trabalho completo - 52ª Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de

52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
Zootecnia
Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades
Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015
Revisão sistemática das respostas de codornas japonesas à ingestão de energia
Edney Pereira da Silva¹, Michele Bernardino de Lima¹, Camila Angélica Goncalves¹, Nilva Kazue Sakomura¹,
Paulo Renê da Silva Júnior², Diana Mayuri Correa Castiblanco¹
de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Campus de Jaboticabal,
Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Ciências Avícolas. Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]
2Granja Loureiro – Perdões – MG, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]
1Faculdade
Resumo: O crescimento da produção de ovos de codornas é reflexo do grau tecnológico empregado no sistema
produtivo. Entretanto, a nutrição de codornas ainda precisa de estudos mais detalhados para esclarecer como a
codorna japonesa responde aos níveis de energia metabolizável da dieta. Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar as
respostas de codornas japonesas à ingestão de energia metabolizável (IEM). Foi confeccionada uma base de dados
por meio de revisão sistemática de literatura composta por artigos publicados sobre o tema “exigência de energia
para codornas japonesas em produção”. As principais informações colhidas nas publicações foram: composição da
dieta, IEM, massa de ovo (MO). Estes dados foram sistematizados em planilhas eletrônicas. Com base nesse tema
foram encontrados 18 artigos, dos quais apenas nove foram considerados, que totalizaram 3.512 aves distribuídas
em 35 níveis de energia metabolizável (kcal/kg). Os resultaram mostraram que não houve relação entre a MO e
IEM. Alguns dados foram removidos (23% do total) e com os demais dados foram calculados a kcal/g de ovo sendo
possível aplicar análise de regressão broken line entre a kcal/g dia de ovo em função da MO (g), que evidenciou
estabilização da exigência de energia (6,35 kcal/g) a partir da produção de 10 g de MO. O valor encontrado foi
superior aos encontrados nas tabelas de recomendações praticadas no Brasil. O número de informações
consideradas nesta revisão sugere que a exigência de energia para codornas seja uma área que ainda necessita
investigação.
Palavras–chave: exigência de energia, mantença, massa de ovos, meta-análise, peso corporal, peso do ovo
Systematic review of the responses of japanese quails to energy intake
Abstract: The increase on quail eggs production is a reflection of the technological level used in the system.
However, quail nutrition still needs more detailed studies to clarify how Japanese quails respond to dietary
metabolizable energy levels. This research aimed to study the responses of Japanese quail to metabolizable energy
intake (MEI). A database was built by performing a systematic review of literature composed of articles published
on the topic "energy requirements for Japanese quail in production". The informations gathered in the publications
were: diet composition, MEI and, egg mass (EM). These data were systematized in spreadsheets. Based on thetopic
we have found 18 articles, which only nine were considered, totaling 3,512 birds distributed in 35 metabolizable
energy levels. The result showed that there was no relationship between EM and MEI. Some data were removed
(23% of total) and with the remaining data were calculated the kcal/g of egg being possible to apply broken line
regression analysis between the kcal/g day of egg in function of EM (g), which showed stabilization of the energy
requirement (6.35 kcal/g) from the production of 10 g of EM. The value found was higher than those found in the
employed requirement tables in Brazil. The number of information considered in this review suggests that the
energy requirement for quail is an area that still needs investigation.
Keywords: body weight, egg mass, egg weight, energy requirement, maintenance, meta-analysis
Introduction
The current coturniculture has been configured as an economic activity of scale production, with aviary
automated to remove manure, collect eggs and temperature control for comfort zone. This condition was essential
for unsolved problems start to appearing as 1) increase in body weight in adult phase and 2) increase in the egg
weight. The first relates to the body fat increase (Emmans and Fisher, 1986) as means of storing a portion of
excessive nutrients. The second problem is the increase of egg weight above the desired pattern (11-12 g), which is
correlated with overweight birds. The standard egg weight above generates losses in the conveyor belts for collect
of eggs due to increased sensitivity of the egg shell. These problems are related to nutrition of birds, indicating a
need for studies to clarify how the Japanese quail responds to metabolizable energy levels in the diet. Part of this
scenario, can be attributed to the lack of an evaluation of the nutritional recommendations for quail, as those
obtained by dose-response studies or generalized equations published in the literature. According to Rabello et al.
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52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
Zootecnia
Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades
Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015
(2002), this step is essential to adjust the relationship between intake and response. St-Pierre (2003) evaluated the
recommendation system National Research Council (NRC) and detected the existence of mistakes that just could be
corrected with improvements in experimental design. Therefore, it is necessary a re-evaluation of published results
on theme "energy requirement for Japanese quail" to understand how Japanese quail respond to MEI. Given the
above, this research aimed to study the Japanese quail responses to MEI based on systematic review of the
literature.
Material e Methods
It was made a database by performing a systematic review of literature composed of published articles on
the topic "energy requirement for Japanese quail in production". The main information gathered in the publications
were: diet composition, feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), egg production (EP) and egg weight (EW). These data
were systematized in spreadsheets and some calculations were performed to quash the sources of variations that
exist between studies. The diet composition was considered to recalculate the value of dietary energy concentration
in order to standardize and nullify the effect of nutritional matrix, except when the publication presented the
analyzed composition. It was considered as a reference the foods composition presented by Rostagno et al. (2011).
Based on the dietary concentration and FI it was calculated the MEI (kcal/bird d). The EM (g/bird d) was calculated
based on the relationship between EP (%/bird d) and EW (g). The energy requirement of EM unit produced in
kcal/g was calculated considering the relationship between MEI/EM. Statistical analyzes were performed using the
computer package SAS (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.2) using the PROC NLMIXED procedure for broken
line model fit with quadratic ascendancy considering a randomization of the maximal response of the population, as
recommended by Robbins et al. (2006).
