docgenderi da sazogadoeba
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genderi da sazogadoeba
genderi da sazogadoeba: saqarTvelo Tbilisi 2008 angariSi momzadda da gamoicema gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis ”genderi da politika” - farglebSi. angariSi Sesrulebulia sazogadoebrivi politikis institutis mier (IPS). avtori: nana sumbaZe damatebiTi informaciisaTvis SegiZliaT mimarToT gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis - ”genderi da politika”- ofiss Semdeg misamarTze:Tbilisi saqarTvelos parlamentis administraciuli Senoba. rusTavelis gamz. 8, oTaxi 034; tel/faqsi:923662. www.genderandpolitics.ge an sazogadoebrivi politikis instituts misamarTze: Tbilisi, WavWavaZis gamz. 10.tel/faqsi: 220060 www.ips.ge wignis dizaini:gio sumbaZe angariSSi warmodgenili Sedegebi da rekomendaciebi avtors ekuTvnis da SesaZlebelia ar emTxvevodes gaeros ganviTarebis proeqtis - ”genderi da politika” - Sexedulebebs Copyright UNDP 2008 saavtoro uflebebi daculia Sinaarsi: Sesavali...............................................................................................................................5 Tavi 1: kvlevis mizani........................................................................................... 9 Tavi 2: Tanasworoba.............................................................................................. 15 genderi sazogadoebriv sarbielze................................................................. 34 Tavi 3: sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileoba............................ 34 Tavi 4: dasaqmeba....................................................................................................... 73 genderi pirad cxovrebaSi..................................................................................... 94 Tavi 5: genderi ojaxur cxovrebaSi......................................................... 94 Tavi 6: adamianuri da sociluri kapitali........................................ 116 Tavi 7: win gadasadgmeli nabijebi............................................................ 145 bibliografia................................................................................................................... 154 danarTi I. eTnikur umciresobaTa damokidebuleba Tanasworobis mimarT.................................................................................................. 160 danarTi II.qarTveli qalebi qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi............................................................................................................... 162 danarTi III.genderul sakiTxebze momuSave organizaciebi......... 168 danarTi IV.respondentTa nusxa........................................................................ 175 danarTi V. fokus-jgufebis nusxa.................................................................. 178 Gender and Society: Georgia........................................................................... 179 danarTi VI. fotoxma................................................................................................ 333 3 kvleva ganxorcielda gaeros ganviTarebis programis mxardaWeriT. avtors surs Tavisi gulwrfeli madliereba gamoxatos gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis ”genderi da politika” TanamSromlebis da saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sakonsultacio sabWos mimarT Rirebuli rCevebisaTvis. gansakuTrebul madlobas vuxdiT baia romelaSvils da Carita jaSs, am xelnaweris ganxilvisas gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. es naSromi mravali adamianis erToblivi TanamSromlobis Sedegia. avtori gansakuTrebul madlobas uxdis Semdeg pirovnebebs: maia maisuraZes, ekaterine fircxalavas da anastasia qitiaSvils, aseve sazogadoebrivi politis kvlevis institutis mkvlevarTa jgufs informaciis Segrovebis, savele samuSaoebis Catarebis da gamokiTxvis monacemTa analizisaTvis; TinaTin erisTavs da sofio qitiaSvils monacemTa kompiuterSi SeyvanisaTvis; interviuerebs; siRrmiseuli interviuebis respondentebs, fokus-jgufis ganxilvis monawileebs da gamokiTxvis respondentebs im interesis, droisa da ZalisxmevisaTvis, rac maT am proeqts moaxmares. 4 Sesavali genderi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli terminia, romelsac mamakacisa da qalis cnebis klasifikaciisaTvis iyeneben. rogorc universaluri kategoria, praqtikulad yvela kulturaSi genderi socialuri cxovrebis erTgvar centralur maorganizebel principad gvevlineba (Wharton, 2004). genderi, rogorc kategoria, socialurad konstruirebulia, anu es kategoriaa, romelsac kultura qmnis. kulturiT aris aseve gansazRvruli masTan dakavSirebuli molodinebi. genderi efuZneba sqesis biologiurad gansazRvrul kategorias. rogorc xiluli kategoria, sqesi aadvilebs kategorizaciis da stereotipizaciis process. adamianebis jgufebad kategorizacia amcirebs jgufis SigniT mravalferovnebas da zrdis jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebs (Fiske & Taylor, 1991). genderi moqmedebs mraval sferoSi - kulturaSi arsebul simboloebSi, normatul cnebebSi, socialur institutebsa da organizaciebSi, subieqtur identobaSi (Scott, 1986). genderuli diferenciacia, iseve, rogorc genderuli uTanasworoba universaluria da yvela sazogadoebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (Kimmel, 2000). is biologias eyrdnoba da misi gansazRvreba cvalebadobs: • • • • • erTi sazogadoebidan meoreSi; erT kulturaSi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi; pirovnuli mowifulobis mixedviT; sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris erT kulturaSi; individebs Soris. genderis diferenciaciis arseboba udaoa, magram sadaoa genderze dafuZnebul Zalauflebisa da resursebis ganawilebis Sefasebis da kriteriumebis samarTlianoba. qalis uflebebis gaZlierebis momxreTa kritikosebi xSirad amboben, rom qalebi kmayofilebi arian sakuTari TaviT da maT ar surT cvlilebebi. marTalia, bevri qali sulac ar iRwvis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Casabmelad, an saimisod, rom meti Zalaufleba moipovos ojaxSi, an sazogadoebaSi zogadad, magram kritikosebi uyuradRebod toveben im faqts, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi es imitom xdeba, rom qalebi ver acnobiereben arsebul SesaZleblobebs tradiciul da patriarqalur ojaxSi aRzrdis gamo, an imis gamo, rom ar floben realur informacias arsebul SesaZleblobebze. sinamdvileSi qalebs xSirad ar eZlevaT saSualeba gaakeTon realuri da informirebuli arCevani da amgvarad Tavi daaRwion uuflebo mdgomareobas. rogorc amarita seni aRniSnavs, SesaZloa qalebi Tavadac 5 ar iyvnen dazRveulni tradiciuli ”mamakacuri” faseulobebisagan, da ”rom mxolod moqmedebis Tavisufleba ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa aseve azrovnebis Tavisuflebac” (Sen, 2001. gv. 15). qalebi Seadgenen msoflio mosaxleobis naxevarze mets da miuxedavad amisa, ukiduresad mwirad arian warmodgenilni arCeviT organoebSi, saxelmwifo organoebSi gadawyvetilebis mimRebT Soris da kerZo biznesSi. qalebi Raribi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenen da samyaroSi sadac mamakacebi dominireben naTlad aris gamokveTili sazogadoebis maskulinuri xasiaTi. meoce saukunis meore naxevridan genderuli Tanasworoba ganviTarebasTan asocirdeba. nebismieri sazogadoebis keTildReoba warmoudgenelia, Tu misi mosaxleobis naxevari ubeduria. msoflios bevr qveyanaSi qalis Sroma ganmsazRvrelia sursaTis, wylis da energiis wyaros mopovebis saqmeSi, ase rom, ganviTarebis dagegmva Raribi qalebis Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT unda daiwyos (Sen & Grown, 1987). mamakacebi ufro momgebian pirobebSi arian qalebTan SedarebiT cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi. amitomac, ganviTarebis Zalisxmeva pirvel rigSi qalebis gaZlierebaze iyo mimarTuli im programebSi, romelic gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTarebis programiT iyo wamowyebuli samocdaaTian wlebSi da mas aerTianebda konceqcia ”qalebi ganviTarebaSi”. amgvari midgomis mizani iyo praqtikuli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba qalebis gasaZliereblad da maTi ekonomikuri da socialuri statusis gasaumjobeseblad (Barker, 2000). genderuli Tanasworoba adamianis ZiriTadi uflebaa, igi qalisa da mamakacis ganviTarebisa da keTidReobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. rogorc 1994 wels Catarebuli gaeros saerTaSoriso mosaxleobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis samoqmedo gegmis reziumeSia aRniSnuli, ”qalis gaZliereba da misi statusis gaumjobeseba TavisTavad mniSvnelovani mizania da ZiriTadi faqtoria mdgradi ganviTarebis misaRwevad.” 6 qalis winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad gadamWreli nabijebi gadaidga 1979 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna ”konvencia qalis winaaRmdeg yvela saxis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Taobaze”(CEDAW). 2004 wlisaTvis am dokumentze 179 qveyanas qonda xeli mowerili. gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebSi aRiniSna saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, maT Soris gaeros ganviTarebis programis politikis im strategiebis, romlebic metwilad qalis mimarT diskriminaciis aRmofxvraze iyo orientirebuli, iseTi strategiebis SecvliT, rolebic ufro met yuradRebas qalisa da mamakacis gansxvavebul moTxovnebze amaxvilebdnen; es strategiebi gaerTianda ”genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebis, e.w. genderuli meinstrimingis” saxeliT. mamakacisa da qalis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba mxolod samarTlianobis sakiTxi ar aris, mravalricxovani da rTuli kavSirebis gamo SeuZlebelia mxolod erTi sqesis problemebis izolorebulad mogvareba. kavSiris erT magaliTs gvTavazobs amarita seni, rodesac igi samxreT afrikaSi aRricxuli gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis maRali sixSiris monacemebs ganixilavs. es daavadebani upiratesad mamakacebs aReniSnebaT da ufro xSirad gamowveulia dedis mier orsulobis periodSi sakvebis arasakmarisi odenobiT miRebiT. sakvebis simcire aferxebs embrionis zrdas da ganapirobebs mcire wonas axalSobilebSi, rac zrdasrul asakSi gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebis saxiT vlindeba (Senn, 2001). ”genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswineba (meinstrimingi) warmoadgens imis Sefasebis process, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs qalisa da mamakacis cxovrebaSi nebismieri saxis dagegmil qmedebas, - sakanonmdeblos, politikur Tu programuls, nebismier sferoSi da yvela doneze. es strategia miznad isaxavs qalis, da aseve, mamakacis sazrunavi da gamocdileba gaxdes yvela saxis politikis da programis dagegmvis, ganxorcielebis, monitoringisa da Sefasebis ganuyofeli nawili yvela sferoSi _ politikurSi, ekonomikursa Tu sazogadoebrivSi ise, rom qalma da mamakacma Tanabari mogeba naxon da uTanasworoba ar damkvidrdes. Tanasworobis miRweva genderuli meinstrimingis saboloo mizans warmoadgens”. ”gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo, 1997”. aqedan gamomdinare, msgavsad midgomisa ”qalebi ganviTarebaSi” genderuli meinstrimingi miznad isaxavs genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevas, magram amas axorcielebs masStabis gafarToebis, mamakacebis CarTvis xarjze da agreTve imiT, rom ”genderul perspeqtivas yvela kanons da socialur standarts, nebismieri politikis Camoyalibebas, kvlevas, dagegmvas, propagandirebas, ganviTarebasa da monitorings miusadagebs” (Gender Gap, 2005). garda imisa, rom 7 es midgoma ufro samarTliania, mas SeuZlia meti damcveli moizidos da ufro qmediTi gaxdes msoflios mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis keTildReobis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. vinaidan qalebs dabrkoleba xvdebaT cxovrebis bevr sferoSi, genderul meinstrimings Seemata qalisTvis uflebamosilebis gamaZlierebeli strategia. genderuli Tanasworoba, romelic warmodgenil naSromis sagans warmoadgens, SefasebiTi koncefciaa da amdenad misi Sinaarsi davis sagani SeiZleba iyos. SefasebasTan da kritikasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis obieqturoba Ria da SeuzRudav kritikas, sajaro msjelobasa da ganxilvas moiTxovs (Sen, 2004). angariSis avtors ara aqvs ambicia WeSmariteba warmogidginoT, igi imedovnebs, rom es naSromi wvlils Seitans genderuli sakiTxebis sajaro msjelobis sagnad gadaqcevis saqmeSi da mkiTxvels genderTan dakavSirebuli problematikis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiares gaxdis. 8 Tavi 1 kvlevis mizani tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad saqarTveloc miekuTvneba, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba mamakacis kuTvnil samoqmedo asparezad aRiqmeba, kerZo ki - qalis sferod. Tanasworobis sakiTxebi, genderuli movaleobebi da uflebebi gansxvavebulia am or sferoSi. es angariSi genderul problemebs sajaro da kerZo sferoSi cal-calke ganixilavs, aseve exeba genderul gansxvavebebs adamianur da socialur kapitalSi. raki iTvleba, rom genderi kulturuli warmonaqmnia, ganixileba genderuli problemebi eTnikur umciresobebSic, somxur da azerbaijanul TemebSic. agreTve ganxilulia afxazeTis konfliqtiT gamowveuli zemoqmedeba iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebisa da mamakacebis cxovrebaze. savele samuSaobi Catarda 2007 wlis seqtember-noemberSi. winamdebare kvleva miznad isaxavda saqarTveloSi genderuli perspeqtiviT danaxuli zogadi mdgomareobiT warmodgenas. am miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli iqna sxvadasxva meTodologia. 1. literaturis mimoxilva. analizi gaukeTda sxvadasxva saxis moxsenebsa da analitikur publikaciebs genderis zogad sakiTxebsa da genderTan dakavSirebul mdgomareobaze saqarTveloSi. arsebuli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi moxda statistikuri monacemebis Segroveba. yvelaze met dabrkolebas mkvlevarebi swored statistikuri monacemebis Sekrebisas waawydnen. garda gaeros ganviTarebis programis xelSewyobiT gamoqveynebuli bukletisa (qalebi da mamakacebi saqarTveloSi, 2006 da 2007), qalebze da mamakacebze gancalkevebuli monacemebi an ar moipoveba, an arazustia. 2. siRrmiseuli interviuebi. interviuebi aRebul iqna eqspertebisgan genderis sferoSi, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebisa da sxvadasxva profesiis warmomadgenlebisgan: saerTo jamSi, ormocdaSvidi siRrmiseuli interviu iqna Catarebuli, ZiriTadad TbilisSi (ixileT monawileTa sia danarTi IV). 9 tabula 1. gamokiTxuli pirebi saqmianobis mixedviT N0 sfero 1 genderis eqspertebi 2 parlamentis wevrebi* 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 mamakaci qali sul - 12 12 3 4 7 1 5 6 2 3 5 3 2 5 1 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 - 2 2 1 - 1 sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebi mTavrobis pasuxismgebeli pirebi ganaTlebis sferos muSakebi politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebi profesiuli kavSirebis xelmZRvanelebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi biznesiT dakavebuli pirebi/mewarmeebi Jurnalisti samRvdeloebis warmomadgeneli 1 sul 14 1 33 47 * ramdenime prlamentis wevri, romelTaganac iqna interviu aRebuli, aseve politikuri partiis lideri iyo. eqvsi gansxvavebuli tipis intervius gzamkvlevi iqna Sedgenili, romlebic Seicavda kiTxvebs iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: monawileoba, genderuli Tanasworoba, ekonomikuri aqtioba, janmrTeloba, ganaTleba da kriminaluri mdgomareoba. 10 3. ganxilvebi fokus-jgufTan (fj) cxra fokus-jgufis Sekrebas mTlianobaSi daeswro 100 adamiani. es Sekrebebi Catarda: TviTdasaqmebul qalebTan sofel TanianT karSi (fj1); adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis qalTa forumis wevrebTan (fj2); iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebTan zugdidSi, orjer (fj3 da 9). marneulel axalgazrdebTan (fj4); axalcixis universitetis studentebTan (fj5); axalqalaqel axalgazrdebTan (fj6); Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis or jgufTan (fj7 da 8); diskusiebis dros gamoyenebuli iyo oTxi tipis gzamkvlevi, pirveli - qali politikosebisTvis, meore axalgazrdebisa da studentTa jgufebisaTvis, mesame - TviTdasaqmebuli qalebisaTvis da meoTxe - iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis. ganxilvebis umTavresi Tema iyo genderuli Tanasworoba, qalis roli sazogadoebriv da kerZo sferoebSi, samsaxureobrivi winsvlis gzaze arsebuli SesaZleblobebi da dabrkolebebi, TviTdasaqmeba, da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sirTuleebi. 4. mosaxleobis gamokiTxva genderul sakiTxebze (gamokiTxva) saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxva genderul sakiTxebze ganxorcielda saqarTvelos yvela 9 regionSi, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikasa da TbilisSi. respondentTa SesarCevad gamoyenebuli iyo ierarqiuli albaTuri SerCevis meTodi. misi meSveobiT gapirobebul iqna respondentTa Sesabamisoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi arsebul ganawilebasTan demografiuli maCveneblebis (qali/kaci; soflis/qalaqis macxovrebeli; asakobrivi jgufi) mixedviT. warmomadgenlobiTi SerCeva Sedgeboda 1087 adamianisgan (44.1 % qali da 55. 9 % mamakaci). imisaTvis, rom calke Catarebuliyo analizi eTnikuri umciresobiT dasaxlebul raionebSi, damatebiT 52 adamiani gamoikiTxa axalqalaqsa da ninowmindas raionebSi. amgvarad sul gamokiTxul iqna 1139 respondenti. 11 tabula 2 respondentebis regionebis mixedviT danawileba mamakacebi saerTo jami qalebi 5065 66> 49 16 9 36 19 22 11 3 16 11 16 6 3 9 7 1724 2549 5065 66> jami 2549 sul 1724 110 42 19 79 47 30 10 4 18 10 64 20 9 41 22 30 14 4 18 10 32 11 4 20 11 156 55 21 97 53 266 97 40 176 100 1 2 3 4 5 Tbilisi aWara guria imereTi kaxeTi 23 9 4 18 10 6 mcxeTa-mTieneTi 3 6 3 2 14 3 8 4 3 18 32 7 8 9 10 11 raWa-leCxumi samegrelo qvemo qarTli Sida qarTli samcxe-javaxeTi jami damatebiTi axalqalaqisa da ninowmindisTvis 1 10 10 7 6 101 4 23 24 16 11 213 1 9 10 7 5 98 1 8 10 6 3 71 7 50 54 36 25 483 1 7 13 7 6 109 4 23 28 18 11 248 15 15 9 6 125 1 12 15 9 4 122 6 57 71 43 27 604 13 107 125 79 52 1087 6 11 5 3 25 6 11 6 4 27 52 saerTo jami 107 224 103 74 508 115 259 131 126 631 1139 kacebi qalebi nax.1 respondentTa ganawileba sqesisa da asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT 12 gamokiTxulTa Soris umravlesobas (55.7%) daqorwinebulebi warmoadgenen, 3.2 procenti erTad cxovrobs xelmoweris gareSe, 25.0 procenti ar aris qorwinebaSi, 4.0 procenti ganqorwinebulia. qarTvelebi warmoadgenen gamokiTxulTa umravlesobas (90.3%), somxebi Seadgendnen 4.0 procents, azerbaijanelebi 2.0 procents, sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi 3.7 procents. gamokiTxulTa 91.1 procenti saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevli, 3.9 procenti mahmadiania, 2.9 procenti gregorianeli da 2.2 procenti sxva konfesias miekuTvneba. qalebi da kacebi erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian ganaTlebis mixedviT. gamokiTxul mamakacTa 46.7 procenti da qalebis 47.5 procents aqvs miRebuli umaRlesi ganaTleba. umravlesoba (94.8%) flobs qarTuls da qalebi da kacebi am mxriv erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian magram kacebis ufro did nawils (72.0%) qalebTan SedarebiT (66.9%) SeuZlia rusulad metyveleba. kiTxvari, romelic am gamokiTxvisTvis iyo Sedgenili Sedgeboda 151 kiTxvisagan. kiTxvebi Semdeg sakiTxebs Seexeboda: • genderul TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSi arsebul damokidebule bebs da Rirebulebebs; • saojaxo rolebsa da ojaxSi arsebul Zalauflebis struqturas; • damokidebulebas biWebisa da gogonebis ganaTlebis mimarT, qalebi sa da kacebis SesaZlo samsaxureobriv warmatebebs da unarebs; • mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis misaReb qcevebs, maT valdebulebebs, qalis da mamakacis momxiblav Tvisebebs; • damokidebulebas qali politikosebisa da xelmZRvaneli qalebis mimarT. gamokiTxva tardeboda respondentis saxlSi, piris-pir intervius meSveobiT. gamokiTxvas atarebdnen gamocdili interviuerebi. gamokiTxva 20-dan 40 wuTamde grZeldeboda. 13 5. foto xma. foto xma warmoadgens inovaciur, monawileobaze damyarebul sakvlev meqanizms, romelic SeimuSava uangma da barisma (Wang, Burris & Ping, 1996). is efuZneba Tvalsazriss, rom adamianebi sakuTari cxovrebis eqspertebs warmoadgenen. fotosuraTebis gadaRebis, da maT mixedviT ambis Txrobis saSualebiT xdeba dainteresebul mxareTa informireba (Wang, Cash & Powers, 2000). TxuTmet iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirs (igp) zugdidSi, romelTagan 6 mamakaci da 9 qali iyo, gadaecaT fotoaparati, raTa maT dRis ganmavlobaSi aesaxaT TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba. jgufi orjer Seikriba, pirvel jerze maT ganumartes davaleba da misces miTiTebebi, Tu rogor unda gamoeyenebinaT aparati, xolo meore Sekrebisas sTxoves gadaRebuli suraTebis kvaldakval moeTxroT ambebi. am meTodis upiratesobas warmoadgens SesaZlebloba movlenebi danaxul iqnen uSualo monawilis TvaliT, an rogorc mas uwodeben, ”emikuri” (emic) perspeqtiviT (Strack, Magill & McDonough, 2004). gadaRebul iqna 300-ze meti suraTi. TiToeul respondetze saSualod, 10 fotosuraTi SeirCa ambis mosayolad. jgufur garemoSi, moderatoris daxmarebiT, igp-ebi yvebodnen TavianT istorias da suraTebis daxmarebiT ganixilavdnen im sirTuleebs, rac Tan sdevda maT yoveldRiur yofas. 14 Tavi 2 Tanasworoba Tanasworoba, es Temaa romelsac Zalze xSirad axseneben genderze saubrisas. mas ganmartaven, rogorc ”adamianis ganviTarebis im safexurs, romelzec adamianis uflebebi, valdebubulebebi da saSualebebi ar ganisazRvreba imiT, is mamakacia, Tu qali” (Lopez-Claros & Zahidi, 2005. gv. 1). Tanasworoba gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da resursebis marTvis ZalauflebasTan aris gadajaWvuli; is cxovrebis yvela sferoSi iCens Tavs, iqneba es sajaro, Tu kerZo da adamianur da socialur kapitalSi aisaxeba. cvlilebebis miuxedavad, genderi dResac statusis maCvenebelia da mamakacad yofna bevrad ufro fasobs, vidre qalad (Wharton, 2004). genderuli Tanasworoba da qalebis gaZliereba gancxadebulia aTaswleulis deklaraciaSi, rogorc ”qmediTi gza siRatakesTan, SimSilTan da avadmyofobasTan sabrZolvelad da aseve, rogorc WeSmaritad mdgradi ganviTarebis stimuli”. saqarTveloSi genderTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis aucilebloba aSkarad gamokveTilia. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis matebam swrafad iklo mTeli rigi mizezebis erTobliobis gamo, iseTebis rogoricaa migracia, ekonomikuri pirobebiT gapirobebuli Sobadobis Semcireba, da unayofo ojaxebis raodenobis zrda (reproduqciuli jandacvis kanonmdeblobisa da politikis mimoxilva da analizi, 2005). saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli demografiuli problemebi gadaudebel da radikalur gadawyvetilebebis miRebas moiTxoven, rac SeuZlebelia genderTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis gareSe. araTanasworuflebianoba Tavs iCens saarCevno da aRmasrulebel organoebSi qalebis dabal warmomadgenlobaSi, araformalur da dabalanazRaurebadi dasaqmebis seqtorSi qalebis siWarbeSi, mamakacebSi ki narkotikebze damokidebulebis, aseve danaSaulsa da satransporto SemTxvevebSi daSavebulTa odenobis zrdaSi. 15 politikur sistemis avtoritarulidan demokratiulze gadasvla TavisTavad ver uzrunvelyofs genderul Tanasworobas. xSir SemTxvevaSi gardamaval periods gacilebiT meti uTanasworobis motana da rogorc mamakacebis, aseve qalebis mdgomareobis gauareseba SeuZlia (Hawkesworth, 2002). 1991 wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRidan saqarTvelom Zalian mSfoTvare xana gamoiara eTnikuri omebiT oseTsa da afxazeTSi, Zalauflebis Zalismieri SecvliT, samoqalaqo omisa da revoluciis saxiT, rac Zalze uaryofiTad aisaxa mosaxleobis mdgomareobaze. struqturul cvlilebebTan dakavSirebulma politikam uaryofiTi Sedegebi moitana da kidev ufro gaaRataka mosaxleoba. ekonomikuri siduxWiris fonze 250 000 iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri darCa usaxlkarod da ukve aTwleulze met xans savalalo pirobebSi cxovrobs. am fonze genderuli uTanasworoba rogorc mosaxleobis, ise xelisuflebis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc saerTaSoriso saagentoebis mier Tavsmoxveuli, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, rogorc raRac ucxo, saqarTvelosTvis arasaWiro ram, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi ki rogorc instrumenti, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba cxovrebis tradiciuli wesis moSla. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT uzrunvelyofilia genderuli Tanasworoba. mamakacebi da qalebi saqarTveloSi Tanaswori uflebebiT sargebloben, rac areklilia konstituciaSi da kanonebSi. qveynis evropasTan integraciisa da universaluri Rirebulebebis gaziarebisaken miiswrafis gamoxatvis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelom 1994 wlidan moyolebuli xeli moawera umTavres saerTaSoriso konvenciebisa da xelSekrulebebs, romlebic eyrdnoba adamianis uflebebis midgomas genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi. saxelmwifo icavs am dokumetebSi Camoyalibebul mTel rig moTxovnebs, magram is, Tu ra saxiT xdeba am moTxovnebis Sesruleba, is agdebuli damokidebuleba, cinizmi da dapirispireba, rac Tan axlda ojaxuri Zaladobis kanonis miRebas, rom araferi vTqvaT genderul problematikasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebis sxvadasxva muxlebis asamoqmedeblad saWiro fondebis gamoyofis Seferxebaze, aseve qalebis dabal warmomadgenlobaze arCeviT da aRmasrulebel marTvis organoebSi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom saerTaSoriso dokumentebisadmi daqvemdebareba formaluri xasiaTisaa da igi gamoiyeneba mxolod saCveneblad, da ara realuri warmatebis miRwevisTvis. 16 saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis kalendari saxelwifos qmedebebi genderis problemebTan mimarTebaSi saqarTveloSi 1994 wels daiwyo, roca qveyana SeuerTda ”konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis yvela saxis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb”. 1994 22 seqtemberi. saqarTvelom xeli moawera ”konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis yvela saxis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb”. 1995 15 seqtemberi. saqarTvelom monawileoba miiRo qalTa sakiTxebze gaeros meoTxe msoflio konferenciaSi ”Tanasworobis, ganviTarebisa da mSvidobisaTvis”, romelzec saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo organizaciebma waradgines qveynis angariSi. am konferenciis Sedegad 189 saxelmwifos mTavrobebi, maT Soris saqarTvelosic, SeTanxmdnen da daamtkices qalebis ganviTarebisa da gaZlierebisaken mimarTuli xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma, romelic aseve ”pekinis samoqmedo platformis” saxeliT aris cnobili. igi miznad isaxevs qalebisaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micemas da pirobebis Seqmnas maT gansaxorcieleblad. 