligentis brwyinvaleba da siduxWire momitingeebis raodenoba sul ufro da ufro matulobda. xelisufleba aSkarad dabneuli iyo. arsad Candnen kaxa TargamaZis naqebi policielebi. jaris gamoyeneba imTaviTve gamoricxuli iyo oficrebSi antiSevardnaZistuli ganwyobis gamo, romelmac 2002 wlis gazafxulze muxrovanis batalionis gaficvaSic amoxeTqa. mitingi daiwyo “rusTavi 2”-is ambebis iniciatorebis – Sinagan saqmeTa ministris, kaxa TargamaZis, uSiSroebis ministris vaxtang quTaTelaZis da generaluri prokuroris gia mefariSvilis gadadgomis moTxovniT. prezidenti ar apirebda Tavisi erTguli xalxis gadayenebas. amitom sul ufro da ufro daJinebiT ismoda prezidentis gadadgomis moTxovnebi. parlamentis Tavmjdomarem Jvaniam, romlis urTierToba prezidentTan da mis garemocvasTan im droisaTvis ukve sakmaod daZabuli 19 20 iyo, gamoacxada, rom is gadadgeboda, dRes xSirad Tuki prezidenti gadaayenebda Tu ratom, ixile qvemoT. “marTulobis” argumenti gamoiyeneba opoziciis mier organizebuli mitingebis Tu sxva aqciebis WinaaRmdeg. magram am erTi SexedviT uwyinari frazis ukan imaleba marqsistul-leninuri Teoriis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs xalxis “namdvili risxva”, da arsebobs burJuaziis mier “agorebuli”, romelic am agorebuls Semdeg gasamdidreblad iyenebs. Zneli ar aris “marTulobis” diskursSi sabWoTa ideologiuri reliqti dainaxo. 30 ministrTa sameuls. SevardnaZes Jvanias gadadgoma WkuaSi daujda. generalurma prokurorma dawera gadadgomis gancxadeba, xolo prezidentma mTeli mTavroba daiTxova. amiT man, marTalia, formalurad, magram mainc ar Seasrula mitingis moTxovna. Jvania gadadga. momitingeebi mainc ar iSlebodnen. Seqmnili viTarebis mixedviT ukve opozicia wyvetda yvelafers: maTi gadasawyveti iyo – gaaZlierebdnen momitingeebis moTxovnas – prezidenti gadadgeboda da axali realobis Seqmnis rTuli da albaT mtkivneuli procesi daiwyeboda. ver SeTanxmdebodnen – mitingi adre Tu gvian daiSleboda da mxolod gadayenebuli mTavroba da gadamdgari Jvania iqneboda mRelvarebis Sedegi. mitingSi yvela opoziciuri partiis mxardamWerebi monawileobdnen. Tumca, ZiriTadi sityva mainc Jvanias da saakaSvilis momxreebs ekuTvnodaT, Tundac imitom, rom maSin maTi eleqtorati jer kidev ar iyo gayofili, da isini jer kidev erT gundad aRiqmebodnen. Jvaniam CaTvala, rom miRweuli sakmarisi iyo da moerida viTarebis gamwvavebas. rogorc Cans, mas surda daemtkicebina SevarednaZisaTvis, rom Tanamdebobis datovebis miuxedavad, is mainc rCeboda parlamentis realur ganmkargvelad. anu am SemTxvevaSi Jvaniam TamaSis nacnob sivrceSi amjobina darCena. es iyo pirveli, marTalia, sazogadoebisaTvis jer kidev faruli, magram realuri dapirispireba Jvaniasa da saakaSvils Soris. Jvaniam amiT aramarto ganacxada, rom is ufro kuluaruli da ara sajaro politikis momxrea, aramed amiT isic Tqva, rom is aris bolo inteligenti saqarTvelos politikaSi 21. inteligentobis niSnebi Semdegia: 21 1. nacnob garemoSi darCenis gadaulaxavi survili; 2. protestis Zlieri ganwyoba; maTTvis, visac ar axsovs an arc arasdros scodnia, ra iyo inteligenti, minda gavaxseno: es iyo adamiani, romelic ruseTis imperiaSi gaCnda, da im droisaTvis ZiriTadad or niSans atarebda: 1. absoluturi loialoba xelisuflebisadmi, ufro sworad: protestis verSeZleba; 2. didi informaciis floba, Sesabamisad, mTeli cxovrebis sauniveristeto an biurokratiul samuSaoze gatareba. inteligentis saukeTeso magaliTia maqsim gorkis (iyo aseTi mwerali) klim samgini. sabWoTa dros inteligentis cnebas daemata ramdenime maxasiaTebli. im dros is Camoyalibda, rogorc: 1. absoluturad mibmuli konkretul politikur-socialur garemoze: darwmunebuloba rom es garemo ara marto misTvis, aramed saerTod erTaderTia; 2. protestis grZnoba sakuTari garemosadmi; 3. darwmunebuloba, rom gamosavali ar arsebobs. 31 3. konstruqciulobaze anu ufro dialogze, vidre gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, orientirebuloba; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Jvaniam Zalian gabeduli nabiji gadadga da datova parlamentis Tavmjdomaris posti, man ver miatova is garemo, Camoyalibda rogorc politikosi: man arCia daemtkicebina, romlSic is rom misi sakuTari mniSvneloba metia, vidre formaluri regalia, da rom regaliebi ki ar qmnidnen mis avtoritets, aramed TviTon qmnida regalias sakuTari avtoritetiT. moaxerxa Tu ara es Jvaniam, misi momxreebis da mowinaaRmdegeebis Sesafasebelia. mTavari am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom Jvania Seecada arsebuli garemos SenarCunebas, rac, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmatebiT moaxerxa. imas, rom Jvania bolo inteligentia qarTul politikaSi 2002 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarvelobis arCevnebic adasturebs: Jvanias xma misca Tbilisis mosaxleobis 7%-ma. Jvanias es amomrCeveli Tavisi opozicionerobis mcire xanSi ar moupovebia: mas isini yovelTvis hyavda. anu es is xalxia, vinc warmoadgendnen da warmoadgenen inteligencias, im jgufs, romelsac SevardnaZis nacvlad Jvania unda prezidentad. imitom, rom Jvania maTi msgavsia, maTi sisxli da xorcia. amiT “samarTlianoba, ra Tqma unda, aRdgeba”. rac ar unda ifiqron inteligentebma, Tuki Jvaniam ver moaxerxa inteligenturobis gadalaxva, ar gaxda ufro radikaluri da sistemebis Secvlaze mimarTuli, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi is kvlav iZulebuli iqneba aRadginos simulaciis nacadi sistemebi. daskvna: revanSi mimdinareobs yvela am aRdgeniTma samuSaom, romelic zogi warmatebiT, zogi ki warumateblad mimdinareobs, migviyvana unikalur socialur viTarebamde: rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Tuki mmarTveli partia da xelisufleba 90-iani wlebis Sua periodis aRdgenas eswrafvis, SevardnaZis gulSi upirvelesi adgili, ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa kavSirs ekuTvnis. imdenad, ramdenadac SevardnaZe Zalauflebis teqnologiebSi da mis praqtikul gamoyenebaSic ufro gamocdilia, vidre danarCeni mmarTveli partia da xelisfleba erTad, SevardnaZem maT ajoba da nel-nela socialuri cvlilebis saswori sabWoTa kavSirisaken gadaxara: danaSaulebasTan misi brZolebi TandaTan daemsgavsa 70-iani wlebis partiul “zaCistkebs”, xolo saxelmwifo kancelariis TanamSromlebma TandaTan partiis centraluri 32 komitetis funqcia SeiZines: organizaciulad es damsgavseba saministroebis da departamentebis dublirebuli ganyofilebebis SeqmniT gamoixata: iseve, rogorc sabWoTa warsulSi komunisturi partiis centralur komitetSi, dRes yvela saministros da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sxva damoukidebel organoebs aqvT TavianTi analogi saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, romelic maT akontrolebs da zedamxedvelobas uwevs. rwmunebulebis biuros Seqmnac am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji iyo: rwmunebuls, romelsac regionebSi niSnavs prezidenti, akontrolebs kancelariis Cinovniki, romelic Tavis mxriv mTlianad damokidebulia prezidentze. aseTi sabWoTa struqtura unikaluria: rwmunebulebis sazogadoebrivi pasauxismgeblobis ararseboba da didi uflebebi maT kompartiul warmomavlobaze aSkarad miuTiTebs. sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis procesi SevardnaZes mxolod jorbenaZis saxelmwifo ministrad daniSvnis Semdeg ar dauwyia: is am aRdgeniT samuSaoebs Jvanias drosac awarmoebda. ubralod, im dros sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis survili demokratiis simulaciis fonze upirobo kontrolis damyarebis mcdelobad gamoiyureboda, rasac simulirebuli demokratia simulirebul winaaRmdegobas uwevda. magram aq albaT isev socialur mecnierebaSi ganuswavlelobam iCina Tavi. sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgena misi sruli aRdgenis gareSe gamoricxulia. aseT aRdgenas ki ramdenime piroba unda daekmayofilebina: 1. unda aRdgeniliyo kontrolis da balansis sabWoTa sistema. es sistema ki gulisxmobs Zlier partiul kontrols socialuri aqtivobis yvela doneze, da amave dros – Zlier policiur kontrols. saqarTveloSi am sistemis erTi nawilis – policiuri kontrolis mainc – damyareba gamoricxuli ar iyo, magram 2002 wlis noembris movlenebis Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom Zalauflebis es modusi moCvenebiTia da eqstremalur viTarebaSi ar Canasaxebic arsebobda, simulirebisaTvis muSaobs. rac Seexeba partiul magram swored Jvanias saWiro realobis CarTvam kontrols, mier misi demokratiis SeuZlebeli gaxada moqalaqeTa kavSiris kontrolis totalur instrumentad qceva; 2. unda aRdgeniliyo sabWoTa nacionalizmis safuZveli, anu qarTvelebs myari imperialisturi cnobiereba unda gasCenodaT, rac maT sakuTari, individualuri uflebebis dacvaze – imperiis SenarCunebis fasad – uars aTqmevinebda. 33 3. unda Seqmniliyo myari partiuli elita, romlic amave dros qveynis ZiriTadi simdidreebis gakontrolebas SeZlebda. es yvelaferi kanonsawinaaRmdegod unda momxdariyo, raTa partiul xelmZRvanelobas elitis wevrebis sruli marTva SeZleboda. samive es piroba unda Sesrulebuliyo imisaTvis, rom sabWoTa kavSiri aRdgeniliyo. saqarTvelos bolo aTi wlis istoriaSi Caxeduli verc erTi adamiani ver ityvis, rom am samidan romelimes danergvis mcdeloba ar yofila. magram swored imis gamo, rom, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebaSi am sistemis Semaryeveli elementebic iyvnen, xolo, meore mxriv, propagandisturma manqanam kargad ver imuSava, sabWoTa sistema saqarTveloSi veRar damkvidrda. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sabWoTa kavSiri mTlianad xelovnuli sistema iyo da TviTregulirebad dinebad miSveba mas yovelTvis angrevda. mravalfeniani kontrolis meqanizmebis saWiroeba amiT iyo gamowveuli. amitomac daingra sabWoTa kavSiri mas Semdeg, rac am kontrolis meqanizmebis Sesanaxi Tanxebi aRar arsebobda. amis sapirispirod, saqarTveloSi socialurad sruliad “bunebrivma” sistemam daiwyo damkvidreba. cxadia, zemoT aRwerili mcdelobebis fonze liberalur- demokratiuli wyoba ver dainergeboda. saqarTveloSi nel-nela Sua saukuneebma daiwyo arseboba. im Sua saukuneebma, romelic saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia (an hqonda Zalian cota xani – im erTianobis dros – manam, sanam monRolebi Semovidodnen da maTTvis Cveuli Cinuri biurokratiis daxmarebiT qveyanas orad – dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad gahyofdnen). 34 IV. 12 niSani da amave dros argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris magivrad Sua saukuneebi aRdga 1. politikuri sistema – Zalauflebis tipi Zalian xSirad, saqarTvelos mmarTveloba/xelisuflebas eqspertebi aRweren rogorc susts. maT amis gasamarTleblad mniSvnelovani argumentebi mohyavT. amboben, rom I. kanonebi ar sruldeba. ufro zustad, ar sruldeba mTel teritoriaze erTnairad; II. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelSi Tavmoyrilia mTeli Zalaufleba. es aris ukiduresad centralizebuli sistema, romlis mixedviTac, xelisuflebas regionebSi prezidentis mier daniSnuli warmomadgenlebi e. w. gubernatorebi axorcieleben. maTi Zalaufleba SeuzRudavia; III. qveyanSi aris daumorCilebeli regionebi, maT Soris Sida omebis Sedegad gandgomili afxazeTi da oseTi; aseve aWara, romelic mxolod formalurad eqvemdebareba centrs; IV. cxovrebis saerTo done Zalian dabalia. mTeli fuli da simdidre ramdenime samTavrobo klanis xelSia, romelTa Sorisac prezidentis ojaxur klanebs mTavari poziciebi ukavia; V. konkurencia da Sejibri arsebobs, magram mxolod elitur wreebSi: politikosebi ibrZvian sakuTari adgilebisaTvis da urTierTCanacvlebisaTvis. mosaxleobas es naklebad exeba da awuxebs. aseTi brZolis yvelaze cxadi magaliTi iyo moqalaqeTa kavSirSi gamarTuli brZola, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da sabolood Jvanias da saakaSvilis gundebis opoziciur partiebad gardaqmniT damTavrda; VI. arsebuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT xelisuflebis agentebs SeuZliaT TviTon gansazRvron da areguliron, vin ramdeni gadasaxadi unda gadaixados. Sesabamisad, msxvil bizness xelisufleba akontrolebs. amitomac ukanono Semosavlebi fantastikur masStabebs iRebs. am niSnebis SemCnevisas nebismieri eqsperti daaskvnis, rom saxelmwifo, romelsac aseTi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, sustia. magram, es marTebulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis 35 mimarT. saqme imaSia, rom Sua saukuneebSi es parametrebi Zlieri saxelmwifos maxasiaTeblebi iyo. Sua saukuneebis evropul saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifosa da centraluri xelisuflebis siZliered iTvleboda is, Tuki nobilebi, Tavadebi, provinciebis mflobelebi mefes aRiarebdnen TavianT siuzerenad. mefes ar hqonda arc unari, arc survili, emarTa saxelmwifos is mxareebi, sadac misi uSualo batonoba ar vrceldeboda. sadamsjelo eqspediciebi ewyoboda, Tuki vasali mefis brZanebebs da miTiTebebs sistematurad ar Seasrulebda. ra Tqma centraluri romlebic, unda, Sua saukeneebis xelisuflebis mier adgilobriv saxelmwifoebis provinciebSi daniSnuli mmarTvelebTan mosamarTleebi garigebebSi arsebobdnen da sxva moxeleebi, Sediodnen da saukeTeso SemTxvevebSi ori batonis msaxurni iyvnen. xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rom romelime vasali TiTqos ar emorCileboda mefes, magram garkveul pirobebSi centralur xelisuflebas aseTi vasalic awyobda, Tuki is mis saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebulad aRiarebda Tavs. Sua saukuneebSi, iseve, rogorc axla, biznesis geografia ar emTxveoda arc saxelmwifos da arc regionebis xelisufleba da gadasaxadebs sazRvrebs. TviTneburad amas da kargad sakuTari iyenebda nebismieri saWiroebis mixedviT awesebda. mogvianebiT, swored mmarTvelTa es TviTneboba gaxda uflebebis dacvis pirveli redikaluri moTxovnis safuZveli, ris Sedegadac Sua saukuneebis farglebSi axali drois urTierTobebma daiwyo Camoyalibeba. Mmagram es ukve sxva istoriaa da Cvens saganTan da qveyanasTan saerTo ara aqvs. rogorc vxedavT, Zneli ar aris Cven mier aRweril Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifosa da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris gadamwyveti msgavsebis danaxva: centrisa da regionis urTierToba, gadasaxadebis formirebis SemTxveviTobaze damyarebuli wesi, Zalauflebis tipi – zustad iseTia, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi iyo. Suasaukuneobrivi urTierTobebis cxadi magaliTia 2003 wlis dasawyisSi uSiSroebis saministrodan gavrcelebuli kanonproeqti “eqstremistul da ucxour kontrols daqvemdebarebul organizaciaTa da gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis, likvidaciisa organizaciebis da akrZalvis moqmedebebs, Sesaxeb”. aramed es kanonproeqti pirovnebis sityvis zRudavs da aramarto TviTgamoxatvis Tavisuflebasac. am proeqtis mixedviT, gamonaTqvamebic ki, mimarTuli “ideologiuri 36 jgufebis” winaaRmdeg SeiZleba jer uSiSroebis saministros gamoZiebis sagani gaxdes, xolo Semdeg ki – uzenaesi an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier _ im organizaciis moqmedebis SeCerebis safuZveli, romlis wevrsac es gamonaTqvami ekuTvnis. am kanonproeqtis momzadebis da Semdeg gamomzeurebis mizezebi bevri SeiZleba iyos da yvela maTgani ukve gamoiTqva: zogis versiiT es aris xumroba, zogis azriT ki _ ara. zogma CaTvala, rom xaburZania, uSiSroebis ministri, am kanonproeqtiTYxalxs mouwodebs ajanyebisaken 22. iyo ufro “SeTqmulebiTi” versiac, rom ministri aiZules, aseTi kanonproeqti daewera da man am gziT scada Tavi aeridebina amisaTvis. Tumca Sua saukuneebis versia ufro Seesamabeba sinamdviles: saqarTvelos xelisuflebis garemo imdenad Suasaukuneobrivia, rom is TviTon iwyebs Sua saukuneebis cxovrebis wesis Sesabamisi kanonebis producirebas. am SemTxvevaSi xaburZanias pirovneba arafer SuaSia: yvelaze cnobili inkvizitorebi Tavisi drois uaRresad ganaTlebuli xalxi iyo. isini Teologiur traqtatebsac werdnen da xandaxan amave traqtatebiT eretikosebis cecxliT dasjiskenac mouwodebdnen. “eqstremistul da ucxour kontrols daqvemdebarebul organizaciaTa da gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis, likvidaciisa da akrZalvis Sesaxeb” kanonproeqti Tavisi arsiT inkviziciuria, da gulisxmobs mtrebis likvidaciis potencialis erT damsjel organoSi Tavmoyras. debulebac, rom saboloo verdiqts gansasjelis mimarT sasamarTlo gamoitans, saocrad waagavs Sua saukuneebis inkviziciis ganCinebas, rodesac is gansasjels braldebis damamtkicebeli sabuTebiT samoqalaqo sasamarTlos gadascemda: “daisajos usisxlod” iyo naTqvami inkviziciis mimarTvaSi. es ki, ubralod, braldebulis cocxlad dawvas niSnavda. M magram xom SeiZleba es mxolod politikur qve-sistemas exebodes da sxva qve- sistemebi Sors iyos am arc Tu ise saxarbielo msgavsebisagan. vnaxoT, rogoria socialuri sistema: 2. socialuri sistema Sua saukuneebSi gadaadgileba erTi geografiuli wertilidan meoremde problematuri iyo: cudi gzebi, yaCaRoba, romelsac rogorc wesi, is eweoda, visac 22 aseTi versiis safuZveli TviTon xaburZanias gaministrebis droindeli interviu iyo, sadac is aRtacebiT hyveboda aSS konstituciaSi dafiqsirebul xalxis uflebaze ZaliT gadaayenos mmarTvelebi, Tuki isini arRveven maT uflebebs da a. S. 37 gzebis dacva evaleboda, mogzaurebis sruli daucveloba SemTxveviTobebisagan da sruli gaurkvevloba, ramdeni dro dasWirdeboda mogzaurobas. mogzaurobas bedavdnen mxolod a) kargi dacvis TanxlebiT; b) an isini, visac wasarTmevi araferi hqonda, g) anda visac uRirda es mogzauroba riskad. mokled, mogzaurobdnen mxolod saeklesio pirebi, mdidrebi, vaWrebi da studentebi. Sesabamisad, ganpirobebuli, da kavSiri geografiul amdenad, SemTxveviTi wertilebs iyo. Soris dasaxlebuli am mogzaurebiT punqtebi, qalaqebi, soflebi – avtonomiurad cxovrobdnen da rac ufro Sors iyvnen centrisgan, miT ufro meti miTebi da legendebi icodnen centris Sesaxeb, miT ufro naklebi konkretuli informacia hqondaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda iq, sadac simboluri da realuri Zalaufleba iyo Tavmoyrili. centridan periferiisaken mogzaurobebisas sagnebi kargavdnen maT centralur mniSvnelobebs da periferiul mniSvnelobebs iZendnen. igive mosdiodaT RirebulebaTa sistemebsac. yvelas – vaWrebs, studentebs, saeklesio pirebs – ambebis Tavisi interpretacia CahqondaT. es interpretacia ki, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida cvlilebas da momxdari ambavi xSirad sruliad sapirispiro SemTxvevad yalibdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSirebi centrebsa da periferiebs Soris SemTxveviTi iyo, isini manc erTgvarovanni iyvnen: soflebis, dasaxlebebis mcxovrebni mTlianad TavianT mmarTvelebze iyvnen damokidebulebi. mmarTvelebic sakuTar upirobo xelisuflebas axorcielebdnen. mmarTvelebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen centris struqturebis analogebi SeeqmnaT Tavis samflobeloSi. es ramdenime faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. Zalauflebis vertikaluri tipi, romelic aiZulebda yvela mmarTvels, imperia iqneboda Tu sagrafo, erTnairad emarTad; 2. subieqturi baZva centrisadmi provinciis mxridan; 3. Zalauflebis legitimacia, anu imisaTvis, rom Zalaufleba ecnoT, is imave tipis da imave tipis garemoSi unda yofiliyo. es sami faqtori, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc sainformacio saSualebebi da arc migraciebi Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebs ar ganawyobda Sesabamisad, msgavsebisaken, Tumca maT periferiis erTgvarovani romelime tipis struqturebad socialurad dabal inarCunebda. safexurze myofs verasodes ver eqneboda Sexeba centris ierarqiul wverosTan, ierarqiac mkacrad iyo daculi. am yvelafris Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoeba ierarqiuli iyo, kavSirebi am ierarqiis fenebs Soris TiTqmis ar arsebobda. garda 38 amisa, es ierarqia geografiul mdebareobazec iyo damokidebuli: centri ierarqiis wveros adgili iyo, periferia ki Ziris. Tanac, ierarqiis yoveli Semdegi safexuri ireklavda da imeorebda mTel ierarqias. daaxloebiT ase: naxazze yoveli konkretuli samkuTxedi lokalur ierarqias warmoadgens. punqtiriT aRniSnuli sibrtyeebi aris fenebi, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom samkuTxedebi erTmaneTTan ar arian dakavSirebulni, maT erTgvarovnad da homogenurad aqcevs. rogorc naxazidan Cans, daqvemdebareba pirobiTia da ar aris struqturulad erTmniSvnelovani. naxazze samkuTxedebis araTanabarzomieroba imas miuTiTebs, rom centris ierarqiis arekvla ar iyo zusti da Tav-Tavisi mcire gadaxvevebi yvela periferiul anarekls axlda 23. Sua saukuneebSi socialuri garemo iyofoda ara warmomavlobis (rogorc bevrs gonia), ara fulis raodenobis, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vis hqonda Zalaufleba da vis ara. isini, ar hqondaT Zalaufleba, qveda punqtiriT SemosazRvrul sivrceSi unda warmovidginoT. isini, ra Tqma unda, monawileobdnen mcire da did ojaxur, Temur an sxva gaerTianebebSi, Zalauflebis ierarqebTan Sexebac hqondaT, magram maTi wili ZalauflebaSi Zalian mcire iyo; miuxedavad imisa, rom gars ekverodnen nebismier Zalauflebis ierarqias, ZalauflebaSi monawileoba da gavlenis moxdena maT ar SeeZloT 24. Tumca, ZalauflebaSi monawileobac ar iyo 23 SeniSvna maTTvis, vinc filosofiis istoria icis: socialuri struqturis am mowyobam xom ar ubiZga laibnics monadebis miseuli aRwerisaken? 