Results and Discussion
According to the research carried out, it was found 18 articles in the last two decades, of which only eight
had the minimum necessary information for employment purposes. The publications considered had information
from 3,512 quails. These birds were subjected to 33 levels of metabolizable energy (ME, kcal/kg). The minimum
and maximum levels of ME were 2,519 e 3,064 kcal/kg, respectively. The lowest and highest range of ME levels
tested were: 200 e 404 kcal/kg, respectively. The maximum range of the MEI was 8.5 kcal/bird day and the
minimum was 0.4 kcal/bird day. The difference between the maximum and the minimum response of EM in the
studies was 1.34 e 0.13 g/day, respectively, which correspond to a change in response of approximately 12% e 1%
for maximum and for minimum difference, respectively, between the levels tested. Some information as the BW
and the temperature during the assay are essentials, however, they are being suppressed of the publications. The
lack of this information limits the performing analyzes more simple such as, for example, to nullify the effect of the
BW from the maintenance intake and more robust analysis as main components, which could inform the degree of
linearity and association among the variables analyzed. This analysis requires a square matrix, that is, the presence
of the same information in all studies considered in the database. Therefore, the number information about the topic
“energy requirements for Japanese quail in production” can be considered as insufficient and incomplete, as shown
in Figure 1A, which, clearly shows the lack of a response profile of EM of the Japanese quail intake of MEI. The
results show that the average MEI of 70 kcal/bird day is sufficient to produce a range of response on EM which can
vary from 8 to 12 g/day. This variation is of a random nature and precludes any mathematical model adjustment
that has biological interpretation of the relation between intake and response. Therefore, some data were removed,
about 23% of the total and with others data were calculated the “energy requirement” kcal/g of egg, being possible
adjust the coefficients of the model broken line with quadratic ascendancy between kcal/g of egg in function of EM
(g). This analysis revealed the stabilization of “energy requirement” in 6.5 kcal/g, from the production of 10 g of
EM. The value found was approximately twice of the recommended values in the tables of recommendations used
in Brazil (Silva and Costa, 2009; Rostagno et al., 2011). The value of 6.5 kcal per g of egg accounts the demand to
maintain the BW and to produce one unit of EM. The coefficients of Silva and Costa (2009) and Rostagno et al.
(2011) for maintenance correspond to 46% and 60% of the total ingested (one Bird with 0.187 kg of BW and 9.36 g
of EM), discounting these values “energy requirement”, found on this review would reduce to 3.0 and 3.9 kcal/g of
egg, respectively. This exercise demonstrates the influence of the maintenance requirement on MEI. On the other
hand, 23% of the data were removed, and thus it is believed that the demand to maintain the BW was not the only
factor responsible for double the energy requirement per g of egg. The response curve of an animal subjected to the
limiting nutrient intake is linear until the animal meet the maximum potential, and when it is considered the animals
in the population observes a curvilinear response, due to the influence of the maintenance requirement of the BW.
This theory is worldwide accepted, however, the systematized data here represent the average population response
and they did not present a curvilinear behavior, this aspect is important because it may be related to researches
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52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
Zootecnia
Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades
Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015
design. Based on the results, it is suggested to increase the number and range of the levels to be studied in order to
describe the response curve of quails subjected to nutrient intake, from the maintenance until the answer stability.
The number of information considered in this review suggests that the energy requirement for quail is an area that
still needs research, especially to support the growing trend of quail egg production sector in coming years.
Figure 1. Japonese quail responses to energy intake in laying phase. 1A:
Relationship between Egg mass (EM, Y) and energy intake (MEI, X).
Study 1; Study 2 e 3, Study 4, Study 5, Study 6, × Study 7, +
Study 8. 1B: Relationship between energy requirement (EReq, Y) and
egg mass (X). In this figure the curve depicts EReq = 6,5+0,54×(10EM)², R² 0.96. This equation does not consider the studies 4 ( ); 5 ( )
and 8 (+).
Conclusions
It was not possible to understand how the quail responds to energy intake in the production phase. This area
needs studies designed to describe the response curve of the birds to energy intake and for this, future researches
should increase the number and the range of levels to be studied. The maintenance requirement has great
importance for quail and it is necessary not only more investigation as more attention in future studies.
References
Emmans, G. C. and Fisher, C. 1986. Problems in nutritional theory. Pages 9–39 in Nutrient Requirements of
Poultry and Nutritional Research. C. Fisher and K. N. Boorman, ed. Butterworths, London, UK.
Rabello, C. B. V.; Sakomura, N. K.; Longo, F. A.; Junqueira, O. M. and Pacheco, C. R. 2002. Avaliação de uma
equação de predição das exigências proteicas para aves reprodutoras pesadas na fase de produção. Revista
Brasileira de Zootecnia 31:1193-1203.
Robbins, K. R.; Saxton, A. M. and Southern, L. L. 2006. Estimation of nutrient requirements using broken-line
regression analysis. Journal Animal Science 84:155-165.
Rostagno, H. S.; Albino, L. F. T.; Donzele, J. L.; Gomes, P. C.; Oliveira, R. F.; Lopes, D. C.; Ferreira, A. S.;
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Silva, J. H. V. and Costa, F. G. P. 2009. Tabela para codornas japonesas e européias. 2.ed. Jaboticabal, SP: FUNEP.
St-Pierre, N. R. 2003.Reassessment of biases in predicted nitrogen flows to the duodenum by NRC 2001. Journal of
Dairy Science 86:344-350.
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