1997 daiwyo gaeros da saqarTvelos erToblivi proeqti ”qalebi da ganviTareba” (1997-2000). proeqti miznad isaxavda genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze codnis gaRrmavebasa da TamanSromlobas mTavrobasTan genderuli Tanasworobis politikis ZiriTadi prinicipebis gansasazRvrad. 27 noemberi. prezidentis brZanebuleba N0 593, ”pekinis samoqmedo platforma 2000 wels” momzadda erovnuli samoqmedo gegma pekinis samoqmedo platformis ganxorcielebis mizniT. 17 1998 20 Tebervali. prezidentis N0 48 brZanebulebis Sesabamisad dafuZnda ”saxelmwifo komisia saxelmwifo politikis srulyofisaTvis qalebis xelSewyobis mizniT”. komisia Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc mTavari sameTvalyureo organo saxelmwifo genderuli politikis gansaxorcieleblad. komisias xelmZRvanelobda rusudan beriZe, im dros adamianis uflebaTa sakiTxebze saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile. komisia Sedgeboda 24 wevrisagan (Tvrameti qali da eqvsi mamakaci), parlamentis, samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebisagan. 24 aprili. konferenciam ”qalebi da sazogadoeba” miiRo da daamtkica ”erovnuli samoqmedo gegma qalTa pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad saqarTveloSi 1998-2000 wlebSi”, romelic SeimuSava saxelmwifo komisiam. gegmaSi Semdegi prioritetebi iyo gamoyofili: • • • • • • • instituciuri meqanizmebis SemuSaveba; qalis rolisa da monawileobis gaZliereba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi; ekonomikuri politika; qalebi da siRaribe; qalebi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi; qalebi da janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba; qalTa uflebebi. 18 ivnisi. samoqmedo gegma damtkicda prezidentis N0 308 brZanebulebiT. masSi aisaxa pekinis samoqmedo platformis 12 sakiTxidan Svidi. erovnul gegmaSi Semdegi sakiTxebi Sedioda: • • • • • • • instituciuri meqamizmebis Camoyalibeba; qalebis monawileobis gazrda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi; ekonomikuri politika; qalebi da siRaribe; qalebi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi; qalebi da janmrTeloba; qalTa uflebebi. 18 1999 28 agvisto. prezidentis brZanebuleba N0 511-iT ”qalTa adamianis uflebebis dacvis gaZlierebis RonisZiebebis Taobaze” saxelmwifo komisiam SeimuSava da amocanebi dausaxa 13 samTavrobo uwyebas. es amocanebi miznad isaxavda qalis uflebebis xelSewyobasa da qveyanaSi qalebisTvis pirobebis gaumjobesebas. moismines pirveli moxseneba ”konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb” (CEDAW). moxseneba moamzada eqspertTa jgufma, saqarTvelos uSiSroebis erovnuli sabWos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mdivnis moadgilis miTiTebebis safuZvelze, prezidentis 1997 wlis 27 noembris N0 598 brZanebulebis Sesabamisad. gansaxilvelad iqna gadacemuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier momzadebuli ”Crdilovani moxseneba” CEDAW-is ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. 28 agvisto. prezidentis dadgenileba N0 64-is Tanaxmad damtkicda 2000-2002 wlebis samoqmedo gegma qalebis mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. saxelmwifo komisiam, CEDAW-is komitetis wevrebis SeniSvnebis safuZvelze moamzada ”samoqmedo gegma”. 2000 25 Tebervali. prezidentis N0 64 brZanebulebis Tanaxmad damtkicda qalebis mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis samwliani gegma (2000-2002). 28 agvisto. damtkicda prezidentis brZanebuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda qalebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis vadis 2004 wlamde gagrZelebas. 8 seqtemberi. niu iorkSi Catarebul aTaswleulis samitze msoflios 189 qveyanam da maT Soris saqarTvelom, ikisra valdebuleba, rom 2015 wlisaTvis saqarTvelo miaRwevda ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebs”. genderis Tema Tansdevs da aisaxeba aTaswleulis ganviTarebis yvela miznebSi. specifiurad genderis sakiTxebs pirdapir ori mizani - N0 3 da N0 5 . 19 aTaswleulis ganviTarebis rvave mizani morgebul iqna saqarTveloSi arsebul viTarebasTan. yoveli miznisTvis SemuSavda Sesabamisi amocanebi da ganisazRvra indikatorebi. saqarTvelosTvis morgebuli aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 3-isTvis: ”genderuli Tanasworobis ganviTareba da qalTa gaZliereba”, ganisazRvra ori amocana: amocana 8: genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa dasaqmebis sferoSi amocana 9: Tanaswori xelmisawvdomoba politikis sferoSi da menejmentis yvela doneze aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 5: dedis janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba amocana 11: 2000-2015 wlebSi dedaTa sikvdilianobis maCveneblis sami meoTxediT Semcireba 2003 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis aRmofxvris strategiis dokumenti miRebul iqna martSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom dokumenti Seicavs genderTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, masSi isini ar aris detalurad ganxiluli. agvistoSi, genderis problemebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebma parlamentSi wamoayenes iniciativa politikur partiebSi qvotebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. es winadadeba deputatebis mier ugulvelyofili iqna, kenWisyris proceduraSi 235-dan mxolod 67 - ma deputatma miiRo monawileoba. 2004 gaeros ganviTarebis programis mxardaWeriT gamoqveynda pirveli erovnuli moxseneba ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi”, romelSic moxseniebulia genderuli sakiTxebi. 15 agvisto. daiwyo gaeros ganviTarebis programis da saqarTvelos parlamentis erToblivi proeqti ”genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi”. 20 30 agvisto. evropisa da evro-atlantikuri integraciis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris N0 109 brZanebulebiT Seiqmna sagangebo jgufi, romelsac unda SeemuSavebina rekomendaciebi genderuli Tanasworobis qmediTi instituciuri meqanizmis Sesaqmnelad. 27 oqtomberi. parlamentis spikeris 105/3 brZanebulebiT da gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis ”genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi” mxardaWeriT, Camoyalibda saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan genderuli arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sabWo. sabWos uZRveboda spikeri da igi Cvidmeti wevrisagan Sedgeboda, aqedan Svidi parlamentis wevri iyo (parlamentis Tavmjdomare, parlamentis wevrebi nacionaluri moZraobidan da axali memerjveneebi), sami warmomadgeneli iyo samTavrobo struqturidan (Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialur saqmeTa saministro, saqarTvelos evropuli integraciis saxelmwifo ministris kabineti, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosa da saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis kabineti), xolo eqvsi adamiani warmoadgenda arasamTavrobo seqtors. sabWos mandati ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo genderul politikis formulirebiT da masze meTvalyureobis gaweviT, kanonmdeblobis genderis TvalTaxedvidan ganxilviT da kanonebis saerTaSoriso normebTan da standartebTan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofiT. 2005 28 ivnisi. saqarTvelos mTavrobis N0 109 dadgenilebis safuZvelze da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis iniciativiT daarsda ”droebiTi samTavrobo komisia genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze”. sakonsultacio sabWos msgavsad isic Sedgeboda parlamentis wevrebisagan, samTavrobo struqurebisa da arasaxelmwifo seqtoris warmomadgenlebisagan, sul 15 warmomadgenlisagan, saidanac 4 arasamTavrobo seqtors warmoadgenda. komisias daevala, SeemuSavebina erovnuli koncefcia da erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis gegma. 2006 TebervalSi, gaeros sxvadasxva saagentoebis mxardaWeriT (gaeros ganviTarebis programa, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalebisaTvis, gaeros mosaxleobis fondi), komisiam da sakonsultacio sabWom Seqmnes samuSao jgufi, romelic am komisiisa da mrCevelTa sabWos ramdenime wevrisagan da agreTve, mTavrobis wevrebisagan, arasamTavrobo qalTa organizaciis wevrebisa da adamianis uflebaTa ombudsmenis kabinetis wevrisagan Sedgeboda. samuSao jgufma moamzada saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis strategiis gegma. gegma 21 Seicavs saxelmwifos koncefcias genderuli Tanasworobis Taobaze; samwlian samoqmedo gegmas; da rekomendaciebs monitoringisa da koordinaciis ganxorcielebis mizniT mudmivi genderuli Tanasworobis meqanizmis Sesaqmnelad. 24 ivlisi. parlamentma miiRo genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo koncepcia. 28 aprili. parlamentma miiRo kanoni adamianebiT vaWrobasTan brZolis Taobaze (trefikingi). 25 maisi. parlamentma miiRo kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis aRmofxvris, mis msxverplTa dacvisa da mxardaWeris Sesaxeb. maisSi miRebuli iqna Sromis kodeqsi. unda aqve aRiniSnos rom kodeqsis mTeli rigi muxlebi, iseTebi rogoricaa, dasaqmebulTa uflebebis SezRudva da dekretuli Svebulebis vadis Semcireba, ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso standartebs da wina kodeqsTan SedarebiT ukan gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens. imave periodSi mTavrobam daamtkica adamianTa trefikingTan brZolis samoqmedo gegma. seqtemberSi ministrTa kabinets waredgina genderuli Tanasworobis ganxorcielebis samwliani erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis proeqti. 14 noemberi. ZalaSi Sevida evropasTan samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegma. masSi ar aris yuradReba gamaxvilebuli uSualod genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze. gauqmda droebiTi samTavrobo komisia. 2007 maisSi genderuli Tanasworobis koordinaciis sakiTxebze pasuxismgebloba mTavrobis aRmasrulebeli Stodan gadaeca saxelmwifo ministrs reformebis koordinaciis sakiTxebSi. 22 30 ivlisi. damtkicda ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolisa da misi prevenciis 2007-2008 wlebis samoqmedo gegma. 20 ivlisi. N0 97/3 brZanebulebiT ganaxlda saqarTvelos parlamentis TajdomareTa arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakitxebis sakonsultacio sabWos Semadgenloba.masSi Sevida eqvsi parlamentis wevri. 26 seqtemberi. momzadda da N0 539 samTavrobo brZanbulebiT damtkicda erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis (2007-2009) saboloo proeqti, romelic Semdeg sakiTxebs moicavs: • • • • genderul Tanasworobis disciplinaTSorisi komisiis Seqmna; genderul Tanasworobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis SemuSaveba; genderul sakiTxebze mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRleba gen deruli sakiTxebis popularizaciis da maTze informaciis gavrcelebis meSveobiT; genderul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis genderul Tanasworobze orientirebuli axali xedviT Secvla ganaTleb is sistemis yvela doneze. 26 seqtemberi. N0 211 brZanebulebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda genderuli Tanasworobis politikis SemmuSavebeli uZyebaT Sorisi komisia. komisiis aT wevrs, romlebic samTavrobo uwyebebidan iyvnen warmodgenilni xelmZRvanelobda kaxa benduqiZe, im dros saxelmwifo ministri reformebis koordinaciis sferoSi. komisiis miznebi Semdegnairad ganisazRvra: • • • saxelmwifo genderuli politikis SemuSaveba; saxelmwifo genderuli Tanasworobis politikis monitoringi; saxelmwifo genderuli Tanasworobis samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis monitoringi; • genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis ganxilva; • saministroebSi genderul sakiTxebze pasuxismgebeli pirebis daniSvna; komisia Seiqmna, magram misi Sekreba ar momxdara. 23 genderuli uTanasworoba genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba vlindeba im damokidebulebaSi, romlebic arsebobs zogadad Tanasworobis mimarT, mamakacebisa da qalebis mimarT, qalebisa da mamakacebis sajaro saqmianobaSi monawileobaSi, im ZalauflebaSi, romelsac isini floben, im resursebSi, romlebsac isini ganageben, im TavisuflebaSi, romliTac sargebloben, iseve, rogorc adamianur kapitalSi - janmrTelobasa da ganaTlebaSi. qveyanaSi arsebuli genderuli Tanaswrobis mdgomareobis amaswinandeli Sefaseba, ”realoba - qalebis Tanaswori uflebebi da Tanabari SesaZleblobebi saqarTveloSi” (sanikiZe da sxv., 2006), miuTiTebs, rom samarTlebriv doneze arsebuli Tanasworobis miuxedavad, genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad qveyanaSi kidev Zalian bevria gasakeTebeli. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTeloSi genderuli uTanasworoba ar aris miCneuli seriozul problemad. kacebTan erTad bevri warmatebuli qali miiCnevs, rom qveyanaSi ar dgas Tanasworuflebianobis problema. gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba (45.4%) miiCnevs, rom (gamokiTxva) saqarTveloSi mamakacebi da qalebi Tanasworuflebianebi arian maSin, rodesac 42.1 % fiqrobs, rom qalebi, xolo 5.5 % rom mamakacebi arian daCagruli, 6.9%-s ki pasuxis gacema uWirs. arsebobs mniSvnelovani genderuli sxvaoba Tanasworobis SefasebaSi. ufro met mamakacs (50.9 %) qalebTan SedarebiT (41.1 %) swams, rom arsebobs Tanasworoba (Chi square 27.6; df 3, p<001). zogadad genderul Tanasworobas sazogadoeba uyurebs, rogorc ufro xelovnurad Tavsmoxveuls, vidre rogorc realurad arsebuls. eqspert Tamar sabedaSvilis azriT, amgvari damokidebuleba SeiZleba sabWouri memkvidreobiTobiT aixsnas. sabWoTa epoqaSi iTvleboda, rom qalebis ganTavisuflebis aucilebloba gazviadebuli iyo. Tanasworobis problema asocirdeboda kapitalizmTan, raRac iseTTan, rac sruliad ucxo iyo mosaxleobisTvis. meore mizezi ki is mosazreba gaxlavT, rom genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi ucxouri donori organizaciebis mier finansdeba da amdenad rogorc qveyanaSi garedan Semotanil sakiTxad aRiqmeba. gamokiTxulTa (interviu) daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi aRniSnavs, rom Tanasworoba ar arsebobs, magram es faqti yovelTvis uaryofiTad ar aris aRqmuli: ”Tansworoba kargi ar aris. RmerTma samyaro ierarqiuli wesrigiT Seqmna. mamakacisa da qalis xelovnuri Tanasworoba qalebs ubedurebas uqadis” _ mamakaci notariusi 24 genderuli Tanasworobis mniSvneloba, profesiuli saswavleblis direqtorma, irakli faCuliam gaaanaliza: ”imas, rasac Cven Tanasworobas vuwodebT, sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs: Tu imas vigulisxmebT, rom mamakacma da qalma erTnairi fizikuri datvirTviT unda imuSaon, maSin es arasworia. Tavad ojaxis konteqstSi mamakaci da qali erTmaneTs avsebs da Tanasworobis sakiTxi Zalian bundovani xdeba. mamakacsa da qals TavTavianTi movaleobebi akisriaT, romelic TiToeulma unda Searulos. Tu uTanasworobaSi imas vigulisxmebT, rom qalebi daCagrulebi arian, Cemi azriT, es ase araa.” Tamar abramiSvili, eqsperti genderul sakiTxebSi ase afasebs genderuli Tanasworobis mdgomareobas: ”genderuli Tanasworoba demokratiis mTavari maxasiaTebelia, magram Cven Zalian nela mivdivarT misken. uTanasworoba sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi igrZnoba.” qvemo qarTlSi mcxovreb azerbaijanul umciresobaSi (fj4) genderul TanasworobasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli TvalTa xedva TvalsaCino gaxda fokus jgufebSi gamarTuli diskusiebisas, sadac yvela monawile aRiarebda genderuli Tanasworobis ar arsebobas, magram mas gansxvavebul Sefasebebas aZlevda. axalgazrda mamakacebis umetesoba amas normalurad miiCnevda. es Sexeduleba ase gamoxata erTma axalgazrda mamakacma: ”kavkasiuri mentalitetidan gamomdinare qali mudam ukana planzea. es mosazreba Rrmadaa ojaxSi fesvgamdgari.” Tumca, imave jgufSi zogierTma qalma es mosazreba gaaprotesa da gamoTqva survili qonoda meti damoukidebloba, qonoda samsaxuri, rom SesZleboda sakuTari uflebebis dacva. erTma monawile axalgazrda qalma isic Tqva, rom mzad iyo sakuTar ojaxze uari eTqva samsaxureobrivi karieris sanacvlod: ”me minda Tanasworoba ojaxSi da vTvli, rom marto kaci ar unda sargeblobdes yvela uflebiT. me bednieri verasodes viqnebi amgvar pirobebSi. mirCevnia, arCevani TviTon gavakeTo da sakuTari uflebebi davicva.” 25 axalcixis universitetis studentebi (fj5) aseve ar iyvnen erTsulovani genderuli Tanasworobis mdgomareobis SefasebaSi. zogi miuTiTebda Tanasworobis arsebobaze, bevri ki aRniSnavda, rom Tanasworoba iyo kanoniT garantirebuli, magram ar iyo realizirebuli. Tumca, yvela erTsulovani iyo imis SefasebaSi, rom uTanasworoba qalaqTan SedarebiT soflad ufro metad iyo gavrcelebuli. qalebis mimarT mikerZoebuli damokidebuleba cxadad gamoCnda erTi axalgazrda kacis SeniSvnaSi: ”mamakaci qalTan SedarebiT yvela sferoSi erTi TaviT win dgas.” qal studentebma xazi gausves genderuli gansxvavebis mniSvnelobas: ”qalebi mamakacebis Tanabrad unda iyvnen Cabmulni sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, radgan kacebi da qalebi gansxvavebulad azrovneben.” Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi (fj7) maTi axalcixeli Tanatolebis msgavsad, darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs Tanasworoba da rom qalebTan SedarebiT mamakacebi gacilebiT meti TavisuflebiTa da uflebebiT sargebloben. isini aseve xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom mamakacebi, maTi liderobisken miswrafebis gamo mudam cdiloben qalebze upiratesobis mopovebas. rogorc erTma mamakacma monawilem aRniSna: ”saqarTveloSi mamakacebi yovelTvis dominireben, maT mudam qalebze ufro maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT.” ”uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli mamakaci iyo ufrosi. saomrad mamakaci midioda da ara qali, miwas mamakaci xnavda da amuSavebda, im dros, roca qali Sin rCeboda da bavSvebs uvlida.” ”qalebi da mamakacebi ar sargebloben erTnairi SesaZleblobebiT, samsaxureobriv Tu sxva romelime sferoSi. Tanasworoba iluziaa da Sors aris realobisgan. Cven zustad unda ganvsazRvroT ras niSnavs Tanasworoba, radgan arsebobs SesaZlebloba orive sqesi Tanaswori iyos, magram saamiso samoqmedo asparezi da pirobebi ar arsebobs.” parlamentis wevri, nika rurua. qalebi da mamakacebi kanonis mixedviT Tanaswori arian, magram bevrma imaTgan vinc Cven gamovkiTxeT aRniSna gansxvaveba kanoniT gansazRvrul da faqtobriv Tanasworobas Soris. 26 ”kanoniT mamakaci da qali Tanaswori uflebebiT sargebloben, da kanonebi icaven qals diskriminaciisagan. metic, tradiciulad qals mudam pativiscemiT epyrobodnen, magram realurad, iseve rogorc yvelgan msoflioSi, cxovreba mamrobiTi sqesisaa da mamakaczea orientirebuli, ase rom qali aranairad ar aris mamakacis Tanaswori.” - sakonsultacio sabWos wevri, baia romelaSvili. da mainc, gamokiTxulTagan (interviu) xuTma gamoTqva rwmena, rom Tanasworoba realurad arsebobs: ”roca me Cems pirad cxovrebas da Cems irgvliv adamianebs vakvirdebi, Tanasworobas vxedav yvela sferoSi. Cemi azriT, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs genderis problema da mamakacebi da qalebi Tanasworni arian” - sajaro moxele eka zRulaZe. genderuli stereotipebi genderuli identuroba qalisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre kacisTvis. fiqroben, rom qalebs meti siTbo, eqspresiuloba da sxvebze zrunva axasiaTebT, maSin, roca mamakacebi ufro meti SemoqmedebiTobiT, ZalauflebiTa da TavdajerebulobiT (Deaux & Major, 2000) gamoirCevian. qalebs zogadad miiCneven rogorc ufro sxvebze damokidebulebs, mamakacebs ki ufro damoukideblebs. amgvari damokidebuleba respondentebma (gamokiTxva) samsaxureobriv winsvlaSi warumateblobis mizezebis Sefasebisas gamoamJRavnes. maSin, roca gamokiTxulTa umetesoba mamakacebis warumateblobis mizezs Zalisxmevis ukmarisobas miawerda (34.9% SedarebiT 27%-Tan qalebis SemTxvevaSi), qalebis warumateblobis mizezs ki respondentebi ufrosebis maTdami damokidebulebiT xsnidnen da metic, isini varaudobdnen, rom xelmZRvaneli pirebi maT saTanadod ar afasebdnen (warumateblobis mizezad amas qalebis SemTxvevaSi 31.3 % da kacebis SemTxvevaSi 17 % miiCnevda). am Sexedulebas Tanabrad iziareben mamakacebi da qalebi. kidev erT stereotips - mamakacebis siZlierisa da qalebis sisustis Taobaze xazi gausva axalgazrda qalma axalcixis fokus jgufSi: ”arsebobs stereotipi, rom mamakaci Zlieria da qali - susti da emociuri. rac sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom es marTlac asea.” 27 genderuli upiratesobebi mamakacis qalze upiratesobis cneba sazogadod Warbobs mamakacebSi (gamokiTxva). mtkicebulebas, rom mamakaci, rogorc wesi, yvelafers qalze ukeT akeTebs ar eTanxmeba qalebis 69 procenti da mamakacTa mxolod 44.7 procenti (genderuli gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovania, Chi square 65.4; df 2, p<001). ojaxi qalis samyarod aris miCneuli. qalisaTvis ojaxis mniSvneloba mJRavndeba, pirvel yovlisa, umravlesobis (56.1 %) mier gaziarebul azrSi, imis Taobaze, rom qali ufro bavSvis gazrdiTa da saxlis movliT unda iyos dakavebuli da ara profesiuli winsvliT (am mosazrebas ufro metad mamakacebi iziareben - 63%, vidre qalebi - 48.5%. Chi square 65.4; df 2, p<001); xolo 63.7 % im azrs iziarebs, rom qali ufro metad ojaxiT fasobs, vidre samsaxurSi warmatebiT. am SemTxvevaSic, meti mamakaci (68.1%) eTanxmeba am mosazrebas, vidre qali (60.2%, Chi square 65.4; df 2, p<001). umravlesoba (71. 4 %) eTanxmeba mtkicebulebas, rom yvelasTvis umjobesia, roca kaci muSaobs, xolo qali saxls uvlis. genderuli gansxvaveba aqac mniSvnelovania (Chi square 65.4; df 2, p<001), ufro meti kaci (79.8%), vidre qali (64.7%) iziarebs am Tvalsazris. mamakacebis mimarT gamorCeuli damokidebuleba bevr SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs. es vlindeba imaSi, rom qaliSvilis yolas vaJis yolas amjobineben (kacebis 70.7% da qalebis 48.3% Chi square 75.6; df 2, p<001), upiratesobas aniWeben samsaxurSi mamakacis ayvanas (kacebis 55.1% da qalebis 37.2%, Chi square 47.2; df 2, p<001). Zalaufleba da Tavisufleba kultura ganapirobebs imas, Tu ra qmedebebi aris miCneuli qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis Sesaferisad. ”[kulturisaTvis specifiuri interpretaciebi axdenen Sromisa da socialuri sivrcis dayofis struqturirebas, zRudaven SesaZleblobebs, arCevanisa da qmedebebis xelmisawvdomobas, organizaciul da socialur rolebs, qmedebebis Tanmimdevrobas da politikas, emsaxurebian da amyareben mamakacis interesebs da normad warmoaCenen mamakacis Zalauflebas. am gziT qalis moTxovnilebebi da interesebi xSirad uxilavi xdeba. genderuli Zalaufleba xorcieldeba akrZalvebis, gariyvis, damcirebis da dakninebis gziT, rac zRudavs qalis cxovrebas. genderuli Zalaufleba Rrmadaa fexmokidebuli im faseulobaTa sistemaSi, romelic mamakacs privilegias aniWebs imiT, rom ganadidebs mamakacurobasTan dakavSirebuli tradiciul maxasiaTeblebs da aufasurebs qalTan asocirebul maxasiaTeblebs (Hawkesworth, 2006). 28 genderuli uTanasworoba mJRavnedeba im normebSi, romlebic aregulireben gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da resursebis ganawilebis Zalauflebas. pasuxi kiTxvaze - vin wyvets Tu ramdeni Svili unda iyolios ojaxma (gamokiTxva), Tanasworobazea orientirebuli, da umravlesoba (88.5 %), miiCnevs, rom es gadawyvetileba meuRleebma erToblivad unda miiRon. ojaxSi mamis Zalauflebis zegavlenis mimarT damokidebuleba garkveulwilad iyofa. respondentTa did nawils (48. 2 %) miaCnia, rom mamebs ar unda qondeT dedebze meti Zalaufleba Svilebze, da imisda miuxedavad, rom mamakacebic da qalebic, iziareben am Tvalsazriss, mainc, gamokiTxulTa mniSvnelovani nawili (46.4%) met Zalauflebas mamakacs aniWebs. Zalafleba resursebis marTvaze, rogorc sajaro, ise pirad cxovrebaSi, metwilad kacis upiratesobad aris miCneuli (interviu). ”uTanasworoba, pirvelyovlisa, sakuTrebaze uflebasa da resursebis kontrolSi aisaxeba, resursebs ki umTavresad mamakacebi akontroleben” - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan. ”uTanasworoba ZalzeT gavrcelebulia sazogadoebaSi. qalebis didi raodenoba Sromobs iseT sferoebSi, sadac ar aris bevri fuli” - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan. qalebi da mamakacebi ar arian erTsulovanni, im sakiTxSi unda SeeZlos Tu ara qals ojaxTan SeTanxmebis gareSe xarjos sakuTari Semosavali (gamokiTxva). gacilebiT meti qali (70.6 %) mamakacTan SedarebiT (52.2 %) miiCnevs, rom qali unda sargeblobdes am SesaZleblobiT (Chi square 37.6; df23, p<001). xolo mamakacs sakuTari Semosavalis xarjvis Tavisuflebas erTnairad aniWeben rogorc mamakacebi (66.5 %), ise qalebi (66.1 %). qalebi da mamakacebi, erTnairad miiCneven, rom biWebi (93.1%) da gogonebi (92.8%) siyvaruliT unda daqorwindnen da ara garigebiT. meti Tavisuflebis aucileblobis sakiTxi wamoiWra sakiTxis ganxilvisas axalqalaqSi (fj6), sadac metwilad eTnikuri somxebi cxovroben. axalgazrda qalma SeniSna, rom gogonebs ara aqvT Tavisufleba, meore monawilem ki aRniSna, rom ar icis ras niSnavs Tavisufleba, da rom daculi unda iyos raRac Sualedi imisaTvis, rom qalma Tavi ar igrZnos cixeSi da amave dros, arc moralis zRvars gascdes. 29 kidev erTma monawile qalma Tavisufleba TviTSefasebas daukavSira: ”qalebi sakuTar TavSi ar arian darwmunebulni da amitom uWirT gadawyvetilebebis miReba da swored es aris imis mizezi, rom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba aqvT.” ramdenime monawilem, umetesad gogonebma, aRniSnes, rom tradiciebi zRudaven qalis Tavisuflebas da mxolod Sesabamis aRzrdas SeuZlia Secvalos viTareba da mentaliteti. uTanasworoba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia ojaxSi. fokus-jgufis qali monawileebi axalcixeSi (fj5) Ciodnen, rom gogonebs saRamos gareT gasvla ekrZalebaT, rom ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba ufro metad biWebs eZlevaT da rom ojaxSi yvelaferi biWebs ekuTvniT, radgan miiCneven, rom gogonebi gaTxovdebian da maT amitom araferi WirdebaT. uTanasworobis fesvebi da misi mizezebi genderuli uTanasworobis gamarTleba aris msoflio religiaTa swavlebebisa da maTi praqtikis nawili (Deckard, 1975). TiTqmis yvela wamyvan religiaSi, qorwilis dros qali sityvierad, an simbolurad gamoxatavs qmrisadmi morCilebis mzaobas. samRvdeloebas ZiriTadad mamakacebi Seadgenen, imisda miuxedavad, rom qalebi mudmivad arian CarTulni religiur aqtivobebSi. mamakacurobis mniSvneloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic mJRavndeba, sadac gamoCenil qalebs mamakacis Tvisebebs miaweren sajarod daxasiaTebisas, anda Seqebisas amboben, mamakaciviT irjebao. ”Tavad Tamar mefis SemTxvevaSic, misi saxelis patriarqaluroba TvalSisacemia. es dResac asea da Taobebi dasWirdeba am Sexedulebis Secvlas.” interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan. stereotipebad kristalizebuli tradiciebi didad ganapirobebs qalis daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas. ”stereotipis Sesabamisad, qali pasiuria, dausaqmebelia da misi upiratesi samflobelo ojaxia, maSin, rodesac mamakaci profesiuli saqmianobiTaa dakavabuli.” - interviu parlamentis wevrTan, nika ruruasTan. qalis daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis gamyareba gamudmebiT xdeba kulturisa da aRzrdis meSveobiT. 