24 Zalauflebis ganviTareba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc am samkuTxedebis SeerTeba erT naxazad. dRes Tanamedrove, modernuli da modernulobis Semdgomi saxelmwifo mmarTveloba mimarTulia, yvelas miaRebinos ZalauflebaSi monawileoba an (memarcxene SefasebiT) imis 39 erTnairi yvela wertilSi: iyvnen qalaqebi, sadac moqalaqeebs didi roli da mnSvneloba eniWebodaT da marTavdnen qalaqebs. aseTi qalaqebi ar iyvnen aucileblad damoukideblebi: aseTi qalaqi xSirad amave dros mefis rezidenciasac warmoadgenda. Zneli ar aris am zogad aRwerasa da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris aramc Tu msgavsebis, identurobis danaxvac: arafers vityvi gzebze da mogzaurobebze. socialuri sistemebic iseve muSaoben, rogorc zemoT aRweril Sua saukuneebSi: regionebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis institutebi romlebic baZaven centris marTvis wesebs. centris anarekli, rac ufro periferiisaken moZraobs, saxes icvlis da es saxecvlileba kulminacias aWaraSi, tipur Sua saukuneebis sagrafo/safaSoSi aRwevs. imis gamo, rom eleqtroenergia TiTqmis ar aris – satelevizio sivrciT qveynis gaerTianeba ar xdeba. imis gamo, rom gazeTebi fuli Rirs, xolo periferia fulis niSnebis fizikur naklebobas ganicdis, centraluri gazeTebi SezRudulad vrceldeba. amitom, regionSi centris Sesaxeb miTi da legenda moZraobs. amitom – qveyanas, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, Zalauflebis tipi da ierarqiis erTgvaroba aerTianebs, da ara – sainformacio-sakomunikacio sivrce, rogorc es Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSia. mosaxleobis didi nawili gagdebulia Zalauflebis ierarqiidan. politikuri brZola, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, ori tipisaa: 1) “ubralo” urTierTCanacvlebisaTvis brZola (sasaxlis intrigebi), 2) Zalauflebis ierarqiaSi sxva, manamde ucxo agentebis CarTvis da am gziT arsebuli xelisuflebis sakuTari TaviT Secvlis gza (reformacia, ajanyebebi, a. S.). 3. ganaTlebis sistema formalurad saqarTvelos ganTlebis sistema imis adekvaturi da Sesabamisia, rac dasavleT/centralur/CrdiloeT universitetebi, saswavleblebi, specialuri sabavSvo evropaSi umaRlesi baRebi. rogorc da aSS-Si gvxvdeba. saswavleblebi, sakanonmdeblo, anu – skolebi, aseve, arseboben profesiuli yofiT doneze arseboben am qve-sistemebis formalizebuli makavSireblebi. magram am, erTi SexedviT, mwyobr sistemaTa erTianobis uknidan Sua saukuneebi iWyiteba. amis gamosaaSkaraveblad sakmarisia swavlis procesis aRwera. XX saukunis dasawyisSi jon diuim Tqva, rom ganaTleba aris is, Tu rogor xdeba swavla, da ara iluzias qmnis, TiTqos yvela iziarebdes Zalauflebas. principuli gansxvavebac dRevandel da Sua saukuneebis marTvis tipebs da ierarqiebs Soris esaa. 40 is, Tu ras swavlob da sad. anu ganaTleba aris procesi. vnaxoT, ra saxe aqvs am process saqarTveloSi: imisaTvis, rom skoladamTavrebulma moswavlem swavla gaagrZelos, man misaRebi gamocdebi unda Caabaros. rogorc wesi, skolaSi miRebuli codna da Cvevebi sakmarisi ar aris. amitom saWiro xdeba repetitorebTan, anu moswavlis mSoblebis mier specialurad daqiravebul adamianebTan momzadeba. es specialurad daqiravebuli adamianebi amzadeben saswavlebelSi moswavles misaRebi im gamocda sagnebSi, unda romelSic gaimarTos. aris sasurvel umaRles SemTxvevebic, rodesac umaRles saswavlebelSi erTi safexuridan meoreze gadasasvleladac aseTi xalxis daqiraveba xdeba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, es xalxi imave saswavleblebis leqtorebi arian. profesiuli ganaTleba naklebad aris standartebze orientirebuli da, ZiriTadad, specialistis mier Tavisi codnis moswavlisTvis pirdapiri gadacema xdeba, dakvirvebis da monawileobis (Segirdobis) gziT. Tuki saqarTveloSi karieris moZraobas davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom Zalian cota politikosis ganaTlebaSi. iuristi, Tu biznesmenis profesional ekonomisti, dRevandel politikosebs socialuri mdgomareobas da aqvs bizensmenebs mecnierebis safuZveli Soris warmomadgeneli. Zalian maTi maT cotaa warmateba, sazogadoebis da maTive TvalSic, SeWidulia ara ganaTlebasTan, aramed, sasargeblo kavSirebTan, naTesaobasTan, da a. S. saswavlebelSi SeZenili codna da unarebi warmatebul karierasTan nakleb, an saerTod aranair kavSirSia. zemoT moTxrobili saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis mxolod erTi mxarea. rac Seexeba mis marTvas, is mTlianad centralizebulia: skolebi mTlianad eqvemdebareba ganaTlebis saministros da ganaTlebis saministros Tanxmobis gareSe arcerTi metnaklebad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba ar xdeba. skolebi warmoadgenen ganaTlebis saministros nawils, maT sakuTari biujetic ki ara aqvT. skolis biujetebi isazRvreba ganaTlebis saministros warmomadgenlis da adgilobrivi mTlianad centralur mmarTvelobis organoebis SeTanxmebiT. rac Seexeba saxelmwifo universitetebs, isinic xelisuflebaze arian damokidebulni. marTalia, nominalurad isini avtonomiurni arian, magram maTi bedis gadawyveta, survilis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis umaRles ierarqebs yovelgvari sakanonmdeblo winaaRmdegobis gareSe SeuZliaT. 41 aRwerili viTareba identuria imisa, rac Sua saukuneebSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT: ganaTlebis miRebas hqonda rogorc Sinauri, aseve, formaluri, tradiciis saxe: Sinauri iyo imdenad, ramdenadac xdeboda ostati/Segirdis sqemis gaTamaSeba yvela doneze – rogorc glexebis da xelosnebis, aseve, didgvarovanTa wreSi: glexebi codnas Svilebs uSualod gadascemdnen, xelosnebi – Segirdebs, didgvarovnebi TavianTi SvilebisaTvis maswavleblebs qiraobdnen. xSirad ganaTleba aqve mTavrdeboda da danarCeni gamocdilebis dro da praqtikas unarebis eTmoboda: SeZena rogorc saqmianobasTan politikaSi, erTad aseve xdeboda da vaWrobaSi, miRebul ganaTlebasTan aranair pirdapir kavSirSi ar iyo. verc iqneboda, imdenad, ramdenadac imdroindeli universitetebi mxolod iuridiul, samedicino da saRvTismetyvelo kolejebs warmoadgendnen da profesiaTa farTo speqtrTan ar iyvnen dakavSirebuli. skolebi mxolod saeklesio iyo, iswavleboda is, rac eklesiis ideologias ar scildeboda. Sesabamisad, saeklesio skolebSi mxolod wera-kiTxvis swavlas da bibliis kiTxvas eTmoboda dro. rac Seexeba dRevandel qarTul universitetebs, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom maTSi mniSvnelovani dResac igive specialobebia, oRond RvTismetyvelebas ekonomikis fakultetebi anacvlebs. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aqac am fakultetebis damTavreba sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara sabuTs da uflebas muSaobis dawyebisaTvis. danarCeni, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, gzadagza SeiZineba. maSasadame, saskolo da profesiuli ganaTlebis Sinauri xasiaTi, sauniversiteto ganaTlebis formaluroba, da kidev erTi – universitetebis da skolebis Zlieri daqvemdebareba saxelmwifosa da misi ideologiisadmi, ar unda tovebdes eWvs, rom Cveni ganaTlebac ZiriTadad Suasaukuneobriv yalibSia moTavsebuli. 4. sasamarTlo sistema Zalian bevri adamiani dRevandel saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reformis Sesaxeb laparakobs. politikis mwarmoebel fenebSi midis kamaTi da imis mtkiceba, Tu vin aris reformis avtori. sasamarTlo reformis avtorobis miwera/dabraleba saakaSvili–Wanturia–SevardnaZis Skalaze moZraobs. am mxriv mxolod erTi ramis Tqma SeiZleba: imdenad, ramdenadac amdeni gavleniani politikosi reformis mamobas iCemebs, Cans, rom mniSvnelovani ram ganxorcielebula. dRes saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo sistemis Sesaxeb mxolod erTi ramis Tqma SeiZleba: mosamarTleebi aRar arian uSualod da ganuyoflad daqvemdeberebulni 42 partiul mmarTvelobas, rogorc es sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo. Sesabamisad, gaizarda maTi warmomavlobis “socialuri geografia” da, maSasadame, maTi kavSirebis sivrcec. anu Tuki adre, ssrk-Si mosamarTleze gavlena mxolod partiul xelmZRvanelobas hqonda, dRes am gavlenis SesaZlebloba ganuzomlad didia. es ki, sabWoTa kavSiris sasamarTlo sistemasTan SedarebiT, ganuzomlad ukeTesia, ufro humanuri da win gadadgmuli nabijia. ZiriTadi – rac sasamarTlo sistemaSi Seicvala – es aris. arsebobs kidev ramdenime iuridiuli niuansi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo, rogorc saboloo instancia da a. S. magram ZiriTadi, rac “xalxma igrZno” da es marTla moxda, aris gavlenis SesaZleblobis gazrda. saqarTvelos gansxvavdeba sasamarTlo misi sistemis mowyobis Suasukuneobrivi socialuri analogisgan: wesi arafriT sasamarTlo ar sistema centralizebulia, eqvemdebareba uzenaes sasamarTlos 25, mosamarTleebi Tavs daculad grZnoben, naklebad awuxebT mosaxleobis ganwyoba maT mimarT. xSirad ikvrebian centris adgilobriv warmomadgenlebTan da am SemTxvevaSi maTi gavlena Zlierdeba. imasac amboben, rom mxolod iseTi saqmis samarTliani gansjaa mosalodneli, romelSic dainteresebuli mxare an ar arsebobs, an Zalian sustia. am bolo xSirad, dros sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT sistemas iuristebis wreSi, moulodneli gaigonebT damcvelebic frazas, rom gamouCdnen: sasamarTlo safrTxilo Temaa da masze frTxiladaa laparaki saWiro. imitom, rom sasamarTlo isaa, razec saxelmwifo dgas da ar SeiZleba xalxs movuspoT rwmena da a. S. saqme isaa, rom e. w. “xalxs” sasamarTlos rwmena didi xania aRara aqvs da mas iseve aRiqvams, rogorc saxelmwifos. xalxi ufro xSirad mimarTavs sasamarTlos, magram ara imitom, rom samarTlianobis rwmena ganumtkicda, aramed imitom, rom maT ician, rom am gziT garkveuli saboloo gadawyvetilebebis miRwevaa SesaZlebeli. “sasamarTlos ar Seexo” iseTive tipis gamoTqmaa rogorc “cudi ar unda Tqva qarTvel xalxze, qarTul saxelmwifoze”, “ar unda daabezRo qarTuli saxelmwifo”. rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve sasamarTlos SemTxvevaSic saqme erTnairadaa: aravin ar abezRebs saxelmwifos da cuds ar laparakobs qarTvel xalxze, ramdenime naklebad 25 iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi – mefis xelisuflebas. dRevandeli saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis da uzenaesi sasamarTlos realuri damoukideblobac politikuri mmarTvelobisagan sakamod saeWvoa gadawyvetilebebis gamo, romlebsac – Tundac mas mosamarTlis saqmeebi). 43 im bralad politikuri uyeneben da administraciuli (Jvania-mamalaZis, meqrTame ganaTlebuli inteleqtualis garda (es inteleqtualebi SeiZleba amoicnoT frazebiT: “saxelmwifod ver SevdeqiT”, “qarTveli eris mentalitetia aseTi da ra vqnaT”). yoveli realuri sayveduri da e. w. “dabezReba” konkretul adamianebs miemarTeba. am adamianebs sruliad arasworad aigiveben im institutebTan, romelTa warmomadgenlebadac isini gvevlinebian mocemul momentSi. anu – mosamarTlis (Tundac ramdenimes) mxileba ar niSnavs sasamarTlos ideis mxilebas. iseve, rogorc SevardnaZis, narCemaSvilis da xaburZanias mxileba adamianis uflebebis darRvevis mcdelobebSi ar niSnavs qarTveli xalxis (waikiTxe – saqarTvelos) mxilebas imave saqmeSi. es yvelaferi im Sua saukuneebis diskursis bralia, romelmac ise warmatebiT Caanacvla sabWoTa ena, rom misma matareblebma, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma adamianebma, verc gaiges am Canacvlebis ambavi 26. es ena mokled aRiwereba mefe-mzis fraziT “saxelmwifo es me var”. 5. jari da policia sakmaod Znelia gaigo, ratom arsebobs saqarTveloSi SeairaRebuli Zalebi im saxiT, rogoriTac is arsebobs: mudmivi naxevrad mSieri mdgomareoba, sabWoTa periodidan memkvidreobiT miRebuli “dedovSCina”, aRWurvilobis faqtiuri arqona. aseTi arsebobis garkveuli erTaderTi raodenoba unda gamarTleba daixarjos, aris erTis xolo mxriv meore is, mxriv rom – biujetis SesaZlebelia jariskacebis gamoyeneba muSa Zalad. ra Tqma unda, xelisuflebaSi jars aravin uyurebs seriozulad – is raRacnairad – aucilebeli borotebis saxiT arsebobs da ZiriTadad mowodebulia is xalxi Seinaxos, romelic am jars unda emsaxurebodes. garda amisa, arian jaris nawilebi, romlebsac mTavroba seriozulad ufrTxis, maTi cxel wertilebSi gamocdilebis da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mowodebiT samxedroobis gamo. esec aris erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom xarjavs qveyana biujetis nawils, Tundac Zalian cotas, iseT jarze, romlic mas arasodes araferSi gamoadgeba: es 26 Sua saukuneebis diskursis mier sabWoTa enis Canacvleba SeiZleba istoriuli kanonzomierebiTac aixsnas: sabWoTa imperia Tavisi arsiT Sua saukuneebs ekuTvnoda, oRond unikaluri teritoriis da gansxvavebuli saxelwifo mowyobis gamo ise iyo Secvlili, rom misi amokiTxva SeuZlebeli xdeboda. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg – patar-patara saxelmwifoebi – sabWoTa tipis Zalauflebis SenarCunebis SeuZleblobis gamo – TandaTan daemsgavsnen im garemos, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris ideas edo safuZvlad. 44 aris faqtiurad, sabrZolo jgufebis iseTive Senaxva, iseTive xarkis gadaxda, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi xdeboda: mTavroba maT minimums aZlevs imisaTvis, rom isini ar ajanydnen, ise, rogorc es 2002 wlis gazafxulze moxda. sxva mxriv, mTeli saqarTvelos mmarTveloba daqiravebuli jaris imedzea. es daqiravebuloba qarTveli sxvadasxva “wvrTnis da saxisaa: aRWurvis dawyebuli programis” aSS-s daxmarebiT monawileebidan, e. momzadebuli w. komandos batalionidan, damTavrebuli aWaraSi ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro baziT, romelic, faqtiurad, aWaris reJimis SenarCunebis garantiaa. garda amisa, yvela “Tavisi Tavis pativismcemel” regionalur mmarTvels hyavs Tavisi xalxi, romelic mas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daicavs. es xalxi, rogorc wesi, adgilobrivi policiaa, Tumca, SeiZleba ramdenime gamonaklisic arsebobdes amitomac, saxelmwifo gaurkveveli SeiaraRebuli formirebis saxiT. policia arsebuli sistemis mTavari damcvelia. dafinansebis lamis yvelaze didi wili policiaze modis. aqac Sua saukuneebis “daqiravebul meomrebTan” gvaqvs saqme, romlebsac ufleba aqvT micemuli, Zarcvon mosaxleoba, ra Tqma unda, gonierebis farglebSi, oRond saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mmarTveloba daicvan. rogorc cnobilia, aseTma wesma ar gaamarTla: daqiravebulni Tavs anebebdnen samsaxurs imav wuTs, ra wuTsac maTi Semosavali wydeboda. 6. sagareo urTierTobebi Sua saukuneebSi, imis gamo, rom sainformacio saSualebebi ar iyo ganviTarebuli, informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda sazRvargareT, sakmaod gadRabnili da gaurkveveli iyo. marTalia, arsebobdnen werilebi, romlebsac dainteresebuli mxareebi erTmaneTs swerdnen, magram imis gamo, rom am werilebis daniSnulebis adgilamde miRwevas didi dro sWirdeboda, aravin iyo darwmunebuli imaSi, rom mosuli ambavi, Tundac Zalian didi sizustiT, Tundac prustiseburad, aRwerili, jer kidev sinamdviles Seesabameboda. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Sua saukuneebSi informacia icvleboda manam, sanam daniSnulebis adgils miaRwevda. amitom, Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebebi undoblobiT uyurebdnen mezobeli qveynebis mcxovreblebs. maTi Sinauri miTebi mezoblebis sisastikis, borotebis, araadamianurobis damadasturebeli ambebiT iyo savse. es ki 45 mxolod xels uwyobda rogorc qveynis Sida, aseve gare procesebis marTvas xelisuflebis mier sakuTari, viwro da moklevadiani interesebis Sesabamisad. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom raRac SemTxvevebSi sagareo politika naTeli momavlis imediT da masze orientaciiT iyo nakarnaxevi, magram is arasodes ar iyo mimarTuli qveynis ubralo mcxovrebis yofiTi pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. utyuari sabuTi ori qveynis erTmaneTisadmi damokidebulebisa, iyo an omSi mekavSireoba, an omSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mxares dgoma. didwilad saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebi waagavs aRweril viTarebas: sruli gaurkvevlobaa, ra mimarTebaSi arian didi saxelmwifoebi saqarTvelosTan: TiTqos cnobilia, rom aSS megobaria da ruseTi mteri, magram sul ismis brZnuli mosazrebebi, rom saqarTvelo an ukve gaicvala (an eraySi, manamde – baltiis qveynebSi), an unda gaicvalos. saqarTvelos cdilobs, mTavrobac, imisaTvis, rac SeiZleba swrafad da rom sakuTar TavSive sicxade rac SeiZleba formalurad Seitanos, Caebas yvela dawyebul Tu dauwyebel omSi 27. es mis mdgomareobaSi, Tundac cota xniT, Sua saukuneobriv garkveulobas Seitans. rac Seexeba sagareo urTierTobebs – xelisuflebisgan Zalian xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego ganmartebebi moedineba. sul erTia, exeba es saqarTvelos megobari qveynebis jgufs, savizo reJims Tu sxva rames. ra Tqma unda, amas sainformacio saSualebaTa CamorCenilobas ver daabraleb. Sedegi ki zustad iseTivea, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi – sazogadoebebis mkveTri Caketiloba da undobloba rogorc axlo, aseve Soreuli qveynebis mimarT. es ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, xelisuflebas ubiZgebs sakuTari viwro an didi erovnul miznebisaken mimarTos qveynis politika, magram arasodes – sakuTari moqalaqis cxovrebis pirobebis an SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebisaken. 7. ekonomika ekonomikis magaliTze yvelaze kargad Cans, Tu rogori Sua saukuneebi dadga saqarTveloSi. amis magaliTebia: 27 aq me aSS-erayis da aSS-avRaneTis oms vgulisxmob. 2003 wels, aSS-erayis omis dawyebamde, ise, rom aSS-s mTavrobas saqarTvelosTvis arc uTxovia, SevardnaZem gamoacxada, rom is mzadaa qveynis samxedro aerodromebi aSS-s samxedro Zalebs SesTavazos. avRaneTSi aSS-s samxedro operaciis dros daaxloebiT msgavsi mzadyofna gamoiTqva. 46 1. biznesmenebi mkveTrad urTierTobis arian damyarebaze. orietirebulni xSir SemTxvevebSi mTavrobasTan TviTon kargi mTavrobis da mmarTvelobis wevrebi warmoadgenen msxvili korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebs. 2. biznesmenebi ver xedaven TavianT adgils samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, anu maTTvis dResdReobiT ufro momgebiania saxelmwifosTan da mis warmomadgenlebTan mWidro kavSirSi yofna. 