30 ”Cven patara biWsac ki veubnebiT, ar itiro, biWs tirili ar SeSvenis, Sen Zlieri unda iyo, da ase Semdeg...” _ interviu parlamentis wevrTan, guguli maRraZesTan. ”ganviTarebis zogadi done da ekonomikuri SeWirveba qveyanaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc uTanasworobis gamamarTlebeli mizezi. qalebs ara aqvT pirobebi, rom TavianTi SesaZleblobebi srulad ganaxorcielon” - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan. ”adamianebi dRes genderul uTanasworobaze ar fiqroben, radgan maT amis dro ara aqvT, isini xvalindeli sarCos SovniT arian dakavebulni” - interviu eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan. mamakacTan SedarebiT garemo qals gacilebiT naklebad uwyobs xels SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebaSi. Sesabamisad, qals gacilebiT meti Zalisxmeva Wirdeba warmetebis miRwevisaTvis. ”sazogadod qalebs gacilebiT meti Zalisxmevis gaReba uwevT sakuTari uflebebis realizebisaTvis ” - interviu parlamentis wevrTan, guguli maRraZesTan. uTanasworobis mizezebs ufro xSirad qalebs ukavSireben da ara sazogadeobas. bevri qalebs pasiurobas miawers da swored amas miiCnevs uTanasworobis mizezad. amavdroulad aqtiur qalebs sakmaod uaryofiTad afaseben. ”saqarTveloSi mamakacisa da qalis samuSao dayofilia sqesis mixedviT. aqtiuri qalebis mimarT arsebobs skeptikuri damokidebuleba”. - interviu eqspertTan, xaTuna sanikiZesTan. qalebs xSirad abraleben, rom isini ufrTxian damoukideblobas: ”qals ar miaCnia marTebulad qmars gverdi auaros, an Tundac, Zmas Seepasuxos, radgan is ufrTxis damoukideblobas.” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan. uTanasworobis mimarT damokidebuleba da uTanasworobis xarisxi asakTan erTad icvleba. rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebi ufro egalitarul, Tanasworbis momxre midgomas amJRavneben. 31 ”axalgazrda Taobas Tanasworobis misaRwevad meti saSualebebi aqvs. axalgazrda qalebi dRes ufro aqtiurebi arian, vidre maT asakSi iyvnen Cveni dedebi”. - intervou parlamentis wevrTan, nika ruruasTan. ”uTanasworobis xarisxi gansxvavebulia regionebis mixedviT, iseve, rogorc soflisa da qalaqis mosaxleobaSi. uTanasworoba bevrad ufro metad igrZnoba soflebSi, sadac eTnikuri umciresobebi cxovroben.” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan. ganaTlebis statusi da religia xSirad gansazRvravs Tanasworobis mimarT damokidebulebas. mTavar faqtorad aqac sqesi gvevlineba, radgan qalebi uTanasworobas mamkacebze ufro metad aRiqvamen. ”qalebi xedaven uTanasworobas, mamakacebi ki vera”. - interviu sajaro moxelesTan, dalila xoravasTan. cvlilebebi TanasworobaSi da maTi mizezebi siRrmiseuli intervius respondetebi aRniSnaven dadebiT cvlilebebs derul TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSi: gen- ”qalebis mosazrebebs sul ufro metad iReben mxedvelobaSi. es xdeba upiratesad im faqtis gamo, rom ekonomikuri krizisis ganmavlobaSi qalebma SeZles ojaxebis gadarCena, mamakacebi am dros verafers gaxdnen. dResac ki, bevr ojaxSi qalebi muSaoben da ara mamakacebi”. - interviu mcire biznesis mflobelTan, marina aRuSaSvilTan. ”Tanasworobis mimarT damokidebulebis cvlileba SeiniSneba mxolod bolo xanebSi, mas Semdeg roca cota ar iyos samarcxvino gaxda stereotipuli azrovnebis gamomJRavneba. amas garda, meti qali gamoCnda sazogadoebriv asparezze. Tumca, kvlav problemad rCeba is, rom qali amasobaSi bevr tradiciulad mamakacur rols kisrulobs, rogoricaa, ojaxis rCena, karieraze zrunva, magram tradiciulad qalis rolebi, rogoricaa ojaxze da avadmyofebze da agreTve xandazmulebze zrunva mamakacisaTvis araa sakmarisad prestiJuli da isev qalebs uwevT maTi Sesruleba”. - interviu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan. ”qalebis brZola ufro aqtiuri cxovrebisaTvis, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvisa da liderobisaken qveynis evropuli Rirebulebebisaken swrafviTaa ganpirobebuli”. - interviu sajaro moxelesTan, mamuka axvledianTan. 32 ZiriTadi sakiTxebi genderuli uTanasworoba, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebrivi da ojaxuri cxovrebis sferoSi, aRiarebulia, rogorc arsebuli realoba, magram ara rogorc problema. uTanasworoba aRqmulia ufro rogorc kulturuli memkvidreobis nawili. am mosazrebas iziarebs, rogorc mosaxleoba, aseve xelisufleba. imis dasturad, rom qveyana universaluri faseulobebisaken da evropaSi integraciisaken iswrafvis, saqarTvelos xeli aqvs mowerili im yvela mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso dokumentze, romelic miznad isaxavs genderuli Tanaworobis miRwevas. samarTlebrivi CarCoebi genderulad neitraluria, isini ar uSveben genderis safuZvelze raime saxis diskriminacias, magram saerTaSoriso dokumentebisa Tu qveynis kanonebisadmi daqvemdebareba formaluri xasiaTisaa, radgan diskriminaciasTan brZolis ZiriTadi saqmianobebi sabiujeto xarjebiT araa gamyarebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento da gaeros ganviTarebis programa) daxmarebiT parlamentis sakonsultacio sabWo moqmedebs Tavis mandatis farglebSi, erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba ar dawyebula. Camoyalibebulia, magram moqmedeba ar dauwyia aRmasrulebel organos. politikis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi dokumentebi, rogoricaa (siRaribis daZlevis startegiuli moxseneba da evropis samezoblo politika) genderul problematikaze ar arian fokusirebuli. ar arsebobs mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo uwyeba, romelsac eqneboda genderuli Tanaswrobis mxardaWerisa da masze meTvalyureobis gawevis mandati. winsvla TanasworobasTan damokidebulebis mimarT aRniSna mravalma, konsultaciaSi monawile pirma. igi cxadad aris gamokveTili axalgazrdebsa da qalaqis mosaxleobaSi. genderTan dakavSirebuli viTareba calke sakiTxad ar unda iqnes ganxiluli, radgan igi ufro farTo problemis, RirebulebaTa sakiTxis nawilia. arsebuli mdgomareobis saTave unda veZioT qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa ugulvebelyofaSi, rac gansxvavebul sferoebSi vlindeba da asaxulia saerTaSoriso da adgilobriv orgranizaciaTa mTel rig moxsenebebSi (mag. saxalxo damcveli moxseneba 2007). manam, sanam ara ekonomikuri efeqtianoba, aramed adamianis uflebebi da misi keTildReoba ar iqceva arc qveynis ganviTerbis politikis umTavres principad, ar unda velodeT mkveTr cvlilebebs genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxSi da arc aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis miRwevas. 33 genderi sazogadoebriv sarbielze Tavi 3 sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileoba niu-iorkSi 2000 wlis 8 seqtembers gancxadebuli aTaswleulis ganviTarebis rva miznidan erT-erTi, romelic 2015 wlisTvis unda iqnas ganxorcielebuli da romelsac saqarTvelom xeli moawera, pirdapir genderul Tanasworobas exeba. miznis amocana 9 moiTxovs qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis gapirobebas politikis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul da marTvis yvela doneze ganxorcielebul aqtiobebSi. monawileoba sajaro cxovrebaSi da gansakuTrebiT, politikaSi qveyanaSi Tanasoworobisa da demokratiis erT-erTi indikatoria. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Zlier dainteresebulia politikiT da zogadad, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT. Tumca problema, romelsac mosaxleobis didi nawili xSirad quCis saprotesto aqciebSi gamoyavs, sakuTari uZlurebis grZnobiT aris gapirobebuli, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ar aqvs SesaZlebloba zegavlena moaxdinos qveynisaTvis mniSvenlovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze. gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT mamakacebisa da qalebis umravlesoba (82.4%) dainteresebulia politikiT da 95.3 procenti regularulad uyurebs axal ambebs televiziiT. yvelaze popularuli arxi iyo ”imedi”, mas mosdevda arxi ”rusTavi 2”. 34 cxrili 3 satelevizio axali ambebis ranJireba popularobis mixedviT NNo procenti No 1034 satelevizio axali ambebi 1 qronika (imedi) 89.1 2 kurieri (rusTavi 2) 66.2 3 moambe (sazogadoebrivi televizia) 24.5 4 rusuli tele arxebi 19.4 5 mzera (mze) 18.9 6 adgilobrivi telearxebi 12.7 7 8 axali ambebi (aWaris televizia) azerbaijanis tele arxebi 10.7 2.4 9 somxuri telearxebi 2.2 10 Turquli telearxebi 0.2 axali ambebis garda, telearxi ”imedis” politikuri gadacemebic aseve yvelaze didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen. cxrili 4 teleprogramebis ranJireba popularobis mixedviT satelevizio programa procenti NNo 1087 1 2 3 4 5 6 droeba (imedi) reaqcia (imedi) Ria eTeri (imedi) post skriptumi (rusTavi 2) Toq-Sou (rusTavi 2) tabu (mze) 84.4 72.1 65.5 51.1 25.4 15.4 7 dRis komentari (sazogadoebrivi televizia) 8.2 8 Ramis saubrebi (sazogadoebrivi televizia) 6.4 No 35 gazeTebis mkiTxvelTa raodenoba gacilebiT mcire iyo maTTan SedarebiT, vinc axal ambebs televiziiT adevnebda Tvals; gazeTs qalebTan SedarebiT odnav meti mamakaci kiTxulobda, mamakacebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen gazeTebs rezonansi, 24 saaTi, da sxva adgilobriv gazeTebs, qalebi ki ufro alias da kviris palitras kiTxulobdnen. cxrili 5 gazeTebis popularoba No 1 2 gazeTi kviris palitra asavaldasavali procenti No1087 mamakacebis procentuli maCvenebeli No479 qalebis procentuli maCvenebeli No608 22.1 21.0 23.0 8.6 8.8 8.4 6.9 7.5 6.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 adgilobrivi gazeTi alia rezonansi 24 saaTi qronika sityva da saqme axali Taoba 6.5 6.2 5.5 4.2 2.3 1.7 5.4 8.2 6.1 4.4 2.3 1.7 7.3 4.6 5.1 4.1 2.3 1.6 10 axali versia 1.7 1.7 1.8 11 jorjian Taimsi 1.1 0.8 1.3 3 sazogadoebrivi interesis Semdeg qveynis mosaxleobis yvelaze didi survili monawileobasTan aris dakavSirebuli, magram rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, es moTxovnileba ver kmayofildeba, moqalaqeebi Tavs uZlurad grZnoben zegavlena moaxdinon mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebze, rac ganapirobebs mosaxleobis monawileobas quCis aqciebSi. gamokiTxvisas gacemuli pasuxebis mixedviT mosaxleobis 57. 8 procenti, rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi, iziareben mosazrebas, rom saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari sakiTxebis mogvareba 36 mxolod xalxis monawileobiT aris SesaZlebeli, Tumca maTgan mxolod mesameds (29.2%) jera, rom rigiT moqalaqes SeuZlia zegavlena iqonios mTavrobis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebs da kacebs monawileobis erTnairi moTxovnileba gaaCniaT, maT gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT mis ganxorcielebaze. im aqtivobebis SerCevisas, romelTa ganxorcielebac SesaZleblad miaCniaT sakuTari uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, qalebi naklebad aqtiur gzebs arCeven, iseTebs rogoricaa mitingebze daswreba (qalebis 20.6% da kacebis 17.7%), peticiaze xelis mowera (qalebis 36.3% da kacebis 32.8%), maSin rodesac mamakacebi upiratesobas quCis aqciebSi (kacebis 18.2 % da qalebis 14.8 %) da mitingebSi (kacebis 21.5% da qalebis 19.9%) monawileobas aniWeben. peticiaze xelmowera Sexedulebebis gamoTqma mitingebze daswreba Sexvedrebze daswreba monawileoba quCis aqciebSi media saSualebebSi gamoCena monawileoba sajaro diskusiaSi monawileoba arasamTavroba org. resursebis gacema monawileoba profkavSiris saqmianobaSi nax. 2 uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi ganxorcielebuli aqtiobebi mosaxleobis realuri monawileoba gacilebiT ufro dabalia, vidre moqmedebis mzadyofna. rogorc gamoirkva, 2007 wlis ianvridan oqtombramde gamokiTxulTagan mxolod 7.8 procenti iRebda monawileobas koleqtiur aqciebSi. mamakacebis monawileoba aRemateboda qalebisas. aRniSnul periodSi erTxel mainc mamakacebis 10.7-ma da qalebis 5.5 procentma miiRo monawileoba koleqtiur aqciaSi. (Chi square 9.5;df 2; p<.05). 37 qalebi politikaSi msoflios masStabiT qalebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni demokratiis dasamyareblad, avtoritaruli reJimebis winaaRmdeg gamarTul yvelaze saxifaTo aqciebSi. (Jaquette & Wolchik, 1998). didi iyo qalebis monawileoba sabWoTa kavSirisagan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovniT organizebuli quCis aqciebis drosac (sabedaSvili, 2007), ”vardebis revoluciis” wina periodis quCis aqciebSi da 2007 wlis oqtomber-noembris aqciebSi. saqarTveloSi qalebis aqtivoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi istoriuli realobaa. amasTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze xSirad axseneben Tamar mefes, qal monarqs, romlis saxelTanacaa dakavSirebuli qveynis dideba. qalebi iyvnen TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis moTaveni samxreT saqarTveloSi. muslimani qalebi icavdnen qalaq axalcixes ruseTis imperiis da saqarTvelos gaerTianebul jarisgan. dRes mraval qals naxavT manifestaciaSi monawileTa Soris, an winasaarCevno saqmianobiT dakavebuls. problema qalebis mcire monawileobaSi ki araa, aramed igi qalebis interesebsa da saqmianobas maT xelT arsebuli Zalauflebis SeusabamobaSi, gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoSi, maT dabal warmomadgenlobaSia. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba qal da mamakac amomrCevels Tanabar uflebebs aniWebs. xmis micemisas isini Tanabrad aqtiurni arian, rogorc soflad, ise qalaqSi (aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi, 2004), Tumca, Tanasworoba Zalze Sorsaa sasurvelisgan maSin, rodesac saqme exeba imas, Tu vin aris arCeuli mmarTvelobis nebismier doneze. gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qalebis monawileoba politikaSi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi Zalze SezRudulia da Zlier CamorCeba gaeros mier dasaxul mizans, gansazRvruls 30 procentiT. genders politikaSi ori erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli mxare aqvs. erTi - qalis warmomadgenlobas Seexeba, xolo meore - qalTa problemebze zrunvas. warmomadgenloba zrdis qalis problemebis ganxilvis da aseve genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebis albaTobas, Tumca, warmomadgenloba TavisTavad ver uzrunvelyofs sasurvel Sedegs. 38 ”qalTa ubralod saTanado raodenobiT warmomadgenloba politikasa Tu parlamentSi sakmarisi araa, maSinac ki rodesac es warmomadgenlebi qalTa moZraobis wevrebi arian. moZraobas unda yavdes liderebi, romlebic mondomebulni iqnebian qalis xma miawvdinon sazogadoebas. maT ar unda miaCndeT sircxvilad sazogadoebaSi, an parlamentSi qalebis saWiroebebze Riad saubari. dRes es sakiTxebi marginalizirebulia da samarcxvinod iTvleba.” _ interviu eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan. qalebis monawileobis mniSvneloba da misi dadebiTi zegavlena erTxmad iqna aRiarebuli yvela eqspertisa da politikuri lideris interviuSi da im jgufur ganxilvebSi, romelic proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielda. intervius respondentebma da ganxilvebis monawileebma gamoyves ramodenime mizezi, romelic ganapirobebs politikaSi qalTa monawileobis mniSvnelobas: demokratiis winapirobebi: Tanasworoba demokratiis safuZvelia. ”sazogadoeba Sedgeba mamakacebisa da qalebisagan, ase rom oriveni unda iyvnen warmodgenilni gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi”. interviu parlamentis wevrTan, manana naWyebiasTan; nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan. ”yvelfers ori sawyisi aqvs - mamakacuri da qaluri, yvela problema orive sqess exeba, amitom orives mosazreba unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.” fj2-is monawile. nacionaluri moZraobis wevris, irakli qavTaraZis azriT: ”srulyofili demokratia SesaZleblobas aZlevs sazogadoebis yvela wevrs gamoxatos Tavisi azri da monawileoba miiRos gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. es niSnavs, rom Tu sazogadoebis naxevari qalebisgan Sedgeba da parlamentSi ki mxolod maTi aTi procentia warmodgenili, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom swor gzas ar vadgavarT”. 39 qalebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis stili ”bevrs miaCnia, rom qalebi ufro pragmatuli, konstruqtiuli da naklebad araprognozirebadebi arian”. interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, kaxa kukavasTan; qeTi maxaraSvilTan. eqspertTan, marina musxeliSvilTan. Tumca, zogs emociuroba upiratesobad miaCnia, rac qalis gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi ufro did rols TamaSobs.” interviu sajaro moxelesTan, dalila xoravasTan. sakiTxebi, romelsac qalebi yuradRebas aqceven yuradRebis gamaxvileba im sakiTxebze, romlebic tradiciulad qalis problemadaa aRqmuli. ”qalebis monawileoba garantia iqneba imisa, rom qalisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa skolamdeli da saskolo ganaTleba, yuradReba mieqceva”. interviu eqspertTan Carita jaSTan. TanamSromlobiTi damokidebuleba qalebSi ufro maRalia TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobis xarisxi. ”qalebi qmnian ufro TanamSromlobiT atmosferos, rasac Sedegad ufro gawonasworebuli da mSvidobiani gadawyvetilebebi moaqvs”. mamakaci fj.7-is monawile. ”qalebi erTmaneTs usmenen da es maT ubiZgebs erTad ifiqron problemebze”. qali fj 4 -is monawile. aseve gaisma Tumca ki SefarviT sapirispiro, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba qalebis aqtiuri monawileobis mimarT, rogorc erTma axlagazrda kacma aRniSna jgufuri ganxilvisas axalqalaqSi: ”qals SeuZlia miiRos monawileoba politikaSi, Tu mas ambiciebi ara aqvs”. (fj 6). rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv azrs, gamokiTxvis Sedegebi miuTiTeben, rom saxezea genderuli gansxvaveba qalis politikaSi CarTulobis Taobaze (Chi Square 25.7; df 2; p<.001) - qalebis umetesoba mxars uWers qalebis monawileobas (54.7%), mamakacebis ufro mcire raodenoba (39.1%) Tvlis, rom qalebis politikaSi ufro metad CarTviT qveyana mxolod moigebs. Tumca, orive sqesis warmomadgeneli saprezidento kandidatis rolSi upiratesobas ani40 Webs mamakacs, Tumca amas mamakacebis ufro didi nawili akeTebs (Chi Square 25.7; df 2; p<.001). erTnairi Rirsebebis mqone mamakaci da qali kandidatis pirobebSi mamakacebis 9.2 %, da qalebis 21.5 % aris mzad qal saprezidento kandidats dauWiros mxari. qalebi parlamentSi qalebi eleqtoratis 59.0 procents Seadgenen, magram sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalebis monawileoba qveynis damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan dRemde mcirea. saqarTvelos parlamenti 2004 wels 235 wevrisagan (erTmandatiani maJoritarebi - 85 da proporciuli siiT arCeuli deputatebi - 150) Sedgeboda. maTgan qali iyo mxolod 23, rac parlamentis wevrebis 10.4 procents Seadgenda. qalTa warmomadgenloba 2008 wlis parlamentSi 6 procentamde Semcirda da miaRwia saqarTvelos parlamentarizmis istoriaSi yvelaze dabal niSnuls. aRsaniSnavia, rom faqtiurad saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalTa raodenoba arCeulze naklebia, radgan orma opoziciuri partiebiis siiT arCeulma qalma deputatma - eka beseliam da fiqria CixraZem uari Tqves mandatis aRebaze. Nnax. 3 qalebis wili qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoSi (1990 wlis uzenaesi sabWo da 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2008 wlebis parlamenti) 41 saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi kombinirebuli, proporciuli da maJoritaruli sistemiT tardeba. qali politikosebisTvis maJoritar deputatad gasvla ukiduresad rTulia. 2004 wels maJoritaruli wesiT arCeuli 71 parlamtentis wevridan mxolod sami, anu 4.2 procenti (nino burjanaZe, sofio larculiani da nana patarkaciSvili), xolo 2008 wels erTi (rusudan kervaliSvili) iyo qali. proporciuli sistemiT qalebis arCevis Sansebi odnav ukeTesia, Tumca, partiuli siebi qal kandidatebs, rogorc wesi siis bolo poziciebs uTmoben, ase rom, parlamentSi adgilis albaToba ufro maRalia, mcire partiuli danawevrebis pirobebSi, rodesac erT partias aqvs bevri adgili mopovebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom swored ase moxda 2004 wlisa da 2008 wlis parlamentSi, proporciuli sistemiT arCeuli qali deputatebi mxolod 13.3 procents Seadgendnen 2004 da 5.3 procents 2008 wels. dabali warmomadgenlobis fonze, is Tanamdebobebi, rac qalebs ekavaT, marTlac STambeWdavia. 2001 wlidan nino burjanaZe parlamentis Tavmjdomare iyo. 13-dan 3 komitets qalebi Tavmjdomareobden; elene TevdoraZe adamianis uflebebisa da samoqalaqo integraciis, xaTuna gogoriSvili saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis, xolo nino nakaSiZe evropasTan integraciis komitets xelmZRvanelobda. 25 Tavmjdomaris moadgiledan 4 qali iyo (adamianis uflebaTa da samoqalaqo integraciis, evropasTan integraciisa, iuridiul sakiTxTa da sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetebi). nacionaluri moZraobademokratebis saparlamento umravlesobis fraqcias maia nadiraZe, xolo danarCen Svid fraqcias mamakacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. tradicia gagrZelda 2008 wlis parlamentSi. rusudan kervaliSvili aris parlamentis Tavmjdomaris moadgile, xaTuna gogoriSvili saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komitetis Tavmjdomarea, sami deputati - magda anikaSvili, eka xerxeuliZe da xaTuna oCiauri komitetebis (janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialur sakiTxTa, adamianis uflebaTa da samoqalaqo integraciis da ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis) Tavmjdomaris moadgileebi arian. uaxloes wlebSi dadebiTi cvlilebebi genderuli Tanasworobis sferoSi mosalodneli araa, radgan sxvaoba udablessa da umaRles warmomadgelobaSi bolo Txutmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 2.2 procents Seadgens, amdenad, gaeros mier dasaxuli mizani 30 procenti sagangebo Zalisxmevis gareSe, miuRweveli Cans. 42 qalTa sakiTxebis warmoCena politikaSi kidev ufro uaresadaa dayenebuli, vidre qalebis warmomadgenloba parlamentSi, da is Zalian iSviaTad xdeba parlamentarTa yuradRebis sagani. rogorc sworad SeniSna erT-erTma gamokiTxulma eqspertma, am sferoSi qali deputatebis aqtioba didad ar gansxvavdeba maTi mamakaci kolegebisagan. qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi parlamentTan SedarebiT viTareba qalTa warmomadgenlobis mxriv adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi ukeTesia. 2006 wlis adgilobriv arCevnebSi arCeulTagan 11.5 (prpocenti) qali iyo. 1998 wlidan arCeuli qalebis raodenobam iklo, rac saarCevno kanonis cvlilebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. nax. 4 qalebi adgilobriv TviT-mmarTvelobaSi soflis sakrebuloebis ricxvi, romelic TviT-mmarTvelobis yvelaze dabal safexurs warmoadgens da sadac qalebis didi raodenobaa warmodgenili, 2002 wlisaTvis Semcirda. imave kanonis Tanaxmad, sakrebuloebi regionebSi yalibdeba ara pirdapiri xmis micemis wesiT, aramed rogorc asocirebuli organo, romelic Sedgeba ufro dabali donis, soflis, Temis, dabisa, Tu qalaqis TviT-mmarTvelobis organoebis erTeulebis xelmZRvanelebisagan. 2006 wels adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis organoebis ricxvi Semcirda 998-dan 75-mde, arCevnebi Catarda Sereuli sistemiT - proporciuli da maJoritaruliT, rac imas niSnavda, rom gamarjvebisTvis kandidats xmebis umravlesoba unda mieRo. es ki Zalze rTulad misaRwevi amocanaa qalebisaTvis 43 (bagratia, 2006). 2006 wels proporciuli sitemiT arCeuli deputatebidan qalebi 16.3 procents Seadgendnen, maJoritarebidan amis naxevars - 8.3 procents. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg qveyanaSi samjer Catarda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi. maTSi msgavsi tendencia gamoikveTa: rac ufro didi da mniSvnelovania administraciuli erTeuli, miT naklebia qalebis warmomadgenloba (mag. 1998 wels qalebis warmomadgenloba iyo 15 procenti soflis sakrebuloSi, 13 procenti dabaTa sakrebuloebSi, 9 procenti regionul sakrebuloSi da 7.4 procenti qalaqis sakrebuloSi). 2006 wlis arCevnebSi arc erTi qali merad ar aurCeviaT. Tbilisis sakrebulos 37 wevrTagan 25 arCeul iqna proporciuli da 12 maJoritaruli sistemiT, maTgan mxolod xuTi iyo qali. metic, 66 gamgebels Soris qalebi 5.5 procents Seadgenen. 2006 wels qalebis yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli iyo konfliqtur regionebSi (64.3 procenti zemo afxazeTSi da 21.4 procenti liaxvis xeobis saarCevno ubnebSi); amis sapirispirod, qalebis procentuli maCvenebeli yvelaze dabali iyo eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi: marneulSi qalebi mxolod 1.9 procents, xolo bolnisSi - 4.7 procents Seadgendnen. mravali gamokiTxuli eqspertisa da politikosis azriT qalebis warmomadgenloba TviT-mmarTvelobaSi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre qalebis monawileoba parlamentSi. ”Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobSi Caeban, radgan mosaxleoba ufro dakavSirebulia sakrebulos wevrebTan”. - interviu sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan. 2006 wlis 5 oqtombris arCevnebamde, arCevnebis mimarT sazogadoebis cnobierebis donisa da TviT-mmarTvelobaSi qalebis rolis damokidebulebis dadgenis mizniT saqarTvelos ramodenime regionSi Caterebul iqna gamokiTxva. sul gamokiTxul iqna 603 adamiani. Sedegebma erTmniSvnelovnad gamoavlina mosaxleobis dabali monawileoba adgilobrivi problemebis gadaWraSi. mosaxleobis mxolod 13.9 procentma (8.9 % mamakaci da 5.0 % qali) aRniSna sakuTari CarTuloba. kTxvebze, romlebic qalebis aRmasrulebel organoebSi monawileobas Seexeboda, respondentTa naxevrze metma (58.7-ma % - 50.6 % mamakacma da 67.4 % qalma) aucileblad, an sasurvelad miiCnia, qalebis warmomad44 genlobis gazrda. ojaxur valdebulebebi, tradiciebi, survilisa da gamocdilebis nakleboba yvelaze xSirad iyo dasaxelebuli qalis politikaSi monawileobis damabrkolebel mizezad. aRsaniSnavia, rom ufro meti qali (38.4 %), kacebTan SedarebiT (33. 5 %) aRniSnavda valdebulebebs ojaxis winaSe, rogorc qalTa monawileobis xelSemSlel pirobas. amasTan gamokiTxulTa 53.7 procenti miuTiTebda politikos qalebisa da kacebis gansxvavebul muSaobis stilze. gansxvavebas kacebze (51.5 %) metad qalebi (60.3 %) aRniSnavdnen. qalebi (39.7 %) saparlamento, saprezidento Tu adgilobrivi arCevnebSi upiratesobas qal kandidatebs, xolo kacebi _kac (43.9 %) kandidatebs aniWebdnen. qalebisa da kacebis TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba (qalebis 29.1% da kacebis 28.4%) miuTiTebda, rom kandidatis sqess ar qonda raime zegavlena maT arCevanze xmis micemisas. qali respondentebi kaci respondentebi nax. 5 arCevnebSi kandidatebisadmi upirtaesobis miniWeba maTi sqesis mixedviT wyaro: adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi adgilobriv qalTa monawileobis Taobaze mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi (2006). 45 qalebi aRmasrulebel organoebSi 2004 wlamde mTavrobaSi orad-ori qali ministri iyo (garemos dacvis da kulturis). axalma xelisuflebam, romelic 2004 wels movida saTaveSi, xazi gausva qalis ufro farTo warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas politikur cxovrebaSi. am gancxadebis kvaldakval 2004 wlis ministrTa kabinetSi, oTxi ministri qali Sevida (Tamar lebaniZe, _ garemos dacvis ministri, Tamar suluxia, infrastruqturs ministri, eTer astemirova, _ iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa da gansaxlebis ministri, Tamar beruCaSvili - saxelmwifo ministri evropasTan inegraciis sakiTxebSi). Semdgom kidev erTi qali salome zurabiSvili dainiSna sagareo saqmeTa ministrad. amdenad, im dros ministrTa kabinetis SemadgenlobaSi qalebi 20 procents Seadgendnen. magram, 2007 wlis dekembrisaTvis mxolod ori ministri qali SemorCa mTavrobas - zinaida bestaeva, saxelmwifo ministri samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebSi da eka tyeSelaSvili, iusticiis ministri. ukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo ministris moadgileebTan mimarTebaSi. 46 moadgilidan 9 an 19.6 procenti qali iyo. 2008 wlis noemberSi damtkicebul ministrTa kabinetSi isev 2 qali ministri iyo, sagareo saqmeTa ministri eka tyeSelaSvili da ekonomikis ministri ekaterine SaraSiZe. 10 saministros TanamSromlebsa da sazRvargareT saqarTvelos diplomatiur warmomadgenelTa Soris qalebi Seadgendnen 51.8 procents, rac mTliani raodenobis naxevarze metia, magram am saministroTa gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi qalebis wils mxolod 27. 8 procenti Seadgenda (sociologiuri gamokvlevis angariSi, 2007). sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ministrTa kabinetSi qalebis ufro farTo warmomadgenlobis mimarT SedarebiT nakleb dadebiTia, vidre maTi arCeviT organoebSi warmomadgenlobis mimarT. gamokiTxul eqspertTa da politikostTa umetesobas urCevnia qali ministris moadgiled ixilos da ara ministrad (mag. interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan), vinaidan maTi azriT, qalebs SeuZliaT yoveldRiuri samuSaos ukeT warmarTva, maSin rodesac mamakacebs ukeTesi xedva aqvT. sxvebi miiCneven, rom qalebi ar arian sakmarisad aqtiuri (interviu parlamentis wevrTan zurab tyemalaZesTan). bevrs miaCnia, rom ministris sqess ara aqvs mniSvneloba da rom mTavari profesionalizmia (interviu eqspertTan, marina musxeliSvilTan). ministris sqesi ki ara, armed mis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba miaCnia bevrs mniSvnelovani: 46 ”mTvaria gawonasworebuli politikis warmarTva, gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba, problemebis genderis TvalTaxedviT ganxilva. am SemTxvevaSi sul erTia, mamakacia ministri, Tu qali. amdenad, mTavari amocanaa strategia agebul iqnes Tanasworobis principze”. _ interviu eqsperTtan, xaTuna sanikiZesTan. gamokiTxvis monacemebi miuTiTeben, rom saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi maRali Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis aucilebel maxasiaTeblebs mosaxleoba erTnairad afasebs. xuTidan oTxi Tviseba, romelsac umniSvnelovanesad miiCneven - profesionalizmi, gamWriaxoba, moraluri sispetake da poziciis simtkice saerToa qalebisa da kacebisaTvis. mexuTe mniSvnelovani Tviseba mamakacisaTvis aris pirovnuli kavSirebi, qalisTvis ki moqniloba. Tumca im TvisebebSi, romlebic naklen mniSvnelovnad aris Sefasebuli qalebsa da kacebs Soris gansxvaveba ufro gamokveTilia. ase magaliTad, qalis SemTxvevaSi, kargi garegnoba, xolo kacis SemTxvevaSi, ufrosis mimarT erTguleba da partiuli kuTvnilebaa ufro mniSvnelovani. profesionalizmi gamWriaxoba moraluri sispetake poziciis simtkice moqniloba ganaTleba ucxoeTSi qalisTvis piradi kavSirebi kacisTvis axalgazrdoba damsaxureba ufrosis erguleba partiis wevroba nax. 6 saxelmwifo uwyebebSi maRali Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad sasurveli Tvisebebi 47 genderi politikur partiebSi politikuri partiebis genderuli politika, iseve, rogorc sazogadoebaSi arsebuli interesi da yuradReba genderTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT garkveulwilad gansazRvravs qalis monawileobas politikur saqmianobaSi, rogorc erovnul aseve adgilobriv doneebze. qveyanaSi 180 partiaa (saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006). TvalsaCino partiaTagan sams qali xelmZRvanelobs, kerZod, ”win, saqarTvelo”(salome zurabiSvili), ”imedi” (irine sariSvili) da ”qalTa partia” (guguli maRraZe), romelic swored 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis win iqna Camoayalibebuli. es erTaderTi qalTa partia, romelmac arCevnebSi monawileoba blokSi, or partiasTan erTad miiRo. zusti informacia politikur partiebSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis saerTo raodenobaze da gansakuTrebiT ki maTSi qalebis raodenobaze ar aris xelmisawvdomi. gamokiTxul partiul liderTa umetesobam miuTiTa, rom zustad ar icis partiaSi gaerTianebuli qalebis raodenoba (interviu konservatoruli partiis liderTan, kaxa kukavasTan, respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, Tina xidaSelTan, mrewvelebis partiis liderTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan). saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis mixedviT (sumbaZe, 2007), mosaxleobis mxolod 4. 7 procenti (aqedan 5.2 % mamakacebi da 3.6 % qalebi) aris raime politikuri partiis wevri. qalebi gaerTianebuli arian partiebSi, magram maT ZiriTadad vxvdebiT mmarTvelobis dabal doneze da maTi warmomadgenloba partiis gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi saSualod 9 procentia (saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006). ”qalebi saerTod, iSviaTad iReben monawileobas koncefciis SemuSavebasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. maTi mxolod mcire nawilia drodadro simbolurad warmodgenilni partiebis maRal eSelonebSi. aseT qalebs mamakaci kolegebi Cveulebriv axasiaTeben, rogorc mamakacuri TvisebebiT SemkulT da maT mimarT aRtacebas gamoxataven amgvari sityvebiT ”mamakacuri”, an ”mamaci”. - interviu eqspertTan, xaTuna sanikiZesTan. arsebul viTarebaSic partiebi gansxvavdebian genderuli sakiTxebisadmi interesisa da umaRles struqturebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis mixedviT. qalebi axal memarjveneTa partiis 4000 aqtiuri wevris naxevars Seadgenen. isini aseve kargad arian warmodgenlni saparlamento fraqciaSic, sadac isini fraqciis mesameds Seadgenen (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, manana naWyebi48 asTan). respublikur partias xelmZRvanel organoSi ori qali yavs (interviu partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan). axlad Seqmnili partiis ”Tavisufali saqarTvelo” cxra damaarsebels Soris xuTi qalia (interviu partiis erT-erT liderTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan). leiboristuli partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi ori qalia (interviu partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan). mewarmeTa partiis Tbilisis aT raionul organizaciis xelmZRvanelTa naxevars qalebi Seadgenen (interviu partiis liderTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan). sxva partiebTan SedarebiT ”win saqarTvelos” xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze yvelaze meti qalia, rac albaT imiT aris gamowveuli, rom partiis lideri qalia interviu partiis wevrTan, eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan. 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis politikuri partiebis sia aranairad ar migvaniSnebs partiuli saqmianobis sadaveebSi qalebis monawileobis gazrdaze. arCevnebSi daregistrirebuli 12 erTeuls Soris, (blokebi da damoukidebeli partiebi), qalebis mxolod 9.2 procents ekava partiul siebSi adgilebi 1-dan 10-mde, 20.8 procents 11-dan 20-mde, xolo 15.0 procents 21-dan 30mde. saerTo jamSi, qalebi partiuli siebis 25.5 procents Seadgendnen, magram rogorc adrec avRniSneT, Zalze mcire raodenobas qonda Sansi yofiliyo arCeuli. dasaxelebul maJoritarTa kandidatebidan, qalebi 10.1 procents Seadgendnen. yvelaze didi raodenoba leiboristulma partiam (10 kandidati), blokma, romelSic qalTa partia iyo gaerTianebuli (10 kandidati) da respublikurma partiam (9 kandidati) daasaxela. Cans qalebisTvis mxolod ramdenime specifikuri da meorexarisxovani samuSaoa garantirebuli (interviu sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan). qalebi Cveulebriv CarTulni arian saarCevno procesSi, amowmeben ra eleqtoratis siebs, kardakar awarmoeben partiis kandidatebis sareklamo kampaniebs, asruleben mdivnis movaleobas saarCevno komisiebSi (interviu partiis liderebTan, kaxa kukavasTan da zurab tyemalaZesTan; eqspertebTan, marine TabukaSvilTan da xaTuna sanikiZesTan). amis sapirispirod, axali memerjveneebis partiis saarCevno administraciaSi mravali qalia. isini administraciis 70 procents Seadgenen (saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006). monawileobis garda, partiebis interesi genderTan mimarTebaSi aisaxeba partiaSi qalTa seqciis arsebobaze, romelic muSaobs qal-amomrCevlebze da qalTa sakiTxebis lobirebaze. 49 ramdenime partias - axal memarjveneebs, mewarmeebs, leiboristebs, konservatorebsa da respublikelebs aqvT qalebis ganyofileba (saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006), (interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, manana naWyebiasTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan; respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan, leiboristuli partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan). garda imisa, rom mewarmeTa partias 1993 wlidan aqvs qalTa seqcia, partiis wevrebis colebma daarses qalTa klubi, romelic ZiriTadad humanitaruli moRvaweobiTaa dakavebuli (interviu partiis liderTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan). axal memarjveneebsac 2002 wels, daarsebis dRidan aqvT qalTa klubi. misi mizania partiis eleqtoratis gazrda. klubi aseve intensiurad muSaobs qali politikosebis momzadebaze, raTa isini aqtiurad CaerTon adgilobriv da erovnul politikaSi (interviu partiis wevrTan, manana naWyebiasTan). leiboristul partiasTan moqmedebs qalTa sabWo. (interviu partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan). respublikur partias aqvs ganyofileba, romelic qalTa politikuri saqmianobis gaZlierebas da maTi interesebis dacvis strategias ayalibebs (http:// www.republicans.ge/). strategiis mixedviT qalTa mxardaWera unda ganxorcieldes ganderul sakiTxebze mosaxleobis cnobierebis gazrdiT, partiis gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi qalTa monawileobis mxardaWeriT, qalTa problemebis gadaWriT da politikaSi genderuli komponentis gaZlierebiT. partiis verc erTma liderma ver migviTiTa maT manifestSi qalTa sakiTxebis arsebobaze. metic, axali memarjveneebisa da leiboristuli partiis garda, arc erTi partia ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas qalebze, rogorc eleqtoratze. isini amis aucileblobas ver xedaven. rogorc erTma mamkacma parlamentis wevrma aRniSna: ”saqarTveloSi xalxi xmas aZlevs ojaxuri solidarobis safuZvelze” misi gancxadeba savaraudod efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom ojaxSi gadawyvetilebas mamakaci iRebs. saqarTvelos wamyvani politikuri partiebis saqmianobis Seswavlam gamoamJRavna, rom partiis wevrebi ar arian sakmarisad gaTviTcnobierebuli genderul sakiTxebSi. maT dRis wesrigSi ara aqvT gaTvaliswinebuli qalebis politikaSi CarTvis aucilebloba (politikuri landSafti saqarTveloSi, 2006). 50 qali da mamakaci politikosebis mimarT arsebuli molodinebi gamokiTxulma eqspertebma da politikosebma gamoxates sakuTari molodinebi qali da mamakaci politikosebis mimarT (interviuebi). mravali maTgani aRniSnavda, rom isini ar ganasxvavebdnen qal da mamakac liderebs sqesis mixedviT da moelodnen, rom rogorc qal, ise mamakac liders eqneboda iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa patiosneba, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, goniereba, adamianebTan urTierTobis unari, rom eqneboda kargi ganaTleba da analitikuri azrovnebis unari, iqneboda patrioti, gulTan axlos miitanda adamianebis sazrunavs, eqneboda imis swori xedva, Tu ra aris gasakeTebeli da eqneboda amisTvis saWiro resursebi (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan; eqspertebTan, lela xomerikTan da Carita jaSTan; saxelmwifo moxelesTan, dalila xoravasTan). magram am saerTo molodinebis garda, aseve dasaxelebuli iqna calkeuli Tvisebebi, romlebsac respopndentebi ufro metad qal an mamakac politikosebSi xedavdnen. qali politikosebisgan gansakuTrebiT moelodnen principulobas, xalxis interesebis msaxurebas, miukerZoeblobas da sandoobas, diplomatiurobasa da araagresiulobas, simSvides, imas, rom igi iqneboda Tbili da mzrunveli, moqnili da kompromisebze wamsvleli, rom mas eqneboda mosmenis unari da sakuTari xedva (interviu sajaro moxelesTan, uruzmak karkusovTan; mosamarTlesTan, rusudan WanturiZesTan; nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan; leiboristuli partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan, arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan, profesiuli saswavleblis direqtorTan, irakli faCuliasTan, sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan; mcire mewarmesTan, marina aRuSaSvilTan). eqspertebi darwmunebulni arian, rom imisTvis, rom qali warmatebuli iyos, man ar unda miiCnios sakuTari sqesi Semaferxebel faqtorad da ar unda qondes amis gamo arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi (interviu sajaro moxelesTan, eka zRulaZesTan). qalSi Serwymuli unda iyos kargi politikosisa da kargi diasaxlisis Tvisebebi (profesiuli saswavleblis mamakaci maswavlebeli). qali qaluri TvisebebiT unda iyos Semkuli da arasodes ar unda daaviwydes, rom qalia, (interviu sajaro moxelesTan, dalila xoravasTan; parlamentis wevrTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan). politikosi qali unda iyos Tavdajerebuli, igi darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom kargi politikosia (interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan). mamakaci politikosisagan gansxvavebiT politikosi qalisgan eqspertebi moelian socaluri sakiTxebis wina planze wamowevas da iseTi politikis mxardaWeras, romelic gazrdis socialur usafrTxoebas (interviu qalTa sabWos mamakac wevrTan). qalebisagan 51 aseve moelian qalTa uflebebis dacvas, mravalSviliani dedebis mimarT met yuradRebas, qalebis xelSewyobas samsaxureobriv winsvlaSi (interviu patrulTan, lia barkaulTan). meores mxriv, mamakaci politikosebisagan moelian rom isini iyvnen qarizmatulni, principuli, gabeduli, naklebad damokidebuli socialur garemocvaze, mkacrebi da swrafi gadawyvetilebis miRebis unariT Semkulni, SeeZloT radikaluri reformebis gatareba da iyvnen SorsmWvretelni (interviu nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan; maswavlebelTan, nana kemulariasTan; sajaro moxelesTan, maka mdivanTan, profesiuli saswavleblis direqtorTan, zaza ciramuasTan). adarebs ra, mamakac da qal politikosebs, eqsperti Semdeg mosazrebas gamoTqvams: ”mamakacebs viwro fokusi aqvT, isini ideebs arCeven imis gauTvaliswineblad, Tu ramdenad aris maTi ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, yuradRebas ar aqceven garemos, maSin, rodesac qalebi ukeT acnobiereben viTarebas, isini realisturad azrovneben da politikaSi ufro pragmatulni arian”. - interviu eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan. 52 politikosisaTvis aucilebeli Tvisebebi gamokiTxvis pasuxebi miuTiTeben, rom respondentebs igive, zemoT dasaxelebuli Tvisebebi mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT rogorc qali, ise mamakaci politikosebisaTvis, Tumca odnav gansxvavebuli TanmimdevrobiT. yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miCneulia, rom mamakaci politikosi iyos Zlieri, damoukidebeli, gabeduli, gamgebi da SeeZlos sakuTari azris gatana. qali politikosi ki, iyos Zlieri, damoukidebeli, gamgebi, SeeZlos sakuTari azris gatana da iyos gabeduli. amave dros arsebobs molodini, rom qali politikosi iyos ufro TanamgrZnobi, Tbili da gamgebi. Zlieri damoukidebeli gamgebi riskiani TanamgrZnobi mzrunveli qali kaci Zalauflebis mqone mosiyvarule Tbili agresiuli rbili nax. 7 mamakaci da qali politikosis sasurveli Tvisebebi 53 politikosebis mimarT ndoba respondentebs (gamokiTxva) moeTxovebodaT daesaxelebinaT xuTamde politikosi kaci da qali, romlebic maTi ndobiT sargeblobdnen. dasaxelebulTa Soris qalebze meti (20) mamakaci (23) aRmoCnda. yvelaze meti ndobiT mamakaci politikosebidan sargebloben levan berZeniSvili, mixeil saakaSvili, zviad ZiZiguri, koba daviTaSvili da Salva naTelaSvili. qali da kaci respondentebis Sefasebani gansxvavebulia, mamakacebSi yvelaze meti ndobiT mixeil saakaSvili, xolo qalebSi levan berZeniSvili sargeblobs. l.berZeniSvili m.saakaSvili z.ZiZiguri qalebi k.daviTaSvili kacebi S.naTelaSvili l.gaCeCilaZe nax. 8 ndobiT aRWurvili mamakaci politikosebi 54 tabula 6 mamakaci politikosebis ranJireba maTdami gamoxatuli ndobis mixedviT dasaxelebuli mamakacebis mier % N0 479 dasaxelebuli qalebis mier % 0 N 608 10.2 15.5 12.9 saakaSvili, mixeili ZiZiguri, zviadi daviTaSvili, koba naTelaSvili, Salva 11.1 6.9 6.3 9.4 11.3 8.1 10.1 9.4 7.3 7.5 5.4 6.3 5.0 6.1 4.0 5.6 4.8 5.3 5.3 5.3 4.7 3.7 4.8 4.3 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.3 1.9 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.6 1.2 2.1 1.7 14 15 16 17 18 19 gaCeCilaZe, levani xainrava, goga oqruaSvili, irakli berZeniSvili, daviTi patarkaciSvili, badri kukava, kaxa usufaSvili, daviTi gamsaxurdia, konstantine ugulava, gigi subari, sozari maisaSvili, gia gurgeniZe, lado zurabiSvili, daviTi subeliani, koba 0.8 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.6 1.6 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 20 baRaTuria, jondi 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 rangi 1 2 3 4 5 6.5 6.5 8 9 10 11 12 13 21 22 23 politikosi berZeniSvili, levani patiaSvili, jumberi xaindrava, ivliane wereTeli, gigi 55 sul % N0 1087 politikos qalTa Soris yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben da maRali ndobiT sargebloben: Tina xidaSeli, nino burjanaZe, salome zurabiSvili, elene TevdoraZe, eka beselia, maia nadiraZe, manana naWyebia, nestan kirTaZe da ana doliZe. qalebma da mamakacebma erTnairad didi ndoba gamoxates xuTi qali politikosis mimarT. T.xidaSeli n.burjanaZe qalebi kacebi s.zurabiSvili f.CixraZe e.TevdoraZe nax. 9 ndobiT aRWurvili qali politikosebi tabula 7 qali politikosebi, ranJireba maTdami gamoxatuli ndobis mixedviT rangi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 14 14 18 18 18 18 18 politikosi xidaSeli, Tina burjanaZe, nino zurabiSvili, salome CixraZe, fiqria TevdoraZe, elene beselia, eka nadiraZe, maia naWyepia, manana kirTaZe, nestan doliZe, ana maRraZe, guguli kalandaZe, nino aronia, nazi verulaSvili, eka samadaSvili, salome gogoriSvili, xaTuna sariSvili, irina tlaSaZe, Teo lazaSvili, naTia arCvaZe, manana dasaxelebli mamakacebis mier % N0 479 24.4 20.9 15.4 8.1 3.1 3.1 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 56 Ndasaxelebuli qalbis mier N0 608 35.2 30.6 19.7 9.0 5.4 3.9 2.6 1.5 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 sul % N0 1087 30.4 26.3 17.8 8.6 4.4 3.6 2.5 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qalebis dabali CarTulobis mizezebi qalebis dabali warmomadgenloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizezebs mivaweroT. es mizezebi SesaZloa iyos Tavad qalebSi, anu maT unarebsa da survilSi misdion politikur karieras, maT saojaxo movaleobebSi, SezRudul finansur da droiT resursebSi, anda ufro farTed, zogadad garemoSi, iseTSi, rogoricaa qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, saxelmwifo politika da kulturuli tradiciebi. mizezebi, romlebic qalebs miewerebaT ramodenime respondentma politikur cxvrebaSi CarTvis survilis ar qona da dabali TviT-Sefaseba, daasaxela qalebis mwiri warmomadgenlobis ZiriTad mizezad (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, elene TevdoraZesTan; respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan; eqspertTan, lika nadaraiasTan). ”mTavari faqtoria qalSi survilis ar qona gaxdes politikosi” –- SeniSna fokus-jgufis mamakacma monawilem (fj 7). Tumca es mosazreba uaryo axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis monawile axalgazrda qalma, romelmac aRniSna, rom es qalis brali araa: ”qals ise zrdian, rom mas ar uCndeba politikaSi CarTvis survili. mas uyalibeben warmodgenas imis Taobaze, rom qalis adgili saxlSia” – (fj6). fokus-jgufSi msjelobisas qalTa mcire CarTulobis mizezad zogma adamianuri resursebis nakleboba da qalebis mcire SesaZleblobebi daasaxela, sxvebma ki aRniSnes qalis Tvisebebi - sxvebze damokidebuleba, sifrTxile, riskis gawevis naklebi survili, romlebic qals xels uSlis CaerTos politikaSi, an warmarTos damoukidebeli politika. ”politikaSi qalebi moyavT, isini TviTon ar modian. qarTul politikaSi ver naxavT qals, romelic politikaSi sakuTari miswrafebis gansaxorcieleblad, an Tavisi saTqmelis gasaJRereblad movida. amitom isini imeoreben imaT gzavnilebs, vinc isini politikaSi moiyvana”. - interviu eqspertTan, lela gafrindaSvilTan. 57 ramdenime eqspertma da politikosma, aseve fokus-jgufis monawileebma miuTiTes kidev erT, maTi azriT, Zalze mniSvnelovan resursis simcireze qalebis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod finansebis ukmarisobaze, rac SeiZleba qalis politikaSi CarTvis erT-erT mTavari damabrkolebel mizezad iqnes miCneuli (interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, kaxa kukavasTan; eqspertTan, lika nadaraiasTan; arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan). mizezebi, romlebic ojaxur cxovrebas miewereba gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba, aseve fokus-jgufis monawileebi gamoyofdnen drois naklebobas, dakavSirebuls saojaxo pasuxismgeblobebTan, rogorc qalTa dabali monawileobis ganmsazRvrel faqtors (interviu parlamenrtis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, eqspertTan, lika nadaraiasTan; arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan; eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan) (aseve: saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006). rogorc axalgazrda qalma aRniSna axalqalaqSi: ”mamakacebs meti dro aqvT, ase, rom maT SeuZliaT qondeT sxvebTan urTierToba da iyvnen sazogadoebis nawili. qalebi sazogadoebaSi nakleb aqtiuri arian” - (fj 6). xazi gaesva imasac, rom mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, qalebs ara aqvT SesaZlebloba mTeli TavianTi dro da energia politikur moRvaweobas dauTmon da bevri imogzauron (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan). mizezebi, romlebic garemos miewereba dasaxelebul iqna mizezebis mTeli rigi, romlebic qalTa kontrols ar eqvemdebareba: pirvel yovlisa, bevrma qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba daasaxela, rac saxlSi damxmaris daqiravebis saSualebas ar iZleva. amasTanave, kulturuli tradiciebi da stereotipebi, romlebic zRudavs qalis sazogadoebriv sfroSi moRvaweobas iqna dasaxelebuli erT-erT mTavar mizezad (interviuebi parlamentis wevrebTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, nika ruruasTan; eqspertebTan, lika nadaraiasTan, marine musxeliSvilTan). aseve, qalTa CarTulobis simciris mizezad dasaxelda qalTa moZraobis da aseTi moZraobis gamokveTili lideris ar arseboba. _ interviu eqsperTtan, Tamar abramiSvilTan. 58 monawileobis gazrdis gzebi qalTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis gazrdis mTeli rigi saSualebebi iqna dasaxelebuli. iseve, rogorc es iyo nakleb CarTulobis mizezebis Ziebisas, gamosavali SeiZleba napovni iqnes Tavad qalebSi, maT ojaxur Tu ufro farTed aRebul garemoSi. qalebi eqspertebi da fokus-jgufis monawileebi pirvel rigSi xazs usvamdnen qalTa gaaqtiurebis mizniT zomebis miRebis aucileblobas. (interviu nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qarvTaraZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan; eqspertTan, nato SavlayaZesTan). isini agreTve saubrobdnen imazec, rom aucilebelia Tavad qalebma gamoiCinon iniciativa: ”qalebi ufro aqtiurebi unda gaxdnen, isini unda SeebrZolon stereotipebs, warmoaCinon is problemebi, romelTac awydebian, gamoaSkaraon sazogadoebaSi arsebuli usamarTloba da uTanasworoba”. - interviu parlamentis wevrTan, nika ruruasTan. kvlevisas aSkara gaxda, rom mis monawileebs qalis SesaZleblobebis gaZlierebis aucilebloba miaCniaT principul sakiTxad. ”muSaoba mosaxleobis donidan unda daviwyoT, gansakuTrebuli zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli qalis SesaZleblobebis gasaZliereblad. es ki aucileblad ganapirobebs qalebis gamoCenas ufro maRal doneze”. - fokus jgufis qali monawile. (fj 2). ganaTleba da Treningi miCneulia SesaZleblobebis zrdis ZiriTad meqanizmad _ (interviu eqspertebTan, nato SavlayaZesTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan da xaTuna sanikiZesTan). ”ganaTleba aris qalTa gaaqtiurebis saSualeba, rac Sedegad mogvcems maT ufro aqtiur Cabmas politikur cxovrebaSi”. _ interviu eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan. 59 ganaTlebis miRebasTan erTad xazgasmuli iyo qalTa kompetenciis gazrdis pirobebis Seqmnis aucilebloba: ”qalebs ar akliaT aqtiuroba, magram ra Tqma unda, isini ufro kompetenturi unda gaxdnen, rac gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. unda imarTebodes Sekrebebi da msjelobebi, qalebs aseve unda mieceT saSualeba isaubron farTo auditoriis winaSe”. - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan. ojaxi rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bevrma respondentma qalis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis damabrkolebel erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad qalis saojaxo saqmeebiT datvirTva daasaxela. amdenad, saxelmwifo politikis daxmarebiT am tvirTis Semsubuqeba, iseve, rogorc arsebuli stereotipebis Secvla da ojaxuri movaleobebis meuRleebs Soris ganawileba miCneul iqna qalTa monwileobis gazrdis efeqtur saSualebad. ”gamosavali aris qalis saojaxo saqmeebis tvirTis Semcireba, es ki SesaZlebelia imiT, rom saojaxo saqmeebi qalTan erTad mamakacmac itvirTos da aseve SesaZlebelia socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT. ar arsebobs imis gamarTleba, rom qali yvelaze nayofier asakSi Sin zis. magram mas ubralod uwevs amis gakeTeba, radgan sxva gza ara aqvs. roca pirobebi gaumjobesdeba, qalebis monawileobac gaizrdeba. aseTi cvlilebis magaliTia arasaxelmwifoebrivi da media seqtorebi, sadac qals Semosavlis miRebis SesaZleblobebi eZleva, ris xarjzec mas SeuZlia bavSvs momvleli auyvanos”. - interviu respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan. ”40 wlis asakSi, roca qals reproduqciuli miznebi ukve miRweuli aqvs, is aqtiurad gamodis sazogadoebriv asparezze. saxelmwifom xelsayreli pirobebi unda Seuqmnas qalebs maTi moRvaweobis gasafarToeblad imiT, rom uzrunvelyos bavSvis movla. anda kacebi unda Seexidon qals bavSvis aRzrdaSi”. - interviu eqspertTan, baia romelaSvilTan. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma xazi gausves finansebisa da mamakacis daxmarebis aucileblobas: ”imisaTvis, rom politikosi gaxdes, qals misi qmris an mamis finansuri mxardaWera esaWiroeba”. (fj 7) 60 garemo saxelmwifo politika diskusiebis monawileebma da eqpertebma aRniSnes, rom qalTa monawileobis gazrdis aucilebel pirobas qalis gaaqtiurebis mimarT saxelmwifos mier Tanmimdevruli politikis gatareba warmoadgens. ”parlamentSi mxolod da mxolod qalebis raodenobis zrda ver moitans sasurvel Sedegebs. genderuli politika yvela doneze unda xorcieldebodes. genderuli Tanaswrobis miRweva Cven unda daviwyoT sabaziso ganaTlebis sistemaSi mamakaci maswavleblebis raodenobis gazrdiT”. - interviu eqsperTtan, marine TabukaSvilTan. stereotopebis Secvla genderuli sakiTxebze TviT-cnobierebis gazrdis meSveobiT eqspertebis azriT, qalis monawileobis gazrda mxolod maSin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rodesac gaizrdeba genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT sazogadoebis mgrZnobiaroba da Seicvleba is stereotipi, romelic qals warmogvidgens, rogorc aqtiurs mxolod da mxolod kerZo, arasajaro sferoSi: ”stereotpebi skolaSi unda Seicvalos, qalis, rogorc lideris rolis warmoCeniT”. - interviu eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan. qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvla samarTlianobis, Tavisuflebisa da liberalizmis xarisxis gazrdiT. cvlilebebs sazogadoebaSi monawileobis gazrdis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad miiCneven kvlevis monawileebi, rogorc qalebi, aseve kacebi. qveyanaSi viTarebis Secvla, gansakuTrebiT ki mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba sabolood xels Seuwyobs qalis ufro aqtiur CarTvas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. aseve aucilebelia sazogadoeba gaxdes ufro tolerantuli amgvari cvlilebebis mimarT. ”qalebs Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis meti SesaZleblobebi unda mieceT imisaTvis, rom gamoxaton sakuTari azrebi da gadadgan Sesabamisi nabijebi. Tumca, amis misaRwevad maT stimulireba esaWiroebaT, sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebis da piar-kampaniebis gziT. rac ufro metad CaerTveba qali politikaSi, miT ukeTesia”. - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan. 61 ”qali misi naRvawiT unda Sefasdes, rac misi politikuri karieris ganmsazRvreli gaxdeba, da ara fuliT, an piradi kontaqtebiT”. - interviu eqsperTtan, lika nadaraiasTan. asociaciebis da moZraobebis Seqmna, partiebSi demokratiis donis amaRleba eqspertebisa da diskusiebis monawileTa TvalsazrisiT, sxvadasxva saxis qalTa asociaciebis, moZraobebisa da klubebis Camoyalibeba xels Seuwyobs qalebis Cabmas sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi. amdenad es warmoadgens qalTa monawileobis gaZlierebisaken mimarTul aucilebel nabijs. ”qalTa organizaciebis gaZlierebis da fondebis mozidvis Sedegad gamoCndebian liderebi imaT Soris, vinc warmatebiT moaxerxebs qalTa organizaciebis saerTo platformis bazaze gaerTianebas, qalTa moZraobis Camoyalibebas, xels mokidebs qalTa ganaTlebas da wamoiwyebs sajaro debatebs genderis Temaze”. - interviu eqsperTtan, lika nadaraiasTan. profesiuli gaerTianebebis gaZliereba erT-erT gzad aris danaxuli. ”profesiuli kavSirebis gaZliereba droTa ganmavlobaSi win wamowevs qalliderebs, Tumca amas Wirdeba dro da fuli” (fj 2-is monawile). aseve xazgasmuli iyo politikuri partiebis demokratizaciis da maTSi genderuli Tanasworobis politikis realizaciis aucilebloba: ”aucilebeblia cvlilebebi moxdes politikur partiebSi. Tu maTi mmarTveloba ar aris demokratiuli, Tu isini ar aZleven qalebs monawileobis SesaZleblobas, ar unda velodoT, rom isini demokratiulad moiqcevian, maSin rodesac xelSi aiReben Zalauflebas”. - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan. ”politikuri partiebi sazogadoebis, da ara romelime kerZo jgufis politikuri interesebis instrumentebad unda iqcnen. amgvari cvlileba kars gauRebs rogorc mamakacebs, ise qalebs.” - interviu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan. 62 qvotirebis SemoReba qvotebis SemoReba saerTaSoriso masStabiT monawileobis gazrdis yvelaze gavrcelebul xerxs warmoadgens. igi iTvleba saukeTeso droebiT RonisZiebad iseTi qveynebisaTvis, sadac demokratia jer srulyofilad araa ganviTarebuli. saqarTveloSi damokidebuleba aseTi RonisZiebis gatarebis mimarT TiTqmis erTsulovnad uaryofiTia, mas ewinaaRmdegebian qali da mamakaci politikosebi, da eqsperti (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, elene TevdoraZesTan, nika ruruasTan; respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan; nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan). (aseve, saqarTvelos politikuri lanSafti, 2006). mravali mosazreba iqna gamoTqmuli qvotirebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca mZafri winaaRmdegoba, rogorc sakiTxSi garkveul, ise masSi Cauxedav pirebTan, vfiqrobT ZiriTadad sabWouri memkvidreobiT unda iyos gapirobebuli. sabWoTa kavSiris uzenaesi sabWo qvoturi sistemis safuZvelze iyo formirebuli, rac uzrunvelyofda qalebis da aseve sxvadasxva profesiisa, Tu asakis adamianebis monawileobas. winaaRmdegobis erT mizezad uTanasworoba iqna dasaxelebuli: ”yvelaferi politikur aqtiobazea damokidebuli, ase, rom monawileobis gasazrdelad xelovnuri wesebis SemoReba ar aris gamarTlebuli, radgan SesaZleblobebi Tanabaria orive sqesisTvis da yvelaferi pirovnebis unarzea damokidebuli” - interviu nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan. magram zogi, Tumca qvoturi sistemis SemoRebis winaaRmdegia, magram mainc xedavs misi mxardaWeris aucileblobas: ”me qvoturis winaaRmdegi var, magram vaRiareb, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi es SesaZloa aucilebeli da droeibiTi RonisZieba iyos” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan. 63 isinic ki, vinc parlametSi qvotirebis SemoRebis momxreni arian (palamentis wevri, kaxa kukava, guguli maRraZe; eqsperti nato SavlayaZe; leiboristuli partiis wevri, nana devaZe) sakiTxs sifrTxiliT ekidebian da miuTiTeben qalTa diskreditaciis safrTxeze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver moxerxdeba Sesabamisi qal kandidatebis moZieba (interviu eqspertTan, nato SavlayaZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan, guguli maRraZesTan). sistemis momxreni ganixilaven sxvadasxva modelebs, romelTagan SeiZleba SeirCes yvelaze misaRebi. aseve aucilebelia Ria diskusiis warmarTva mocemul sakiTxze (interviu eqspertebTan, lika nadaraiasTan da Tamar abramiSvilTan; parlamentis wevrTan, kaxa kukavasTan). ”qvoutris SemoReba nayofier Sedegs moitans sanam warmomadgenloba gzas gaikvalavs. arsebobs mravali modeli, romelTaganac SeiZleba arCevanis gakeTeba, magaliTad, sistemis danergva saarCevno kanonmdeblobis doneze, anda partiebis motivireba im partiebis finansuri mxardaWeris gazrdiT, visac eqneba genderis TvalsazrisiT dabalansebuli saarCevno sia” - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan. qalebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebSi samoqlaqo sazogadoebas ganmartaven rogorc nebayoflobiTi organizaciebisa da dainteresebuli jgufebis seqtori, romelic ganapirobebs sajaro aqciebis organizebis mxardaWeras (Hawkesworth, 2002). profesiuli kavSirebi, interesTa jgufebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, saTemo organizaciebi da eklesia, politikasTan erTad ganixileba samoqalaqo seqtoris nawilad da moqalaqeTa monawileobis sarbielad. profesiuli kavSirebi profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa da maTSi gaerTianebis ufleba aRiarebulia 1997 wels miRebuli saqarTvelos kanoniT profesiul kavSirebis Sesaxeb. kanoni aRiarebs koleqtiuri molaparakebebis warmoebis da gaficvis mowyobis uflebas. saqarTveloSi ZiriTad profesiul kavSirs warmoadgens saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba (spkg), romelic Sedgeba 26 seqtoris mixedviT dakompleqtebuli kavSirebisagan, sadac sul 261,500 adamiania gaerTianebuli, rac mTeli daqiravebuli TanamSromlebis 45 procents Seadgens. qalebi profkavSiris wevrebis 54 procents Seadgenen. profkavSiris sawevro ganisazRvreba xelfasis mixedviT da is Seadgens mis 1 procents (www. Gtuc.ge) (interviu profkavSirebis prezidenTTan, irakli petriaSvilTan). es kavSiri sabWoTa epoqis memkvidre organizaciaa. profkavSirebis realuri 64 zemoqmedeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze sakmaod SezRudulia, Tumca xelmZRvaneloba, romelic 2006 wels iqna arCeuli winandelze ufro aqtiurad aris CarTuli mSromelTa uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi. spkg-s xelmZRvanelobs mamakaci da mis oTx TanaSemweTagan mxolod erTi, aWaris profesiuli kavSiris xelmZRvaneli aris qali. kavSiris komiteti 26 wevrisgan Sedgeba. isini spkg-s seqtoruli da regonuluri organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi arian. maT Soris mxolod samia qali. qalebi ukeT arian warmodgenilni kavSirebis moadgileebis doneze, sadac Seadgenen 65 procents. amasTanave, profkavSirSi moqmedebs qalTa organizacia _ ”qomagi”. profkavSiri aris saerTaSoriso Tavisufali profesiuli kavSirebis konfederaciis wevri, romlis xuT prioritets Soris aris Tanasworoba da genderi (www.icftu.org). Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia, gaeros saagento, romlis wevric saqarTvelo 1993 wlidan aris, akritikebs saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi arsebul ramdenime muxls da xazs usvams imas, rom kodeqsi zedmet Tavisuflebas aniWebs damqiravebels da zRudavs daqiravebulis uflebebs, rac ar aZlevs mSromelebs sakuTari uflebebis dacvis SesaZleblobas (rezonansi, 1 aprili, 2008). kodeqsi gansakuTrebiT agresiulia qalebis mimarT, radgan sadekreto Svebulebis vada Zalze moklea da samuSaos usafrTxoeba, rac samuSaos dakargvis risks gulisxmobs, Zalze dabalia. meore gavleniani gaerTianeba aris saqarTvelos maswavlebelTa da mecnierTa Tavisufali profesiuli kavSiri, romelic 10700 wevrs aerTianebs da sadac did umravlesobas, 95 procents, qalebi warmoadgenen. kavSiris gadawyvetilebis mimReb da aRmasrulebel organoebSi saxezea genderuli uTanasworoba. kavSiris xelmZRvaneli qalia, misi gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoSic qalebi umravlesobas (70%-s) Seadgenen, 27 daqiravebuli muSakidan mxolod oTxia kaci. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi saqarTveloSi sakmaod ganviTarebulia arasamTavrobo seqtori. misi ganviTareba ucxoeli donorebis Zlieri xelSewyobis safuZvelze oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan daiwyo. amJamad qveyanaSi registrirebulia 40, 000 arasamTavrobo organizacia, Tumca eqspertebis SefasebiT maTgan mxolod 10 procentia moqmedi. seqtori araTanabradaa gavrcelebuli geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, organizaciaTa umravlesoba dedaqalaqSia koncentrirebuli. aqvea instituciurad yvelaze metad ganviTarebuli da warmatebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa udidesi nawili mravalfunqciuria, iTavsebs ra mTel rig gansxvavebul saqmianobebs - mag.momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofas, garkveuli intersebis lobirebas, politikaSi kvlevebis warmoeba, monitorings. 65 qalebis sajaro saqmianobaSi Cabma saqarTveloSi saTaves mecxramete saukunidan iRebs, roca ramdenime uwyeba dafuZnda, romelTa mizani qalebisTvis ganaTlebis micema iyo da romlebsac ZiriTadad gamoCenili sazogado moRvaweebis debi an meuRleebi uZRvebodnen. aseTi pirveli sazogadoeba ”wminda ninos saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba” 1846 wels Camoyalibda. mas bevri mimdedvari gauCnda da qalebis ganaTleba, qalebisaTvis profesiuli da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba, skolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba, aseve qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis Seqmna da bavSvTa aRzrdaSi axali meTodebis Semotana maT ZiriTad saqmianobad iqca (xomeriki da javaxiSvili, 2005). mravali axlad Seqmnili organizacia muSaobda maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis socilur problemebze. amasTan erTad Camoyalibda sazogadoebebi, romlebmac tradiciul saqmianobas politikuri mandati daumates. aseTi iyo ”qalTa wre xonSi”. igi 1903 wels Camoyalibda da qalebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Cabmas isaxavda miznad. amave dros, Camoyalibda ramdenime sazogadoeba qalebis dasaqmebis mxardasaWerad. 1889 wels notio loluas profesiuli saswavlebeli dafuZnda foTSi. imave periodSi, qalebis saganmanaTleblo saswavleblebSi maswavleblebis, mdivnebisa da sxvaTa profesiuli momzadeba xorcieldeboda. seqs muSakebis warmoebaSi dasaqmebis mxardasaWerad 1903 wels Seiqmna wminda maria magdalenas saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba, romelmac gaxsna TavSesafari. sazogadoeba TavSesafars da profesiul momzadebas sTavazobda 25 wlamde asakis qalebs, maT vinc acxadebda survils uari eTqva sxeuliT vaWrobaze. qalebi aqtiurad arian Cabmulni arasamTavrobo seqtoris moRvaweobaSi da saxelmwifo seqtorisgan gansxvavebiT, xelmZRvaneloben organizaciebs, sadac maT ufro xSirad ukaviaT xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobebi. 2008 wlis TebervalSi Catarebulma kvlevam (Mincheva, 2008) gamoavlina, rom qalebi Warbobdnen mamakacebs rogorc dedaqalaqSi, ase regionebSi arsebul organizaciebSi. qalebi arasamTavrobo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa 58 procents Seadgenen TbilisSi da 63.8 procents regionebSi. metic, samecniero xarisxis mqone TanamSromelTa Soris 65.8 procenti qalia, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis umravlesobas (59.2%) aseve qalebi xelmZRvaneloben. genderul Tanasworobas mxardasaWerad saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da donorebis mier ganxorcielebulma politikam xeli Seuwyo qalTa organizaciebis Camoyalibebas. dResdReobiT qalTa, an qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave samocdaaTamde arasamTavrbo ogranizacia funqcionirebs, magram ar arsebobs mamakacis problemebze fokusirebuli organizacia. 66 rogorc es samoqalaqo seqtorisTvis Cveuli praqtikaa, qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebi erTdroulad ramdenime sferoSi muSaoben da sxvadasxva saqmianobiT arian dakavebuli, iseTiT, rogoricaa momsaxureoba, konsultireba, Treiningi, kvleva da a.S. maTi umravlesoba muSaobs socialur problemebze, ganaTlebaze da gendrze. socialuri problemebi ganaTleba genderi janmrTeloba gansakuTrebuli jgufebi nax. 10 qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweobis sferoebi 67 qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweoba maincdamainc ar Cans. rogorc erT-erTma respondentma aRniSna, didia imis saWiroeba, rom resursebi ufro efeqturad iqnes gamoyenebuli: ”SeiniSneba pasiuroba, Cven xSirad vsaubrobT warumateblobebze, rac garkvveuli saxiT damokidebulebaze miuTiTebs. me moviTxov, rom gansakuTrebuli sifxizle da kritikuloba gamoviCinoT da saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi organizaciebis resursbi maqsimaluri efeqturobiT movixmaroT.” -interviu eqspertTan, nino cixisTavTan. 2004 wels, UNIFEM-is mxardaWeriT, qalebma Seqmnes samSvidobo qseli, saxelwodebiT qalTa erToba mSvidobisaTvis, romelmac asze meti monawile, organizacia, Tu calkeuli adamiani gaaerTiana. misi mizani Semdegnairad ganisazRvra:”pozitiuri da mdgradi mSvidobis miRweva qalebis monawileobisa da genderuli Tanasworobis saSualebiT”. Zaladobisagan dacvis erovnuli qseli ukve wlebis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebs qveyanaSi. magram miuxedavad mravalgzisi mcdelobisa, qalTa organizaciebma ver moaxerxes Zalisxmevis gaerTianeba da erTiani, mZlavri, sicocxlisunariani moZraobis Camoyalibeba. Tumca 2000 wels euTo _ demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianTa uflebebis ofisis mxardaWeriT Camoyalibda qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis koalicia. amJamad masSi 80 organizaciaa gaerTianebuli. gaeros ganviTarebis programa gansakuTrebul interess iCens qalebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis mimarT. am sferoSi mraval saqmianobas warmarTavs proeqti ”genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi”. proeqtis Tanadamfinanseblebi arian SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (SIDA) da saqarTvelos mTavaroba. igi xorciledeba erToblivad, gaeros ganviTarebis fondisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis mier. proeqtis mizania wvlili Seitanos genderuli politikis gansazRvraSi, mxari dauWiros qalTa politikaSi monawileobas, ufro zustad ki, gazardos qalTa SesaZleblobebi da monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxva tipis organizaciebi saTemo organizaciebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis raodenobas. isini ZiriTadad soflad funqcionireben. saTemo organizaciebis ganviTareba baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da samxreT saqarTvelos milsadenis mSeneblobebTan aris dakavSirebuli. bolo xanebSi, saTemo organizaciebi CarTuli arian adgilobrivi ganviTarebis gegmebis SemuSavebaSi da amdenad gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis karg magaliTs iZlevian. 68 qalebi aqtiurad arian CarTuli saTemo organizaciebis muSaobaSi da xSirad uZRvebian kidec maT. qalTa iniciativis TvalsaCino nimuSia Telavis raionis sofel vardisubnis saTemo organizacia. am soflis qalebi matylis sabnebs keraven. samwliani gamocdilebis safuZvelze maT SeZles kerZo seqtorisagan kontraqtebis uzrunvelyofa. interesTa jgufebi da momxmarebelTa kavSirebi jer kidev iSviaTobas warmoadgenen, Tanac arsebuli organizaciebi ar gamoirCevian aqtiurobiT. qalebs iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobebze am seqtorSi. profesiuli asociaciebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciis kidev erTi formaa. profkavSiris msagavsad, am organizaciebs xangrZlivi tradicia aqvT. sabWoTa epoqaSi maT sakmao gavlenac qondaT, isini gankargavdnen did qonebas da maRali prestiJiT sargeblobdnen. am kavSirebis umetesobas mamakacebi Tavmjdomareoben, erTis gamoklebiT, esaa mweralTa kavSiri, romelis Tavmjdomarec qalia. eTnikur safuZvelze Seqmnili organizaciebi aseve saTemo organizaciebis nawils warmoadgenen. maTi, rogorc eTnikur warmomavlobaze dafuZnebuli ogranizaciebis mTavari mizania TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba da eTnikur samSoblosTan kavSirebis gamyareba, iseve, rogorc integracia saqarTveloSi. amasTanave, arsebobs ramdenime sportze an hobize dafuZnebuli organizacia. maTi umravlesoba, safexburTo federaciis msgavsad, mxolod mamakacebs aerTianebs. religiuri institutebi sazogadod, miCneulia rom qalebi mamakacebze ufro religiurebi arian. qalebi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mrevlis ufro did nawils Seadgenen. Cveni gamokiTxvis respondentTa umravlesoba (91.1%) qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevlia. marTlmadideblebis garda respondentTa Soris sxva aRmsareblobis adamianebi iyvnen 3.9 procenti muslimebi, 2.9 procenti gregorianelebi, 0.8 procenti kaTolikebi. gamokiTxulTa 1.4 procenti sxva aRmsareblobas ganekuTvenboda. mamakacebze (8.7%) sagrZnoblad metma qalma (22.1%) miuTiTa, rom icavda mniSvnelovan religiur ritualebs. qveyanaSi arsebobs mTeli rigi monastrebisa, sadac berebi da monazvnebi moRvaweoben. magaliTisTvis, mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiaSi 11 monasteria mamakacebisaTvis da 8 qalebisTvis. qveyanaSi aseve moqmedebs sasuliero akademia da seminaria. am saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi ganaTlebis miReba mxolod mamakacebs SeuZliaT. qalebs ganaTlebis miReba SeuZliaT 1988 wels daarsebul saRvTismetyvelo institutSi, sadac sami kaTedraa: fsiqologiis 69 da religiis, xelovnebisa da religis istoriis, xatebis restavraciisa da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis. aq studentTa 80.0 procents qalebi Sedgenen. registraciis wesebis Tanaxmad (ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wels), religiuri sazogadoebebi SeiZleba regisrtrirebul iqnen iusticiis saministroSi. am xnisaTvis registrirebulia 14 aseTi sazogadoeba (magaliTad, meSvide dRis adventistebi). maT wevrebs ZiriTadad qalebi Seadgenen, Tumca sazogadoebebs mamakacebi xelmZRvaneloben. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi qalebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis mizans qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi genderuli Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswineba warmoadgens. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia cnobierebis amaRlebiT genderis sakiTxebSi, rac Tavismxriv SeiZleba warmoadgendes sajaro sferoSi qalebis ufro sruli warmomadgenlobis Sedegs. Tumca, am miznisagan damoukideblad, qalis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Cabma TavisTavad unda ganixilebodes, rogorc mizani. analizi cxadad miuTiTebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi arsebul genderul uTanasworobaze. im dros, roca mamakacebisa da qalebis interesi sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisa da politikis mimarT mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, is zegavlena, rac maT gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gaaCniaT, Zlier gansxvavebulia, mamakacebi qalebze Seudareblad met Zalauflebas floben. arCeviT da mmarTvelobis struqturebSi qalebis ufro meti warmomadgenlobis aucilebloba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli. magram aseve xSirad vlindeba sazogadoebriv asparezze qalis aqtiuri CarTulobis mimarT Rrmad fesvgadgmuli diskriminacia. kulturuli stereotipebi, cnobierebisa da mgrZnobiarobis nakleboba, genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisTvis saWiro Tanmimdevruli saxelmwifo politikis arqona, drois, aseve SesaZleblobebis da motivaciis ukmarisoba qalebSi, maTi dabali CarTulobis mizezebad aris aRiarebuli. situaciis mkveTrad gaumjobesebis mizniT saWiroa ganxorcielebul iqnes rigi RonisZiebebi: imis gamo, rom Tanabari monawileoba warmoadgens genderuli Tanasworobis mxolod erT-erT fasads, qalTa CarTuloba ganxilul unda iqnes genderuli Tanasworobis mTlian konteqstSi. mTavar sakiTxs warmoadgens genderuli sakiTxebisadmi sazogadoebis mgrZno70 biarobis gazrda da sazogadoebaSi qalis adgilis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Secvla. am miznis miRwevis saSualebebi Semdegia:media kampaniebi da sajaro cxovrebis yvela doneze genderuli Tanasworobis propaganda, formaluri ganaTleba sabavSvo baRidan umaRlesis CaTvliT. genderuli perspeqtividan unda iqnes gadasinjuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, maswavleblebma unda gaiaron specialuri Treningi, skolebSi da sabavSvo baRebSi unda iqnen moziduli mamakaci maswavleblebi, Camoyalibebul unda iqnes grZel-vadiani saxelmwifo politika. unda daiwyos mTavrobis mier miRebuli genderuli Tanasworobis samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba. gadasinjul unda iqnes da saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesatyvisobaSi unda iqnes moyvanili Sromis kodeqsi, raTa qalebs mieceT SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielon Tavis movaleobebi orive, kerZo da sajaro sferoebSi. amJamad qalTa monawileobis Zlieri sakanonmdeblo da saxelmwifo mxardaWeris gareSe SeuZlebelia sajaro sferoSi arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobis Semcireba. qvotirebis sistemis Semotana warmoadgens monawileobis gazrdis pirdapir da swraf saSualebas. ZiriTadad sabWouri warsuliT gapirobebuli qvotirebis sistemisadmi arsebul Rrmad gamjdar uaryofiTi damokidebulebis Sesacvlelad unda wamowyebul iqnes sajaro diskusiebi, warmodgenili unda iqnes qvotirebis sxvadasxva modelebi da kritikulad unda iqnes ganxiluli dagrovili saerTaSoriso gamocdileba. qalTa monawileobis mxardasaWer erT SesaZlo gzas warmoadgens politikuri partiebis stimulireba, raTa maT saarCevno siebis pirvel aTeulsa da oceulSi Seiyvanon qalebi. stimulireba SeiZleba gamoixatos maTTvis ufaso satelevizio drois gamoyofiT partiis saqmianobis propagandisaTvis, partiis wevrebis, qalebisa da kacebis, ufaso TreningiT. qalebis unarebisa da motivaciis gazrda unda moxdes qalebis metad CarTviT formalur ganaTlebis sistemaSi da specialur Treningis programebSi. maT unda mieceT sazogadoebaSi da mediaSi gamoCenis SesaZlebloba. mniSvnelovania qals SevuqmnaT pirobebi, raTa mas gamounTavisufldes dro sazogadoebrivi aqtivobisaTvis. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia qalis ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT, imiT, rom qals mieces saSualeba iqiraos damxmare, SeiZinos sxvadasxva saxis momsaxureba da agreTve, ojaxur cx- ovrebaSi mamakacis ufro metad Cabmis meSveobiT. qalebis klubebsa da sxva nebayoflobiT organizaciebSi gaerTianeba da qalebis dawinaureba sabolood gazrdis qalTa monawileobas. momgebiani iqneba qalTa organizaciebis Seqmna da mxardaWera, gansakuTrebiT soflad da eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi, sadac SesaZlebloba 71 imuSaon mamakacebis gverdigverd, sakmaod SezRudulia. saerTaSoriso gamocdilebam daadastura, rom qalTa moZraobebi, romlebic politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis ibrZvian, met warmatebas aRweven vidre arsebul institutebSi integrirebuli qalTa jgufebi. es gapirobebuli unda iyos moZraobebSi arsebuli didi kritikuli masiT da maT xelT arsebuli SesaZleblobiT Camoayalibon damoukidebeli strategiebi da politikuri miznebi (Gelb, 1989). ase, rom qalebis mZlavri moZraobis Camoyalibebam SeiZleba radikaluri cvlileba moitanos, magram rogorc adrec SevniSneT, dRemde es mcdelobebi saqarTveloSi warumatebeli rCeba. erTianoba Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba daefuZnos erTi, an ori konkretuli miznis miRwevas. 72 Tavi 4 dasaqmeba siRaribe aRiarebulia, rogorc qveynis erT-erTi mTavari problema. msoflio sasursaTo programaSi (2008 wlis maisi) warmodgenili gaeros gaTvlebiT, saqarTvelo win uswrebs mxolod socialurad Raribi qveynebis umdables kategorias. gamoTvla efuZneba sursaTze daxarjuli Semosavlis wilis gansazRvras (alia, maisi, 27-28 2008). 