3. Sedegad, saqarTveloSi mxolod iseTi biznesi (sulerTia, msxvili, saSualo da wvrili) arsebobs, romelsac kargi kavSirebi aqvT saxelmwifosTan, anu rogorc umaRles, CaTvliT, aseve romelTa umdablesi gareSec rangis nebismieri moxeleebtan, wvrili policielebis biznesis warmoeba SeuZlebelia. kanonmdeblobac, romelic gadasaxadebs da sxva biznesTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs aregulirebs, isea mowyobili, rom saxelmwifo moxeleebs did gasaqans aZlevs. Sesabamisad, zRudavs konkurenciis SesaZleblobas. amitom, biznesebis ricxvic Seesabameba ara moTxovnis da miwodebis kanonebs, aramed, saxelmwifos gavleniani moxeleebis ricxvs da maT Soris konkurencias. eqspertebis SefasebiT, iseve rogorc politikaSi, ekonomikaSic brZola erTi ojaxis, erTi dajgufebis farglebSi mimdinareobs da sabazro moTxovnebTan kavSiri ara aqvs. bolo wlebis yvelaze STambeWdavi brZola, rogorc amboben, prezident SevardnaZis ojaxis farglebSi moxda: SevardnaZis Svilis simamr – guram axvlediansa da SevardnaZis ZmisSvil – nugzar SevardnaZes Soris. rogorc amboben, gaimarjva guram axvledianma da iseT mniSvnelovan eqsportze, rogoricaa benzini da sxva sawvavi, erTpirovnuli kontroli daawesa. aseTi brZolebi imarTeboda da imarTeba, magram cota maTgani Tu gamodis samzeoze. saqarTvelos ekonomika albaT mxolod 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi (sadRac 1995-97 wlebSi) cdilobda Tavisufali bazris principebze gadasuliyo. Semdeg xelisuflebis wevrebma da maTTan axlo kavSiris mqone pirebma Caigdes xelSi ZiriTadi saSualebebi da konkurencia Tavis wreSi gadaitanes, sadac man mkveTri politikuri Seferiloba miiRo da Tavisufali bazris formebs saerTod daSorda. Tuki saqarTveloSi raime Tavisufali konkurencia arsebobs, es albaT, isev wvril movaWreebs Soris, romlebsac sakuTari riskis fasad CamoaqvT an saqarTveloSive yiduloben kontrabandul produqts. Tumca es konkurencia uSualod did bazrobebze imarTeba; aqac gavleniani pirebis Carevaa saWiro, wvrili movaWre 47 rom daxlTan miuSvan. Zalian xSirad, mewarmeebs Soris brZola jer bazris segmentis lamis kanonis ZaliT xelSi CagdebisaTvis imarTeba 28, da mxolod amis Semdeg, Tuki bazarze ramdenime Zlieri mimwodebeli dafiqsirda, romelTac erTmaneTi ver CaZires, iwyeba konkurencia. magram, miuxedavad am unikalurobis principze, yvelafrisa, ekonomika ZiriTadad rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi damyarebulia iyo, da ara moTxovnis dakmayofilebis wesze. anu sabWoTa kavSirisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnebebiT rom vTqvaT, ekonomika deficituria: Semosavali agebulia produqtis unikalurobiT da Znelad wvdomadobiT gamowveul fasis zrdaze, da ara produqtis tiraJirebiT miRebul Semosavalze. aseTi produqtebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. TiTqmis yvela produqti, romelic saqarTveloSi iwarmoeba, deficituria, imdenad, ramdenadac, maTi fasis regulireba ara uSualod mwarmoeblis, aramed politikuri gavlenebis sferoSi Zevs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es nawilobriv exeba bazrobebze gamotanil saqonels da mTliand exeba sxvadasxva dargebis ekonomikebs. magaliTisaTvis, deficiturobaze aseTia da saqarTvelos rkinigza, monopolistobaze: mas romlic mTlianad awyobilia Tanxebi Semosdis uzarmazari gadazidvebidan, da amave dros, is arafers ar akeTebs imisaTvis, rom samgzavro matareblebi gaaumjobesos: rkinigza jer kidev rCeba gadaadgilebis ZiriTad saSualebad, Sesabamisad, deficituri Semosavali garantirebulia. aseve, deficituri ekonomikis magaliTia ganaTleba: rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misi formaluri saxe ar Seesabameba mis Sinaarss: rogorc saSualo, aseve, umaRlesi skolebi ZiriTadad mxolod garkveul sabuTebs (diplomebs) awarmoeben, romelic SeiZleba Semdgom karieras daedos safuZvlad. im codnas, romelsac moswavle saxelmwifo universitetebSi Tu skolebSi iRebs, naklebad Tu endoba vinme da ZiriTadad isev calke specialur momzadebas, unarebis ganviTarebis pirad SesaZleblobebs da sasargeblo kavSirebs eyrdnobian. aseTi warmoeba ver miebmeba Tavisufal bazars imitom, rom realurad sabuTis (skolis, an umaRlesis damTavrebis mowmobis) fasi ganuzomlad cotaa im safasurTan SedarebiT, rac am sabuTis gacema Rirs: mis RirebulebaSi Sedis profesor-maswavleblebis xelfasebi, Senobebis, inventaris Rirebuleba da a. S. amave safasurSi Sedis yvela im pirovnebis socialuri dacva, romelic CarTulia am procesSi. 28 amisaTvis ki sakanonmdeblo Sesworebebic gamoiyeneba, sxva xerxebTan erTad. 48 Sesabamisad, raki bazarze fasi mxolod dokuments aqvs, misi gacemis procesi aRaravis ainteresebs. amitom swavlebis xarisxi ZiriTadad nulzea dasuli. konkurencia mimdinareobs, magram am SemTxvevaSi, konkurencia aris ara moTxovnis da miwodebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanisaTvis, aramed im safasuris gazrdisaTvis, romelsac damamTavrebel mowmobaSi ixdian: am Teoriuli msjelobis yvelaze kargi ilustracia saxelmwifo univeristetebis magaliTia: Tavi rom davaneboT im fuls, romelsac mdidari mSoblebi aralegalurad ixdian imisaTvis, rom maTi Svili sabiujeto (e. w. ufaso) adgilze moxvdes, dResdReobiT saxelmwifo umaRlesi ganaTlebis donori oria: kerZo pirebi, romlebic safasurs ixdian, da saxelmwifo, romelic yovelwliurad adgilebis garkveul raodenobas afinansebs 29. saxelmwifo TiToeul studentSi mizerul Tanxas ixdis, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar aris sakmarisi evropis universitetebis swavlebis xarisxTan odnav miaxloebisTvisac ki. kerZo piris gadasaxadi, romelsac unversitetis xelmZRvaneloba awesebs, aseve Zlier CamorCeba saWiro raodenobas, magram, orjer an metjer metia im safasurze, rac saxelmwifo mxridan modis. maSasadame, miRebulia Semdegi sqema: arc saxelmwifo da arc kerZo piri fulis sakmaris raodenobas ar ixdis. orive es fuli Seadgens garkveul moculobas, romelic Semdeg eZleva im profesor-maswavleblebs, romelebic orives – “fasiansac” da “ufasosac” aswavlian. Sesabamisad, xdeba im fulis, romelsac kerZo piri ixdis, gamoyeneba “ganaTlebis” imaTTvis misacemad, visac fuls saxelmwifo uxdis. ase viRebT saxelmwifos mxridan fulis gamoZalvis sqemas, romlic yvela saxelmwifo universitetSi xorcieldeba. xolo mTeli am sqemis foni – deficituri ekonomikis principia: saxelmwifo universitetebi jerjerobiTY mainc monopolistebi arian: isini aweseben iseT safasurs, romlis gadaxdac TiTqmis yvelas SeuZlia. es xdeba imitom, rom saxelmwifo universitetebi naklebad an saerTod ar zrunaven swavlebis xarisxze 30. is safasuri romelsac isini aweseben, sabolood mainc sabuTis 29 yvelaze ucnauri is aris, rom isini, vinc aralegalurad ixdian fuls ufaso adgilebze moxvedrisaTvis, amas mxolod tradiciis da prestiJis gamo sCadian. sxva safuZveli amas ara aqvs. fasiani adgili bevrad ufro iafi Rirs. 30 amas ver akeTebs kerZo umaRlesi saswavlebeli, radgan misi sazrunavi swored swavlebis xarisxia da man realuri fasi unda daados swavlas. amitom jerjerobiT kerZo umaRlesi saswavleblebi saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis elitarulebad rCebian. 49 amindze ver axdenen gavlenas da safasuria da naklebad moqmedebs im codnaze, romelsac isini am sabuTis misaRebad kanoniT dadgenil procesSi monawileobis gziT iReben. sqemaze rom gamovsaxoT aseTi ekonomikis muSaobis wesi, Semdegs miviRebT: 1. sawyisi viTareba miwodeba moTxovna warmoebis saSualeba 2. moTxovnis seleqcia warmoebis saSualebis mier moTxovna miwodeba warmoebis saSualeba 3. seleqciis Semdeg moTxovnis miwodebiT dakmayofileba warmoebis saSualeba miwodeba moTxovna am naxazze naCvenebia, rom rodesac warmoebis saSualebebi SezRudulia da amave dros monopolisturi, xdeba ara miwodebis gazrda, aramed moTxovnis xelovnuri gadarCeva. igulisxmeba, rom warmoebis saSualeba am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos warmoadgens. es sabWoTa ekonomikis sqemaa, magram amave dros Sua saukuneebis ekonomikasac raodenoba Seesabameba: bevrad rodesac CamorCeba sawarmoebeli moTxovnas, 50 produqti mwarmoebeli unikaluria “iZulebulia” da misi awarmoos momxmarebelic 31. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis safuZveli SeiZleba imaSic davinaxoT, rom raRac etapze iseTi raodenobis da gavlenis mqone moTxovna warmoiSoba, rom warmoebis saSualebis 32 mier moTxovnis seleqcia SeuZlebeli xdeba. magram es jer kidev ar aris saqarTvelos ekonomikis sruli aRwera. jerjerobiT Cven reliqturi komponentebi aRvwereT, da mTavari maxasiTeblis aRweraze ar gadavsulvarT: saqme isaa, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikis mTavari RerZi, iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebSi – omis ekonomikaa: xSirad amboben, rom qveynis erTianobis safuZveli erTiani ekonomikaa. es safuZveli saqarTveloSi marTlac arsebobs, Tanac iseTi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs rogorc aWaras, aseve oseTsac da afxazeTsac. magram, isic unda iTqvas, rom es ekonomika danaSaulebrivia da moicavs rogorc “ubralo” kontrabandas, aseve narkotikebis da iaraRiT vaWrobis gzebsac, romelic saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiT iwyeba da ruseTis sazRvrebTan mTavrdeba. kontrabandis sayovelTaoba eWvs ar iwvevs: kontrabanduli saqonlis Semosvlis ori ZiriTadi gza arsebobs: TurqeTidan da samxreT oseTidan, erT-erTi gandgomili regionidan. Tumca es gzebi SedarebiT uwyinaria, da realurad, garda imisa, rom saqarTvelos teritorias kveTs, aseve, saSualebas aZlevs gaWirvebaSi myof mosaxleobas mdgomareoba odnav mainc gamoisworos. ra Tqma unda, kontrabanduli saqonlis gzebiT aramarto mosaxleoba, aramed am gzebis sabaJoebi da sxva makontroleblebic ikvebebian, magram es saqmis viTarebas ar cvlis. ufro sainteresoa narkotikebiT da iaraRiT vaWroba, romelSic mosaxleobis didi nawilia CarTuli. am kargad damuSavebul gzas xan Txilis biznesi ebmeba, xan kidev sxva ram. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi ram faqtia: dRes afxazeTic da samxreT oseTic gacilebiT ufro mWidrod arian saqarTvelosTan integrirebulebi, vidre es maT undaT aCvenon. narkotikebis da iaraRis gzebis kvalis naxva yvelgan SeiZleba, mosaxleobis didi nawili CarTulia masSi, magram, ra Tqma unda, did mogebas isev politikuri elita iRebs. faqtia, rom omis ekonomika afxazeTSi da samxreT oseTSi omis dros daiwyo da mas Semdeg ganviTarebis didi gza ganvlo. dRes is mWidrod aris instalirebuli 31 sxvadasxva xerxiT: qrTamis aRebiT, CawyobiT, fizikuri gamoxSirviT. 32 farTo azriT. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebis warmoebis saSualebebic. 51 mosaxleobis saarsebo garemoSi da faqtiurad erTaderTi ramaa, rac dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aerTianebs. aravin ar malavs (rogorc iqna), rom saqarTvelos centralurma xelisuflebam afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan warmoebuli omebi waago. magram is, rac am omis Sedegad miiRes gandgomilma regionebma, aSkarad ar hgavs mogebis Sedegs: is, rac afxazeTma da samxreT oseTma moaxerxa, aris Sua saukuneebSi Cavardna. isini nel-nela, aWarasTan erTad, sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebisgan gadaiqcnen patara Suasaukuneobriv samTavroebad, da am mdgomareobidan gamosavali kidev ufro naklebia, vidre saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi. 8. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Sua saukuneebSi TviTgamoxatvis ZiriTadi forma gaerTianebebis Seqmna da maTi saSualebiT politikur, inteleqtualur Tu sxva saxis cxovrebaSi monawileoba iyo. aseTi mowyobis da mimarTebis safuZveli albaT, aramarto antikur tradiciaSi, aramed Sua saukunebis saxelmwifoebis da msoflmxedvelobebis organizebis wesSi unda veZioT, sadac jgufs da mis warmomadgenels ufro meti mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre erT calkeul adamians, Tuki am adamianis ukan oficialuri an araoficialuri qarizma ar idga – saRvTo kurTxevis saxiT. metic: albaT, mxolod jgufis wevrobiT SeiZleboda raimes miRweva, iseve, rogorc amas qristes mowafeebma qristes mociqulebad gaerTianebiT miaRwies. Sua saukuneebi unikaluri adamianebis da maT garSemo Seqmnili dajgufebebis samyaro iyo. jgufis gavliT xdeboda Cveulebrivi adamianebis ziareba unikalurobasTan. jgufs hqonda erTaderTi mniSvneloba da misi warmomadgeneli iyo aramarto jgufis, aramed im unikaluris warmomadgenelic, romlis garSemoc Tavis droze jgufi Seiqmna. rogor iqmnebodnen es jgufebi, istoriaa, Sua saukeneebisTvisac ki. sabolood ki Sua saukuneebis samyaro warmoadgenda gaerTianebebis gaerTianebas, romelTaganac zogs ordeni erqva, zogs gildia, zogs loJa, zogs kidev universiteti 33. es gaerTianebebi rogorc qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobaSi, aseve samefo karzec seriozul rols asrulebdnen: ordenebi da gildiebi bevri mniSvnelovani politikuri da socialuri movlenis saTaveSi idga. Tuki vinmes, ubralo warmoSobis adamians, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis miReba surda, is aseT gildiaSi anda 33 universitetebi ufro gildiebis (profesorTa da studentTa) erTianobas warmoadgendnen, vidre calke avtonomiur gaerTianebebs. 52 ordenSi unda gaerTianebuliyo. gildiis wevroba ki advili ar iyo: is mowafeSegirdis institutis garda sxva, ufro rTul farul Tu Ria meqanizmebsac iTvaliswinebda. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi mTlianad gildiuria. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saqarTveloSi mxolod arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani organizaciebi warmoadgenen. es ki iwvevs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tavis TavSi Caketvas da misi ganviTarebis stagnacias: arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani organizaciebis arsebobis materialuri wyaro is finansuri daxmarebaa, romelsac ucxoeli donorebi an pirdapir, an adgilobrivi fondebis saSualebiT awarmoeben. rogorc wesi, am daxmarebis mizani keTilSobiluria, da xSirad amarTlebs kidevac mizans, iqneba es uflebebis dacva Tu sxva romelime konkretul sferoSi gamWvirvaleobis da angariSvaldebulebis danergva. magram, meore mxriv, swored es finansuri daxmarebaa, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebas organizaciebis sazRvrebSi ketavs da ar aZlevs saSualebas moqalaqeebs, yovelgvari organizaciuli CarCos gareSe, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CaerTon: finansuri resursebi SezRudulia, Tavisufali bazris elementaruli kanonebi karnaxoben arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, ar gazardon sakuTari ricxvi, arc monawileebis da arc axali aqtorebis – axali organizaciebis _ Seqmnis xarjze. meore mxriv ki, mxolod axali organizaciebis Seqmnis xarjze aris SesaZlebeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CarTva da im materialuri Tu socialur-kulturuli sargeblis miReba, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrs saqarTveloSi aqvs. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ricxvis zrda saqarTveloSi miuTiTebs ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, aramed piriqiT, misi ganviTarebis SeCerebas. marTalia, am bolo dros, mosaxleobis gaaqtiureba da mis mier sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebis dacva SeimCneva (yvelaze mZafrad es TviTdacva 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis dros gamovlinda). magram es ara arasamTavrobo organizaciebis daxmarebiT, aramed, ufro xSirad, maTi gverdis avliT mimdinareobs. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi aris ara sazogadoeba, aramed, iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, mediatori sazogadoebasa da xelisuflebas Soris. Sua saukuneebSi xelisufleba gildiebis warmomadgenlebs elaparakeboda da maT ukan, marTalia bundovnad, magram mainc, gildiebis wevrebs, maT ojaxebs, sazogadoebas 53 xedavda. dRes saqarTvelos xelisufleba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmoamdgenlebs esaubreba, im imediT, rom isini sazogadoebas warmoadgenen. ekonomikuri jgufebi ar arian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebi. amis mizezi ki sul ubraloa: dRes maTTvis ufro momgebiania saxelisuflebo wreebTan urTierToba da maTi keTilganwyobis mopoveba am jgufebSi fulis “dabandebiT”, vidre samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi dacvis Zieba. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, amis droc saqarTveloSi mogvianebiT dadgeba: rodesac xelisuflebaSi fulis dabandeba wamgebiani gaxdeba, xolo kanonierebis dacva da ganviTareba ufro perspeqtiul danaxarjad gamoCndeba. es ki SeiZleba ramdenime sababis gamo moxdes: 1. saxelisuflebo wreebis raodenobis gazrda ise, rom maTSi dasabandebeli fulis raodenoba gaizrdeba da es dabandeba ararentabeluri gaxdeba; 2. saxelisuflo wreebis mier biznes-mimarTulebebis dablokva; 3. analogiuri biznesebis magaliTi axlo Tu Soreuli qveynebidan – “iqauri” da “aqauri” mogebis araTanabarzomieroba 34. amis niSnebi, Tumca jerjerobiT mxolod niSnebi, ukve gamoCnda. yvelaze Zlieri iyo “borjomis saqme”: saqarTvelos mTavrobam e. w. saukunis proeqtSi “baqo-jeihanis navTobsadenSi” CarTvis gadawyvetileba jer kidev 90-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi miiRo. marTalia, es navTobsadeni saqarTvelos did finansur mogebas ver moutans, magram saxelmwifosa da arsebuli reJimis usafrTxoebsTvis marTlac SeuZlia samsaxuris gaweva. proeqti wlebis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda. proeqtis momzadebaSi yvela, visac ar ezareboda, CarTuli iyo. gakeTda aTasnairi eqspertiza, samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo garemosdacviTi da samecniero organizaciebis monawileobiT. yvelaferi TiTqos kargad midioda. ucbaT, am sayovelTao harmoniaSi, zustad navTobsadenis gayvanis dawyebis win, disonansi Seitana ara romelime garemosdacviTma arasamTavrobo organizaciam, aramed biznesmenma, mamuka xazaraZem, romlis warmatebuli biznesis didi nawili borjomis 34 2003 wlis aprilSi msxvilma biznesmenebma gaakeTes gancxadeba, rom isini SevardnaZis xelisuflebiT ukmayofiloni arian. amas SevardnaZis mZafri reaqcia mohyva da erT-erT gamosvlaSi oligarqebs gamdidrebaSi sakuTari damsaxureba gaaxsena. rogorc badri patarkaciSvilma Tqva, is momavals “axlebs” da “gaerTianebul demokratebs” ukavSirebs. es fraza SeiZleba gavigoT ise, rom biznesmenebs imedi aqvT, rom maT iseTive “samoTxe” eliT am partiebisgan, rogoric Tavidan SevardnaZisagan miiRes. aseve, SeiZleba gvegonos, rom biznesmenebi ukve Tanabari SesaZleblobebisaTvis ibrZvian. nebismier SemTxvevaSi – erTianobas – arsebuli xelisufleba_biznesmenebi _ bzari gauCnda. 54 mineraluri wylis CamosxmasTan da distribuciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. xazaraZem gamoacxada, rom navTobsadeni katastroful Sedegebs moitans borjomis xeobisaTvis, iq dabinZurdeba wyali, ganadgurdeba ekosistema. xazaraZe ar malavda, rom misi biznesi did safrTxeSi iyo, magram es iyo SemTxveva, rodesac biznesi iRupeboda regionis ekosistemis daRupvis Sedegad. am gancxadebis Semdeg garemosdacviTma organizaciebmac amoiRes xma da rogorc mTavrobas, asev British Petrolium-s, romelic navTobdsadenis gayvanazea pasuxismgebeli, didi problemebi SeeqmnaT. rogor damTavrdeba es dapiripireba aravin icis. SeiZleba navTobsadenma gadaswios sxva teritoriaze, SeiZleba ara. sainteresoa is aris, rom am SemTxvevSi ramdenime axal da moulodnel aqtorTan gvaqvs saqme: 1. arcerTi mxare, arc mTavroba, arc British Petrolium-i ar eloda biznesmenis mxridan winaaRmdegobas, imdenad uigivdeba qarTuli (zogadad kavkasiuri) warmatebuli biznesi mTavrobis mxridan daculobas; 2. miuxedavad imisa, rom British Petrolium-ma TiTqos gadawyvita arasamTavrobo organizaciebis maSasadame, problema yidviT, Sida, maTi saeqsperto dauwereli samuSaoebSi kodeqsis CarTviT, mixedviT, da xazaraZis gancxadebis Semdeg arasamTavroboebs protestisadmi SeerTebis garda sxva araferi darCenodaT; 3. biznesmenma moaxerxa borjomis xeobis mcxovreblebis protesti gamoewvia, rac aseve moulodneli iyo mTavrobisaTvis, Tundac imitom, rom maTi azriT, “wurbela” biznesmenis da “Cagruli” xalxis sabWoTa opozicia mosaxleobaSi jer kidev myarad muSaobda. maT, ubralod, ar icodnen, rom sabWoTa kavSiri Sua saukuneebma Secvala, sadac “sisxlismwoveli” kapitalisti samuSaos mimcemma da mfarvelma nobilma Caanacvla. 9. socialuri kontrolis faruli formebi Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifo ideologia da eklesia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis jgufebs sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCuneblad da gasavrceleblad iyenebda. yvelaze ufro moxerxebuli forma berebis ordenebi iyo. berebis pirveli ordeni francisk asizelma Camoayaliba. ordenis kodeqsi, garda RmerTis msaxurebisa, Seicavda sakuTrebis, piradi grZnobebis da midrekilebebis uaryofas. bunebrivia, aseT xalxs, romelic simdidris uaryofas da RvTiuri samarTlianobisaken swrafvas sakuTari magaliTiT aCvenebda, kontrolis SemTxvevaSi, kargi samsaxuris gaweva SeeZloT 55 xelisuflebisaTvis. berebis ordenebi Camoyalibda rogorc saeklesio xelisuflebis alternativa, Tumca sabolood yvela ordeni xelisuflebis kontrols qveS moeqca. amave dros, maT sazogadoebrivi momxibvleloba mTlianad ar daukargavT. sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis erT-erTi saidumloa, Tu romelma partiulma funqcionerma gadawyvita berebis ordenis analogi Seeqmna sazogadoebaze kontrolis gaZlierebis mizniT. es proeqti warmatebiT ganxorcielda da misi Sedegi Cvens garemoSi dRemde aqtiurad cocxlobs. es aris socialuri instituti, romelic kanonieri qurdis saxeliTaa cnobili. Tavidan kriminaluri avtoritetebis gamoyeneba sabWoTa xelisuflebam iseve scada, rogorc yvelam – cixeebSi da gadasaxlebis adgilebSi kontrolisaTvis. kriminalebs lagerebSi da cixeebSi politpatimrebis kontrolisaTvis iyenebdnen. kriminalebi faqtiurad policiur funqcias asrulebdnen da lagerebSi da lageris tipis cixeebSi stabilurobis garantebi iyvnen. xom SeiZleboda politpatimrebs ajanyeba gamoewviaT an, kidev uaresi, sxvagvarad azrovneba daenergaT. rogorc yofili politpatimrebi igoneben, lagerebSi specialuri terminologiac ki arsebobda: CB – “socialni vrag” (socialuri mteri) – eseni iyvnen politpatimrebi, da СБ – “socialno bliJni” (socialurad axlo) – kriminalebi. dRemde burusiTaa moculi, kriminalebis gaerTianebisaTvis beruli ordenis saxis micema lager-cixeebSi inteleqtualebi mixvdnen, moxda rom Tu yvela “Tavisuflebaze”, ukmayofilos rodesac daWeras, partiuli daxvretas an gadasaxlebas ver SeZlebdnen. kriminalurma gaerTianebebma ucbad SeiZines berobis niSnebi: kanonieri qurdebis kodeqsi Seicavs yvela im kanons, romelic berebs hqondaT: celibati, sakuTrebaze uaris Tqma, gaWirvebulebis da miusafrebis TanagrZnoba, politikaSi Caurevloba da sxva. Tumca, TandaTan, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis manZilze, qurdebis kodeqsis dacva sul ufro da ufro formaluri xdeboda. Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebrivi sivrce berebis mier wesdebis darRvevebis Sesaxeb WorebiT Tu namdvili ambebiT iyo savse. miuxedavad amisa, beri mainc rCeboda Tavmdablobis, morCilebisa da RvTismsaxurebis simbolod. aseve, CvenSic, miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonieri qurdebi sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolomde inarCunebdnen da axlac inarCuneben xibls, mravladaa legendebi/Worebi kodeqsis erTguli da uarmyofeli berebis/qurdebis Sesaxeb. kanonieri qurdebis institutis saSualebiT warmatebiT moxerxda ukmayofiloTa re-orientacia politikuridan kriminalur samyaroze: ukmayofilo da 56 samarTlianobaze orientirebuli axalgazrdebi advilad Tavsdebodnen, xelis SeSlis gareSe, qurdul ierarqiaSi. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa xelisufleba or kurdRels erTad iWerda: 1. Tavidan icilebda momaval politikur oponentebs; 2. sakuTar kontrolqveS aqcevda maT. es kontroli xan faruli, umetes SemTxvevebSi ki Ria iyo da kanonier qurdebsa da samarTaldamcavebs Soris mWidro kavSiriTac gamoixateboda. ra Tqma unda, kanonier qurdebs Sorisac iyvnen daumorCileblebi da maTze legendebis warmoeba da kvlavwarmoeba isev da isev sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis daxmarebiT xdeboda imisaTvis, rom kanonier qurdTa ordenis xibli gaeZlierebinaT. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, sabWoTa kavSirSic, politikuri orientirebis da taqtikis cvlileba Setevebs/represiebs taqtikuri berebis iwvevda. mosazrebebiTac ordenebze/kanonier partiul ar unda qurdebze funqcionerebs ewarmoebinaT, es isini xelisuflebis represiebi nebismier rogori SemTxvevaSi ordenebis popularobas zrdida da, Sesabamisad, sistemis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda. socialuri kontrolis arcerT farul meqanizms ar umuSavia ise warmatebiT, rogorc berebis ordenebma imuSava Sua saukuneebSi da kanonieri qurdebis ordenma sabWoTa kavSirSi. garda sxva faqtorebisa, kanonieri qurdebi Seadgendnen im socialur jgufs, romelic uzrunvelyofda sistemis SenarCunebas. marTalia, dRevandel saqarTveloSi kanonieri qurdebis gavlena iseTi aRar aris, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris dros, magram ordenuli xibli, romlis erT-erTi mTavari momenti politikaSi “Rirseuli” Caurevlobis principia, kvlavac SenarCunebulia. am princips xSirad iyeneben samTavrobo Zalebis warmomadgenlebi, ZiriTadad ise, rom misi warmomavlobac ar ician – rodesac opozicias “xelisuflebaSi mosvlis” da “Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis” survils abraleben. is, rom kanonieri qurdebis instituti partiuli elitis pirvelma talRam moifiqra, eWvs ar iwvevs – sxva Tu ara, vis unda scodnoda ase zustad Sua saukuneebis socialuri kontrolis faruli meTodebi, garda im xalxisa, visac sauniveristeto da sasuliero ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli. 10. politikuri partiebi da arCevnebi bunebrivia, aseT sistemas sakuTari ideologiuri da sulieri institucionalizebuli mxardamWeri unda hyavdes. Sua saukuneebSi am funqcias Teologebi asrulebdnen, romelTaganac yvela wesrigis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda, magram maTi nawili adre Tu gvian eretikosis tituls imsaxurebda. Teologebi 57 arsebuli sistemebis myar safuZvels qmnidnen da maT naazrevze sulac ar iyo damokidebuli, Tu romeli maTgani gaxdeboda eretikosi an netari. amis gadawyveta sxvagan xdeboda da am gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad ara Teologiuri aramed socialur-politikuri motivebi hqonda. CvenSi es funqcia warmatebiT aiRes e. w. samTavrobo politikurma partiebma: aseTi partia, romelic xelisuflebis mxardamWerad aRiarebs sakuTar Tavs, ramdenimea da isini erTi da imave cnebebiT operireben. “socialistebis”, “moqalaqeTa kavSiris”, “aliansi erTiani saqarTvelosaTvis”, “mrewvelebis” leqsikonebSi demokratias, xelfasebs, pensiebs, ekonomikur aRmavlobas a. S. mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. magram, amave dros, yvela es cneba am politikuri partiebis programebSi sxvadasxva raimes niSnavs. romeli mniSvneloba gaxdeba wamyvani da romeli mniSvneloba daigmoba – es aravin icis, da damokidebulia ara am mniSvnelobebze, aramed imaze, Tu vin ukeTes urTierTobas daamyarebs da visi kavSirebi ufro damarwmunebeli aRmoCndeba SevardnaZisaTvis. anu xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mamalaZiseuli da xazaraZiseuli versia gaxdeba wamyvani, romlebic apireben opoziciuri partiebi amxilon danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi, Tu jorbenaZiseuli xaverdovani arasamTavroboebTan gadasvlis urTierTobis da damyarebis adamianis politika uflebebis gaimarjvebs, damcvel es mxolod SevardnaZis kabinetsa da masTan mimdebare ramdenime oTaxSi wydeba. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, arc erTi gadawyvetileba saboloo ar aris da SeiZleba dadges dro, rodesac eretikuli moZRvreba kvlav WeSmaritad aRiaron. eretikosebsac sxva raRa darCeniaT, morCilad unda daelodnon saqmis maTTvis sasikeTod Semobrunebas. rac Seexeba cvlilebis opoziciur partiebi, partiebs, romlebic isini amomrCevels aSkarad arsebuli iyofian or sistemebis jgufad: cvlilebebs hpirdebian, da Camnacvlebeli partiebi, romlebic sakuTari TaviT SevardnaZis da misi mmarTvelebis Canacvlebas sTavazoben mosaxleobas. amis analogi, Tuki Sua saukuneebSi maT Zebnas daviwyebT, SeiZleba protestantuli religiebis (sistemis Semcleli) da am protestantuli religiebis wiaRSi warmoSobil revoluciur moZraobebs (sistemis aqtorebis Camnacvlebeli) SevadaroT. revoluciuri moZraobebi mxolod arsebul mosaxleobas, mmarTvel protastantuli adgilebze religiebi Tavisi ki liderebis arsebuli dasmas wesrigis sTavazobdnen sxva wesrigiT Secvlas hpirdeboda maT. revoluciuri, rogorc wesi, glexTa, moZraobebi agebdnen im SemTxvevebSic ki, romdesac isini protestantuli religiuri mimdinareobebis wiaRSi warmoiSobodnen. protestantuli religiebi ki, rogorc wesi, imarjvebdnen, 58 axal wesrigs ki axali cxovreba mohqonda, rogorc amas wina saukuneSi yvela saxelis mqone veberi (maqs, endriu loid, da a. S.) amtkicebda. aq avtors kiTxva gauCnda: aqamde saqme kargad midioda, magram am bolo, meaTe argumentis gadmocemisas 35, zedmetad xom ar gautie, Cemo avtor-ego? avtor-ego: rogorc, SeiZleba. erTi mxriv, Tumca, Sua saqarTveloSi saukuneebis mimdinare naxevrad politikuri saeklesio, procesebis naxevrad saero xelisuflebis da, meore mxriv, protestantuli religiuri da glexTa moZraobebis urTierTobebis aRwera ar unda iyos gonebamaxvilobas moklebuli. avtori: eg SeiZleba egrec iyos, magram, Sen aq mkiTxvels namdvilad abnev: gansakuTrebiT opoziciuri partiebis interpretaciebSi. ra gamodis – glexTa moZraoba “gaerTianebuli demokratebia”, xolo “nacionaluri moZraoba” protestanti luTeranebi? avtor-ego: aba ra. ise, xom moxdenili da paradoqsuli interpretaciaa: am dros ki maTi qceva sul sapirispiroa: nacionaluri moZraoba ise iqceva, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi ian husis mimdevrebi, Jvaniam ki lamis samelne esrolos kedels. ise, aseTi gansazRvreba erTmniSvnelovani ar aris, Tumca isic xom cxadia, rom rac ufro Canacvlebazea mimarTuli moZraoba, miT ufro cota Sansi aqvs, rom gamarjvebis Semdeg Zalaufleba SeinarCunos, xolo sistemis Semcvlelebi – perspeqtivaSi ufro stabilurebi arian. avtori: mere ar SeiZleboda, ase dagewera? avtor-ego: rogor ar SeiZleboda, magram CemTvis mosawyeni iqneboda, albaT, mkiTxvelisTvisac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis Semdeg saqme, rogorc erT rusul anekdotSia, iseve gasrialdeba, rogorc karaqze (anu kargad wava). miT umetes, rom iseTi aSkarad kargad dasamuSavebeli da Sua saukuneebTan kargad gasaanalogiebeli Temebi axlovdeba, rogoricaa arCevnebi da eklesia. isic unda vTqva, rom am 12 argumentis dasrulebamde arc Tu ise bevri gverdi darCa. Sua saukuneebSi arCevnebi xdeboda, magram, mxolod iseT qalaqebSi sadac Zlieri gildiebi, 35 anu TviTmmarTveloba iyo. es arCevnebi mxolod gildiebs Soris aba Cven avtori xom ver mogvatyuebs: cxadia, aq mas SeeSinda, rom mkiTxveli Tavs daanebebda wignis kiTxvas da avtors da avtor-egos mouxmo gadasarCenad. cxadia, rom avtori ori kurdRlis daWeras cdilobs: Tan cota gagvarTos da wignis kiTxvis gagrZeleba gvaiZulos, Tan mogvagonos, rom saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebSi Cavardnis 12 arguments vkiTxulobT. 59 tardeboda: isini irCevdnen qalaqis Tavs, qalaqis mmarTvelobas. oRond, yvela es TviTmmarTvelobiTi aqcia im hercogebis, baronebis, mefeebis da princebis nebarTviT unda momxdariyo, romlebic am qalaqebs an kanonierad, anda de faqto ganagebdnen. bevri ityvis, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosTan Zalian cota Tua saerTo, garda imisa, rom arCevnebi ZiriTadad qalaqebSi tardeba, da isic yvelaSi ara. aseTi qalaqebi, sadac arCevnebi tardeba Zalian cotaa: Tbilisi, gori, SeiZleba quTaisi. soflebi ki mTlianad mowyvetilia am demokratiul fufunebas. TiTqos isic sworia, rom arCevnebi realurad iq tardeba, sadac samoqalqo sazogadoeba, Cven rom gildiuri vuwodeT, kritikulad Zlieria. ganwyobili magram, mkiTxveli, gansxvavebiT es arCevnebi Sua saukuneebisagan, tardeba ara metyvis xelisuflaTa TanxmobiT, aramed maTi survilis winaaRmdeg. es TiTqos marTalia, magram saqme isaa, rom xelisufleba yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom arCevnebi zustad iseTi gaxdes, rogorc es Sua saukunebSi iyo: amis niSnebi 2002 wlis zafxulis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze gamoCnda: xelisuflebam ar (da ver) gaiyvana moqalaqeTa kavSiri, magram yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom kontroli ar daekarga. Semdeg es kontroli dakarga, magram DdRevandel saqarTveloSi Suasaukuneobrivi arCevnebis uzrunvelmyofi pirobebi arsebobs da Zlierdeba: rogorc amboben, xelisufleba naTelaSvils daexmara imiT, rom samxedro nawilebis xmebi leiboristebs gadauloca. aseve, amboben, man gamoiyena Tavisi gavlena maswavleblebze da ganaTlebis sxva muSakebze. marTalia, am daxmarebam naTelaSvils bevri veraferi Sehmata (xmebis 7-8 procenti), magram “mogebulebSi” pirvel adgilze namdvilad gaiyvana. mkiTxvels axsovs, rom mas Semdeg, rac nacionalurma moZraobam da leiboristebma gaimarjves, didxans mimdinareobda sakrebulos gauqmebis, an moqmedebis dawyebis gadavadebis mcdelobebi. es ar moxerxda, magram jerjerobiT araferi momxdara iseTi, rac migviTiTebs, rom xelisuflebam Suasaukuneobrivi arCevnebis Catarebis mcdelobebze uari Tqva. mokled, arsebuli procesebi migviTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi arCevnebi mxolod qalaqebSi SeiZleba Catardes, garegnulad unaklod, magram mxolod imaTi monawileobiT, visac xelisufleba amis uflebas miscems. anu iseve, rogorc es ekonomikis amomrCeveli. SemTxvevaSi iseve, iyo, rogorc xelisufleba ekonomikis 60 aqac mowodebulia SemTxvevaSi, TviTon deficituri awarmoos produqtis warmoebisas, momxmarebeli iwarmoeba. es arc ise fantastikuri momavalia, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos. 11. eklesia da masmedia albaT, mkiTxveli Seecdeba am qveTavs gadaaxtes. Tuki man am qveTavs kiTxviT da ara furcvliT miaRwia, mas sul ar gauWirdeba gonebis Tvali gadaavlos saqarTveloSi eklesiebis da religiebis mdgomareobas da Tqvas, rom Tu sadme aris Sua saukuneebi, is rwmenis institucionizirebul formebSia. magram, minda giTxraT, rom saCqaro araferia. win saintereso socialuri deteqtivia, Tavisi damnaSaveebiT, gamomZieblebiT, mowmeebiT da bolos, msxverpliT: 90-iani saqarTvelos wlebis meore naxevramde marTlmadidebeli eklesia, eklesiebi sakmaod saqarTveloSi, gaurkvevel maT Soris mdgomareobaSi iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris damTavrebis Semdeg maT SezRudvebTan erTad is privilegiebic dakarges, rasac sabWoTa kavSiri aniWebda. amitom, daaxloebiT 95-97 wlebamde rogorc qarTuli marTlmadidebeli, aseve sxva eklesiebi cdilobdnen Caweriliyvnen samoqalaqo raodenobrivi sazogadoebis gavrcelebis konteqstSi. gza amisaTvis airCia: maT qarTulma gadawyvites marTladideblobam maqsimalurad bevri RvTismsaxuri ewarmoebinaT da am simravliT daebrunebinaT is 70 wlis winandeli, Tu 70 wlis periodSi SeZenili privilegiebi. daaxloebiT am periodze da, albaT, swored am “raodenobrivi zrdis” gzis arCevis gamo, modis eklesiaSi ganxeTqilebebis dawyeba: cnobili damrbevi vasil mkalaviSivli swored 1995 wlis 31 ivliss gankveTes eklesiidan. am dros, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavidan iwyebda arsebobas da mas swrafad unda gaevlo is etapebi, romlebic ganvlo. sqizmebs marTlamdidebelma da eklesiam dapirispirebebs Sua ganaTlebis saukuneebidan da siwynaris moyolebuli etapi unda mohyoloda36 da a. S. magram, am procesSi Careva moxda. es Careva, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo mxolod garedan mosuli – ar arsebobs warmatebuli Careva, Tu SigniT ar aris 36 Tuki dainteresebuli mkiTxveli basil mkalaviSvilis gankveTis oqms gaecnoba, naxavs, rom misi gansja xdeba marTlmadidebluri saeklesio samarTliT, romelic adreul Sua saukuneebSi Seiqmna da romlis oqmSi citirebuli nawilebic TiTqos zustad mkalaviSvilis SemTxvevisTvisaa dawerili. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imas, rom qarTul marTladidebel eklesiaSi 1995 wels swored is procesebi iwyeboda, ramac adreul Sua saukuneebSi saeklesio pirebi aiZula Sesabamisi saeklesio samarTali SeemuSavebinaT. 61 amisaTvis mzadyofna – magram mainc – es Careva iyo is, ramac qarTuli marTmadidebeli eklesia Sua saukuneebSi gadaisrola, an, gnebavT, gayina: 1997-98 wlisaTvis moqalaqeTa kavSirSi gaCnda idea, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesiis politikaSi gamoyeneba upriani iqneboda. gegma Semdegnairad aewyo: xelisufleba miscemda marTladidebel eklesias SeRavaTebs, eklesias es moewoneboda da mTlianad dauWerda mxars moqalaqeTa kavSirs. am proeqtis aqtorad xan Jvania saxeldeba, xan SevardnaZe. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is faqtia, rom am ideis xorcSesxma im parlamentSi daiwyo, romelsac Jvania Tavmjdomareobda. didxans rom ar gavagrZeloT, Sedegad miviReT saxelmwifosa da eklesiis SeTanxmeba, ramac eklesia politikis damxmared ki ara, politikis subieqtad gadaaqcia, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi iyo. anu rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, Cven miviReT saxelmwifo, romlic Tavis politikas atarebs da eklesia, romelsac aseve Tavisi politika aqvs. magaliTisaTvis Zalian isic xSirad sakmarisia, es ori rom politika 1999 wels erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. saqarTvelos evrosabWoSi gawevrianebis paralelurad, saqarTvelos marTladidebelma eklesiam msoflio da evropuli saerTaSoriso saeklesio kavSirebi datova. eklesiis da mrevlis urTierTobac ZiriTadad Suasaukuneobrivia: xSirad eklesiebs kanonieri qurdebi Tu yofili an axlandeli funqcionerebi aSeneben. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aqac sarwmunoebis administracias ar ainteresebs, rogor moipova fuli im adamianma, visac eklesiis mSeneblobisaTvis Tanxmoba misces. xSirad aseTi mSenebloba marTlmadidebluri indulgenciaa da damatebiT fars qmnis amSeneblisaTvis, romelic mas Tu aSenebis momentSi ara, momavalSi mainc, samarTaldamcavi organoebisagan Tavis dasacavad aucileblad dasWirdeba. saeklesio sivrce sakmaod Caketilia gareSe TvalisaTvis, magram is Worebi Tu CurCulebi, romlebic am tabudadebul kedlebs scdebian, Sua saukuneebSi utyuari yofnis grZnobis momgvrelia: cxondeba Tu ara msaxiobis suli, mounaTlavi bavSvi jojoxeTSi moxvdeba marTlmadidebeli da eklesiis a. S. es is warmomadgenlebi Temebia, razec azrovneben. dRes sul saqarTvelos sxva Temaa is darRvevebi, romlis gamoc sasuliero pirebis saqmeebi samarTaldamcav organoebSi xvdeba _ humanitaruli saqonlis komerciul fasebSi gayidva da a. S. aseve, xSiria miTqma-moTqma marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi mravalricxovani dajgufebebisa da rusuli specsamsaxurebis mWidro kavSiris Sesaxeb. mokled, am yvelafers im droSi gadavyavarT, rodesac eklesia yalibdeboda rogorc organizmi da sazogadoebrivi 62 sivrce, oRond ara qarTuli istoriisa, aramed evropis istoriis monakveTisa, rodesac gabatonebuli eklesia zogierTi Crdiloevropuli qveynisaTvis politikur mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda 37. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, dResac gabatonebuli eklesia saero xelisfulebis religiuri sawinaaRmdegod eqstremizmi, iqceva da danaSaulebriv sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi gzavnilebs monawileoba, avrcelebs. damnaSaveebis mfarveloba – es yvelaferi aris is, rac Sua saukuneebis eklesias axasiaTebs. gamosavali, romlic evropaSi axali drois dadgomasTan erTad ipoves, da ramac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba moaxdina rogorc evropis saxelmwifoebis, aseve evropuli eklesiebis Camoyalibebaze – gadaaqcia isini konkretuli adamianis cxovrebaze da socialur problemebze orientirebulad – iyo reformacia. Tuki qarTuli marTlamdidebeli eklesia ar Seicvala, ar moxda misi Sinagani cvlileba, reformacia gardauvalia. gardauvalia Tundac imitom, rom sabolood TviTon saxelmwifo daiwyebs reformaciis xelSewyobas. sxva finali Sua saukuneebis am scenars ara aqvs, Tuki Sua saukuneebidan gamosvla unda moxdes. Sua saukuneebSi darCenis an Sua 37 aq mkiTxvels, ra Tqma unda, SeniSvna da kiTxva gauCndeba: mkiTxveli ikiTxavs: ki magram, es avtori, Tavisi avtor-egoTi, am evropul Sua saukuneebs rom gvaxvevs Tavs, sad aris Cveni erovnuli, qarTuli Sua saukuneebi? es xom cxadia, raki saqarTvelo varT, Sua saukuneebic Cveni unda iyos – rkiniseburi, argumentirebuli nacionalizmi gamoereoda mkiTxvels azrSi. avtori avtor-egos mier uflebamosilia ganacxados, rom Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelo arc cxovrebis wesiT da arc arsebuli institutebiT, arc socialuri fenebiT ar iyo evropuli qveyana. is SeiZleboda gangvexila rogorc sazRvarze mdgomi, anda aRmosavluri, anda gansakuTrebulad qarTuli, magram, aramc da aramc, evropuli qveyana. mas Semdeg saqarTveloSi evropa ara mxolod ruseTis gavliT, aramed, pirdapirac Semovida. isic unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSiri marTalia diqtatura iyo, magram evropuli, kanonze da ara aRmosavlurad mTlianad pirovnebaze damyarebuli. anu XVIII saukunidan saqarTvelo nelnela evropul qveyanad gadaiqca, anu daSorda Tavis warsuls. institutebi, socialuri fenebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi evropuli gaxda. Sesabamisad, rodesac XX saukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi qveyana Sua saukuneebSi gadavarda, is ver gadavardeboda iq, sadac gadasavardni ar hqonda – “namdvil”, istoriul, qarTul Sua saukuneebSi. is gadavarda im Sua saukuneebSi, rac axlandel, evropis nawil, evropuli institutebis da Rirebulebebis saqarTvelos unda hqonoda. (avtor-egom Caicina, warmoidgina ra inteleqtualebis siame da politologebis aRSfoTeba am abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg. xolo Semdeg gaicina, warmoidgina ra inteleqtual-politologi, romlic am abzacs kiTxulobs). 63 saukuneebis/demokratiis simulaciis qanqarSi moxvedris SemTxvevaSi araferi ar Seicvleba. Tumca, iseTi scenaric SesaZlebelia, rom sazogadoeba mTlianad sekularizebuli gaxdes, xolo marTlmadidebeli eklesia iZulebuli Seiqnes erTerTi reliqtis saxiT iarsebos, gavlenisa da mrevlis gareSe, manam, sanam fizikurad ar gaqreba. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi masmedia ar iyo, magram, iyo media institutebi, romlebic Suamavlobdnen saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. media institutebis rols rogorc eklesiebi, aseve gildiebi, loJebi da universitetebi asrulebdnen. rogorc eklesiebs, aseve gildiebs hqondaT Temebi, romlebsac isini exebodnen da romlebic maTi mediatorobis mandatSi iyo Casmuli, da aseve, iyo Temebi, romelzec maTi mediatorobis uflebamosileba ar vrceldeboda. es media institutebi awarmoebdnen ganwyobebs, viTarebebs, molodinebs. magram, iyo sferoebi, romelTa mimarT aranairi ganwyoba ar yalibdeboda, imitom, rom maTze arcerTi media instituti ar laparakobda. aseTi tabuirebuli Temebi ar iyo bevri: saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sida wesebi, eklesiis Sida da gare politika, saidumlo savaWro garigebebi mmarTvelobebTan – es iyo is Temebi romlebsac mediatorebi, eklesia da gildiebi, ar exebodnen, da romelTa Sesaxeb laparakis dawyebac axali mediatoris gamoCenas da gadatrialebis dasawyiss niSnavda. aseTi gadatrialeba moaxdina savonarolam, rodesac man arsebuli movlenebis axali interpretacia miawoda mosaxleobas, aseve, ian husma, aseve, SeiZleba, luTermac. aseTi mediatoruli Carevisa da gamonaTebis kidev bevri magaliTebis monaxva SeiZleba. saerTo ki Sua saukuneebis mediatorebs da Cvens masmedias erTi aqvs: arsebobs tabuebi, da es imdenad bunebrivad iTvleba, rom am tabuirebis uzrunvelmyofi meqanizmebi daviwyebulia, anda sruliad gamqrali. amitom, rodesac raRacis gamo, tabuze laparaki da mediatoroba iwyeba, es, rogorc wesi, seriozul cvlilebebs iwvevs, radganac yvela, vinc tabus arseboba icoda da amitom mis arsebobas Seguebuli iyo, erTveba momavali cvlilebis procesSi. saqarTvelos masmediaSi didi xania igive mdgomareobaa. arsebobs tabuirebuli Temebi. rodesac garRveva xdeba, es, adre Tu gvian, am tabudadebulis mkveTr cvlilebas iwvevs. aseTi Tema iyo kaxa TargamaZis droindeli Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, policielebis Zaladoba, prostitucia, 64 ganaTlebis saministro da saxelmwifo universitetebi. maTma gan-tabuirebam am sferoebis Tu institutebis cvlilebebic gamoiwvia, an uaxloes momavalSi gamoiwvevs. tabuebi kvlavac arsebobs, dRevandel saqarTveloSi esenia – narkobiznesi, iaraRiT vaWroba, eklesia, kazinoebis (ukacravad, samorineebis) biznesi. albaT, maTi gan-tabuirebac male daiwyeba. Sua saukeneebidan gamosvla albaT am SemTxvevaSi tabuebis moxsnas niSnavs. gan-tabueba ar niSnavs kritikas. gan-tabuireba zrdasrul asakSi Sesvlis dasawyisia, rac TavisTavad cvlis garemos. Sesabamisad, sanam Cvens masmediaSi tabu iarsebebs, Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlaze laparakic zedmetia. Tumca, gan-tabuireba, tabusagan dacla, sasruli procesia da odesRac mTavrdeba. mTavrdeba maSin, roca tabuirebas azri aRara aqvs. 12. saqarTvelos oligarqebi da biznes-jgufebi rogorc ukve vTqviT, CvenSi, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, oligarqebi da biznesjgufebi mTavrobaze arian mibmulebi. maTTvis jerjerobiT wamgebiania samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da sasamarTloze dayrdnoba. bunebrivia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sazrunavia iseTi garemos Seqmna, rodesac biznesmenisaTvis sakuTari Tavisa da warmoebis dasacavad saxelmwifoze dayrdnoba wamgebiani gaxdeba. Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlisaTvis es “sayrdenis gamocvla” aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes, radganac sanam biznes-jgufebi ar gaxdebian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis “gildiuri” wevrebi, Sua saukuneebidan ver gamovalT. es gamosvla ki daiwyeba maSin, rodesac, swored imitom, rom saxelmwifosTan kavSiri da omis ekonomika wamgebiani gaxdeba, biznesis subieqtebi daiwyeben samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebasa da ganviTarebaze zrunvas. rodesac biznesmeni Tavis fuls ara mxolod sakuTari biznesis dacvisTvis gamoiyenebs, aramed im kanonebis da struqturebis danergvisTvisac, romlebic zogadad biznesis usafrTxo da stabilur arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. magram swored am dros gaxdebian oligarqebi realurad saSiSni – raRac momentSi isini aucileblad CaTvlian, rom maTze Zlieri ukve aRaravin aris da moindomeben Zalis demonstrirebas. amitom es iqneba erT-erTi pirveli da mniSvnelovani safrTxe, rodesac Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlas daviwyebT. kiTxva, romelic am 12 argumentis moyvanis Semdeg unda davsvaT, aris is, Tu ra gvemuqreba, rogoria ganviTarebis scenarebi mdgomareoba Cvens garemoze. 65 da rogor aisaxeba Cveni aseTi saqarTveloSi arsebuli Sua saukuneebidan orgvari gamosavali arsebobs da orive mcired gansxvavdeba istoriuli analogidan. TiTqosda cxadia arCevani: an darCena Sua saukuneebis qveynad, an axal droSi gadasvla, ZiriTadi sistemebis mTlianad gamocvla da Tanamedrove saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba. meore, ufro dafaruli SesaZlebloba, aris kvlav Zalauflebis simulaciaSi dabruneba. amis ganxorcieleba TiTqosda ufro advilia: sakmarisia is niSnebi movaSoroT sistemas, romelic man bolo wlebSi SeiZina, da kvlav simulirebulebis samyaroSi amovyofT Tavs. magram, imdenad, ramdenadac Zalauflebis simulaciebi socialuri garemos mxolod mcire fenebs Tu exeba, xifaTi da realoba imisa, rom kvlav Sua saukuneebSi CavvardebiT, iarsebebs, da xSir SemTxvevebSi ganxorcieldeba kidec. Semdeg, kvlav mosalodneli iqneba gamosvla da Tuki politikosebs da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtorebs Soris ZiriTadi cvlilebebisTvis saWiro Zala da SesaZlebloba kvlavac ver moinaxa, kvlavac Zalauflebis simulaciebSi aRmovCndebiT. am Caketili wridan gamosvlis Sansi sul ufro da UufroO Semcirdeba yovel gameorebasTan erTad. bolos mivalT mdgomareobamde, rodesac sakuTar Tavs aRmovaCenT mudmivad mimoqceuls Sua saukuneebsa da demokratiis simulaciebs Soris, gamosavlis yovelgvari imedis gareSe. samwuxarod, dRevandeli qarTuli politika ise gaewyo, rom masSi Zalian cota Zalaa Zireul cvlilebebze orientirebuli. ZiriTadi mowodebebi, romlebic gvesmis, gvTavazoben arsebuli xelisuflebis sakuTari TaviT Canacvlebas. es mowodeba ki orive mxridan gaismis, rogorc opoziciis, aseve xelisuflebis im nawilis mxridan, vinc SevardnaZis Semdeg apirebs mmarTvelobaSi darCenas. Sua saukuneebis kvalad, albaT, avtoris valia mkiTxvels universaluri sazomi – anda filosofiuri qva SesTvazos, saukuneebSi, albaT, aravin da veravin gamoiyenebs. 66 romelsac, iseve rogorc Sua V. politikosebis universaluri sazomi saqarTveloSi, sxva mis msgavs da mimsgavsebul qveynebSi rogorc wina Tavidan gairkva, gamosavali mxolod cvlilebaSi unda iyos. magram, rogor unda gavigoT, ra aris es cvlileba? bolos da bolos, mkiTxveli- amomrCeveli mkiTxavs, rogor gavigo, politikoss, romelsac me arCevnebSi xmas mivcem, sulerTia is maRali da aSS-Si ganaTlebamiRebuli iqneba, saSualo tanis da ganaTlebiT biologi, Tu saSualo tanis da gaunaTlebeli, yofili sabWoTa prokurori, ra unda – cvlileba Tu sakuTari TaviT SevardnaZis Canacvleba? Tumca, albaT, SevardnaZis cvlileba, xolo Canacvleba vis ki – yvelas unda. yvelafris isev maSin, rogorc ise datoveba gavigo da vis qanqaris unda Sua saukuneebi/Zalauflebis simulaciebi marTva? sakiTxavi ai es aris. politikosebi gansakuTrebuli Cveulebrivi moTxovnebis adamianebi wayenebas azri arian, ara aqvs 38. da amitomac uazrobaa maTdami politikoss mosTxovo ifiqros da imoqmedos mxolod demokratiisaTvis, ar ifiqros da araferi ar gaakeTos sakuTari TavisTvis, karierisaTvis, aseve gaugebaria moiTxovo, rom man ar ifiqros garTobaze da ar hqondes seqsi, rakiRa politikosoba airCia, yovelive piradulze uari unda Tqvas da yvelaferi qveynis, demokratiis, partiis da a. S. msaxurebas daumorCilos. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi oficialuri, da xSir SemTxvevebSi opoziciuri politikac aseTi moTxovnebiT emaslaaTeba sakuTar Tavs da erTmaneTs. xelisuflebis formirebis wesi, sulerTia, saparlamento da samTavrobo doneze erTi da imave rames gulisxmobs: oficialur politikaSi mosulebma ar unda ifiqron araferze garda politikisa, rac gamoixateba maT xelfasebSi da im samuSao pirobebSi, romlebiTac maT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs. es meqanizmi yvelam icis da, rogorc wesi, miCneulia sabWoTa marTvis principis gadmoRebad, rodesac sistema aiZulebda politikoss, equrda da Semdeg am faqtiT “yurebiT eWira” 39 igi. magram es monetis erTi mxarea: meore mxare ki is aris, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazogadoebebi darwmunebulni arian imaSi, rom politikosi marTlac aseTi, saqmisTvis Sewiruli da asketi unda 38 39 qvemoT vnaxavT, rom am gansakuTrebul moTxovnebsac aqvs Rrma da saxifaTo safuZveli. am sistemas Tavisi naklic aqvs; dRes SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelas erTmaneTi uWiravs, ase rom “yurebiT Weris” faqtma devalvacia ganicada. 67 iyos, ubralod “eseni”, “vinc axla arian”, cudebi da borotebi arian, da mova dro, rom maT kargebi da keTilebi Secvlian. TavisTavad am bolo msjelobis diskursic miuTiTebs, rom saqme mTlad zrdasrul gansjasTan ar unda gvqondes. meore mxriv, aucilebelia kiTxvis dasma, rom Tuki politikosebi “bunebrivad” arian karieristebi da maTTvis Wama da seqsic ar aris ucxo, sad aris is kriteriumi, romliTac Cven unda gavigoT, vin aris kargi da vin cudi? anu ufro zrdasrulad rom gamovTqvaT, vin aris is, visac arCevnebSi mxari unda davuWiro? dRes saqarTveloSi ori politikuri programa ebrZvis erTmaneTs: erTni, romlebic amboben, rom mTavaria kargi xalxi movides xelisuflebaSi, nebismieri meTodebis gamoyenebiT, swori gamocdilebiT, da Semdeg daiwyos demokratiis da Tavisuflebebis damyareba da meore, romelic ambobs, rom saWiroa dResve vizrunoT demokratiisaTvis da TavisuflebebisaTvis, da mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebebi moeqcevian demokratiul sistemebSi, an daiwyeben amgvar sistemebSi moqcevas, isini TviTon gansazRvraven, samarTliani arCevnebis saSualebiT, Tu vis unda hqondes xelisufleba. politikosTa am or jgufad gayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, imdenad, ramdenadac arc erTi qarTveli politikosi arc erT am programas srulad ar axorcielebs. Tumca es ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom dRes saqarTveloSi mxolod es ori politikuri programa arsebobs da sxva rac xdeba, aris meoreuli da am programebTan SedarebiT umniSvnelo. arc erTi politikosi da politikosTa jgufi am strategias altruistuli mosazrebiT ar SeimuSavebs. orive taqtika xelisuflebaSi mosvlis gzaa. orive gzas aqvs Tavisi upiratesoba da nakli, orive Seicavs xifaTebs da xafangebs, riskebs da garantiebs. orives mTavrobaSi, aseve hyavs mis Tavisi gareT, mokavSireebi da politikosTa, mowinaaRmdegeebi, politologTa, rogorc arasamTavro organizaciaTa wreebSi, orive eZebs mokavSireebs sazRvargareT da poulobs kidec da a. S. saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc albaT yvelgan, politikosebisadmi midgoma orgvaria: warsulze da momavalze orientirebuli. warsulze mimarTuli midgoma ukavSirdeba politikosis warsuls, mis gamocdilebas, mis wres da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi imas, Tu ras akeTebs an ras hpirdeba es politikosi sazogadoebas, naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. momavalze orietirebuli midgoma ukavSirdeba imas, Tu ras 68 akeTebs politikosi da ra unda, rom gaakeTos, risTvis ibrZvis da a. S. iseve, rogorc arc erTi es damokidebuleba arc erT amomrCevelSi wminda saxiT ar arsebobs, iseve ar arsebobs warmatebuli saarCevno programa, romelic mxolod erTerTi grZnobis gaRvivebas cdilobs amomrCevelSi; Tu cdilobs, is ganwirulia marcxisaTvis (“moqalaqeTa kavSiris” bedi bolo, 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze). yoveli kandidatis arCevisas gadamwyvetia, Tu romel midgomas Tvlis amomrCeveli mniSvnelovnad, romeli midgomaa gabatonebuli qveyanaSi, da ara is, ra dReSi arian moqalaqeebi da rogoria maTi Semosavali. orive midgomas aqvs arsebobis ufleba, magram saqarTvelos pirobebSi, anu Sua saukuneebis daZlevisas, mniSvnelobas arCeuli gzis gardauvloba iZens da ara gzis amrCevis principuloba universalur sazomi da sityvis unda iyos is, kacoba. Tu Tanamedrove ramdenad qarTveli uzrunvelyofs politikosis esa Tu is politikuri programa ZalauflebaSi mosvlis universalurobas, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ramdenad gadis ama Tu im politikosis ZalauflebaSi mosvlis gza Cemi, rogorc rigiTi amomrCevlis keTildReobaze da dadebiT momavalze. pirveli poziciis (“jer Zalaufleba, Semdeg demokratia”) pasuxi am kiTxvaze gaurkvevelia, radganac is Zalauflebis miRwevis gzaze rigiT amomrCevelTan TanamSromlobas ar gulisxmobs, da apirebs garkveuli jgufebis saSualebiT movides qveynis saTaveSi. am SemTxvevaSi radikaluri reformebis gardauvloba saeWvoa xdeba, radganac valebs gastumreba unda, kudebs moSoreba da a. S. meore pozicia (“jer demokratia, mere Zalaufleba, anda, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, orive erTad”) gulisxmobs rigiT amomrCevelTan TanmSromlobas da mas centralur rols aniWebs Tavis momavalSi. amitom, bunebrivia, am politikuri programebis dapirispirebaSi, rigiTi moqalaqis, qveynis momavlisa da keTildReobis interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT, meore pozicia imarjvebs, ara imitom, rom meore pozicia unakloa, aramed imitom, rom politikuri pragmatizmis mixedviT iq moqalaqe arsebobs, rasac pirvel poziciaSi ver vamCnevT. daiwyebs gaqrobas Tu gaagrZelebs arsebobas is xuTi ZiriTadi umsjelo 40 azri, romlic saqarTveloSi rom arsebobs da faqtiurad kravs yvela diskurss da 40 avtorma da avtor-egom bevri ifiqres, Tu ra sityviT unda Caenacvlebina pre-judice, предрассудок, Vorurteil, da gadawyvites, rom yvelaze kargi axali sityvis gamogonebaa, imdenad, ramdenadac aqamde arsebuli qarTuli Sesatyvisi “crurwmena” mxolod, nawilobriv 69 teqsts, am proeqtebidan erT-erTis gamarjvebazea damokidebuli. es xuTi umsjeloba, romlebic Cveni qveynis yvela kuTxeSi da yvela gzaze gvxvdeba, imdenad zedapirze Zevs, rom maT arsebobas verc ki vamCnevT. asaxavs am azris Sinaarss. Prejudice naklebad aris rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli da ufro metad – ukritikod raimes miRebas da mis mixedviT moqmedebas niSnavs. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, xuTi umsjelo azri, romelsac saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba upyria, semantikurad da istoriulad rwmenas ukavSirdeba. 70 VI. xuTi ZiriTadi umsjeloba, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs 1. kariera da karieraze mimarTuloba cudia. Tavmdabloba, mcireTi dakmayofileba – maRali Rirebulebaa; es crurwmena/devizi ambobs, rom karieraze Sen ar unda izruno. is Sen mogecema, Tuki Sen kargad moiqcevi. Seni kargad qceva ki aris Seni saqmisadmi, Seni ufrosebisadmi erTguleba. Seni kargad qceva aucileblad dafasdeba. am crurwmenis yvelaze xSiri arekvla gvxvdeba mTavrobis warmomadgeneli politikosebis diskursSi, romelTac xSirad wamoscdebaT xolme opoziciis mimarT – “magaT xom xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba undaT”. aseve, arc Tu ise iSviaTia am umsjelo azris gamonaTeba opoziciuri partiebis mxridanac, romlebic erTmaneTs Zalauflebisaken swrafvaSi adanaSauleben. cota xnis winaT Zalian xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac Jurnalistis mier braldebis toniT dasmul SekiTxvaze _ “Tqven xelisuflebaSi xom ar gindaT mosvla?” _ opoziciuri partiis warmomadgeneli ibneoda da xSirad wiTldeboda. aseTi ganwyobis mizezi mnisvnelovanwilad formaluri da araformaluri ganaTlebis sistemaSia saZiebeli. saswavlo wignebi da literatura savsea karieraze orientirebuli uaryofiTi gmirebiT da Tavmdabali, morcxvi dadebiTi protagonistebiT. qarTveli mwerlebi da kinoreJisorebi, sabWoTa periodSi da Semdegac, gatacebiT asuraTxatebdnen am binarul opozicias. sabWoTa xelisufleba am umsjelobis damkvidrebas aqtiurad uwyobda xels. amisaTvis is socialuri kontrolis farul meqanizmebsac iyenebda. erT-erTi aseTi meqanizmi kanonieri qurdebis instituti iyo, romelic, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, Tavmdablobas, politikaSi Caurevlobas, anti-karierizms, berul cxovrebas qadagebda. 2. saqmis Cumad, CaZiebulad (siyvaruliT) keTebaa saWiro; gakeTebul an gasakeTebel saqmeze yvirili, anu PR-i sircxvilia; aranakleb gavrcelebulia es meore umsjelobac, romelic pirvelidan gamomdinareobs da saqmisadmi upirobo erTgulebas qadagebs. aq isev wina debulebis damsabuTebeli struqturaa gameorebuli: adamiani imdenad unda iyos Tavisi mowodebis erTguli, Cafluli masSi, rom sircxvilia ifiqros anazRaurebaze an TviTreklamaze. es mas TavisiT miuva, Tuki Tavs Seaklavs Tavisi saqmis keTebas. yoveli saqme aris TviTkmari fenomeni, romlis Rirebuleba maradiulia da is ar aris damokidebuli 71 arc yoveldRiurobaze, arc istoriul pirobebze, arc anazRaurebaze. am umsjelobis anarekls da kvals Tanamedrove 41 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samsaxuris gamarTlebis ideologiaSi vpoulobT: is, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi ministris xelfasi odnav Tu aRemateba 100 aSS dolars, korumpirebulobaSi cxadad artikulirebul brladebas arasodes warmoSobs. aravin kiTxulobs, rogor unda SesZlos ministrma, sxva, ufro dabalanazRaurebian saxelmwifo samsaxurze rom araferi vTqvaT, am xelfasiT arseboba. es ar warmoSobs sazogadoebriv wuxils da, Sesabamisad, ar gardaiqmneba arc Jurnalistur SekiTxvad, arc Jurnalistur gamoZiebad. aseTi ganwyobis safuZveli erTis mxriv, marTalia, socialuri indiferentizmia, magram meores mxriv, am ganwyobis ukan aSkarad Cans Tavis saqmes Sewiruli adamianis/asketis landi, romelic mcirediT unda dakmayofildes, magram is saqme, romelic mas avalia, unda Seasrulos. aseve, aseTi landebis gamoa, rom arc erTi opoziciuri partia ar fiqrobs seriozuli programis SemuSavebaze, romelic saxelmwifo moxeleebis anazRaurebas gazrdis. saxelmwifo moxelis/asketis/saqmisTvis Sewiruli adamianis sameba mkvidrad aris dafuZnebuli meore umsjelobaze. rac Seexeba sakuTari miRwevebis Sesaxeb laparaks – es qedmaRlobaa da sircxvilia. is, rac CV-s safuZvelSia, ar aris swori, imitom, rom qedmaRlobis niSania. yvelaze kargad sxvebma ician, rac gaakeTe, da saqmenman Senman unda warmogaCinos. ara sityvebma. miT umetes, Senma sityvebma. 3. politika saSinelebaa. igi Cveulebrivi xalxis saqme ar aris. politikaSi ar unda Caerio (dauSvebelia vinmes _ mag., studentebis _ politizireba); politizacia uaryofiTi, lamis eSmakeuli cnebaa; bunebrivia, wina ori umsjelobidan pirdapir gamomdinareobs azri, rom politika – es gansakuTrebuli adamianebis saqmea, romelic arc unda gansajo, arc unda Caerio masSi. RmerTma dagvifaros xelisuflebaSi mosvlis an misi mopovebis survilisagan. politikas miaRwev, Tuki mTeli cxovreba Tavdauzogavad iSromeb, Tavs Seaklav saqmes. bolos cidan etli mogevlineba da zecaSi agiyvans, sadac iseTive damsaxurebis xalxSi, rogoric Sen xar, poveb adgils. manam, sanam es ar moxdeba, uzneobaa zecaSi 41 asvlis survili. kidev ufro meti saSinelebaa, Tuki vinmes saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi am sityvis gamoyeneba am wignSi TandaTan sul ufro da ufro uxerxuli xdeba. 72 axalgazrdebis gareva moundeba politikaSi – es xom igivea, rom patara bavSvebs kama-sutra ukiTxo. politikaSi Careva mxolod garkveuli asakidanaa SesaZlebeli. es asaki ki namdvilad ar emTxveva studentobis asaks. garda amisa, politikaSi Careva gagsvris. sakuTar Tavs, suls dagaviwyebinebs. 4. ar unda miiRo monawileba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. ar unda gaisvaro; aravis ar unda emxrobode, unda icavde samarTlianobas, obieqturobas; magram mainc, umaRlesi Rirebuleba – araferSi monawileobaa. mTavari sazrunavi Seni suli da kulturulobaa 42. ar unda gaisvaro yoveldRiurobaSi da simdidrisken/cnobilobisken swrafvaSi. es uRirsi sacielia: am dros, bunebrivia, Sen iviwyeb sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar Sinagan bunebas fulze cvli da hyidi. ufro meti saSinelebaa, Tuki gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi iReb monawileobas da ambob, rom es asea da ara sxvagvarad. es calmxrivoba da sibrZnis naklebobaa. WeSmariteba mudam sadRac SuaSia, da mxolod SuaSi yofna aris Rirseuli adgili 43. arc erT mxares ar unda aRmoCnde. radikalizmi miuRebelia da araferi kargi ar moaqvs. 5. sakuTari pozicia arasodes ar unda daafiqsiro mkveTrad, araferi ar unda Seafaso, gadawyvetileba ar unda miiRo; xSirad es umsjeloba saqarTveloSi radikalizmis dagmobis saxeliT aris cnobili. radikalizmi aris upirveles yovlisa imis gancxadeba, Tu ra mogwons da ra ar mogwons. es ki sircxvilia, radganac Sen ar ici (sanam ar gaizrdebi) ra mogwons da ra _ ara. radikalizms, anu poziciis mkveTr dafiqsirebas moaqvs ubedureba, ZmaTa Soris sisxlisRvra. bolos da bolos sul ar aris saWiro ibrZolo, imitom rom yvelas yvelaferi miezRveba odesme. es xuTi umsjeloba marTlmadideblobis, interpretacia formaluri interpretacias warmatebiT Tu tradiciuli warmoadgens. gamoiyeneboda araformaluri qristianuli Sua rwmenis, saukuneebis sazogadoebis ganaTlebis da maT Soris evropaSi kontrolisaTvis ideologiis es da saSualebiT sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis qvakuTxedad iyo qceuli. 42 43 rac, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, eklesiasTan da “qarTul rwmenasTan” igivdeba. aseTi cnobierebisaTvis idealur viTarebad qanqaraSi – Sua saukuneebis/demokratiis simulacia – moxvedra moCans. 