2005 wels qveynis mosaxleobis 39.4 procenti siRatakis zRvars miRma iyo. siRaribis done soflis mosaxleobaSi ufro maRali iyo (41.7%) qalaqis (37.1 %) mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT (saqarTvelo: siRaribis Semcirebis strategiis dokumenti. Sualeduri angariSi, 2006). demografia erT-erTi aspeqtia, romelic ekonomikaze axdens gavlenas. 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi, or aRweras Soris, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Semcirda 1, 088.000-iT, 5,443.400-dan 1989 wels 4,355,400-mde 2002 wels. msoflio bankis moxsenebis ”wiTlidan ruxisken (2007), mixedviT qveynis ekonomikuri perspeqtiva damZimebulia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mosalodneli 17 procentiani klebiT 2002-2025 wlebSi. 2025 wels 65 welze meti asakis adamianebi mosaxleobis 18 procenti iqneba, maSin rodesac 2002 wels isini 13 procents Seadgendnen. mosaxleobis dabereba did zewolas moaxdens saxelmwifos xarjebze, gansakuTrebiT sapensio da xandazmulebze xangrZlivi movlis dasafaravi xarjebis gamo. siRaribes saqarTveloSi ramdenime Tavisebureba gamoarCevs sxva, tradiciulad Raribi qveynebisagan. 1990 wlis ekonomikuri krizisis win, iTvleboda, rom sabWoTa respublikebs Soris saqarTveloSi iyo cxovrebis yvelaze maRali done. es iyo qveyana, sadac Zalian maRali iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianTa wili. amdenad, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi dabalma Semosavalma ver Secvala adamianuri kapitali _ ganaTleba da janmrTeloba, magram dabali Semosavalis zegavlena sul ufro TvalSisacemi xdeba. da mainc, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone mSoblebi, ufro dabali ganaTlebis mqone mSoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, kvlavindeburad faseulad miiCneven TavianTi Svilebis unarebis ganviTarebas da am gziT cdiloben Searbilon siRaribis Sedegebi. mTavroba siRaribes ebrZvis programis: gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe 2008-2012, aseve qveynis ekonomikis zrdisa da siRaribis sawinaaRm73 dego socialuri programebis ganxorcielebis meSveobiT. erT-erTi aseTi programaa saxelmwifo daxmareba siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myof ojaxebisTvis. 2008 wlis aprilisaTvis, 467 749 ojaxma, romelTa wevrebis saerTo raodenoba 1, 486 281-is tolia, mimarTa programas daxmarebis moTxovniT. es niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ojaxebis 39.8 procenti Tavs Raribad miiCnevs da saxelmwifosagan daxmarebas iTxovs. am ojaxebis 28.8 procentma daxmareba miiRo. did ojaxebTan SedarebiT, mcire zomis ojaxebi bevrad uares mdgomareobaSi arian. im ojaxebis 59.6 procenti, vinc miiRo daxmareba, erTi an ori wevrisgan Sedgeba. an meti wveri; 4,00% wveri; 8,30% wveri; wveri; wveri; wveri; wveri; nax. 11 saxelmwifo daxmareba Rarib ojaxebs (2008 wlis aprilis monacemebi) wyaro www.ssa.gov.ge genderuli uTanasworoba Tavs iCens ekonomikaSi. qalebis raodenoba Warbobs, rogorc daxmarebis momTxovnTa Soris (55.3 % qali da 44.7 % mamakaci), ise maT Soris, vinc saxelmwifo daxmareba miiRo (56.7 % qali da 43.3 % mamakaci). qveynis mdidar adamianTa Soris mxolod TiTo-orola qalma SeZlo simdidris TviTon dagroveba. qalebis mamakacebze damokidebuleba mniSvnelovanwilad ekonomikuri damokidebulebiTaa gapirobebuli. xelfasi zrdis qalis damoukideblobas. 74 rogorc erTma Cvenma respondentma SeniSna: ”bolo wlebSi qalaqad mravali ojaxis Semosavali qalze damokidebuli gaxda da es xels uwobs Tanasworobas; mamakacis Tanasworad fulis qona niSnavs Tanaswori Tavisuflebis qonas” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan. erTerTma studentma gogonam aseTi mosazreba gamoTqva jgufur ganxilvisas (fj 7): ”rogorc ki qali ojaxSi Semomtanad iqceva, ojaxis Zalauflebis struqturas is gansazRvravs, anu socialuri statusi qmnis gansxvavebas”. siRaribis Sedegebi mravalmxrivia. siRaribe sul ufro metad aris gagebuli, rogorc ZiriTadi SesaZleblobebis SezRudva da ara ubralod, rogorc dabali Semosavlis qona. magram, siRaribis mravalganzomilebiani xasiaTis miuxedavad, Semosavali mis umTavres komponentad rCeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi ki Semosavali samuSaozea damokidebuli. siRaribis msgavsad, umuSevrobac bevrad ufro metia, vidre ubralod Semosavalis dakargva. dasaqmeba statusis maCvenebelia. samuSaos garda zrdasrul adamians drois Rirseulad daxarjvis cota alternativa gaaCnia. dasaqmeba zegavlenas axdens adamianis Tavmoyvareobaze, TviT-Sefasebaze, cxovrebiT kmayofilebaze da TviTefeqturobaze, anu moqmedebis ganxorcielebis unaris qonis aRqmaze, aseve socialur urTierTobebze, ojaxur cxovrebasa da prestiJze (Sullivan, 2004; Lauer, 1998). adamianebi CarTulni arian dasaqmebis, rogorc formalur, aseve araformalur sferoSi. sqesis mixedviT diferenciacia exeba ara marto aqtiobis sferos-sajaro mamakacebisaTvis da kerZo qalebisaTvis, aramed aseve segregacias sferoebis SigniT. dasaqmebaSi aRiniSneba segregacia profesiebsa da TanamdebobebSi, aseve dasaqmebis formalur, araformalur sferoebsa da TviTdasaqmebaSi. samsaxuris povna, an misi Seqmna TiTqmis yvelgan ufro Znelia qalisTvis, vidre kacisTvis. imisaTvis, rom qalma Tavisi adgili daimkvidros, rogorc muSa Zalam, mas kacTan SedarebiT ufro didi brZola da ufro meti faruli, Tu xiluli dabrkolebebis gadalaxva uwevs. finansurma gaWirvebam qalebs biZgi misca Cabmuliyvnen sxvadasxva ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. mZime 75 viTarebis gamo maT itvirTes pasuxismgebloba uzrunveleyoT TavianTi ojaxebi saarsebo minimumiT. qalebma mamakacebze adre gaacnobieres, rom aRar dabrundeboda saxelmwifos mier samsaxuriT uzrunvelyofis dro da rom maT Tavad unda ezrunaT sakuTar momavalze. qalebi mamakacebze gacilebiT moqnilebi aRmoCndnen profesiis Secvlis TvaslazrisiT, maT ar iTakiles sakuTari kvalifikaciisaTvis Seuferebeli saqmis keTeba, umuSevrobas amjobines arakvalificirebuli samuSaos Sesruleba _ quCaSi sigaretebisa da yvavilebis gayidva, TurqeTidan saqonlis Camotana, mawvnis gakeTeba da misi qalaqSi gayidva, bavSvebis momvlelebad da damlageblebad muSaoba, mcire biznesis wamowyeba. ase gaikvlia bevrma qalma gza axal ekonomikur realobaSi, xSirad profesiisa da sakuTari miswrafebebis daTmobis xarjze. dasaqmebis arafomalur sferoSi qalebi raodenobrivad Warboben mamakacebs. qveyanaSi arsebuli dabali samuSao usafrTxoebis fonzec ki, arafomraluri struqturebSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. es Seexeba samuSao Zalis sakmaod did nawils - wvril movaWreebs, Sinamosamsaxureebsa da ZiZebs, romelTa umravlesoba qalebi arian. ”qalebis didi raodenoba muSaobs dasaqmebis araformalur seqtorSi, romelic arc regulirdeba da arc kontrolirdeba. swored aq vawydebiT diskriminaciis sastik formebs, seqsualur Zaladobasa da mtrul garemos” interviu eqspertTan, Tamar sabedaSvilan. meores mxriv, mamakacebi metad arian warmodgenilni formalur seqtorSi. formalur seqtorSi dasaqmebulTagan qalebi 47.5 procents, xolo mamakacebi 52.5 procents Seadgenen. meti adamiania dasaqmebuli kerZo seqtorSi (77.0%) sazogadoebriv seqtorTan SedarebiT (23.0%). qalebi ukeT arian warmodgenilni saxelmwifo seqtorSi (dasaqmebul qalTa 25.8 procenti), vidre mamakacebi (dasaqmebul mamakacTa 20.5 procenti) (qalebi da mamakacebi, 2006). saxelmwifo seqtorTan SedarebiT kerZo seqtori ufro maRali xelfasis miRebis SesaZlebloba iZleva, magram qalebi orive seqtorSi mamakacebze dabal xelfasis iReben. statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, 2005 wels saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSave qalebis xelfasi saSualod 89.3 lari iyo, xolo mamakacebis 184.1 lari. qalebis saSualo Semosavali kerZo seqtorSi Seadgneda 134.7 lars, xolo mamakacebisa - 210.6 lars. genderuli gansxvavebebi ufro mkveTria saxelmwifo seqtorSi (94.8 lari), SedarebiT kerZo seqtorTan (75.9 lari), rac albaT kerZo seqtorSi arsebuli samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze orientirebuli midgomiT aixsneba. Cveni gamokiTxvis dasaqmebuli respondentebis 58.3 procenti kerZo seqtorSi muSaobs, 33.4 procenti TviT-dasaqmebulia, 12.5 procenti saxelmwifo samsax76 urSia da 8.3 procenti ki - arasamTavrobo organizaciebSia gaerTianebuli. samuSaos usafrTxoeba qveyanaSi dabalia. saerTaSoriso Sromis organizaciam (ITUC CSI IGB 2007 – profesiuli kavSirebis uflebebis darRvevebis wliuri mimoxilva) sastikad gaakritika saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2006 wels. organizacia mas saerTaSoriso standartebis darRvevad miiCnevs. mis mixedviT kodeqsi nergavs ”daiqirave-gaagde”-s politikas, radgan dasaqmebuli SeiZleba samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebul iqnes yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe. miCneulia, rom axali Sromis kodeqsi ukan gadadgmuli nabijia wina kodeqsTan SedarebiT qalebis uflebebis TvalsazrisiTac. winamorbedi kodeqsis Tanaxmad, momuSave dedebs, romelTac yavdaT 3 wlamde asakis bavSvi, neba eZleodaT samsaxurSi erTi saaTiT gvian misulyvnen da erTi saaTiT adre daemTavrbinaT muSaoba. es muxli axal kodeqsSi aRar aris. moqmedi kodeqsis Tanaxmad meZuZur dedas mxolod erTi damatebiTi saaTi eZleva SesvenebisTvis. SezRudulia fuladi kompensacia sadekreto Svebulebisas. xelfasis odenobisgan damoukideblad, qals ar SeuZlia miiRos 150 larze meti TveSi, rac Seadgens 600 lars mTeli sadekreto SvebulebisTvis. ”es demografiuli problemisTvis didi dartymaa, qalebi, romlebsac didi xelfasi aqvT da Svilis yolas ganizraxaven, aRar iReben sadekreto Svebulebas da muSaoben bavSvis gaCenis dRemde. es ki ueWvelad aryevs rogorc dedis, ise bavSvis janmrTelobas.”- interviu profesiuli kavSirebis TavmjdomaresTan, irakli petriaSvilTan. dasaqmeba statusis niSania, is aseve aZlevs adamians saSualebas gaeqces yoveldRiur problemebs, Caebas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, daamyaros socialuri kavSirebi, moaxdinos TviTrealizacia da amdenad xels uwyobs adamianuri da socialuri kapitalis ganviTarebas. samuSao, rogorc mamakacis, ise qalis identurobis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma uCvenes, rom pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs dasaqmebasa da cxovrebiT kmayofilebas, bedierebas, TviTSefasebasa da optimizms Soris rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi. magram dasaqmeba maic ufro mniSvnelovania mamakacisaTvis. amaze isic miuTiTebs, rom dasaqmeba kacebze ufro met zegavlenas axdens, vidre qalebze, Tumca, tvirTis gaormagebis miuxedavad, dasaqmeba qalebzec dadebiTad moqmedebs. dasaqmeba cxovrebiT kmayofilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli: dasaqmebul mamakacTa 34.0 procenti dausaqmebelTa 23.0 procentTan SedarebiT, da dasaqmebul qalTa 24.3 procenti dausaqmebel qalTa 19.2 procentTan SedarebiT, cxovrebiT kmayofilia. 77 dasaqmebuli mamakacebis 57.1 procenti dausaqmebelTa 47.3 procentTan SedarebiT da dasaqmebuli qalebis 58.0 procenti dausaqmebel qalebis 50.0 procentTan SedarebiT Tavs ufro bednierad grZnobs. dasaqmebuli mamakacebis 65. 2 procents dausaqmebel 58.9 procentTan SedarebiT da dasaqmebuli qalebis 51.1 procents dausaqmeblebis 46.8 procentTan SedarebiT, maRali TviT-Sefaseba aqvs. dasaqmebuli mamakacebis 52.2 procenti da dausaqmebeli mamakacebis 48.9 procneti optimistia. dasaqmebli qalebis 54.9 procenti da dausaqmebeli qalebis 50.4 procenti optimistur ganwyobas inarCunebs. qalebis wilis zrda samuSao ZalaSi TvalSisacemia msoflios yvela regionSi (Pollert & Fodor, 2005), da mainc, qalebisTvis samsaxuris Sovna ufro Znelia. gaCnda iseTi koncefciebi, rogoricaa qorwinebis barieri da orsulobis barieri, rac niSnavs, rom gaTxovil da orsul qalebs samsaxurSi miRebaze uars eubnebian da gaTxovil qalebsa da dedebs samsaxuridan wasvlisken ubiZgeben. dasaqmebulma qalebi ki SeiZleba ori saxis, horizontaluri da vertikaluri segregaciis msxverplni gaxdnen. horizontaluri segregacia arsebobs tradiciulad qalisa da tradiciulad mamakacis profesiebi. sqesis mixedviT profesiuli segregacia gavrcelebulia mTel msoflioSi. ase magaliTad, aSS-Si qalebi iseT profesiiT muSaoben, sadac qalebi 70 procents Seadgenen, xolo mamakacebi ki iq, sadac 70 procents mamakacebi Seadgenen. 2002 wels, dasaqmebul qalTa mesamedze meti koncentrirebuli iyo Semdeg profesiul kategoriebSi: maswavlebeli, mdivani, menejeri da administratori, jandacvis sferos profesiebi, sacalo vaWroba, sabanko saqme da dazRveva. (Convey, et al., 2005). viTareba metnaklebad msgavsia globalurad: dasaqmebuli qalebis sami meoTxedi mTel msoflioSi 7 profesiaSi moRvaweobs: meddebi, mdivnebi/mbeWdavebi, saxlebis momvlelebi, buRaltrebi da molareebi, damlageblebi, momvlelebi, mkeravebi (Wharton, 2004). sqesis mixedviT profesiuli segregacia mTel rig faqtorebze, maT Sorisa ekonomika, socialur da kulturul maxasiaTeblebze aris damokidebuli. qalebisTvis mamakacuri profesia ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba, maSin, rodesac mamakacebis naklebobaa. es gamovlinda yvela qveyanaSi omis periodSi da axlac TvalSi sacemia qveynebSi, sadac dabalia Sobadoba. sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli Tanasworuflebianoba aseve amcirebs segregacias. 78 saqarTveloSi monacemTa arseboba ar iZleva zusti daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas profesiuli segregaciis Taobaze magram Cveni dakvirvebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSic zemoT naxsenebi saqmianobebiT umetesad qalebi arian dakavebulni. qalebis samsaxureobrivi miRwevebi ufro metad xelovnebasTan da ganaTlebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. amas nawilobriv adasturebs saqarTvelos sabWoTa enciklopedia, romelic 1975-1987 wlebSia gamoqveynebuli da aseve, ”vin vin aris”, romelic 2006 wels gamoqyveynda. saqarTvelos sabWoTa enciklopediaSi 321 qarTveli qalia CamoTvlili. maT Soris naxevarze meti (59.9%) xelovnebis warmomadgenelia, 14.6 procenti mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi, xolo qalebis 6.2 procents warmoebaSi dakavebuli qalebi Seadgenen. 79 politika, sporti, sxva, jandacva, gmirebi, warmoeba, xelovneba, mecniereba da ganaTleba, nax. 12 saqarTvelos sabWoTa enciloklopediaSi moRvaweobis sferos mixedviT qalebze Sesuli statiebis ganawileba wyaro: m. maisuraZe, gamouqveynebeli angariSi ”vin vin aris” Seicavs monacemebs 227 qalze. aqac, qalebis udides wils (42.7%) xelovnebis da samecniero sferos (21.6%) warmomadgenlebi Seadgenen 80 Jurnalisti, sxva, jandacva, xelovneba, sporti, politika, mecniereba, nax. 13 qalebi ”vin vin aris”- is mixedviT, 2006 qalebis saSualo Semosavali mamakacebis Semosavalze mcirea. amis mizezi isaa, rom is sferoebi, sadac qalebi muSaoben, nakleb anazRaurebadia. mamakacebi ufro maRalanazRaurebad, ufro prestiJul profesiebs irCeven. magaliTad, notariusebs Soris Zalze cotaa mamakacebi. rogorc erTma Cvenma respondentma aRniSna amis mizezi is aris, rom: ”es ar iTvleboda maincadamainc prestiJul profesiad da arc maRal kvalifikacias moiTxovda.” ”mamakaci mudam maRal anazRaurebad samuSaos eZebs, radgan ojaxi unda uzrunvelyos. ekonomikuri SeWirvebis dros qalebma moaxerxes sakuTari adgilis povna, daTanxmdnen dabal anazRaurebad samsaxurebs, xolo mamakacebis didma nawilma amjobina Sin darCena da colis xarjze cxovreba. ”interviu qalTa sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan. qalebis saqmianobis sferoebi, anu ganaTlebis, jandacvis, sastumroebisa da restornebis, _ is sferoebia, sadac saSualo anazRaureba yvelaze dabalia. ase magaliTad, saSualo yovelTviuri xelfasi ganaTlebis sferoSi 2007 wlis meore kvartalSi iyo 147.3 lari, jandacvaSi - 183.3 lari da sastumroebisa da restornis momsaxurebaSi 344.4 lari. yvelaze maRali xelfasebi finansur saqmianobas (943.8 lari) da wiaRiseulis mopovebas (644.8 lari) ukavSirdeba. es tradiciulad mamakacis saqmianobebia. imave periodSi qalis saSualo Semosavali iyo 211.2 lari, xolo mamakacisa - 320.9 lari (statis81 tikis departamenti). Tumca, im saqmianobebSic ki, sadac mamakacebi arian wamyvan poziciebze, qalebs mamakacebze naklebs uxdian. amis erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT is faqti, rom qalebis, karieraSi saojaxo movaleobebis gamo xSiria wyveta. Sromis bazarze dabrunebisas isini veRar aRweven iseT winsvlas, rogorc mamakacebi. genderis sferos eqspertebi profesiebSi damkvidrebul genderuli uTanasworobis uaryofiT Sedegebze saubroben: ”genderuli wonasworoba imas niSnavs, rom mamakaci da qali erTnairad arian warmodgenilni. ganaTlebis sistemaSi kacebis didi naklebobaa, rac Zalian cudia. saubari jansaR atmosferoze SeuZlebelia iq, sadac darRveulia genderuli balansi. es imas niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs Tavisufleba da qalebs, an mamakacebs SeuZliaT ama Tu im sferos monopolizireba, ris Sedegadac arc mamakaci da arc qali ar aris Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi.” - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan. ”Cven ukmayofilo varT Cveni mamakacebis CauxedavobiT genderis sakiTxebSi, magram amasTanave, vaRiarebT, rom maT qalebi zrdian, radgan CvenSi bavSvebs dedebi da bebiebi zrdian, sabavSvo baRebSic yvela maswavlebeli qalia, igive viTarebaa dawyebiT skolebSi. aucilebelia mamakaci maswavleblebic CaerTon saqmeSi, dawyebiTi klasebis doneze. es Zalian mniSvnelovania.” - interviu eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan. aris SemTxvevebi, roca qali mamakacis profesiaSi axerxebs SeWras. rogorc Cvenma respondentma taqsis mZRolma qalma gviTxra: ”taqsis mZRoli umuSevrobis gamo gavxdi. samuSao ver viSovne da Cemma mezobelma taqsis mZRolebma mirCies muSaoba taqsis mZRolad damewyo, radgan Zlieri qali var. ase rom, Cemi xasiaTis gamo gadavwyvite es saqmianoba wamomewyo.” iseT sferoebSi, sadac sertifikatis aReba da amisTvis gamocdebis Cabarebaa savaldebuloa, aSkarad igrZnoba qali TanamSromlebis ricxvis mateba. 257 mosamarTlidan 126 qalia, Tumca sasamarTlos samive Tavmjdomare mamakacia. genderuli balansi sasamarTlos TavmjdomareebSi ukeTesia saubno sasamarTloebis doneze, sadac 56 Tavmjdomaridan 26 qalia. presasTan urTierToba mTlianad qalebs eTmoba da yvela spikeri mosamarTle qalia. 82 vertikaluri segregacia sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom qalebs da kacebs dawinaurebis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT. msoflio masStabiT mcirea qalebis raodenoba gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa Soris. am mxriv arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens gamonakliss. gamokiTxvam (sociologiuri gamokiTvis angariSi, 2007), romelic gaerom Caatara saukeTeso genderuli Tanasworobis mqone organizaciebis gamosavlenad uCvena, rom didia sxvaoba dasaqmebul qalTa procentul maCvenebelsa da gadawyvetilebis mimReb Tanamdebobebze arsebul qalTa procentul maCvenebels Soris. farmakologia jandacva dazRveva sabanko sistema gadawyvetilebis mimRebebi TanamSromlebi vaWroba komunikacia kvebisa da sasmelebis warmoeba mZime mrewveloba samSeneblo kompaniebi gasamarTi sadgurebi nax. 14 wyaro: saukeTeso genderuli maCvenebelis mqone organizaciis gamosavlenad Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokiTxvis angariSi (2008) 83 dasaqmebis sferoSi mamakacuri kulturaa gamefebuli. amis erTi mizezi isaa, rom mamakaci mamakacurad iqceva rogorc tradiciulad mamakacis, ise tradiciulad qalis profesiaSi moRvaweobisas, maSin rodesac qali CveulebrivaT mamkacurad iqceva mamakacur profesiebSi (Wharton, 2004). samsaxurebrivi winsvla qalisTvis ufro rTulia, vidre mamakacisTvis. im sirTules, romelsac saukeTeso monacemebis mqone qalebi awydebian maRalanazRaurebad samuSaoze dasawinaureblad, didi xnis win ewoda ”minis Weri”uxilavi barieris arseboba, romelic winsvlis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva. mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT xdeba, rodesac isini tradiciulad qalebis saqmianobas ewevian, egreT wodebul ”minis eskalators” isini zemoT ayavs. mamakacma respondentma gagviziara qalur profesiaSi muSaobis gamocdileba: ”me ukve cameti welia Jurnalisti var. vmuSaobdi JurnalebSi, radioSi, gazeTebSi da televiziaSi. iq yvelgan qalebi umravlesobas Seadgenen. maxsovs, radioSi Cemi ufrosi qali iyo da roca iq daviwye muSaoba, Zalian uxaroda, rom rogorc iqna mamakaci TanamSromeli gauCnda. TanamSromlebic Zalian gaxarebulebi iyvnen rom iq mivedi, da me TviTonac bednieri viyavi. mamakac Jurnalistebs qondaT privilegiebi mxolod imitom, rom mamakacebi iyvnen.” - interviu Jurnalist aleko elisaSvilTan. qalebis samsaxureobriv winsvlaze msjelobisas wamoiWra qalis mier samsaxureobrivi winsvlis dagegmvis aucileblobis sakiTxi. gamokiTxulTagan zogi miuTiTebda imas, rom aucilebelia qalebma sakuTar karieraze izrunon; zogma amisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebic wamoayena: ”imisaTvis, rom swori gza daanaxo, didi samuSaoa gasawevi, radgan bevrs miaCnia, rom qali Sin unda ijdes, bavSvebi gazardos da ojaxs da meuRles mixedos. aseTi warmodgena unda mokvdes saqarTveloSi. qali unda muSaobdes, damoukidebeli unda iyos da es Zalian sasargeblo iqneba qveynisTvisac, ojaxisTvisac, bavSvebisTvisac da meuRleebisTvisac.” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan. ”qalebis kariera damokidebulia Tavad qalebze da maT meuRleebze. Tu qali gaTxovilia da qmari araa winaaRmdegi, da Tu qalis saqmianoba ar SeuSlis xels ojaxis keTildReobas, maSin ratomac ar unda imuSaos qalma? meores mxriv, Tu es ojaxur problemebs warmoSobs, qali unda dafiqrdes da gadawyvitos Rirs Tu ara karieris gagrZeleba”. - interviu profesiuli 84 saswavleblis direqtorTan, irakli faCuliasTan. Cvenma gamokiTxvamac daadastura qalis muSaobis mimarT arsebuli gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba. umravlesobas miaCnia, rom yvelasaTvis ukeTesia, rodesac mamakaci muSaobs da qali ojaxs uvlis, magram aq saxezea genderuli gansxvaveba, ufro meti mamakaci (79.8%) vidre qali (64.7%) fiqrobs ase (Chi Square 39.9%; df 2; p<.001). qalebis da mamakacebis damokodebulebebi aseve gansxvavebulia mamakacisaTvis dasaqmebisas privilegiebis miniWebis mimarT (Chi Square 39.9%; df 2; p<.001). mamakacebis umetesoba (54.4%), qalebTan SedarebiT (37.7%) mamakacebisTvis privilegiebis miniWebis momxrea. mamakacebi da qalebi (87.6%) Taxmdebian, rom qmrebs colebze maRali xelfasi unda qondeT. interviuebis dros da fokus-jgufebis Sexvedrebze monawileebi aRniSnavdnen, rom samsaxurSi xSirad xdeba qalebis azrebis ugulvebelyofa. saerTod samsaxurSi mamakacebs ufro met moTxovnebs uyeneben, vidre qalebs. amave dros, umuSevrobis Sedegebi ufro mZimea kacebisaTvis. qalebis dawinaurebis sakiTxi, respondentTa azriT, damokidebulia saqmianobaze da samuSaos moTxovnebze. ”kulturis an ganaTlebis sferoSi muSaobisas qalebi SeiZleba elodnen dawinaurebas, magram sxva sferoebSi, rogoricaa mag. politika, konfliqtebis gadaWra an raime sxva mniSvnelovani sfero, mamakacebs dawinaurebis bevrad meti Sansi aqvT” ”TanamSromlis ayvanisas upiratesobis qalisTvis, an mamakacisTvis miniWeba damokidebulia samuSaos specifikaze. arsebobs samuSaos saxeobebi, romelic qalis Tvisebebzea orientirebuli, iseTebze rogoricaa komunikabeluroba da ara trivialuri azrovneba, aseT SemTxvevaSi qalebs aniWeben upiratesobas, xolo roca mamakacuri Tvisebebia saWiro, mamakacebi ayavT”. - interviu biznesis warmomadgenelTan, naTia TurnavasTan. 85 respondentebi gansxvavebul damokidebulebas gamoxatavdnen mamakaci ufrosis, an qali ufrosis mimarT, magram saerTo jamSi upiratesobas mamakacebTan muSaobas aniWebdnen. qalis karieruli winsvlis ZiriTad dabrkolebad respondentebi (interviu) ojaxuri movaleobebiT gamowveul drois ukmarisobas miiCneven. umuSevroba dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis simwire qveynis siRaribis mTavar mizezs warmoadgens. oficialuri statistika 2000 wlidan 2006 wlamde periodSi uCvenebs, rom umuSevroba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mkacri kriteriumis mixedviT saqarTvelos ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi (15 welze ufrosi asakis adamianebi) meryeobs 10.3 procentidan 13.8 procentamde (saqarTvelo: siRaribis aRmofxvris strategiuli dokumenti. Sualeduri angariSi). umuSevrobis es 13.8 procentuli maCvenebeli zustad ar asaxavs dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebul viTarebas qveyanaSi, radgan oficialuri kriteriumis mixedviT TviT-dasaqmebulad iTvleba yvela, vinc miwis nakveTs flobs. eqspertebis gamoTvelbiT umuSveroba 2007 wels 35-40 procents Seadgenda (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2007). umuSevrobas qveyanaSi Taviseburi xasiaTi aqvs, is yvelaze maRalia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebs Soris. 2005 wels umuSevari qalebis 39.6 procents da umuSevari mamakacebis 38.4 procents umaRlesi ganaTleba qonda (qalebi da mamakacebi, 2006). qalebis wili muSa ZalaSi mamakacebisaze naklebs Seadgens (mag. 2001 samuSoa Zalas Seadgenda 1.093.600 kaci da 1.019.700 qali, xolo 2006 wels 1.085.900 kaci da 935.900 qali). 2007 welsac ufro meti mamakaci (63.0%) vidre qali (48.0%) iyo dasaqmebuli. 86 kaci qali nax.15 umuSevroba ekonomikurad aqtiur mamakacebsa da qalebSi (wyaro: statistikis departamenti). umuSevrobasTan erTad. qveyanaSi Zalze gavrcelebulia arasrulfasovani dasaqmeba, rac gulisxmobs sruli datvirTviT muSaobas mwiri xelfasisaTvis, naxevar Statze muSaobas, rodesac adamians sruli Statze muSaoba surs, an iseT samuSaos Sesrulebas, romelic droebiTi xasiaTisaa, an ar Seesatyviseba adamianis codnasa da unars. umuSevrobis done Zalze maRali iyo Cveni gamokixvis respondentebs Sorisac. gamokiTxulTa 61.6 procenti miuTiTebs, rom ar muSaobs. umuSevari qalebis wili (68.1%) Warbobs umuSevari mamakacebis wils (53.1%). umuSevar respondentebs Soris 38.1 procentma miuTiTa, rom eZebda, magram ver poulobda samuSaos, 9.1 procenti ver poulobda samsaxurs, magram arc aqtiurad eZebda mas, 8.3 procents muSaobis dro ar qonda, 23.6 procenti pensioneri iyo, 8.9 procenti studenti, 8.3 procenti ver muSaobda janmrTelobis da 3.7 procenti sxva mizezebis gamo. mamakacebi ufro aqtiurebi aRmoCndnen qalebTan SedarebiT: mamakacebi 45.7 procenti, qalebis 33.6 procentTan SedarebiT aqtiurad eZebdnen samsaxurs. qalebi ufro metad uCiodnen drois naklebobas - qalebis 11.4 procenti mamakacebis 3.0 procentTan SedarebiT acxadebda, rom ar qonda dro, rom emuSava. umuSevrobis uaryofiTi zegavlena izrdeba mis xangrZliobasTan erTad; misi Sedegebi aseve ufro mZimea pirvelad samuSaos dawyebis dagvianebisas. gamokiTxvaSi gamovlinda orive am faqtoris uaryofiTi zegavlena. umuSevarTa mesamedze metma (37.5%) aRniSna, rom arasdros umuSavia. aseve didi 87 iyo umuSevarTa Soris im adamianebis wili (30.4%) vinc 10 welze metia umuSevari. qalebis adamianuri kapitali kacebisaze ufro Semcirebuli aRmoCnda, radgan umuSevari qalebis 72.9 procentma aRniSna, rom saerTod, an bolo 1 wlis manZilze ar umuSavia. msgavs mdgomareobaSi iyo umuSevar kacebis 59.2 procenti. mamakacebi da qalebi erTnairad uCiodnen umuSevrobas da fulis ukmarisobas. 