73 bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi kaTolikur religias didi gavlena hqonda da isic warmatebiT iyenebda am gavlenas sakuTari politikuri interesebis gasatareblad. romis politikuri interesebi ZiriTadad patara saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. safuZveli swored germaniis politikuri samTavroebSi interesebis Widili reformaciis gaxda: mxardaWeris bibliis sxvagvari wakiTxvis da zemoT moyvanili xuTi umsjelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma luTerma mxolod imitom moipova politikuri mxardaWera, rom misi – religiuri reformis lideris _ da politikuri subieqtebis interesebi emTxveoda erTmaneTs. es interesebi ki mokled SeiZleba erTi fraziT gamovxatoT: avtonomiurobisken swrafva da gare gavlenisagan Sida politikis maqsimaluri ganTavisufleba. istorikosebi, sociologebi da kulturis Teoretikosebi am politikuri faqtidan gamomdinare Sedegebs sxvadasxvanairad aRweren. me ar daviwyeb kamaTs, protestantuli eTika Tu romis gavlenisagan politikuri ganTavisufleba gaxda axali drois44 safuZveli, magram faqtia, rom amis Semdeg tradiciuli interpretaciis politikuri gamoyeneba, romelic pasiurobisaken, umoqmedobisaken da saero mmarTvelebisadmi upirobo morCilebisken mouwodebda, socialur cxovrebaSi gamoiricxa. ra Tqma unda, axali interpretacia, romelic axal evropas daedo safuZvlad, ar mouwodebda qedmaRlobisaken, ampartavnebisaken da radikalizmisaken. is ubralod sakuTari qmedebis realuri Sefasebis, miznis dasaxvis da miRwevis, socialur cxovrebaSi pasuxismgeblobis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis da arCevanis mniSvnelobis/gardauvlobis debulebebs amkvidrebda Zveli umsjelobebis nacvlad. saqarTvelos socialur sivrceSi umsjelobebi, romlebic zemoT aRvwereT, iseve, rogorc evropis Sua saukuneebSi, myaradaa fesvgadgmuli. isev da isev, Tu Cven mier zemoT naxseneb or politikur programas davubrundebiT, am xuT umsjelobas emyareba pozicia, romelic ambobs, rom me moval da cxovrebas gagiumjobesebT. gansxvavebiT meore programisagan, romelic gveubneba, rom mxolod Cven SegviZlia sakuTari cxovrebis Secvla. Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tuki Cveni socialuri sivrcis mosaxleTa umetesoba xuT umsjelobas Seupyria, gamarjvebis mosurne politikosma, 44 maT Soris, aSS-s safuZveli, romelic protestantebma aaSenes. 74 imanac ki, romelic mTlianad meore, Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlis proeqtis momxrea, Tavis diskursSi blomad unda gaurios “qanqarisTvis” 45 damaxasiaTebeli elementebi. Sesabamisad, ar unda velodoT, rom winasaarCevno sityvebSi da dapirebebSi am or programas cxadad amovicnobT da martivad davadgebiT Sua saukuneebidan gamosasvlel gzas. gamosavali isev gadawyvetilebis miRebaSia, romelic ukve TavisTavad ewinaaRmdegeba CvenSi arsebul umsjelobebs da crurwmenebs, da mcdari arCevnis SemTxvevaSic ki mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba Sua saukuneebidan Tavis dasaRwevad. 45 pozicia, romelic “Sua saukuneebi/demokratiis simulaciebs” Soris mudmivi qanqariskenaa mimarTuli. 75 VII. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, misi jgufebi, Semadgenloba, rogori unda iyos da rogori ar aris is dRevandel saqarTveloSi. anu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo, da ara marto is, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris (Sua saukuneebis) modernizebul (regresirebul) versiad 46 “eg iseTi kacia, erTi wesieri proeqtic ar eqneba dawerili” xalxuri dRes ukve TiTqmis aravis ar epareba eWvi, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba qveynis politikis da socialuri arsebobis aucilebeli komponentia. am aRiarebamde rogorc CvenTan, aseve dasavleTis ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSic, samoqalaqo sazogadoebas rTuli gzis gavla dasWirda. marTalia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebis Zirebi da amosavali jer kidev hegelTan gvxvdeba, magram didi dro unda gasuliyo, vidre samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifo/sazogadoeba diqotomiaSi sazogadoebas Caanacvlebda. Tumca CvenTan samoqalaqo sazogadoebam gareSe TvalisaTvis ucnauri forma miiRo: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis farglebi emTxveva arasamTavrobo aramomgebiani organizaciebis sazogadoebaSi aramed farglebs. dros CaerTon ara mxolod samoqalaqo CarCoebiT bolo aqtivistebic, SemozRudulni. magaram SeimCneva arasamTavrobo romlebic ar jerjerobiT tendencia, rom aramomgebiani arian romelime saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo organizaciebi, organizaciuli saqme isea, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba emTxveva “samoqalaqo da moqalaqeebis uflebebis dacvis” cnebas. anu is, vinc icavs adamianis uflebebs da ar aris saxelmwifo organizaciis warmomadgeneli – aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan moicavs yvela im aqtivobas da organizaciul formas, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo: gildiebs, romlebic Sua saukuneebSi Seiqmna, qmnidnen rogorc profesorebi, aseve studentebi da vaWrebi, xelosnebze rom araferi vTqvaT. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris organizebuli moqmedeba, romelic ar momdinareobs saxelmwifo institutebidan da ar eyrdnoba saxelmwifo institutebs. Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawilebi, jer kidev 46 maT sayuradRebod, vinc, sruliad samarTlianad, amCnevs rom saqarTveloSi bevri ram Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg, da miaCnia, rom es neli, magram utyuari demokratizaciis da qveynis sasikeTo momavlis niSania. 76 Sua saukuneebidan, arian – profesiuli jgufebi, korporaciebi, uflebadamcveli organizaciebi, da aseve, yvela is moqmedeba, romelic garkveuli mizniT warmoiSoba (ar eyrdnoba saxelmwifos romelime instituts) da Semdeg, am miznis SesrulebasTan erTad – qreba. qreba albaT imisaTvis, rom kvlav moaxdinos sxva mizniT gaerTianeba. ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifo/samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gansxvavebis mkveTri xazi gadis ara pirovnebebze, ganmsazRvrelni aramed iq, – institutebze. sadac institutebi pirovnebebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen da Rirebulebebia gamijvna-gancalkevebis safuZveli. Tumca swored pirovnebebi aqceven am gamijvnas aqtualurad. Cveni yurisaTvis am gansazRvrebas TiTqos ara uSavs, da emTxveva imas, rac saqarTveloSi gvaqvs, an riskenac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi miiswrafis. magram es samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebis xelovnuri da mavne SezRudvaa: sainteresoa, rom aseTi SezRudva xels maT unda aZlevdes, vinc ar apirebs saxelmwifos yvelganCamrevis da yvelafrismkeTeblis roli gauSvas xelidan. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi liberalur/demokratiul qveyanas imis unda Sebrunebuli hqondes viTareba da SeimCneva, saiTkenac rac miemarTeba demokratiuli qveynis ganviTareba: “dasavleTSi” saxelmwifo arsebobs imisaTvis, rom swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebis moqmedebaTa kontroli moaxdinos, anu Tvalyuri adevnos, moqalaqeebis rom cxovreba makontrolebeli da maT ar ar daarRvion gaarTulon. damsjeli organoebi mTeli amisaTvis rigi kanonebisa saxelmwifos da sabolood da amiT gankargulebaSia saxelmwifo negatiuri Zalauflebis mflobeli xdeba: anu is zRudavs da ar qmnis, is Tavis Zalauflebas iyenebs ara SeqmnisaTvis, aramed farglebis, CarCoebis, sazRvrebis dadgenisaTvis. Tanamedrove idealuri saxelmwifo – sagadasaxado sistemebis CaTvliT – Nnegatiuri Zalauflebis mflobelia. 77 amis Semdeg mkiTxveli kvlav sami dasasrulis winaSe amohyofs Tavs. es konkretuli, pirveli dasasruli imaTTvisaa, visac socialuri Teoria ainteresebs da unda Cveni qveynis magaliTze naxos, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlis Tu gamousvlelobis mizezi. VIII. dasasruli pirveli – Zalauflebis mokle istoria saerTod, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis evropuli da aSS-s istoria SeiZleba daiweros rogorc moZraoba pozitiuri Zalauflebidan negatiurisaken: albaT, mxolod XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi iyo Zalaufleba is, rasac dRes Zalauflebad miiCneven sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobiT. manamde, Sua saukuneebSi, is iyo formaluri, Zalauflebis mkacri da sastiki afeTqebebiT, da Semdeg – aris negatiuri. is, rasac dRes Zalauflebad miiCneven arSemdgari diqtatorebi TavianT sizmrebsa da ocnebebSi, aris saxelmwifoSi mimdinare procesebis — dawyebuli ideologiis formirebiT, damTavrebuli ojaxSi mimdinare procesebiT — warmarTva yvela saSualebebiT. anu es aris daaxloebiT iseTi Zalaufleba, evropaSi rom iyo XVIII-XIX saukunemde. es aris Zalaufleba, romelic qmnis, angrevs, ganmartavs, sjis da a. S. es aris Zalaufleba, romelic awesebs kanonebs sakuTari saqmianobis legitimaciisaTvis, es Zalaufleba met-naklebad Tanabrad aris gavrcobili qveynis yvela nawilze da misi kanonebis wamieri darRvevis winaaRmdegac ki arsebobs Zviri da mouxeSavi institutebi: sasamarTlo, policia a. S. es iyo is, ramac warmoSva komunisturi partiis manifesti – igi warmoSva zewolam, romelsac Zalaufleba awarmoebda sakuTari proeqtebis ganmxorcieleblebze, da am zewolis Sedegad socialur horizontze gamoCenilma kasturma sistemam. im dros Tavisufali bazari arsebobda rogorc saxelmwifos nawili da aseve msxvili kapitalic, YTavisi moqmedebebiT da ganwyobiT, saxelmwifos nawilad iyo miCneuli. Tavis mxriv, msxvil kapitalsac ar SeeZlo uari eTqva saxelmwifosTan daqvemdebarebul TanamSromlobaze, radganac misi bazari jer kidev saxelmwifo sistemebiT, maT Soris sazRvrebiT da saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobiT iyo SemozRuduli. 78 Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo XVII-XIX saukuneebamde warmarTvada procesebs, romlebic masSi mimdinareobdnen: rogorc ekonomikurs 47, aseve ideologiurs – saxelmwifo moraluri saganmanaTleblo sazRvrebis merkantilizmis sistemebiT SenarCunebiT. periodi, rodesac da amis mkacri yvelaze saxelmwifo moraluri ufro Zalian klimatis, cxadi mWidrod anu magaliTia iyo biznes- korporaciebTan dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom praqtikaSi merkantilizmi meqrTameobas uigivdeboda, amboben, rom im periodSi es ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo. Tumca adam smiti, pirveli politekonomiuri TeoriiT, ukve moiTxovda merkantilizmis gauqmebas. Zalauflebis istoriaSi es periodi imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, rom evropis da aSS-s istoriaSi warmoadgens pozitiuri Zalauflebis bolo SemTxvevas. Zalauflebis tipis gamocvla pozitiuridan negatiurisaken ekonomikuri jgufebis kvlav samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi dabrunebis Sedegia – es moxda maSin, rodesac didi korporaciebi ufro gaZlierdnen, vidre saxelmwifoebi da maT aRar sWirdebodaT saxelmwifoebTan sasicocxlo kavSiri. Sesabamisad, Sesustda moraluri kontrolis moTxovnac, imdenad, ramdenadac Zlieri ekonomikuri jgufebis samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi dabrunebam cxadi gaxada, rom sazogadoebrivi filosofiebis (“sulieri” moTxovnilebebis da maTi aRsrulebis wesebis) sivrcec iseve (Tu ufro meti ara) mzardi bazaria, rogorc yvela sxva. am dabrunebis Sedegad – XIX da XX saukuneSi – cxadi gaxda sazogadoebrivi sivrcis, anu samoqalaqo sazogadoebis topologia, romelic daiyo or – procesze da mizanze orientirebuli jgufebad. dRes samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori tipis jgufisagan: is jgufebi, romlebic mizanze arian orietirebulebi, da isini, vinc procesze arian mimarTulebi. es dayofa, ra Tqma unda, iseve, rogorc yvela klasifikacia, pirobiTia, da Tuki samoqalaqo sazogadoebis socialuri jgufebis Seswavlas daviwyebT, saeWvoa, rom zedapiruli gamokvleviT iq romelime jgufi wminda – mxolod mizanze an mxolod procesze orietirebuli _ saxiT aRmovaCinoT. rodesac jgufebi da dajgufebebi iwyenen muSaobas, gonebamoqnili 47 aramarto anu mkvlevari gadasaxadebis rogorc maT filosofosni moqmedebaSi dawesebis da korporaciebTan mWidro kavSiriTac. 79 ityodnen, mizanze amoRebis aqtualurni mimarTulobasac kontrolis meSveobiT, xdebian, SeniSnavs da aramed did proceszec mimarTulobasac. magram me es klasifikacia Tavad klasifikaciis gulisaTvis ar momixmia: Cemi mizania principuli gansxvavebis monaxva, rac cxadad dagvanaxebs, Tu ra aklia Cvens sakuTar garemos da ra unda gaxdes misi aucilebeli nawili. rogori xangZlivic ar unda iyos mogebaze orientirebuli organizaciis konkretuli saqmianoba, mxolod misi miznis aRsrulebiT izomeba misi moqmedebis dadebiToba-uaryofiToba. magram es mxolod ekonomikis/warmoebis/biznesis sivrceSi dakavebul organizaciebs da jgufebs ar exeba: mizanze orientirebulia nebismieri lobisturi organizacia/jgufi, rogori iuridiuli formac ar unda hqondes mas. aq upriani iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom mizanze orietirebuloba Sedegze orientirebulobaSi ar unda agverios. yoveli konkretuli adamianis moqmedeba Sedegzea orientirebuli da verc movifiqrebT da verc davasaxelebT moqmedebas, romelic aseTi ar aris: cocxali arseba cdilobs sakuTari moqmedebis Sedegi nebismieri formiT miiRos – sasurvelia iseTiT, rogorsac elodeba. principulad sxvaa socialuri jgufis mizanze orientirebuloba: mizanze orientirebuloba niSnavs, rom moqmedebas aqvs mizani, da es mizani iqvemdebarebs mTel process. procesis yoveli gverdiTi Sedegic ki an exmareba aqtorebs miznis ganxorcielebaSi, an ewinaaRmdegeba amas. mizanze mimarTuloba homogenuri fenomenia da Tu rame ar emsaxureba miznis ganxorcielebis amocanas, is mas ewinaaRmdegeba. zemoT moyvanili ori magaliTi, rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba, aseve, lobisturic, swored mizans daqvemdebarebuli jgufebis moqmedebebia. magram sazogadoeba mxolod aseTi organizaciebiT/jgufebiT ar amoiwureba: mniSvnelovani adgili masSi procesze orietirebul jgufebs/organizaciebs uWiravT. es jgufebi (Sedegze orientirebuli) adamianebis kidev erTi samyofelia. es iseTi organizaciebia, romelTa mier warmoebul saqmianobis process ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs da ufro metad Rirebulia, vidre mizani, romelic am saqmianobas aqvs dasaxuli. es iseTi saqmianobaa, romlis gacxadebuli, racionaluri, Camoyalibebuli mizani Zalian wvrilmania im SedegebTan SedarebiT, rac am saqmianobis process Tan sdevs. magaliTad: saqarTvelos erT-erT raionSi gaxsnili sportuli klubis mizania kargi sportsmenebis aRzrda. sworad warmoebuli sawvrTneli programa da sportis saxeobis propaganda ki iwvevs axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawilis CamoSorebas kriminalur samyaroSi CaTrevis SesaZleblobisgan. 80 aseve, adamianis uflebebis damcveli organizaciebis yoveli konretuli saqmianobis mizani konkretulia: an konkretuli romelic adamianis an dacva, warmatebit an diskriminaciuli mTavrdeba, an kanonis warumateblad, winaaRmdeg xolo es brZola, procesi – warmoebuli PR kampania da a. S. _ mosaxleobaSi sakuTari uflebebis dacvis survils iwvevs, integraciis zrdis xarisxs, adamianis rac uflebaTa sabolood dacvis mTlianad moZraobaSi liberaluri moqalaqeTa demokratiis da, maSasadame, saxelmwifos ganviTarebaze axdens gavlenas. zemoT ukve vTqvi, rom Zalauflebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi safexuria mizanze orietirebuli jgufebis samoqalaqo sivrceSi dabruneba saxelmwifo/biurokratuli sivrcidan. es procesi aucilebelia Zalauflebis negatiurad gadaqcevisaTvis, anu Zalauflebisa da socialuri sistemis im tipis miRwevisaTvis, sadac Zalaufleba aris ara mCagvreli, aramed Cagvris prevencia. amisaTvis ki sul mcire ori piroba unda Sesruldes: 1. ekonomikis agentebi unda gaTavisufldnen saxelmwifos pozitiuri (CareviTi) gavlenisagan; 2. ekonomikis agentebma sargebeli unda naxon saxelmwifosgan ganTavisuflebaSi. saqarTveloSi politikosebi, zemoTmoyvanili daxasiaTebebidan da aRwerebidan gamomdinare, jer kidev pozitiuri Zalauflebis Rirebulebebze arin mimarTulebi. SedarebisaTvis SeiZleba mokled ase davaxasiaToT Cveni socialur- politikuri garemo: CvenSi negatiuri Zalaufleba arasamTavro organizaciebs aqvT, xolo pozitiuri Zalaufleba ki kvlav saxelmwifos xelSia. anu zustad imis ukuRmadaa saqme, vidre ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveyanaSi unda iyos. es ki niSnavs, rom mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, Zalauflebis buneba mTlianad da radikalurad unda Seicvalos. Zalauflebis saxelmwifos pozitiuri bunebis mfarvelobidan. Zalauflebis SecvlisaTvis magram es matarebelia, ki ar ekonomika/biznesi moxdeba xolo manam, arasamTavrobo unda sanam gamovides xelisufleba seqtori – anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba – negatiuris. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes saqrTveloSi aravis ar mosdis TavSi bizness an biznesmens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawili uwodos, imitom, rom isini ar arian da arc SeiZleba iyvnen negatiuri Zalauflebis nawilebi. erTaderTi pozitiuri Zalaufleba ki saxelmwifos xelSia. amocana am mxriv TiTqos martivia – biznesi unda iqces samoqalaqo sazogadoebad. magram es unda moxdes – da sirTulec aq iwyeba – ara PR kampaniebiT da bizensmenTa Segneba-cnobierebis aweva-amaRlebiT – aseTi dasawyisi garda imisa, 81 rom Sedegs ar moitans, saxifaTocaaa – SeiZleba NGO proeqtebis bumis kidev erT sababad iqces – aramed Sesabamisi garemos SeqmniT. garemos Seqmna ki aris im kanonebis miReba romlebic uzrunvelyofen: 1. mcire biznesis umtkivneulo ganviTarebas: amiT biznesmenad gaxdomis saSualeba eZleva yvelas, anu samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi pozitiuri Zalauflebis Seqmna iwyeba; 2. saSualo da did biznesze saxelmwifo ze-kontrolis saSualebebis anulirebas: anu saxelmwifo dainteresebis mxolod saxelmwifo dakveTebiT Semofargvlas. yovelive zemodTqmuli ki lobirebas gulisxmobs: mxolod sakanonmdeblo lobirebiT aris midrekilidan “yvelaferi SesaZlebeli, Tanamedroveobaze rom miuSva” – arsebul ZalTa mimarTuliT Sua ganawileba Seicvalos. saukuneebidan Sua saukuneebisaken SeiZleba Tanamedroveoba gviTxran, istoriuli aucileblobiT Camoyalibdeba. magram es mxolod istoriis magaliTia, da sul ar aris aucilebeli, ase ganmeordes Cvens sinamdvileSic: Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, rodesac Tanamedroveobis Camoyalibeba daiwyo, socialuri sivrce met-naklebad erTgvarovani iyo. procesi “bunebrivi” iyo imdenad, ramdenadac maT, vinc am process saTaveSi edgnen – bankirebs da biznesmenebs – Zlieri poziciebi hqondaT da faqtiurad, sakuTari erTgvarovnebis gamo uflebebisaTvis ibrZodnen. es met-naklebad procesebi garda amisa, Tanabrad swored evropis mimdinareobda da gaerTianebul winaaRmdegobas, Tundac Zlier politikurs, aseTive gaerTianebuli fronti xvdeboda. dRevandel saqarTveloSi saqme sxvagvaradaa – Zalian bevri gareSe faqtori 48 saqarTvelos modernizaciis mimarT indiferentulia. Tuki gaviTaliswinebT, rom am faqtorebs emateba Sida Zalebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian modernizacias 49 “TavisiT” am procesis mogvareba, anu TanamedroveobaSi gadasvla TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da dRiTidRe sul ufro da ufro fantastikuri xdeba. 48 maT Soris ruseTs ar uWiravs maindamainc gansxvavebuli pozicia. 49 maT Soris arian ara mxolod politikosebi (opoziciis CaTvliT) aramed biznesmenebic. 82 dasasruli meore – maTTvis, visac maindamainc ar moewona da arc daujera Sua saukuneebTan analogiebs. Aam dasasrulSi demokratiis im axal ganzomilebebze iqneba laparaki da Tanac mkiTxveli fantastikis Janris siuJetsac waawydeba VIII. dasasruli meore – rogor unda gaizomos qveyanaSi demokratiis yofnis, aryofnis da yofna-aryofnis xarisxi Tanamedrove samyaros ZiriTadi problema ar aris nacionalizmi, is faqtia. problema isaa, Tu rogor unda iqnes miRweuli liberalur-demokratiuli, sistema nacionalizmis pirobebSi. ernst gelneris suli erT-erTi demokratiuli forumis mier Catarebuli spirituli seansis dros (TefSis saSualebiT). bolo dros sul ufro da ufro xSirad ismis kiTxva demokratiis sazomis Sesaxeb. anu ra aris is, romelze dayrdnobiTac SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi aris an ar aris demokratia. amisaTvis ki jer pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvas, ra igulisxmeba am SemTxvevaSi demokratiis cnebaSi. pirveli, rac XXI saukunis adamians mosdis TavSi sityva “demokratiis” gagonebisas, aris arCevnebi. anu viTareba, rodesac xalxi, moqalaqeebi sakuTar Tanamoqalaqeebs parlamentis wevrebis, prezidentis, premier-ministris, kancleris da sxva msgavs Tanamdebobebze irCeven. rodesac yvela aseTi Tanamdeboba arCeviTia, maSin sakiTxi TiTqos garkveulia, da SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am qveyanaSi demokratia arsebobs. magram ra unda vTqvaT maSin, rodesac am Tanamdebobebis mxolod nawili aris arCeviTi MmTeli mosaxleobis mier, xolo nawili ki am arCeulebis mier airCeva, anda zog SemTxvevaSi iniSneba kidec? aris Tu ara es demokratia, da xom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT viTareba, sadac aseTi naxevradarCeviToba sruliadac ar ganapirobebs mmarTvelobebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianobas, anda sulac aseTi mmarTvelobebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, raRac sxva mizezebis gamo principulad da gardauvlad usamarTloa? aseTi magaliTebi, rodesac umaRlesi mmarTvelobebis arCeviToba ar uzrunvelyofs am mmarTvelobebis samarTlianobas, bevria. qveyana, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, aseTi qveynebis siaSi mowinave adgils daikavebs. aseve, visac ar axsovs sabWoTa kavSiri, minda vuTxra, rom mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSic arCeviTi iyo, 83 rogorc aRmasrulebeli, aseve partiuli. arCevnebi sabWoTa kavSirSi daaxloebiT iseve tardeboda, rogorc dRes aWaraSi. magram, es aris viTareba, romelsac Zala da Zaladoba ganapirobebs. am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia Tavi davimSvidoT, rom rogorc ki sabWoTa stilis xelisuflebis mier warmoebuli Zaladoba moixsneba, arCevnebi kargad Catardeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi gavizardeT, msgavsi imedi gvqonda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom msgavsi imedi hqondeT imaTac, visac msoflmxedveloba bolo 10-12 wlis ganmavlobaSi Camouyalibda: maT mravali saSualeba hqondaT enaxaT da ganecadaT Zalis da Zaladobis gamoyenebiT warmoebuli arCevnebi. magram, aranaklebia SemTxvevebi, rodesac “sworad” Catarebuli arCevnebi aSkarad diskriminaciul, sxvisi uflebebis damTrgunvel da sxvisi sicocxlis xelmyof xelisuflebas (e. i. Sedegebs) iZleva. aseTi arCevnebis Sedegebi aravis “brali” ar aris, magram faqtebi jiutia. aseTi arCevnebi iyo warsulSic da ar aris gamoricxuli, rom momavalSic Catardes Cvens da aramarto Cvens garemoSi. rogorc wesi, arCevnebis demokratiulobis sazomad damkvirveblebis angariSebi gamoiyeneba, magram gamomdinare Tavad am institutis mouqnelobidan da Tundac Cveni qveynis im gamocdilebidan, rom 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi aWaraSi sanimuSo wesrigiT mimdinareobda, aseTi Sefaseba ver iqneba Tundac minimaluri sarwmunoobis matarebeli. metic, Tuki SevadarebT Tbilisis da baTumis arCevnebs, da vityviT, rom Tbilisis arCevnebi 2002 wels fardobiTad mainc ufro demokratiuli iyo, vidre baTumis, maSin vinme SeiZleba mivides daskvnamde, rom rac ufro meti areuloba xdeba arCevnebze, miT ufro demokratiulia qveyana. sabolood ki am daskvnis avtori miva debulebamde, rom CaSlili arCevnebi qveynis demokratiulobis utyuari niSania. es marTlac SeiZleba ase iyos saqarTveloSi, anu vinmem SeiZleba ifiqros, rom Tuki arCevnebi ar Catardeba, es Riaobis da gamWvirvalobis niSani iqneba. magram am SemTxvevaSi Cven yoveli qveynis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva kriteriumis dadgena mogviwevs, rac usasrulo Sromaa da veRarasodes migviyvans saerTo mniSvnelamde. amitom kiTxva X qveynis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb iqceva kiTxvad, Tu rogor gaizomos qveyanaSi aramarto demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZlebloba, aramed am gadawyvetilebeblis liberalurobac. anu ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom demokratiuli gziT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi amave dros iyvnen liberalurnic, ar 84 arRvevdnen adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs, anda, rogorc XVII-XVIII saukuneebis evropaSi ambobdnen, ar unda laxavdnen 50 sxvisi Tavisuflebis sazRvars. imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvas pasuxi gavceT, kargi iqneba erTi mcire siuJeti gamovigonoT, da misi saSualebiT movaxdinoT CvenTvis planetaze erTi saintereso viTarebaSi saxelmwifo arsebobs. garkveva. Ein Planet, Ein Reich, Ein Volk warmovidginoT, rom X ucxoplanetelebma 51 isini sakmaod velur mdgomareobaSi aRmoaCines. davuSvaT, rom ucxoplanetelebi telepatebi arian da imisaTvis, rom TavianT qveyanaSi miiRon demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebi, ar sWirdebaT rTuli institutebis gamogoneba: yoveli maTganisaTvis maTi Tanamoqalaqis azri, zraxva, crurwmena da umsjeloba cnobilia da isini telepatiuri dialogis saSualebiT – konsensusiT – iReben yvela gadawyvetilebas. amis warmodgena CvenTvis Znelia, magram sityvaze unda davujeroT siuJetis avtors. Sesabamisad, ucxo (da ara X) planetaze socialur sivrceSi sruli konsensusi sufevs. Cvenma Tanaplanetelma zogierTma gonebasxartma adamianma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom am SemTxvevaSi teqnologia am planetaze ar unda ganviTarebuliyo. Tumca es ase ar moxda, imdenad, ramdenadac ucxo planetaze arsebobs universaluri komunikaciuri sivrce da problemebi, romlebic dedamiwaze socialuri daZabulobiT warmoiSoba da xandaxan teqnikaSi povebs gadawyvetas, iq, im planetaze telepatiurverbaluri komunikaciis dros ibadeba da wydeba, rogorc im planetis konstituciaSi weria: (“am komunikaciur sivrceSi potenciurad yvela moqalaqis CarTvis SesaZleblobis arsebobiT”). rogorc mixvdiT, iq, ucxo (da ara X) planetazec mxolod erTi saxelmwifo arsebobs, ubralod metis saWiroeba ar aris. Sesabamisad, X planeta, sadac maT erTi saxelmwifo ipoves, maTTvis TiTqosda Cveuli aRmoCnda. magram isini gaakvirva velurobis im donem, rac maT daxvdaT: daSlili saxelmwifo, mouwesrigebeli da dauregulirebeli 50 51 politikuri da socialuri orive, Selaxvis da gadalaxvis azriT. am planetis mimarT ucxoplanetelebma. 85 urTierTobebi, separatizmi, danaSaulis maRali done, gabatonebuli meqrTameoba, socialuri da politikuri Rirebulebebis devalvaciis procesi da a. S. amitom, socialuri ucxo (ara meqanizmebi, X) planetelebma romlebic, gadawyvites marTalia, ver gamoegonebinaT gautoldeboda, iseTi magram daemsgavseboda mainc maT mSobliur sazogadoebaSi arsebul moqmedebis wesebs da odnav mainc uzrunvelyofda universaluri komunikaciuri sivrcis msgavsi raRacis arsebobas X planetaze. anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ucxoplanetelebs undodaT iseTi socialuri meqanizmebi daenergaT X planetaze, romlebic omebis, danaSaulis da qrTamebis gareSe uzunvelyofdnen sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, iseTi mdgomareobis miRweva surdaT, rodesac yvela monawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi da miRebul gadawyvetilebebs Tu yvela ar eTanaxmeba, aravin ewinaaRmdegeba mainc. pirveli, rac ucxoplanetelebis mikrokomunikaciur sivrces TavSi mouvida52 iyo X planetis planetis saxelmwifos mosaxleobas eqvemdebarebodnen mmarTvelebis telepatiuri ucxoplanetelebis unari arCevnebis ar gaaCnda, komunikaciuri mowyoba. magram sivrcis marTalia, isini mier X kargad gamoSvebul impulsebs, ise, rom egonaT, es maT TavebSi gaCenili ideebi da konstruqciebi iyo. amitom es problema advilad gadaiWra: arCevnebi moewyo da X planetelebma airCies mmarTveli organoebi. istorias ar Semounaxavs, Tu ra saxis mmarTveloba daamyares ucxoplanetelebma, magram raRac parlamentis da raRac prezidentis msgavsi namdvilad iyo arCeuli. magram cota xanSi ucxoplanetelebma, romlebic mcire drois Semdeg isev mofrindnen X planetaze, raTa Tavisi namoqmedaris Sedegi enaxaT (mogexsenebaT, azrs uWirs vakuumis gadalaxva, amitom maT ar SeeZloT sakuTari planetidan telepatiuri saSualebebiT gaegoT X planetis ambebi), arc Tu ise saxarbielo suraTi daxvdaT: zogierTi ucxoplanetelis azriT, X planetaze saerTod araferi Secvlila, Tumca zogi maTgani aRniSnavda, rom, marTalia, X planetelTa umetesobisaTvis yvelaferi Zveleburad darCa – anu policia isev ise Cagravda xalxs, mmarTvelebi isev ise iyvnen CarTulebi qrTamebis aRebaSi, qveyana kvlav 52 mikros imitom, rom isini erT kosmosur xomaldSi isxdnen da amitom komunikaciuri sivrce ekipaJis wevrebiT da xomaldis sazRvrebiT Semoifargleboda. kosmosuri mogzaurobebisas ucxoplanetelebma aRmoaCines, rom azrs uWirs vakuumis gadalaxva. am aRmoCenis gverdiTi Sedegi is iyo, rom ucxo planetaze universitetebi ar arsebobs. 86 gaxleCili iyo inteleqtualTa separatizmiT, fenebis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mainc gavlenis sakuTar SeiniSneboda zrda, uflebebSi, 2. 3. ori ramdenime mosaxleobis Tu sami cvlileba: ufro kanoni, 1. meti romelic mmarTvelebs aiZulebda nebismieri informacia gaecaT msurvelTaTvis, 4. masmedia, romelic mmarTvelobis diqtatisagan Tavisufali iyo da amitom – saintereso, 5. mdidari xalxis raodenobis zrda – da mdidari kaci = Cinovniks – tolobis gauqmeba. Tumca, kvlav SeuZlebeli iyo iseTi mdidari kacis monaxva, romelsac ar hqonda Zlieri kavSirebi mmarTvelebTan. magram rogorc mikrokomunikaciurma sivrcem daaskvna, es sulac ar iyo is, risi miRwevac maT undodaT: X planetis mosaxleobis didi nawili, 80-90 % mainc isev Zveleburad, Tu ufro uaresad ara, cxovrobda. metic, X planetis mosaxleobam ramdenime iseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo, romlebic mTels saxelmwifoSi garkveuli jgufebis uflebebis gauqmebas/daCagvras iwvevda. es ki Semdegnairad moxda: arCeulma mmarTvelebma, romlebic, marTalia, airCies, magram grZnobdnen, rom Semdeg arCevnebSi mosaxleoba maT xmas aRar miscemda, daiwyes qveynis mtrebis gamogoneba imisaTvis, rom mosaxleobas sakuTari ukmayofileba sxvebze, da ara mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg miemarTa. Sedegad maT referendumic ki Caatares, romlis Sedegebsac am warmosaxviTi mtrebis uflebebi unda SeezRuda, da miaRwies kidec amas. Sedegad, X saxelmwifos masStabiT umciresobebi iCagrebodnen da mTeli umravlesoba (anu visac kvadratuli yurebi hqonda) Tanaxma iyo daCagruliyvnen isini, visac mrgvali sasmeni organoebi hqonda. rodesac SeZrwunebulma ucxoplanetelebma gamoikvlies arsebuli viTareba, aRmoaCines, rom im adgilebSi, sadac kvadratulyurianebi da mrgvalyurianebi erTad cxovrobdnen, referendumma uaryofiTi an TiTqmis uaryofiTi Sedegebi aCvena. Tumca referendumis Semdeg saerTo dasaxlebis adgilebSic iseve iCagrebodnen mrgvalyurianebi, rogorc sxvagan. Semdegi nabiji, romelic ucxoplanetelebma gadages, X saxelmwifos nawilebad dayofa da am nawilebSi SedarebiT avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis SemoReba iyo. samwuxarod, nawilebis mmarTvelebs arCeuli mmarTvelebi niSnavdnen da amitom arCeuli mmarTvelebi maT mier daniSnul xalxs ganmtkicebisaTvis da mosaxleobis CagvrisaTvis iyenebda. 87 sakuTari Zalauflebis logikuri iyo, rom ucxoplanetelebs mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad mikrommarTvelebis arCevnebi SemoeRoT. maTi azriT, romelic mikrokomunikaciur sivrceSi Camoyalibda, mikrommarTvelebis arCeva makrommarTvelebis Zalauflebas SezRudavda, aiZulebda mosaxleobas ufro gaazrebuli gadawyvetilebebi mieRo da momaval arCevnebSi Tu referendumebSi sakuTari mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT mieca xma. am Sinaarsis makrommarTvelebis impulsis qcevaSi gaSvebis Semdeg sifrTxilem ucxoplanetelebma iCina Tavi, SeniSnes, opoziciurma rom partiebma programebis momzadeba da PR kampaniebi daiwyes, xalxmac ufro didi imedebi daamyara arCevnebze da a. S. kmayofilma ucxoplanetelebma xomaldi Tavisi planetisaken mimarTes da makrokomunikaciur sivrceSi CasarTavad gaeSurnen. garkveuli drois Semdeg ucxoplanetelebi isev dabrundnen, magram mainc ar daxvdaT is suraTi, rasac moelodnen: marTalia, mosaxleobis aqtiuroba gazrdiliyo – xalxi monawileobda arCevnebSi, ewinaaRmdegeboda makro da mikro mmarTvelebis Zaladobas, magram, amave dros, da rogorc am samoqalaqo aqtiurobis gazrdis moulodneli Sedegi, umciresobis Cagvris moTxovnebic gazrdiliyo. marTalia, referendumebis mowyobas aravin iTxovda, magram Zalian gaizarda mrgvalyurianebis cemis, angariSsworebis da uflebebis sxva darRvevis SemTxvevebi. marTalia, mikrommarTvelebis arCevnebma Seasusta makrommarTvlebis Zalaufleba, magram amave dros, Sesustdnen is Zalebic, romlebic adre mosaxleobis mier urTierTZaladobis SemTxvevebs makrodaqvemdebarebaSi iyo da gamoricxavdnen. marTalia mTlad mikrosivrceebSi ara, magram policia nel-nela kargavda gavlenas. mogvianebiT am problemas X planetis mcxovreblebma TviTon mixedes da mikropolicielebis arCevac TiTonve daiwyes. magram arc es aRmoCnda saSveli: xSirad arCeuli mikropoliciac iseve iqceoda, rogorc makro, ubralod, meti ufleba hqonda, imitom rom arCeuli iyo: iseve arRvevda adamianis uflebebs da xSirad am darRvevebs amomrCevlebis Tanxmobac erTvoda. Sesabamisad, ucxoplanetelebma cxadad dainaxes, rom sayovelTao keTildReobamde (anu maTi planetis mdgomareobamde) kvlavac Sors iyo: marTalia, odnav gaizarda im xalxis ricxvi, vinc realurad monawileobda gadawyvetilebebis formirebaSi, anu imaTi, vinc inteleqtualebis, mdidari xalxis da biurokratebis simravleSi Sedioda, magram am procesma ukve uaryofiTi Sedegebis motana daiwyo: 88 inteleqtualebma, viTarebis mdidarma xalxma, SenarCunebisaTvis biurokratebma zrunva. es erTad gansakuTrebiT daiwyes arsebuli moulodneli iyo intelqtualebisagan, romlebic manamde Cagrulebis/uflebadarRveulebis damcvelebi da reformebisaTvis mebrZolebi iyvnen. cxadi gaxda, rom Seiqmna fena, romelsac ar undoda mkveTri cvlilebebi da mzad iyo mTeli Tavisi cxovreba Cagrulebis dacvisa da kanonmdeblobis farglebSi demokratiuli gardaqmnebisaTvis brZolisaTvis mieZRvna. ra Tqma unda, maT es gacnobierebuli ar unda hqonodaT, magram albaT miaCndaT, rom imdenad, ramdenadac maT sasurveli Tavisufleba miiRes, sxvebi am Tavisuflebas mxolod maTi meSveobiT unda ziarebodnen. Sesabamisad, X planetaze Seiqmna viTareba, rodesac Cagrulebis dacvisTvis brZola arc win wavidoda, arc ukan, is ubralod SenarCundeboda. es ki rogorc mmarTvelebs, aseve marTulebis nawils xels aZlevda, vinaidan marTulebis es nawili nel-nela da SeumCnevlad ukve mmarTvelebad gadaqceuliyvnennen, oRond gansakuTrebuli tipis. . . . . . ucxoplanetelebi TiTqosda CixSi moemwyvdnen: erTis mxriv, maT ar datoves arc erTi mmarTvelobiTi mdgomareoba, romlis arCevac ar SeiZleboda, magram meore mxriv, mmarTvelobebis xarisxi ar gaumjobesda da ise Canda, rom yvelaferi gayinvagaCerebisaken, saswrafod WrialiT arsebuli Seiqmna warimarTa: mdgomareobis maradiulad mikro-komunikaciuri erT-erTi sivrce, hipoTeza, SenarCunebisaken romelic romelic dasawyisSi SemuSavda, midioda. sakmaod moiTxovda, rom inteleqtualebic da uflebebis damcvelebic aerCiaT – jer regionul, xolo Semdeg qveynis donezec. meore hipoTezis mixedviT – gamosavali X planetis X saxelmwifos patar-patara saxelmwifoebad mdgomareobda. ganviTarebis daSlaSi mesame da modeli iq yvelafris arsebuli Tavidan sistemebis dawyebaSi gauqmebas da ganaTlebuli mmarTvelebis institutis SemoRebas iTvaliswinebda, eyrdnoboda ra X planetis cnobili moazrovnis, notalpis cnobil Txzulebas. samive es modeli damuSavebisas kidev ufro uaresi gamodga, vidre arsebuli: pirveli modelis ganviTarebis gaTamaSebisas aRmoCnda, rom arCeuli inteleqtualebi da adamianis uflebebis damcvelebi mTlianad gauigivdnen arsebul biurokratias da TavisuflebiT marTvis Canasaxic ki moispo. meore modelma aCvena, rom sindromi, romelic maTTvis “kvadratulyurianebis mier mrgvalyurianebis Cagvris” saxeliT iyo cnobili, Zlierdeboda da Zalauflebis mTavari ganmsazRvreli xdeboda. 89 mesame modelirebisas ganaTlebuli mmarTvelebis mesame Taobam iseTi terori daiwyo, rom mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce TavisiT gamoirTo. magram, ra ucnauric ar unda yofiliyo, mesame modelma miuTiTa gamosavalze: ucxoplanetelebi ukve mixvdnen, rom mTavaria sazogadoebis didi nawili ZalauflebiT marTvidan TavisuflebiT marTvaze 53 gadarTo. Sesabamisad, maTTvis saWiro iyo TavisuflebiT marTvis iseTi formis povna, sadac, marTalia, mTlianad ara, magram minimumamde iqmeboda dayvanili ZalauflebiT marTva. aseTi formis maxasiaTeblebi ki Semdegi unda yofiliyo: 1. mmarTvelebs ver unda enaxaT verc axlo da verc Sors mimaval perspeqtivaSi piradi sargebeli; 2. marTva unda yofiliyo damyarebuli arCevanze; 3. mokle vadaSi misaRwevi piradi sargebeli, romlis gamoricxvac SeuZlebeli iyo, minimumze unda yofiliyo dayvanili; 4. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, mmarTvelebi marTvaSi sisxlxorceulad unda yofiliyvnen dainteresebulni; 5. garda amisa, aucilebeli piroba iyo, rom aseTi marTva yvela sxva marTvis mowyobis modeli unda gamxdariyo, ise unda Seesisxlxorcebina igi yovel X-planetels. ra Tqma unda, mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce imis SesaZleblobasac uSvebda, rom romelime aseT konkretul marTvaSi SeiZleba ZalauflebiT marTvis xarisxi gazrdiliyo TavisuflebiT marTvis Semcirebis xarjze. magram arsebul struqturas, kanonebs da qcevis miRebul wesebs aseTi saxecvlilebis totaluri gavrceleba unda SeeCerebinaT. mokled, rogorc amas ucxoplanetelebi ambobdnen, unda momxdariyo zrunvis institucionalizacia. marTalia, maT kargad ar esmodaT, ra azri iyo Cadebuli am sityvebSi 54, magram es sityvaTSexameba X-planetelebis srul aRfrTovanebas iwvevda. mas mere, rac es xuTi piroba Camoyalibda, ucxoplanetelebma daiwyes Zieba, Tu sad iyo SesaZlebeli am pirobebis ganxorcieleba X planetaze arsebul struqturebSi. jer scades es makrommarTvelobis da mikrommarTvelobis doneze ganexorcielebinaT. ra Tqma unda, sruli kraxi ganicades, imdenad, ramdenadac am doneze mxolod ZalauflebiT marTva iyo SesaZlebeli, Sesabamisad, TavisuflebiT 53 anu rodesac marTva aris Tavisuflebis instituciuri gavrceleba: rodesac marTulebi aZleven mmarTvels Tavisuflebis instituciuri marTvis uflebas da instituciurad ufleba aqvT marTvis es ufleba ukanve daibrunon. 54 mogexsenebaT, ucxo planetaze telepatiuri makrokomunikaciuri sivrcis arsebobis gamo institucionalizacia rogorc calke instituti ar arsebobs. 