44.5 procentma aRniSna sakuTari umuSevroba, 41.1 procentma ojaxis wevrebis umuSevroba da 72.1 procentma fulis nakleboba, rogorc maT ZiriTadi sazrunavi (respondentebs SeeZloT arCevani gaekeTebinaT 13 CamoTvlili problemidan). umuSevroba Semosavlis uqonlobaze gacilebiT metia; umuSveroba dakavSirebulia gariyvasTan da izolaciasTan, rac zrdis arajansaRi da sarisko qcevis albaTobas, iseve rogorc avadmyofobas. amitom is xSirad gansazRvravs ara marto fizikur, aramed emociur sijansaRes. depresia, daqveiTebuli TviT-Sefaseba, sibraze da gaRizianeba, sircxvili, seriozuli fsiqikuri daavadebebi, an TviTmkvlelobac ki, xSirad swored umuSevrobis Sedegia. umuSveroba uaryofiTad moqmedebs pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebzec. umuSverobas moaqvs socialuri kontaqtebis gawyveta da ojaxis wevrebis mimarT mtruli damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba. mravali umuSevari da Raribi mamakaci umuSverobas pasuxobs alkoholis Warbi moxmarebiT, mravali xdeba depresiis msxverpli. danaSauli SeiZleba iqces alternativa. zogierTi qveynis monacemebidan Cans (mag. SvedeTi) kavSiri umuSevrobasa da axlagazrdebis mier Tambaqos da narkotikebis moxmarebasTan, da aseve danaSaulis zrdasTan (Lauer, 1998). umuSevrobis es uaryofiTi Sedegebi damatebiTi problemebis winaSe ayeneben qalebsa da bavSvebs. avisonma Seiswavla umuSverobis fsiqikuri janmrTelobaze zemoqmedeba mamakacebsa da qalebSi da saintereso gansxvaveba aRmoaCina. umuSevari qalebi ufro metad dganan fsiqikuri darRvevebis saSiSroebis, gansakuTrebiT SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli darRvevebis winaSe, maSin rodesac mamakacebi ufro metad aRmoCndnen midrekili aRmoCndnen alkoholisa da narkotikebis moxmarebasa da depresiisadmi (Sullivan, 2004). dasaqmeba SeiZleba emyarebodes adamianSi arsebul molodinTa Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas. Tu adamians swams, rom SeuZlebelia patiosani SromiT normaluri cxovrebis donis miRweva, an rom misi samsaxureobrivi warmateba ufro viTarebazea damokidebuli, vidre mis Zalisxmevaze, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom igi ar daiwyebs aqtiurad samuSaos Ziebas da Sedegad umuSevari iqneba. magram Cveni respondentebis SemTxvevaSi imis rwmena, rom 88 patiosani SromiT SeiZleba normaluri cxovrebis donis miRweva ar aRmoCnda dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli. rwmena imisa, rom patiosani Sroma nayofs gamoiRebs, Tumc Zalian dabali aRmoCnda, is meryeobs 27.2 procentidan 29.8 procentamde respodentebSi, genderisa da dasaqmebis statusis mixedviT ar gansxvavdeba. meores mxriv, sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi rwmena, gansxvavebulia dasaqmebul da umuSevar mamakacebSi, magram ara qalebSi. meti dasaqmebuli mamakaci, (53.8%) umuSevar mamakacebTan SedarebiT (48.3%) darwmunebulia, rom warmateba ufro adamianis mcdelobazea damokidebuli, vidre viTarebasa an sxvebze. kompiuteruli unarebis floba SeiZleba dasaqmebisTvis kidev erT momgebian faqtorad ganvixiloT. dasaqmebul mamakacTa 39.8 procents, umuSevari mamakacebis 26.3 procentTan SedarebiT SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba; dasaqmebis mixedviT gansxvaveba kidev ufro gamokveTilia qalebis SemTxvevaSi: dasaqmebulTa 45.0 procents, umuSevrebis 22.1 procentTan SedarebiT SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba. umuSevrobis gadalaxvis gzebi dasaqmebis mcire SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, rac saqarTvelosTvis bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSia damaxasiaTebeli, TviT-dasaqmeba an samuSaos sxva qveynebSi Zieba aris is ZiriTadi ori arCevani, romelic Semosavlis povnis maZiebels gaaCnia. dasaqmebis Seqmna gamokiTxam aCvena, rom dasaqmebulTagan yovel mesames (33.4 %) Tavisi bi- znesi aqvs, 8.3 procenti muSaobs arasamTavrobo organizaciaSi, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavad respondentma Camoayaliba. TanianT karis qalebis ambavi, romlebmac sakuTari biznesi Seqmnes, iniciativis mniSvnelobis karg magaliTs warmoadgens. TanianT karis qalebis iniciativa TanianT kari patara sofelia, sadac ormocdaaTamde ojaxi cxovrobs. is Tbilisidan 45 kilometris manZilze, duSeTis Tavzea ganlagebuli. maRali mdebareoba, sarwyavi wylis ar arseboba ar iZleva komerciuli miznebiT mosavlis moyvanis saSualebas. aris wlebi, rodesac ojaxebs Tavis samyofi lobio, kartofili an xorbilic ki ver moyavT. sabWoTa xanaSi soflis mamakacebi mSeneblobebze muSaobdnen, qalebi ki 89 mezoblad mefrinveleobis fermaze iyvnen dasaqmebuli. qveyanaSi ganviTarebulma socio-politikurma cvlilebebma soflis macxovreblebzec iqonia zegavlena. xalxi darCa usamsaxurod, yovelgvari Semosavlis gareSe. TanianT karis qalebma daiwyes ekonomikuri krizisidan gamosavali gzebis Zieba. maT wamoiwyes rZiTa da mawvniT vaWroba TbilisSi. mZime CanTebiT datvirTulebi isini fexiT 3 kilometrs gadiodnen qalaqSi mimaval avtobusze dasajdomad. ase gavida 4 weli da Semdeg qalebma ganizraxes kooperireba da avtobusis daqiraveba. mas mere avtobuss kviraSi orjer 17 qali qalaqSi miyavs. qalebma TavianTi klientebis ricxvi gaafarToves da gasayidi produqtic gaamravalferovnes; isini rZisa da mawvnis garda ukve yveliT, kvercxiT da agreTve sezonurad xiliTac vaWroben. maT produqciaze moTxovnilebis zrdasTan erTad, gaCnda rZis SeZenis aucilebloba. maT daiwyes rZis Sesyidva sakuTari da mezobeli soflebis macxovreblebisgan. momxmareblis dainteresebam soflelebs stimuli misca sxvadasxva saqmianobis wamosawyebad; ori maTgani keravs zewrebs Tavisi klientebisTvis. sinamdvileSi qalebis am patara jgufma moaxerxa mTeli soflis stimulireba, imiT, rom sxvebisgan Sesyidul produqcias yidis. qalebi ojaxebs amarageben sursaTiT, wamlebiT, sigaretiT da tansacmliT. dRes ojaxebs ZiriTadad qalebi inaxaven, Tumca mamakacebi exmarebian maT, isini mwyemsaven Zroxebs da agroveben Tivas. Tavidan mamakacebis reaqcia meuRleebis iniciativis mimarT gansxvavebuli iyo. zogierTi nebas ar rTavda cols emuSava eWvianobis gamo, magram fulis Sovnis aucileblobam Tavisi gaitana da qmrebma pozicia daTmes. mamakacebi Seeguen colebis, rogorc ojaxSi mTavari Semomtanis axal rols da TandaTan maTi damokidebuleba colebis mimarT Seicvala. imis gamo, rom colze damokidebulebi gaxdnen, isini naklebad momTxovni arian, TandaTanobiT Semcirda ojaxuri Zaladobac. aseTi masStabis biznesi ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ojaxma normalurad icxovros, magram sakmarisia ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. amasTan es Semosavali qalebs siamayis grZnobiT avsebs, raki maT SeZles ekonomikuri krizisis gadalaxva sakuTari iniciativis da mZime Sromis meoxebiT (fj.1) 90 migracia migracia, TviT-dasaqmebis msgavsad warmoadgens umuSevrobisagan Tavis daRwevis yvelaze xSirad arCeul saSualebas. SromiTi migracia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli globalizaciasTan da bevr qveyanaSi SeiniSneba. eqspertebis gamoangariSebiT, bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi milion adamianze metma datova saqarTvelo (jaSi, 2005). SeuZlebelia im Tanxis gamoTvla, romelsac saqarTvelo iRebs SromiTi migrantebisgan, radgan sabanko gadmoricxvebTan erTad Tanxis nawili qveyanas araformaluri gzebiT aRwevs. calsaxaa, rom mravali ojaxi Tavs mxolod gadmogzavnili fuliT irCens. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi muSaobis mizniT yvelaze xSirad miemgzavrebian ruseTis federaciaSi (39.%), aSS-Si (14%), saberZneTSi (14%) da germaniaSi (13%). kvlevam cxadyo, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi (66.0%) gamgzavreba xorcieldeba naTesavebisa da megobrebis daxmarebiT (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003). gamokiTxulTa 17.2 procentma (gamokiTxva) ganaxcxada, rom maTi ojaxis wevri emigraciaSi. ufro xSirad es ojaxis erTi wevria (89.9%), Tumca arian ojaxebi, romelTa 4 wevri sazRvargareT cxovrobs. Cveni monacemebi im qveynebze, sadac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis yvelaze didi nawili muSaobs emTxveva migraciis saerTaSorso organizaciis 2003 wlis monacemebs, romlis mixedviTac migrantTa udidesi nawili ruseTSi cxovrobs (36.1%), Semdeg saberZneTSi (17.85%) da mere aSS-Si (8.9%). espaneTi sxva safrangeTi ruseTi TurkeTi germania ukraina saberZneTi aSS nax. 16 qveynebi, sadac ojaxis wevrebi imyofebian emigraciaSi 91 migraciis yvelaze xSirad (65.9%) dasaxelebul mizezs ojaxis wevris mier samuSaos Zieba warmoadgens. 13.5 procentma qveyana datova maspinZeli qveynis moqalaqeze daqorwinebis gamo, 9.8 procentma swavlis gasagrZeleblad, 5.6 procentma mkurnalobis mizniT, 5.2 procentma, rogorc ojaxis wevris Tanmxlebma pirma. dadebiT SedegebTan erTad, migracias uaryofiT Sedegebic aqvs, romlebic aisaxeba migrantebze, maT ojaxebsa da samSobloze. SromiTi migraciis ZiriTad upiratesobas is warmoadgens, rom migrants eZleva sakuTari Tavis da ojaxis rCenis saSualeba. bevr SemTxvevaSi migracia saSualebas aZlevs adamians ganaviTaros Tavisi unarebi, iswavlos axali ena, axali cxovrebis wesebi da ufro moqnili gaxdes. amave dros, gadmogzavnili fulis saxiT qveyanac naxulobs mogebas. magram Znelia imis Tqma, es upiratesobebi gadaswonis Tu ara uaryofiT Sedegebs, radgan saxezea ojaxTan daSoreba (2003 wlis migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis monacemebis mixedviT samuSaod wasuli qalebis 27 procentma samSobloSi meuRle, xolo 37 procentma Svilebi datova), stresi, mudmivi da droebiTi SromiTi migraciis uaryofiTi gavlena saqarTvelos demografiul suraTze, rac pirdapir aisaxeba mosaxleobis klebasa da saqarTvelos reproduqciuli resursebis potencialSi, droebiTi migraciis mudmiv emigraciaSi gadazrdis didi albaToba (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003). adamianebis damokidebuleba potenciuri migrantebis mimarT gansxvavdeba migrantebis sqesis mixedviT (gamokiTxva). qalebi da mamakacebi (65%) erTnairad miiCneven, rom Sin samsaxuris ver Sovnis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis wevri mamakaci emigraciaSi unda wavides, magram mxolod 23.8 procenti fiqrobs, rom igive unda gaakeTos qalma. qalebi da mamakacebi am sakiTxs sxvadasxvagvarad uyureben (Chi Square 9.3; df 2; p<.005), mamakacze (19.6%) meti qali (27.1%) miiCnevs qalis emigracia mizanSewonilad. migraciis feminizacia SedarebiT axali fenomenia. migraciis pirveli xanebisgan gansxvavebiT, SeiniSneba qalebis tendencia icxovron calke, qmrebisgan damoukideblad (Pollert & Fodor, 2005). saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri migrantebis 48.7 procents qalebi da 51.7 procents mamakacebi Seadgenen (beriZe, 2004), xolo 2003 wlis migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis kvlevis mixedviT qalebi ekonomikur migrantebis 40.0 procents Seadgenen. 92 qalebis migracia mamakacebis migraciisagan ramdenime niSniT gansxvavdeba: qali migrantebis fuladi gzavnilebi saSualod 40 aSS dolariT aRemateba mamakacebis mier gamogzavnil Tanxas (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003). daojaxebuli qalebis dabrunebis albaToba gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre mamakacebis (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003). dasaqmebis sfero, sadac qals SeuZlia muSaoba Zlier gansxvavdeba mamakacis dasaqmebis sferosgan da qalebze moTxovna dRiTidRe izrdeba. migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (2003) gamokvlevis mixedviT, samuSaod sazRvargareT wasuli qalebis 33.1 procenti meddad, 9.2 procenti ZiZad, , 9.2 procenti Sinamosamsaxured da 5.5 procenti maRaziis gamyidvelad muSaobs 4.3 procenti mimtanad (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003). ZiriTadi sakiTxebi siRaribe qveyanis ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens. misi mTavari mizezi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis simcirea. mosaxleoba gamosavals TviTdasaqmebasa da emigraciaSi eZebs. maRali migracia seriozul safrTxes uqmnis qveynis demografiuli mdgomareobas, romelic isedac cudia da romlis gauaresebasac eqspertebi varaudoben. mosaxleobis zrdis kleba da amis Sedegad asakovani mosaxleobis mateba uaryofiTad zemoqmedebas moaxdens qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. dasaqmebulTa umravlesoba kerZo seqtorSi muSaobs da bevric araformalur seqtorSia dasaqmebuli. samuSao adgilebis usafrTxoeba dabalia. axali SromiTi kodeqsi ukan gadadgmuli nabijad aris miCneuli, radgan is asustebs dasaqmebulTa uflebebs da reproduqciis motivacias qalebSi. mosaxleoba mxars uWers mamakacisa da qalis sferoebis dayofas, sazogadoebrivis ufro kacis sarbielad, xolo kerZosi ki ufro qalis sarbielad miiCnevs. dasaqmebis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia qalebisa da kacebisaTvis. igi mamakacis identurobisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania da Sesabamisad kacis reaqcia umuSevrobaze ufro mwvavea. dasaqmebuli qalebi awydebian, rogorc horizontalur, ise vertikalur segregacias. arsebobs qalisa da mamakacis profesiebi, mamakacis profesiebi ufro maRali Semosavalis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. samsaxureobrivi winsvlis miRweva qalisTvis ufro Znelia, vidre mamakacisTvis. qalebi ufro Warbad arian warmodgenilni dasaqmebis araformalur seqtorSi, xolo formalur seqtorSi isini ufro metad sajaro, vidre kerZo seqtorSi arian warmodgenili. migraciis zrda da misi feminizacia seriozul safrTxes uqmnis demografiul mdgomareobas da Sesabamisad saqarTvelos momavals. 93 genderi kerZo sferoSi Tavi 5 genderi ojaxur cxovrebaSi kerZo sfero qalis samyarod aris miCneuli. ”unda arsebobdes biologiuri da fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, Cvens kulturaSi mainc, romlebic ganapirobeben imas, rom qalebi ojaxs uvlian, kacebi ki qveyanas. qalebs Cvens kulturaSi ar moeTxovebaT samSoblos dacva da mtrebTan brZola” - interviu parlamentis wevr, kaxa kukavasTan. ”qali saxlis burjia, is ojaxis siwmindes unda icavdes, mamakacebs ar akisriaT am TvalsazrisiT amxela pasuxismgebloba”. - fokus-jgufis ganxilvis mamakaci monawile (fj.5). ojaxi yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebuli universaluri institutia, is aucilebelia gadarCenisTvis, radgan is seqsualur, ekonomikur, reproduqciul da saganmanaTleblo funqciebs asrulebs. kulturuli da istoriuli gansxvavebebis gamo Znelia, iseTi gansazRvrebis moZebna, romelic ojaxis yvela nairsaxeobas moicavs. merdoki (Murdock, 1949. gv.2) ojaxs Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: ”ojaxi socialuri jgufia, romelsac saerTo sacxovrebeli adgili, ekonomikuri TanamSromloba da reproduqcia axasiaTebs. is moicavs orive sqesis mozrdilebs, romelTagan ors mainc aqvs socialurad daSvebuli sqesobrivi urTierToba, erTi an meti sakuTari, an ayvanili Svili”. msoflioSi ojaxebis sxvadasxva tipebia gavrcelebuli da dRes ojaxis cneba aseve moicavs ojaxs, sadac erTi mSobelia, an homoseqsualur ojaxs. ojaxSi cvlilebebi xSirad socialur cvlilebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan ojaxi areklavs sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs, imisaTvis rom moergos axal realobas (magaliTad, Le Play, 1855, Durkheim, 1892). ufro xSirad ojaxebiss kategorizacia xdeba Taobebis mixedviT, erT, or, sam an oTxTaobian ojaxebad. yvelaze gavrcelebulia orTaobiani ojaxi, anu nuklearuli ojaxi, romelic mSoblebisa da erTi an meti Svilisgan 94 Sedgeba. nuklearuli ojaxi SedarebiT axal movlenas warmoadgens da is industrializaciasTan da mosaxleobis soflidan qalaqSi gadasaxlebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. is xazs usvams polarizebul genderul rolebs - marCenali mamis da diasaxlisi dedis. nuklearuli ojaxis gverdigverd arsebobs ojaxis gacilebiT ufro Zveli forma, romelic Cveulebriv sami Taobisagan, naTesaobiTi (sisxliT monaTesave) da damoyvrebuli (qorwinebiT danaTesavebuli), wevrebisagan: bebia-babua, mSoblebi, debi da Zmebi, mZaxlebi, deidebi, mamidebi, biZebi, biZaSvil-deidaSvil-mamidaSvilebi, Zmiswulebi da sxva naTesavebisgan Sedgeba. memkvidreobiTi wesebic gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi da isini mamis an dedis naTesaobis mixedviT dgindeba. ufro xSiria mamis mxriv naTesaobiTi memkvidreobiToba. gaTxovebis Semdeg qmris ojaxTan cxovreba msoflioSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli formaa. qarTuli ojaxi tradiciulad patriarqaluri iyo. iq sami, an oTxi Taobis warmomadgenlebi erTad cxovrobdnen. qalebi gaTxovebis Semdeg sacxovreblad qmris saxlSi gadadiodnen. uxucesi mamakaci ojaxis Tavad iTvleboda da umaRles avtoritets warmoadgenda. mis cols Zalaufleba qonda rZalze, romelsac unda ekeTebina dedamTilis mier gansazRvruli saojaxo saqme. bavSvebs TiTqmis ar qondaT sityvis ufleba ojaxuri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas da wesiT ufrosebis morCilni unda yofiliyvnen. saqarTvelos zog kuTxeSi arsebobda ojaxis Tavi mamakacisa da qalis arCevis praqtika. ojaxis Tavi qali pasuxs agebda yvela im movaleobis Sesrulebaze, rac tradiciulad qalis saqmianobad iTvleboda. is ojaxis wevr qalebs avalebda sxvadasxva saqmes, im dros, roca mamakaci kacebs Soris anawilebda saqmes da iRebda ojaxisTvis mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs (gogiCaiSvili, 1976). qveyanaSi bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdari Zireuli socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi ojaxur cxovrebazec aisaxa. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam da socialisturi sistemis dasasrulma cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoze moaxdina gavlena da axal realobebTan morgebis aucilebloba warmoSva. sistemis dasasruli aRiniSna organizaciebisa da warmoebebis didi umravlesobis daxurviT, ramac masobrivi umuSevroba gamoiwvia. umuSevroba TiTmis yvela ojaxs Seexo da warmoqmna gaRaribebulTa didi armia. im cxovrebis Semdeg, romelsac SeZlebuls vera, magram usafrTxos mainc uwodebdiT, axali realobebis pirispir mdgomma ojaxebma daiwyes gadarCenis gzebis Zieba. qalebi ufro swrafad moergnen situacias. 95 viTarebis da mamakacebis pasiurobisgan gamomdinare, maT sakuTar Tavze aiRes ojaxebis ZiriTadi saarsebo minimumiT uzrvunvelyofa. ”mravali welia ojaxebs qalebi arCenen. qalebma ojaxebi SimSils gadaarCines mamakacebma veraferi gaawyves da qalebma itvirTes yvelaferi. axlac ki, bevr ojaxSi qali muSaobs da ara kaci”. interviu mewarme marina aRuSaSvilTan. ”Cven vxedavT, rom qalebs muSaoba ar SeuwyvetiaT, zogi vaWrobiT aris dakavebuli, zogi ojaxebSi muSaobs. ganaTlebis da miuxedavad es qalebi arasdros amboben uars samuSaoze, ar uCivian dabal anazRaurebas” - interviu eqsperTTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan. siRaribem aiZula mosaxleoba samuSaos ZiebaSi qveyana daetovebina. migraciis uaryofiTi zegavlena ojaxze xangrZlivi xasiaTisaa. mamis Tu dedis ojaxidan wasvla aiZulebs Sin darCenil mSobels aseve aiRos meore mSoblis roli. gamokiTxuli ojaxebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba siRaribe qveynis umwvaves problemad rCeba, rasac Cveni gamokiTxvac adasturebs. ufuloba (72.0%), sakuTari umuSevroba (44.5%) da ojaxis wevris umuSevroba (40.5%) respondetebis umravlesobisTvis, kacebisa da qalebisTvis erTnairad, ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens. gamokiTxulTa ojaxebis Semosavali dabalia. ojaxebis umravlesobis yovelTviuri Semosavali 51-dan 500 laramdea. 96 500 larze meti; 50 lari; 51-200 lari; 201-500 lari; nax. 17 ojaxebis yovelTviuri Semosavali gasakviri araa, rom gamokiTxulTa mexuTedi (20.5%) acxadebs, rom maT uWirT sursaTis SeZena, 31,1 procenti ambobs, rom fuli marto sakvebze yofnis, mesameds (33.6%) fuli sakvebis da tansacmlis SesaZenad Zlivs yofnis, 13.8 procents SeuZlia nivTebis SeZenac da dasasvenebladac wasvla, da mxolod 1.0 procenti miuTiTebs, rom SeuZlia sazRvargareT gamgzavreba da manqanisa Tu saxlis SeZena. Cvens moTxovnaze SeefasebinaT TavianTi ojaxis keTildReoba, mxolod respodentebis mier miTiTebuli ojaxis Semosavlis fonze, mxolod Zalian mcire nawilma (23.9%) sakuTar ojaxs Raribi uwoda. amas SeiZleba ori axsna moeZebnos: siRaribis SedarebiTi xasiaTi - masobrivi siRaribis fonze adamianebi sakuTar mdgomareobas ver aRiqvamen, rogorc ”Zalian mZimes” da meore is, rom maT ar surT aRiaron siRaribe masTan asocirebuli sircxvilisa da damcirebis gamo. umuSevrobis an arasrulfasovani dasaqmebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi ojaxebis naxevars umsubuqdeba imis xarjze, rom Tavad awarmoebs sursaTs miwis nakveTze. is faqti, rom mosaxleoba didwilad gaRatakda bolo xanebSi, ganapirobebs siRaribis saerTo xasiaTs saqarTveloSi. es axlad gaRaribebuli mosaxleoba ZiriTadad sazogadoebis yvelaze ganaTlebul nawils Seadgens, vinc ganaTlebas da janmrTelobas did Rirebulebas aniWebs. amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT qonebis didi nawilis gayidva mouxdaT, bevri kvalac inarCunebs binas an saxls. 97 gamokiTxulTa didi umravlesoba (93.6%) flobs binas an saxls, sadac is mudmivad cxovrobs. ojaxebis umravlesobas aqvs feradi televizori (81.9%) da macivari (74.1%). gamokiTxulTa 15.5 procents biznesis saSualeba gaaCnia. saxli an bina feradi televizori macivari miwis nakveTi gamaTbobeli wylis gamacxelebeli video manqana agaraki kompiuteri nax.18 sakuTreba ojaxebis 74.7 procents aqvs raRac Semosavali samuSaodan, naxevarze meti (51.6%) damokidebulia saxelmwifo daxmarebasa an pensiaze, ojaxebis 14.3 procents naTesavebi exmarebian, 10.5 procents aqvs bankis an kerZo piris sesxi, 9.8 procents aqvs Semosavali sasoflo sameurneo produqciis gayidvidan. ufulobis SemTxvevaSi ojaxebi upirveles yovlisa ekonomias akeTeben remontze (67.1%), xangrZlivi moxmarebis nivTebze (mag. aveji 60.9%), da tansacmelze (36.5%); ukanaskneli, razec ekonomia SeiZleba gaswion, aris sakvebi (92.5%), jandacva (84.0%) da ganaTleba (36.5%). socialurma cvlilebebma gavlena moaxdina ara marto ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, aramed aseve ojaxebis Semadgenlobasa da mis Zalauflebis struqturaze. 98 ojaxis tipi da Semadgenloba bolo wlebSi sagrZnoblad iklo ojaxSi bavSvebis raodenobam. ekonomikur pirobebis zemoqmedeba mravalferovania da ZiriTadad swored isini SeiZleba CavTvaloT klebis ZiriTad mizezad. klebas pirvelyovlisa ganapirobebs bavSvis aRzrdisTvis aucilebeli resursebis uqonloba; is, rom migracias ZiriTadad reproduqciul asakis mosaxleoba ganicdis; da aseve daqorwinebis asakis gazrda. pirveli qorwinebis saSualo asaki 25.0-dan 2001 wels 25.6mde gaizarda 2007 wels qalebSi da 28.8-dan 2001 wels 29.4-mde 2007 wels mamakacebSi (statistikis departamentis mier mowodebuli monacemebi, 2007 wels). qalis asakis mateba daqorwinebisas uaryofiTad moqmedebs Sobadobaze, radgan rogorc 2006 wlis statistikuri monacemebidan Cans, axalSobilTa naxevari (51.3%) modis 25 wlamde asakis dedebze. 2001 wlidan moyolebuli dabadebulTa ricxvi cvalebadobs, 2004 wels aRiniSneboda mateba, romelsac kleba moyva. gogoebi biWebi nax. 19. cocxlad SobilTa raodenoba sqesis mixedviT wyaro: statistikis departamenti (2007) 99 cvlilebebis miuxedavad, qarTuli ojaxebi kvlavac inarCuneben tradiciul niSnebsa da Tvisebebs. Cveni gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia mravalTaobiani ojaxi. respondentTa naxevari (51.7%) cxovrobs sam Taobian, xolo 1.5 procenti ki oTx Taobian ojaxad. es gacilebiT ufro maRali maCvenebelia evrogaerTianebis qveynebis monacemebTan SedarebiT, sadac 1999 wels aseTi ojaxebi 10.0 procents Seadgendnen (Eurostat, 2001). Cveni gamokiTxvis monacemebis mixedviT nuklearuli ojaxebi 39.4 procents Seadgenen da maTi matebis tendencia aSkaraa axalgazrda dasaqmebul qalaqelebs Soris. ZiZis daqiravebisTvis saWiro Tanxis simcirisa da ipoTekuri sesxis aRebis SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare, axalgazrda wyvilebi saqarTveloSi sul ufro xSirad irCeven calke, mSoblebisgan damoukideblad cxovrebas. marto Taoba Taoba Taoba Taoba nax. 20 ojaxis Semadgenloba Taobebis mixedviT gamokiTxulebi asaxeleben 1-dan 10 ojaxis wevrs. ufro xSirad ojaxebi oTxi wevrisgan Sedgeba (23.6%), maSin, roca respondentebis 1.5 procenti marto cxovrobs, es ZiriTadad xandazmuli qalebi arian. orwevriani ojaxebi 18.1 procents Seadgens, samwevriani - 19.7 procents, xuTwevriani - 19.2 procents, eqvswevriani - 10.8 procents, Svidi da meti wevriani ojaxi yavs 7.1 procents. 100 saerTo jamSi respondentebma daasaxeles 3,333 ojaxis wevri, maT Soris qalebi (52.6%) Warboben mamakacebs (47.3%). rac Seexeba ojaxis wevrebis urTierTobas respondentebTan, yvelaze xSirad dasaxelebul ojaxis wevrebs Soris iyvnen Svilebi (33.3%) da mSoblebi/dedamTil-mamamTili (19.0%). da/Zma; sxva; meuRle; bebia/babua; SviliSvili; Svili; mSobeli/meuRlis mSobeli; siZe/rZali; nax. 21 ojaxis wevrebis damokidebuleba respondentTan Svilebi ara marto yvelaze mravaricxovan kategorias Seadgendnen, aramed gamokiTxul respondentTa umetesobam (58.4%) ganacxada, rom cxovrobs sul mcire, erT SvilTan erTad Svili mSobeli/meuRlis mSobeli rZali/siZe SviliSvili meuRle da/Zma babua/bebia sxva naTesavi sxva aranaTesavi nax. 22 ojaxebis wili, romelTac yavT am nusxaSi Seyvanili kategoriidan erTi wevri mainc 101 ojaxebis umravlesobis Tavs mamakacebi warmoadgenen, xolo is ojaxebi, sadac ojaxis Tavi qalia gamokiTxulTa ojaxebis erT mexuTeds Seadgens (21.8%). respondetTa 55.7 procenti daojaxebulia, 25.0 procenti arasodes yofila daojaxebuli, 4.0 procenti gayrilia, 12.0 procenti qvrivia da 3.2 procenti Tanacxovrobs. daojaxebulTagan daqorwinebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli asaki 23 welia (igi meryeobs 14-dan 56-mde). qalebi ufro adreul asakSi Txovdebian, umetesad 22 wlisebi (asaki 14-dan 56 wlamde meryeobs), kacebi 25 wlis asakSi ojaxdebian (asaki meryeobs 16-dan 50- wlamde). umravlesoba (67.9%) ambobs, rom siyvaruliT daqorwinda, 26.5 procenti ki miuTiTebs, rom garigebiT daojaxda, 5.6 procenti ar iZleva kiTxvaze pasuxs. daojaxebulTa 5.0 procents ar yavs Svili, danarCenebi miuTiTeben, rom yavT 1-dan 8 Svilamde, ufro xSirad ori Svili, amaTgan mSoblebis 23 procenti miuTiTebs, rom yavs 6 welze naklebi asakis Svili. am asakis bavSvebis mSoblebis naxevarze mets Svilebi saxelmwifo (75.5%) an kerZo baRSi dayavs. 