90 marTvis xarisxi gadawyvetilebebi katastrofiulad miiReboda, samarTlianobisagan SemTxvevaSic ki, da, magram rogorc rodesac dabali es es iyo: ra Tqma gadawyvetilebebi wesi, sargeblis gadawyvetileba unda, demokratiuli sakmaod miRebas Sors idga emsaxureboda. im gamoirCeoda, es samarTlianobiT SemTxveviTobis wyaloba ufro iyo, vidre aucileblobisa. sargebeli, romelsac gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni moelodnen, yovelTvis ar iyo uaryofiTi, magram am doneze arafriT ar moxerxda arCevanis procesSi sargeblisken swrafvis minimumamde dayvana: nebismieri gadawyvetileba gadawyvetilebis mimRebebis mier axlo momavalSi, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki Soreul momavalSi, sargeblis miRebis molodinebis urTierTSejerebiT miiReboda. Sesabamisad, marTva Zalauflebis gaziarebiT, gadacemiT da warTmeviT mimdinareobda. anu aravin aravis Tavisuflebas ar gadascemda: Tuki es ase xdeboda, Tavisufleba minimaluri iyo, da Tu kanoniT ara, tradiciebiT, crurwmenebiT, umsjelobebiT da SiSiT iyo ganpirobebuli. bolos da bolos, am yvelafris dasaZlevad aravinac ar iwuxebda Tavs, Tuki es pirad sargebels ar exeboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc wesi, ar exeboda. ucxoplanetelebi gasaWirSi Cavardnen. mikro-komunikaciuri sivrce ver poulobda gamosavals. zrunvis institucionalizacia vera da ver xerxdeboda. bolos ucxoplanetelebi mixvdnen, rom maT TavianTi gardaqmnebis impulsTa warmarTvaSi raRac mniSvnelovani gamorCaT, anu iseTi raRac gamorCaT, rac Xplanetelebis cxovrebas gasdevda, mniSvnelovnad iyo CarTuli X-planetelebis cxovrebaSi, magram kvlav totalitarul-diqtatoruli iyo da Tanac erTsa da imave dros, dafarulic da zedapirze myofic. ra eqnaT ucxoplanetelebs! kidev erTxel Causxdnen maTTvis sruliad ucxo socialuri struqturebis analizs. sakuTar komunikaciur sivrceSic Caixedes, rom zrunvis safuZvel-elementi epovaT. da ai, dadga momenti, rodesac mikro- komunikaciuri sivrce abazanidan amoxta da evrikas ZaxiliT Semourbina kosmosur xomalds. maT rogorc iqna ipoves adgili, sadac zrunvis institucionalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli, da romelic TiTqos zemoTCamoTvlil xuTive kriteriums akmayofilebda: es iyo ganaTleba. saqme is gaxlavT, rom mmarTvelobiTi institutebis gademokratiulobaze zrunvis procesSi ucxoplanetelebs gamorCaT is, rac X planetis sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZveli iyo, is, rac ayalibebda sazogadoebis wevrebs, uviTarebda ZiriTad Sexedulebebs da warmodgenebs, mokled rom vTqvaT, 91 gadascemda im ZiriTad Rirebulebebs da idealebs, romlebic Semdeg sazogadoebriv da yvela sxva cxovrebaSi vlindeboda. ucxoplanetelebma gadaxedes ganaTlebas da didad imedgacruebulni darCnen: saqme is iyo, rom rogorc skolebSi, aseve umaRlesi ganaTlebis SenobebSic yvela im Rirebulebebis da struqturebis daswavla/axsna xdeboda, romlebsac isini amdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi X planetaze wvalebiT nergavdnen: arCevnebi, xelisuflebis gayofa, pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis winaSe, qrTamis aRebis damRupveloba, sasamarTlos samarTlianoba da Zala, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, – es is iyo, rasac ganaTlebis procesSi didi yuradReba eqceoda, SeedginaT saswavlo kursebi, maswavleblebi specialurad emzadebodnen am sagnebis swavlebisaTvis. magram saSveli mainc ar Canda. qveyana kvlav ixliCeboda winaaRmdegobebiT, separatizmiT da SeuwynareblobiT. is-is iyo, ucxoplanetelebi yureb, xeleb, fexeb, saceceb, borbleb da kudCamoyrili xomaldis ukan, Tavisi planetisaken daZvras apirebdnen, rom uceb mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce kvlav ayvirda: marTalia, swavlebebis procesi TiTqosda sasurveli mimarTulebiT warmarTuliyo, magram TviTon organizaciebi, anu instituciuri mowyoba kvlav totalitaruli iyo, anu yvela iniSneboda, sazogadoeba ar iyo CarTuli aranair gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi (an CarTuli iyo mxolod gaSualebulad, ramdenadac irCevda imaT, vinc Semdeg ganaTlebis xelmZRvanelebs niSnavda). Sesabamisad, yoveli bavSvi, romelic skolaSi midioda, Tavs amoyofda iseT sistemaSi sadac mas araferi ekiTxeboda da mxolod viRacis davaleba unda Seesrulebina. mSobeli, romelic bavSvs skolaSi uSvebda, verc ki warmoidgenda, rom ramenairad Careuliyo saswavlo procesSi da sakuTari pirobebi wamoeyenebina. Semdeg es bavSvi, romelic totalitarul garemoSi izrdeboda, xvdeboda sistemebSi, sadac misgan arCevanis gakeTebas iTxovdnen. es ki misTvis rTuli gaxldaT da rogorc skolaSi da sxva saswavleblebSi iyo miCveuli, davalebis Sesrulebas iwyebda. ar SeiZleboda imis Tqma, rom X planetaze ar arsebobdnen iseTi skolebi, sadac aramarto mSobels ekiTxvebodnen, ra surda mas, rom mis Svils eswavla, aramed moswavleebis azrsac iTvaliswinebdnen, magram aseTi skolebi gamonaklisi iyo da aminds ver cvlida. X planetis mosaxleobis umravlesoba ganwiruli iyo saxifaTo, usamarTlo da umciresobebis damCagvreli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis, imdenad, ramdenadac mas arc arCevanis Cveva hqonda da arc zrunvis gamocdileba, anu mis 92 kompetenciaSi arasodes Sedioda mis gverdiT myofis bedis gadawyveta: is yovelTvis misgan Zalian daSorebul problemebs wyvetda: mmarTvelebis arCevis sakiTxs, sadRac Sors arsebuli umciresobebis beds. . . X planetis mosaxleobis gamocdilebiT mxolod ZalauflebiT marTva iyo SesaZlebeli. maTi gamocdilebis mixedviT SeuZlebeli iyo aramarto erTmaneTze, aramed sakuTar Svilebzec zrunvac ki: es viRacas, maT mier gaSualebulad arCeuls, unda gadaewyvita, TviTon ki am gadawyvetilebas unda damorCilebodnen. es TiTqosda problemis gadawyveta iyo, magram ucxoplanetelebma aqac kinaRam Secdoma dauSves, magram mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce risi sivrce iqneboda, es rom ar SeemCnia: sakuTari ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis sruli Tavisufleba – anu aramarto maswavleblebis da mmarTvelebis SerCeva, aramed saswavlo procesis Sinaarsis gansazRvrac – mxolod ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba ganxorcielebuliyo. amitom, ucxoplanetelebma gadawyvites X planetaze zrunvis institucionalizacia nabij-nabij daewyoT: jer mSoblebisaTvis da maswavleblebisaTvis miecaT skolis direqtorebis, maswavleblebis da damatebiTi sagnebis arCevis Tavisufleba, Semdeg nel-nela gaezardaT sagnebis arCevis es Tavisufleba da bolos mieRoT viTareba, rodesac yoveli moswavlis saswavlo programis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas mSobeli, maswavlebeli da moswavle erTad miiRebdnen. saboloo zrunvis institucionalizacia am gziT ganxorcieldeboda. amis Semdeg aseT sazogadoebaSi aRarc samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba iqneboda rTuli. skolis sistemis arCeviT institutad gadaqceva ucxoplanetelebis SemuSavebul xuTive kriteriums akmayofilebda. anu: 1. mmarTvelebi (romlebSic arCeuli mSoblebi umravlesoba unda yofiliyo) ver naxulobdnen verc axlo da verc Sors mimaval perspeqtivaSi pirad sargebels: maTi gadawyvetilebebi exeboda maT Svilebs; 2. marTva arCevanze iyo damyarebuli – mmarTvelebi irCevdnen swavlebis ganmxorcieleblebs da swavlebis mimarTulebebs; 3. ra Tqma unda, piradi gamorCena SesaZlebeli iyo, Tundac skolis saxsrebis gamoyeneba piradi miznebisaTvis, magram am SemTxvevaSi sxva mSoblebis mxridan kontrolis meqanizmi amoqmeddeboda. garda amisa, nakleb mosalodneli iyo, rom romelime mSobeli sakuTari bavSvis momavals Tavisi gamorCenis mizniT sasworze Seagdebda; 4. imdenad, ramdenadac saqme mmarTvelebis bavSvebs exeboda, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, mmarTvelebi marTvaSi sisxlxorceulad iyvnen dainteresebulebi; 5. aseTi marTva, 93 anu marTva, ganpirobebuli zrunvis institucionalizaciiT, yvela sxva marTvis mowyobis modeli gaxda: skolis moswavleebi socializaciis pirveli nabijebidanve eCveodnen arCevas da zrunvas. zrunviT da TavisuflebiT marTviT ganpirobebuli qceva X sazogadoebis safuZvlad iqca. es yvelaferi ar uzrunvelyofda, ra Tqma unda, arc ZalauflebiT marTvis Sesustebas da arc problemebis gaqrobas. magram sazogadoebis mowyobis safuZveli, romlic totalitaruli iyo, zrunvaze da arCevanze damyarebuli gaxda, ramac X sazogadoeba maqsimalurad dauaxlova ucxo planetis makrokomunikaciur sivrces. zrunvis institucionalizacia iyo garanti, rom mcire (erT jgufSi, qve- sazogadoebaSi) da didi (planetis masStabiT) gadawyvetilebebi samarTlianobasTan maqsimalurad yofiliyo miaxloebuli. e. w. “saSualo”, konkretul-mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebi X planetaze, ra Tqma unda, kvlav rCeboda problematurad, radgan subieqtebis angarebisagan da ZalauflebiT marTvisagan ganTavisufleba SeuZlebelia. metic, es arc aris saWiro, radganac, swored individualuri Tavisufleba aris zrunvis institucionalizaciis SesaZlebloba 55. meore mxare, romelic mikrokomunikaciurma sivrcem aRmoaCina da romelic aseve gamorCa mas sareformo impulsebis siidan, iyo masobrivi komunikaciisa da informaciis saSualebebi, rac uaxloes momavalSi ganaTlebasTan erTad meore yvelaze mniSvnelovani instituti unda gamxdariyo masSi CarTuli mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT. uzrunveleyo marTalia, saiformacio teqnikis sivrcis ganviTarebas demokratiuloba da sul male Tavad arCeviTobaze unda damyareba, magram sanam es “sul male” dadgeboda, televizia rCeboda sazogadoebis formirebis 55 bunebrivia, qarTvel mkiTxvels ramdenime eWvi gauCndeba, rac dakavSirebulia, ZiriTadad, separatizmTan, anu somxebi somex direqtors airCeven, azerebi azerbaijanels da a. S. rac sabolood qarTul enaze mimdinare ganaTlebas sul gaauqmebs. am Tvalsazrisis damcvelebs minda vuTxra, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri somxebiT dasaxlebul regionSi – samcxe-javaxeTSi somxuri ganaTlebis sistema ki ar ejibreba qarTuls, aramed rusuli, da isic imitom, rom regionis mcxovreblebi sakuTar momavals ruseTs ukavSireben da ara saqarTvelos. saqarTvelos mmarTveloba ki yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloze orientacia damTavrebuli mouspos im am mxareSi regionis moqalaqeebs navTobsadenis milis argumentic aris, rom “iq somxebi cxovroben”. . 94 – dawyebuli gayvanaze uaris gzis TqmiT, SeukeTeblobiT, risi faruli Zalian mniSvnelovan instrunmentad, magram ara Sinaarsis mixedviT 56, aramed mravalferovnebiT da mraval potenciur momxmarebelze orientaciiT. es problema, bunebrivia, telegadacemebis uzrunvelmyofi resursebis arCevanze damyarebuli gamanawilebeli sistemiT unda gadawyvetiliyo. sainformacio komunikaciis momavali bedi, ucxoplanetelebis varaudiT, waagavda saskolo ganaTlebisas: aqac, momavalSi TiToeul moqalaqes miecemoda saSualeba gadaewyvita, romeli arxebisaTvis da sainformacio sistemebisaTvis edevnebina Tvali, da TviTon Seedgina, magaliTad, sakuTari satelevizio programa. magram, iseve rogorc ganaTlebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac saWiro iyo sawyisi pirobebis Seqmna, romelic Semdeg axal stadiaze gadasvlas gaaadvilebda. ucxoplanetelebi mixvdenen, rom amis metis gakeTebas isini ver SeZlebdnen, rom es iyo maTi planetis da X planetis msgavsebis maqsimumi. SvebiT amoisunTqes da gauCinardnen. 56 rogorc es X planetis zogierT politikoss egona, rom satelevizio gadacemebze cenzuris dawesebiT SesaZlebeli iyo mavne zegavlenisagan sazogadoebis dacva. 95 mesame dasasruli – maTTvis visac male unda es wigni damTavrdes, Tanac ise, rom cxadi warmodgena hqondes, ra aris avtoris azriT saqarTveloSi gasakeTebeli imisaTvis, rom Sua saukuneebis 12 niSani sabolood daiZlios. amave dros es dasasruli gankuTvnilia imaTTvisac, visac demokratiis da saxelmwifos marTvis Sesaxeb didi wignebis kiTxva uyvars. VIII. dasasruli mesame – aleqsis de tokvilis winaaRmdeg demokratiulobis Tanamedrove sazomi principulad igivea, rac 150 wlis winaT iyo da mis ucvlel wyaros aleqsis de tokvilis “demokratia amerikaSi” warmoadgens. bunebrivia, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi kriteriumebis ucvleloba eWvs unda iwvevdes, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, dRemde politikuri mecniereba tokvilis SemuSavebuli struqturiT xelmZRvanelobs. rogorc Tanamdebobis amosavalic cnobilia, gamo, tokvilisaTvis, amerikuli penitencialuri mis demokratiis sistema iyo, mier safrangeTSi Sefasebis ufro sababic zustad ki dakavebuli da empiriuli cixeebi, romelTa Seswavlac misi da misi megobari bomonis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamgzavrebis oficialuri sababi Seiqna. Sesabamisad, iuridiul sistemas mis wignSi “demokratia amerikaSi” gadamwyveti adgili uWiravs: pirveli wigni mTlianad eZRvneba qveynis federalur mowyobas da sasamarTlo sistemas. meore nawili sazogadoebis struqturis aRweraa. meore wignis sagania demokratiis gavlena yoveli amerikelis cxovrebaze, demokratiis gavlena inteleqtualur cxovrebaze, amerikelebis grZnobebze, Cvevebze, politikur sazogadoebaze. Tanamedrove politikuri Teoria am, tokvilis mier dasaxul, paradigmas ar gascilebia: XX saukuneSi demokratiis da ekonomikuri sistemebis urTierTobis ganxilvac ar midis Sors tokvilisagan (Tavi: “rogor aZvireben miwis rentas da amcireben miwis rentis vadebs demokratiuli institutebi da Cvevebi” da sxva). anu Tanamedrove politikuri Teoria, demokratiis aRwerisas, Sefasebisas da dagegmvisasac ki, isev tokvilis mier SemuSavebuli paradigmiT xelmZRvanelobs. ra Tqma unda, tokvili wers ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. metic, misTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs samoqalaqo ganaTlebas (rogorc Cven mas dRes vuwodebT) da didi simpatiiT laparakobs amerikelebis unarze, Tavisuflad da naTlad ilaparakon sakuTari qveynis konstituciur safuZvlebze, sakuTar uflebebze, maTi sistemis 96 upiratesobaze, amerikelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel azris SemuSavebisa da gamoTqmis wesebze 57. magram is gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ganaTlebis Sinaarss aniWebs, rogorc Tanamedrove politikis mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa umetesoba, da arafers ambobs ganaTlebis organizaciis Sesaxeb. Tumca, impliciturad, ra Tqma unda, rodesac is TviTmmarTvelobaze laparakobs, igulisxmeba, rom ganaTlebis organizaciaSic TviTmmarTvelobis xarisxi maRali unda iyos. magram es Tema (ganaTlebis TviTmmarTveloba) wignSi “demokratia amerikaSi” sruliad ar aris Tematizebuli. aseve, imdenad, ramdenadac informaciul-teqnologiuri sivrcis cneba tokvilis dros saerTod ar arsebobda, ubralod, sainformacio eleqtronuli saSualebebis ararsebobis gamo, tokvili arafers ambobs sainformacio saSualebebis flobis da ganawilebis demokratiuli principebis aucileblobaze. es arc aris gasakviri: XX saukunemde demokratiis da, saerTod, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis problema iyo iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, romelsac unda Seeqmna sayovelTao CarTulobis uzrunvelmyofi marTvis instituti. im dros eklesiis garda ar arsebobda arcerTi socialuri da administraciuli erTeuli, romelSic mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba rogorc tradiciis ZaliT, aseve iZulebiT iqneboda CarTuli. Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebis sistemebidan Tanamedroveobaze gadasvlis dasaxuli politikuri amocana eklesiis tradiciuli Sinaarsis Secvlis garda, marTvis iseTi sistemis SemoReba iyo, romelic yoveli moqalaqis pirdapir monawileobas uzrunvelyofda. amis miRweva, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiisTvis tradiciuli eTikuri normebis ZiriTadi interpretaciebis SecvliT. ramac, Tavis mxriv, iseTi religiebis popularobas Seuwyo xeli, romlebic azris gamoxatvis SezRudvebisagan maqsimalurad Tavisufalni iyvnen. meore mxriv, iseTi religiebi, romlebsac Sinaganad aseTi gademokratiuloba ar SeeZloT, maqsimalurad Ria gaxdnen gare samyarosadmi (mag., kaTolicizmi, anglikanuri eklesia). Sesabamisad, eklesiebi ase Tu ise gademokratiuldnen, maTi gavlena da Zalaufleba demokratiis samsaxurSi Cadga. eklesiis problema moixsna, religia da religiuri ganwyobebi samarTlianad 57 ix. Tavebi: wigni I, nawili II: “rogor exmareba demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebas amerikelebis ganmanaTlebloba, Cvevebi da praqtikuli gamocdileba”; wigni II nawili III: “SeerTebul StatebSi gogonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb”. 97 iqcnen qveynis da demokratiulobis kriteriumad. esec swored tokvilis damsaxurebaa, romelmac mniSvnelovani adgilebi miuZRvna eklesiis da religiebis rols demokratiuli sazogadoebis aRwerisas. dResac saerTaSoriso organizaciebis fokusirebis erT-erT punqtad (sruliad samarTlianad) aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebaa miCneuli. magram Semdeg, rogorc Cans, Cvens samyaroSi viTareba Seicvala: gaCnda ramdenime instituti, romelmac mTlianad da maqsimalurad, rogorc Cans, iseve, rogorc adre eklesiam, moicva qveynis mosaxeloba. zogadi ganaTlebis universalurobis principma unitarul saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo Camoyalibeba da mizani, rogorc wesi, ideologiis gavrceleba da biurokratiuli aparatis uzrunvelyofa iyo. damatebiTma faqtorebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad, nacionalizmi da sabazro ekonomika, zogad ganaTlebaze moTxovnileba sayovelTao da aucilebeli gaxada. zogadi ganaTlebis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomobis safuZveli demokratiuli tipis moTxovnaa, rom yvelam icodes is, ris gareSec mas gauWirdeba Tanamedrove samyaroSi cxovreba. meore mxriv, zogadi ganaTlebis sistema, rogorc sayovelTao instituti, sakmaod erTmmarTvelur Sesabamisad, TiTqosda anda TviTmmarTvelobamoklebul TavisTavad igulisxmeboda, saxelwifoebSi rom zogadi gaCnda. ganaTlebis mmarTveloba centralizebuli an centralizebulTan miaxloebuli unda yofiliyo. amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom zogadi ganaTlebis dabadebidan yuradReba mis Sinaarss eqceoda da ara mis mowyobas 58. anu is, rom sakmaod Znelia aswavlo demokratiulobis da pasuxismgeblobis unar-Cvevebi sistemaSi, romelic erTmmarTvelobas da pasuxismgeblobebis urTierTmiweras emyareba, jerac ar aris socialurad da amitom inteleqtualurad cxadi idea. Tumca es winaaRmdegoba empiriul doneze TviTmmarTvelobis gacnobierebulia principebi ar da arsebobs, ganaTlebis an im arasruladaa sistemebSi, sadac ganxorcielebuli, negatiuri pasuximgeblobis meqanizmebia danergili 59. daaxloebiT asevea saqme komunikaciebis sferoSi: absoluturad demokratiuli meqanizmis – internetis ganviTareba – male saSualebas miscems am qselSi yovel 58 socialur struqturebSi Sinaarsis da formis Sesabamisoba sakmaod axali ideaa da masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ZiriTadad frankfurtis skolis damsaxurebaa. es idea jer kidev elodeba Sesabamis damuSavebas. 59 anu moswavles da mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, uari Tqvan garkveul gakveTilebze daswrebaze. aseve, ufleba aqvT, uSualod mimarTon politikosebs sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis moTxovniT. 98 CarTul yovel adamians TviTon Seadginos misTvis sasurveli TV programa da Semdeg cvalos, sazogadoebebi rogorc SezRuduli unda. magram resursebiT manam, – sanam es satelevizio SesaZlebeli sixSireebiT gaxdeba, – arian gaerTianebulebi. rac ar unda izrunos calke sazogadoebriv aqtivistTa, xolo calke kanonmdebelTa korpusebma, televiziis programebi mxolod maSin gaxdeba “sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo” biznesi, rodesac rogorc SezRuduli resursebis (sixSireebis) demokratiul, ganawilebis, Ria, aseve gamWvirvale televiziebis principebze iqneba mmarTvelobebis agebuli 60. ra sistemebi Tqma unda, zemoTqmuli gulisxmobs saxelmwifo televiziebis gaqrobas da maTi sazogadoebrivi televiziebiT Canacvlebas. magram, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, yoveli konkretuli eklesia, ekonomika da televiziac Sinaganad vertikaluri struqturebia. anu moTxovna, rom isini Sinaganad demokratiulni gaxdnen sakmaod gulubryviloa, arasamarTliania da xandaxan – damRupveli. swored amitom aris SesaZlebeli totalitarul sistemebSi sabazros mimsgavsebuli ekonomika, oRond cota xniT. Tumca es cota xani SeiZleba ara erTi da ori Taobis sicocxles udrides. eklesiebis, ekonomikebis da televiziebis SemTxvevaSi ar unda avurioT erTmaneTSi marketingi, romelic momxmareblis azris gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs (televizia – mayureblis, eklesia – mrevlis), da demokratia, romelic aiZulebs sistemas imarTos arCevnebis da gamWvirvalobis saSualebiT. es gansxvaveba Cans gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesis Semowmebisas: episkoposis an biznesmenis miRebuli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba efuZnebodes an ar efuZnebodes umravlesobis mosazrebas 60 saqarTvelosTvis satelevizio sixSireebis gadanawilebis samarTliani da gamWvirvale sistema aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre ganaTlebis sistemis Secvla: SeuZlebelia imas, rac Tavisi SinaarsiT totalitarulia da erTpirovnul mmarTvelobazea damyarebuli, liberaluri diskursiT metyveleba mosTxovo. Sesabamisad, socialuri da politikuri garemo ise unda moewyos, rom, magaliTad, unda gamoiricxos ideologiis propaganda televiziiT (winaamRdeg SemTxvevaSi misi mayureblis raodenoba Semcirdeba, mas Seumcirdeba Semosavali da sabolood daixureba), monopolistoba ekonomikur sistemaSi (ar unda iyos iseTi viTareba, romelic uflebas miscems mewarmes, mxolod sakuTari surviliT daadginos fasebi da amiT mogeba miiRos) da fundamentalizmi eklesiebis da religiebis mxriv (aravis unda mieces saSualeba, sxva religiebis da aRmsareblobebis ZaldatanebiT gazardos sakuTari gavlena da mrevli). 99 CagvriT an adamianebze (marketingul gamokvlevas), xolo arCevnebis Sedegebi upiroboa da maTi darRveva mmarTelobiTi sistemis darRvevas iwvevs. amitomac demokratia Tanamedrove samyaroSi qveynis konkretul institutebSi ideologiis, fundamentalizmis da oligarqobis arsebobis gazomviT unda dadgindes, miT umetes, rom samive es faqtori advilad da lamis maTematikuri sizustiT aris gazomvadi, Tundac mxolod kanonmdeblobis da sxva normatiuli aqtebis analiziT. 100 IX. daskvna samive dasasrulisaTvis avtor-ego: viTareba, romlis aRwera vcade am wignSi, miuTiTebs, rom Cven dabrunebuli Sua saukuneebis Zalauflebis sivrceSi aRmovCndiT. isic TiTqosda cxadia, rom radikaluri cvlilebebis gareSe Cveni momavali istoria SesaZloa, erTi mxriv, Zalauflebis da demokratiis simulacias, xolo meore mxriv, dabrunebul, “pozitiur” Zalauflebas Soris qanqariT Semoifarglos. avtori: me TiTqos vcade is gzebi momeniSna, saiTkenac wasvla am cud usasrulobaSi gadagvagdebs, magram, vfiqrob, rom cxadi aRwera imisa, Tu riTi unda moxdes arsebuli totaluri mimarTulebebis Canacvleba, ar momicia. erTaderTi, rac SevZeli, iyo im istoriebis mokle gadmocema, Tu rogor gamovida evropa Sua saukuneebidan, da imis Tqma, rom mxolod arsebuli sistemebis da Rirebulebebis cvlilebisken mimarTulobaze gvmarTebs fsonis Casvla. avtor-ego: ki magram, es xom gadarCenis diskursia, me amas mesianur da moseanur diskurss davarqmevdi. me, rogorc avtor-ego, ara var winaaRmdegi, erTxel xom ase ukve moxda, magram xom SeiZleboda, simartivisaTvis da mkiTxvelisTvis holividuri Tavgzaabnevis nacvlad, wignisTvis “Zalauflebis dabrunebis” magivrad kvlav holivuduri, oRond ufro zusti – “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” dagerqmia? avtori: daviwyoT Tavidan – ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” (ix. gverdi 1). 101
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