16 procents surs bavSvis sabavSvo baRebSi miyvana, magran ver axerxebs, xolo 32.7 procents ar surs, rom misma Svilma sabavSvo baRSi iaros. survilis ar qona SeiZleba mivaweroT imas, rom dedobriv zrunvas upiratesoba mieniWeba, Tumca ki ar arsebobs imis sabuTi, rom dedis mzrunveloba ukeTesia profesionalur movlaze, an sxva saxis, ara ojaxis wevrebis mier gaweul mzrunvelobaze (Convay,AAhern & Steuernagal, 2005). bavSvis sabavSvo baRSi wayvanis SeuZlebloba dedas xels uSlis dasaqmdes anazRaurebad samsaxurSi da aseve xSirad ubiZgebs axalgazrda wyvilebs mSoblebTan da bebia-babuasTan erTad cxovrebisaken, raTa maT daxmareba gauwion bavSvis movlaSi. Zalauflebis struqtura. mamakaci ojaxSi meti ZalauflebiT sargeblobs, vidre qali. mamakacis Zalauflebas xSirad aRweren, rogorc qmrebis/mamebis ”kanonier Zalauflebas” ganaxorcielon kontroli colebsa da Svilebze (Blood & Wolfe, 1960). uTanasworoba xSirad ekonomikur damokidebulebas efuZneba da vlindeba gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebaSi, Tavisuflebis xarisxSi, memkvidreobis gadacemis marTebulad miCneul qcevebsa da siwmindis normebSi. 102 qali da mamakaci xSirad Tanxmdebian, rom ojaxis Tavi mamakaci unda iyos da rom mis Zalauflebas mTeli ojaxi pativs unda scemdes. ”qveynis msgavsad, ojaxsac unda yavdes lideri da is mamakaci unda iyos” – SeniSna axalqalaqSi axalgazrda vaJma. ”me minaxavs qalebi, romlebic darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom qali qmarze win ar unda wasuliyo, ar unda SewinaaRmdegeboda Zmebs.” - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar JvaniasTan. Zalaufleba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi vlindeba. ”ar arsebobs Tanasworoba saxlSi miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi. qals SeuZlia gadawyvetileba miiRos iseT sakiTxebze, romlebic did dafinansebas ar moiTxovs, magaliTad, tansacmlis SeZenaze, an SvilisTvis sabavSvo baRis SerCevaze da sxva, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu manqanaa SesaZeni, an bina, bolo sityva mamakacs ekuTvnis” - interviu eqsperTtan, Tamar sabedaSvilTan. eqspertebis mier gamoTqmul azrs exmianeba Cveni gamokiTxvis monacemebi. respondentTa azriT, qalebs meti eTqmiT imis Taobaze, Tu sad daxarjon fuli yoveldRiuri saWiroebisaTvis da vize unda iqorwinon maTma Svilebma, maSin, roca mamakacebi gadawyvetilebebs iReben imis Taobaze, Tu sad unda wavides ojaxi an ra unda SeiZinos man. ojaxSi qalebi, sul erTia, axalgazrdebi arian isini, Tu xanSi Sesulebi, bevrad naklebi TavisuflebiT sargebloben, vidre Sesabamisi asakis mamakacebi. rogorc ganacxada axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis monawile qalma: ”Txovdebi da Tavisuflebac mTavrdeba”. gamokiTxulTa naxevarze metma (52.6%) qalma da 27.0 procentma mamakacma respondentma gviTxra, rom maT ojaxis wevrebTan SeTanxmeba sWirdebaT dabnelebis mere gareT gasvlisTvis. qalebi umetes SemTxvevaSi uTanxmdebodnen meuRleebs (47.0%) mSoblebs 26.5%) an Svilebs (11.8). mamakacebi ki ZiriTadad meuRleebs (53.1%) an mSoblebs (33.8%). komunikaciis SesaZleblobac TavisuflebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. qalebze (50.2%) met mamakacs (59.1%) aRmoaCnda mobiluri telefoni (gamokiTxva). 103 gansxvavebulia aseve umwikvloebis sakiTxic. qalebs mamakacebze gacilebiT ufro metad akontroleben. ”gogonebi ikribebian, seirnoben da erTobian im quCaze, sadac cxovroben, magram isini ar unda miefaron ojaxis Tvals.” - gviTxra axalqalaqSi fokusjgufis monawile qalma. mamakacebs meti seqsualuri Tavisufleba eZlevaT. gamokiTxvis monacemebma gamoavlina, rom mamakacebic da qalebic (89.9%) miiCneven, rom gaTxovebamde qalma Tavi unda Seikavos seqsualuri kavSirisgan. magram qalebisa da kacebis pozicia gansxvavebulia motacebasTan mimarTebaSi. mamakacebTan SedarebiT (66.7%) met qals (74.8%) miaCnia, rom qali ar unda gayves colad gamtacebels, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT Soris damyarda seqsualuri kavSiri (Chi-Square 8.4, df.2, p<.05). qmris Ralats meti SemwynareblobiT ekidebian, vidre colisas. qalebis 24.1 procenti da mamakacebis 35.5 procenti fiqrobs, rom qmris Ralatis SemTxvevaSi colma ganqorwineba unda moiTxovos (Chi square 35.0,df.2, p<.001), xolo colis Ralatis SemTxvevaSi mamakacebis 87.4 procentis da qalebis 76.8 procentis azriT qmarma ganqorwineba unda moiTxovos (Chi square 35.0,df.2, p<.001). ganqorwinebul qals xelmeored daqorwinebis ufro naklebi Sansi aqvs, vidre ganqorwinebul mamakacs. ”iseTi qalis colad moyvana, romelic manamde viRacis coli iyo, raRacnairad akninebs kacis Rirsebas” - aRniSna axalcixis fokus-jgufis monawile qalma. Zalaufleba ZiriTadad ekonomikur damoukideblobas efuZneba. ”saqarTveloSi qalebi iSviaTad floben raime iseTs, ramac SeiZleba ganamtkicos maTi sulieri, an fizikur avtonomia. Sesabamisad, qalma unda gaiTvaliswinos sxvisi azri, vidre raime nabjs gadadgams. ekonomikuri damokidebuleba safuZvlad udevs nebismieri saxis damokidebulebas”- interviu eqspertTan, lela gafrinaSvilTan. ”ojaxSi is flobs Zalauflebas, visac fuli Semoaqvs. Tu fuli qals Semoaqvs, an mas misi ojaxi exmareba, maSin mamakacs naklebi Tavisufleba aqvs raime Tqvas. is ubralod Tavs ar aZlevs amis nebas”- ganacxada fokus-jgfis ganxilvis monawile vaJma. (f.j.7) 104 gamokiTxvis mixedviT, qalebTan SedarebiT (44.2%) met mamakacs (64.7 %) aqvs regularuli an araregularuli sakuTari Semosavali (Chi Square 36.6; df 2; p<.001). qalTan SedarebiT (9.2%) meti mamakacis Semosavali (31.0%) aRemateba meuRlis Semosavals (Chi Square 117.9; df 4; p<.001). mamakacebi da qalebi gansxvavdebian im Tavisuflebis xarisxis mixedviT, romelic sakuTari Semosavlis xarjvas Seexeba. mamakacebze (33.2%) meti qali (45.9%) aRniSnavs rom SeeZlia sakuTari survilisamebr daxarjos fuli (Chi Square 9.3; df 1; p<.005). es SeiZleba imaze miuTiTebdes, rom qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT da igi ar aris mniSvnelovani, Tumca imis maCvenebelic SeiZleba iyos, rom kacis da ara qalis roli gulisxmobs ojaxis Senaxvas da amdenad kacis Semosavali ojaxis saWiroebebzea mimarTuli. CveulebiTi samarTalis mixedviT mSoblebis saxli vaJiSvils rCeba da ara qaliSvils. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma cxadyo, rom es Sexeduleba dResac ZalaSia da ufro metadaa fesvgadgmuli mamakacebSi. Tumca, gamokiTxulTa sagrZnobi nawili ufro Tanasworobis momxrea da fiqrobs (71.5% qali da 62.6% kaci), rom mSoblebis saxli Tanasworad unda gaiyos vaJsa da gauTxovar qaliSvils Soris (Chi-Square 15.5, df.4, p<.005). rac Seexeba miwas, qalebis 71.9 procenti da mamakacebis 65.1 procenti Tvlis, rom is Tanabrad unda gaiyos (Chi-Square 15.5, df.4, p<.005). sxva qonebasTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa samkaulebi, naRdi fuli, manqana da sxva, qalebis 80.4 procenti da mamakacebis 72.4 procenti Tanabrad gayofis momxrea (Chi-Square 10.6, df.4, p<.05). rolebi da movaleobebi rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, mamakacis Tvisebebi ufro metad sazogadoebriv sferozea mimarTuli da mWidrod ukavSirdeba dasaqmebas, maSin, roca qalis mniSvneloba ufro ojaxs da bavSvebs ukavSirdeba. rolebis aseTi ganawileba Seesatyviseba globalurad gavrcelebul ZiriTad funqciebis miniWebas- mamakacisTvis ojaxis marCenalisa da gadawyvetilebis mimRebis, xolo qalisTvis ojaxze mzrunvelisa (Narayan, 2000). igi aseve Seesatyviseba parsonis (Parson, 1949, 1965) mier gamokveTil mamis gadarCenasTan dakavSirebul instrumentalur rolsa da dedis eqspresiul rols. xSirad imeoreben, rom qarTul kulturaSi qals did pativs scemen da afaseben. es ZiriTadad dedebs exeba, radgan qalis cneba xSirad gaigivebulia dedobasTan. qali, pirvelyovlisa, dedaa da misi funqcia reproduqcia da bavSvebis aRzrdaa (surmaniZe, 2002). 105 ojaxze msjelobisas me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi vaJa-fSavela werda: ”qali ojaxis baton-patronia. mas didi gavlena aqvs axalgazrdebze da moxucebze. bavSvis aRzrda, rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mis xelSia, is gansazRvravs bavSvis beds. bavSvis momavalic imazea damokidebuli, rogor gamowrTvnis is Tavisi Svilebis sulsa da gonebas. amitomaa aucilebeli, deda ganaTlebuli iyos, sTesos sikeTe, icodes rogor aRzardos Svilebi, riT emsaxuros, amrigad mas SeuZlia gaanadguros an aaRorZinos Tavisi eri”. (obolaZe, 1990. gv.31-32,). miuxedavad globaluri tendenciisa meti genderuli Tanasworobisaken ojaxebSi, mamakacisa da qalis rolebi qarTul ojaxebSi Zalze diferencirebuli rCeba. qalebi bevrad ufro arian dakavebulni yoveldRiuri saojaxo saqmiT, vidre mamakacebi, maSinac ki, rodesac qalebs anazRaurebadi samuSao aqvT da mamakacebs ki ara. qalis Sroma ojaxSi umetesad SeumCnevali rCeba da is ar aris imdenad dafasebuli, ramdenadac mamakacis Sroma saxlis gareT. metic, bevr qals ormagi tvirTi awevs saojaxo saqmis gaZRola da ojaxis rCena maSin rodesac mamakacebi ar iReben tradiciulad qalis movaleobebad miCneul pasuxismgeblobebs. ”sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebulia Sexeduleba, rom qalis adgili Sinaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom saojaxo saqme did dros moiTxovs, qalis Zalisxmeva araa aRiarebuli” - aRniSna axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis Sexvedraze axalgazrda qalma. ”qalebi mudam CrdilSi arian, mamakacebi ar afaseben qalis Sromas” - ganacxada axalqalaqSi axalgazrda vaJma. bevr sazogadoebaSi, metwilad soflad da eTnikuri umciresobiT dasaxlebul raionebSi, kacisTvis sircxvilad iTvleba tradiciulad qalis saqmis keTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kacebi am saqmes xSirad akeTeben kidec, isini Cveulebriv eridebian amis gaxmaurebas. saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebze siaruli da janmrTelobaze zrunva is saqmianobebia, romelsac ojaxis wevrebis umravlesoba eweva. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma aCvena, rom qalebi yoveldRiur saojaxo saqmeSi metad arian Cabmulni, vidre mamakacebi. mamakacTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti qali amzadebs saWmels, exmareba Svilebs saSinao davalebis momzadebaSi, zrunavs ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobaze, Svilebisa da xandazmulebis CaTvliT, wyals ezideba da uvlis saqonels, maSin, roca mamakacebi zrunaven saxlis gasaTbobi sawvaviT momaragebaze, saxlis SekeTebasa da miwis nakveTis damuSavebaze. 106 wylis motana miwis damuSaveba saqonlis movla saxlis gaTboba wylis mozidva qalebi kacebi saxlis SekeTeba sayidlebis gakeTeba saWmlis momzadeba moxucebze zrunva janmrTvelobaze zrunva bavSvebisTvis daxmareba saSinao davalebaSi bavSvebze zrunva nax. 23 mamakacisa da qalis mier Sesrulebuli saSinao saqmeebi socialuri aqtioba da emociuri mxardaWeris gamovlena qals mamakacze metad axasiaTebs, maSin rodesac mamakacebi qalebze metad monawileoben jgufur aqtiobebSi da ufro xSirad dadian wveulebebze. emociuri mxardaWera emociuri mxardaWeris micema gaziareba eklesiaSi siaruli qali kaci stumrad siaruli wveulebebi dasvenebis organizeba monawileoba jgufur aqtiobebSi saojaxo ritualebis mowyoba nax. 24 mamakacebisa da qalebis socialuri aqtioba 107 ojaxis kavSiri saxelmwifo dawesebulebebTan arcTu xSiria da metwilad is skolebsa da sxva saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. oficialur struqturebTan kavSiri mamakacis aqtivobebis sferoSi Sedis. rogorc gamokiTxvis zemoTmoyvanili Sedegebidan Cans, mamebi ar arian maincdamainc Cabmuli Svilebis aRzrdaSi, bevri maTgani arc maTi movliT aris dakavebuli da arc saSinao davalebebis momzadebaSi exmareba maT. kulturaTaSorisma gamokvlevam gamoavlina ojaxSi emociuri siaxlovis saerTo da qarTvelebisaTvis specifiuri maxasiaTeblebi: axalgazrdebi emociur siaxloves yvelaze metad dedasTan, Semdeg da-ZmasTan, da yvelaze naklebad mamasTan grZnoben (Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006). fokus-jgufis axalgazrda monawileebma Tbilissa da regionebSi xazi gausves mamis mniSvnelobas aRzrdis procesSi da amave dros sinanuli gamoxates mamebis mcire monawileobis gamo. ”mamis roli aRzrdaSi mniSvnelovania; deda ver SeZlebs Svilebis kargad aRzrdas, Tu mama sustia da aRzrdaSi ar ereva” - axalcixis fokus-jgufis monawile qali. ”mama bavSvis pirovnebas ayalibebs. mamebi qaliSvilis mimarT meti siyvaruliT gamoirCevian, dedebi ki vaJis mimarT. aris sakiTxebi, romlebic dedas ukavSirdeba da sakiTxebi, romlebic ufro mamasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mama Svils aswavlis rogor moiqces, rogori pirovneba unda iyos, deda ki alerss, siTbos da cxovrebas aswavlis.” - axalgazrda vaJi (f.j.7) ”mama sazogadoebasTan ufro axloa da is aswavlis bavSvs sazogadoebasTan urTierTobas” - axalcixeSi fokus-jgufis monawile vaJi. axalgazrdebi miuTiTebdnen, rom bavSvis aRzrdaSi mamis CarTva iwyeba bavSvis momwifebisas, 15 wlis asakSi. mama exmareba bavSvs Rirebelebebis Camoyalibebasa da sakuTar TavSi rwmenis gaRvivebaSi. adamianisaTvis dro Zalze faseul resurss warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia drois saerTo maragis gazrda, misi Seqmna (Jacobs & Garson, 2004). amdenad is, Tu rogor anawilebs an xarjavs dros adamiani, bevrs mogviTxrobs imaze, Tu rogor cxovrebas eweva is. Cveni gamokiTxvis im nawilSi, romelic drois gamoyenebas exeboda, Cven vTxovdiT respondentebs aeRweraT Tu riT iyvnen dakavebulni ukanaskneli 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, wina dRis dilis 6 saaTi108 dan intervius micemis dRis dilis 6 saaTamde. miRebuli pasuxebi Seesatyviseba zemoTganxilul qalisa da mamakacis mier Sesrulebul saqmianobas. qalebTan SedarebiT kacebi metxans iyvnen dakavebuli samsaxurSi da metad iyvnen CarTuli Tavisufali drois aqtiobebSi, xolo qalebi saSinao saqmeebiT, bavSvebze zrunviTa da religiuri ritualebis aRsrulebiT iyvnen ufro metad dakavebuli. sxva bavSvebis movla nakveTze muSaoba cxovelebis movla gadasaxadebis gadaxda religiuri ritualebis Sesruleba produqtebis yidva qali kaci recxva samzareulos dasufTaveba Wama da sma muSaoba damatebiT samuSaoze muSaoba ZiriTad samuSaoze televizoris yureba tualeti Zili nax. 25 qalisa da mamakacis mier gaweul saqmianobebze daxarjuli dro 109 drois gamoyenebis Seswavla yvela qveyanaSi sirTules awydeba. nebismieri TviT-aRweraze dafuZnebuli instrumentis msgavsad isic garkveul mikerZoebas eqvemdebareba da amdenad ar warmoadgens daxarjuli droisa Tu saqmianobis zust asaxvas. rogorc es naxaz 25-dan Cans, yvela respondenti ar aRwerda imas, rasac unda vivaraudoT, rom akeTbda, magaliTad, eZina, Wamda. respondentebisTvis siZneles warmoadgenda imis Tqma, Tu zustad ra dros xarjavdnen yovel calkeul saqmianobaze. am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, is dro, romelsac respondentebis TqmiT isini andomebdnen sxvadasxva saqmianobis Sesrulebas mainc iZleva faseul informacias mamakacebisa da qalebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. qalebsa da kacebs Soris statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba aRmoCnda im droSi, romelsac isini andomebdnen sxvadasxva saqmianobas: mamakacebi ufro met dros uTmobdnen samsaxurs da televizoris yurebas, xolo qalebi saWmlis momzadebas. 110 tabula 8 mamakacisa da qalis mier sxvadasxva saqmianobaze daxarjuli dro Asaqmianoba mamakacis mier daxarjuli dro wuTebSi qalis mier daxarjuli dro wuTebSi gansxvavebis statistikuri mniSvneloba p 362.4 161.8 150.3 ar aris mniSvnelovani ar aris mniSvnelovani <.05 1 Zili 356.0 2 Tavis movla televizoris yureba 32.8 3 df F 1 4.5 4 ZiriTadi samsaxuri 403.7 358.1 <.05 1 5.9 5 damatebiTi samuSao 304.4 176.8 <.05 1 8.1 6 saWmlis momzadeba 43.9 69.2 <.05 1 4.8 7 Wama-sma 41.9 44.0 ar aris mniSvnelovani 8 samzarelos dasufTaveba 53.7 66.8 ar aris mniSvnelovani 9 recxva 114 97.5 ar aris mniSvnelovani. 10 sayidlebze siaruli 84.4 83.0 ar aris mniSvnelovani 11 religiuri ritualebis Sesruleba 25.7 73.8 ar aris mniSvnelovani 12 gadasaxadebis gadaxda 57.3 48.8 ar aris mniSvnelovani 13 saqonlis movla 63.4 62.3 ar aris mniSvnelovani 14 miwis nakveTze muSaoba 197.4 125.4 <.05 1 8.8 15 bavSvebis movla 100.2 109.9 16 sxva 182.1 141.9 ar aris mniSvnelovani <.001 1 21.7 111 garda saSinao saqmisa, qals xSirad samsaxuric aqvs da amdenad ormagi tvirTi awevs - rogorc ojaxis marCenalis, ise dedis da diasaxlisis, maSin, roca mamakacs mxolod da mxolod erTi - marCenalis roli akisria. ”qalebi TavianT Semosavals mamakacebs uziareben, magram mamakacebi ar iziareben qalis tvirTs” - SeniSna axalgazrda qalma (f.j.7). saSinao saqme araprestiJulia, amdenad kacebs ar surT Tavis Tavze qalis saqmeebis aReba. ”qali kisrulobs mamakacis saqmes, romelic fulTan da prestiJTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo mamakacebi uxalisod ekidebian saojaxo movalobebs, iseTs, rogoricaa mag. bavSvebis aRzrda, rac prestiJulad ar iTvleba da am TvalsazrisiT araferi icvleba” - interviu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan. is, rom mamakacs ar surs qalis roli ikisros, mxolod saqarTvelosTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli. rogorc j. georgasi (Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006. gv.49) aRniSnavs, ”dasavluri sazogadoebis modernizaciis miuxedavad, qmrebi uars amboben miexmaron qals saojaxo saqmeebSi”. 27 qveyanaSi Catarebulma ojaxebis kulturaT-Soriso gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom dedebi mamebze met saSinao samuaos asruleben. gamokvlevam isic uCvena, rom tradiciuli ojaxuri faseulobebi - ufrosebis pativiscema, naTesauri kavSirebis mniSvneloba da mamakacis Zalaufleba ojaxSi dakavSirebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SeZlebulia sazogadoeba. Rarib sazogadoebaSi metia tradiciuli Rirebulebis pativiscema da mamakacebis Zalafuleba. amis garda, genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi mWidrodaa dakavSireuli religiasTan. zogi religia meti Tanasworobas uSvebs, zogi ki naklebs. musulmanuri religia didadaa dakavSirebuli patriarqalur damokidebulebebTan ojaxSi (Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006). saqorwilo ritualebi ojaxis stabilurobis, rZlis miRebis da misi mosalodneli qcevis bevr simbolur gamoxatulebas areklaven. muslimani mesxebis saqorwino rituali, im xalxis, romelic saqarTvelos samxreT nawilidan iyo deportirebuli 1944 wels, da romelic dabrunda samSobloSi aTiode wlis win, cxadad miuTiTebs im morCilebaze, romelsac rZlisgan moelian. 112 muslimani mesxebis saqorwino ceremonia saqarTveloSi qorwineba Zalian mniSvnelovan ritualad iTvleba da mas yvela didi yuradRebiT da sizustiT asrulebs. qorwili tardeba rogorc sasiZos, ise patarZlis ojaxebSi, Tumca patarZals SeuZlia mxolod mcire zomis wveuleba moawyos. qorwili Semdegi ritualebisagan Sedgeba: sasiZos misvla patarZlis saxlSi da misi miReba; dedamTilis misvla da misi miReba; saCuqrebis gadacema patarZlisaTvis da maTi sajaro daTvaliereba; patarZlis wardgena sasiZosTvis; patarZlisa da sasiZos gamosvla stumrebTan; gamaspinZleba da cekva; patarZlis da sasiZos saxlSi Sesvla; saqorwilo tortis daWra da beWdebis gacvla. sufras sefaSi Slian - Ria cis qveS sagangebod gadaxurul adgilze, Cveulebrivad ezoSi. sagangebo taxti axal daqrowilebulTaTvis sefis boloSi idgmeva. sefa morTulia feradi buStebiT da xelovnuri yvavilebiT. qalebs qorwilze feradi kabebi, umetesad wiTeli da Ria feris windebi acviaT. qorwili cocxali musikis TanxlebiT mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove simRerebisa garda, aseve sruldeba xalxuri musika zurnadudukis TanxlebiT. musikosebs qiraoben, ufro xSirad azerbaijanSi. qorwilze mesxur da qarTul saWmels amzadeben. patarZlis saxlSi misvlisas siZe da misi mayari SeyavT oTaxSi, sadac tkbileuliT gawyobili sufraa. dedamTili da misi Tanmxlebi pirebi ezoSi Sedian, awyoben tkbileuls miwaze da mis garSemo cekvaven. maT xelSi xiliT da tkbileuliT savse wiTeli bafTebiT gakruli patara CanTebi da fuTebi uWiravT, xolo ufro mozrdil CanTebSi patarZlis saCuqrebi awyvia. mere qalebi oTaxSi Sedian da iatakze jdebian. isini erTmaneTs idayvze xelis gulebs adeben misalmebis niSnad. rodesac oTaxSi xandazmuli qali Semodis, yvela qali fexze dgeba da mas egebeba. bolos oTaxSi saxedafaruli, TeTrebSi gamowyobili patarZali Semodis gaTxovili naTesavis, ”ianga”-s TanxlebiT, romelic mas exmareba ceremoniis ganxorcielebaSi. saCuqrebis gaxsnisas patarZali saxes aCens, saCuqrebis daTvalierebis mere ki isev malavs da gadis im oTaxSi, sadac mas sasiZo elodeba. mas oTaxidan zurna-dudukis TanxlebiT acileben. amis mere nefe-patarZali gamodian oTaxSi xelismomkideebTan da uaxloes naTesavebsa da megobrebTan erTad. qalebidan erT-erTs moaqvs torti da yvela sefasken miemarTeba. adre arsebobda axaldaqorwinebulebis dagrexili xis totebis (an xmlebis) TaRqveS gatarebis wesi. mesxebs ara aqvT Tamadis daniSvnis tradicia, magram axla, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gavleniT, xandaxad sufras Tamada xelmZRvanelobs. Wama-smas cekva mosdevs. saqorwilo sufras axalgazrda 113 mamakacebi emsaxurebian. qorwilze Cveulebriv orasamde adamiania miwveuli, yvela asakis bavSvis CaTvliT. amis mere axaldaqorwinebulebi, uaxloesi megobrebisa da naTesavebis TanxlebiT gadian sefidan da saxlSi brundebian, sadac tkbileuliTa da sasmelebiT sagangebod gawyobili sufra elodebaT. SemoaqvT saqorwilo torti, romelic wiTeli bafTebiTaa galamazebuli. bafTebis boloebze saqorwilo beWdebia mimagrebuli. patarZali bafTebs makratliT Wris da amis mere nefe patarZali erTmaneTs TiTze beWeds Camoacmeven. Semdeg oriveni erTad Wrian torts da erTmaneTs tortis patara naWers awodeben. amas damswreni taSiTa da milocvebiT egebebian. daWril torts stumrebs urigeben. amis Semdeg axladdaqorwinebulebi aRar gadian gareT. isini Sin rCebian da isveneben. axaldaqorwinebulebi patarZlis saxlSi ar aTeven Rames erTad, stumrebs SeuZliaT dilamde darCena. meore dRes siZe da misi mayari Sin brundeba da elodeba patarZals, romelic Sin siZis mamam an misma romelime mamakacma naTesavma unda miiyvanos. siZis qali naTesavebi, romlebmac Rame patarZlis saxlSi gaaTies, Tan axlavan patarZals. patarZlis naTesavebs Tan miaqvT aseve saCuqrebi siZis ojaxis wevrebisTvis. patarZlis saxlSi sagangebod mzaddeba oTaxi siZis mamis misaRebad. swored aq xorcieldeba saCuqris gadacemis da sarZlos SeZenis rituali. patarZali saxes ifaravs da kvlav 'ianga'-s TanxlebiT Sedis oTaxSi. siZis naTesavebs ori xonCa uWiravT xaWapuriT, tkbileuliT, xiliTa da TavsafrebiT savse. xonCis kideebSi sami sanTeli anTia. ori patara gogona iRebs xonCebs da samjer TavszemoT atrialebs. amis Semdeg gogonebs TavSalebs aZleven da xonCidan saWmels stumrebs sTavazoben. erT-erTi gogona midis patarZalTan da Tmas varcxnis; amisTvis is saCuqars iRebs. meore gogona patarZals marjvena xelze iniT wertils axatavs da isic iRebs saCuqars. ianga, romelic mudam patarZlis gverdiTaa, am wertils mowmends patarZals. amis mere is siZis ojaxis wevrebisgan iRebs saCuqrebs. Semdeg iwyeba patarZlis yidvis rituali, romelic dolisa da zurnis TanxlebiT mimdinareobs. patarZali kvlav ifaravs saxes. is misma Zmam an sxva naTesavma vaJma unda gayidos. patarZali TavSals Zmas welze axvevs, romlis meSveobiTac misi Zma asaxierebs qamris Sekvrasa da Sexsnas. am moZraobebs mosdevs TavSalSi fulis Cadeba, romelic gadaecema patarZlis qal naTesavebs. amieridan patarZali gayidulad iTvleba da mamamTils igi manqanisken miyavs. mas ianga da siZis qali naTesavebi miyvebian. kvlav meordeba yidvis rituali. mamakaci manqanis win dgeba da ar rTavs misi daZvris nebas. mas fuls aZleven da is iqamde ar uSvebs manqanas daiZras, sanam ar dakmayofildeba micemuli 114 TanxiT. adre arsebobda Widaobis tradicia. dedas ara aqvs ufleba qaliSvls daemSvidobos da mamasac ekrZaleba qaliSvilTan miaxloeba. marto biZa emSvidobeba mas. Semdeg qalebi manqanaze ferad TavSlebs amagreben, patarZali saxes aCens da manqana midis. mogvianebiT tardeba religiuri rituali, romelsac patarZali mxolod mcire xniT eswreba imis saTqmelad, rom Tanaxmaa gaTxovdes. aranairi werilobiTi sabuTi ar formdeba. patarZali Sedis qmris saxlSi. mas nefe egebeba da tkbileuls ayris. aqvea dedamTilic. saxlSi Sesvlisas patarZali TavSalze dagebul TefSs fexiT amtvrevs. dedamTili agrovebs natexebs, TavSalSi axvevs da Sin Seaqvs. mamamTils patarZali saxlSi Seyavs. saxlis karTan patarZali, romelsac saxe kvlav dafaruli aqvs da Tavi TeTri da wiTeli TavsafrebiT aqvs Semkuli, iangas TanxlebiT xvdeba Tavis muls an qal xelismomkides. patarZals Taflian Tass sTavazoben, romelSic is TiTs awobs da samjer usvams saxlis kedels tkbili urTierTobis niSnad. saxlSi Sesvlisas mis Tavze danebs gadaaWdoben da xmamaRla amboben, rom ena unda daimoklos, raTa dedamTils ar Seepasuxos. amis mere puris naWrebs welze gamoabamen ojaxuri simtkicis niSnad. mamamTili brinjs ayris mas keTildReobis niSnad da eubneba, rom yvelaferi, rac mas ekuTvnis, amieridan misicaa. dedamTili dalocavs rZals. mere is miyavT qmarTan da is saxes gamoaCens. qorwili iwyeba da mamakacebi da qalebi cal-calke magidebze sxdebian. ianga patarZalTan sami dRe rCeba. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi socialur cvlilebebTan Sesagueblad ojaxi, rogorc instituti, cvlilebebs ganicdis. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas mravalmxrivi, xangrZlivi da mZime Sedegbi moyva. cvlilebebTan morgebis aucileblobam gamoiwvia ojaxis Semadgenlobisa da struqturis gardaqmna, genderuli urTierTobebis Secvla. da mainc, miuxedvad imisa, rom qalma ojaxis materialurad uzrunvelyofis funqciac ikisra, rolebis ZiriTadi ganawileba, kacis, rogorc marCenalis da qalis, rogorc ojaxze mzrunvelis ucvleli darCa. problemas, genderuli Tanasworobis TvalTaxedvidan rolebis ganawileba ki ar warmoadgens, aramed is, rom qalis mier saxlSi Sesrulebuli samuSao ar aris dafasebuli. 115 Tavi 6 adamianuri da socialuri kapitali adamianis keTildReoba didadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra adamianur da socialur kapitalis mflobelia is. am kapitalis done da Semadgenloba gansxvavebulia mamakacisa da qalisaTvis. adamianuri kapitali, romelic adamianis janmrTelobas da ganaTlebas gulisxmobs gansazRvravs Sromis da sicocxliT tkbobis unars da amdenad uaRresad mniSvnelovania gadarCenisTvis. karg ganaTlebas da janmrTelobas SeuZlia ara mxolod pirdapiri gziT gauumjobesos adamians cxovrebis xarisxi, aramed aseve gazardos mis mier fulis Sovnis SesaZlebloba. meore gadarCenisaTvis gadamwyvet faqtors socialuri kapitali warmoadgens, romelic ganisazRvreba adamianis sxvebTan urTierTobis unariTa da maTTan kavSiriT, da im mxardaWeriTa, romliTac is sargeblobs. janmrTeloba janmrTeloba albaT SeiZleba adamianis yvelaze did simdidred CaiTvalos. respondetTa (gamokiTxva) udidesma umravlesobam (97.1%) is sakuTari cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad aRiara. saSualod qalebs ukeTesi janmrTeloba aqvT da mamakacebze metxans cxovroben. saqarTveloSi 2001-2007 wlebSi sicocxlis mosalodnelma xangrZlivobam 4.4 wliT moimata. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrda aisaxa, rogorc qalebze aseve kacebze, Tumca qalebis SemTxvevaSi is ufro mniSvnelovania. amiT aixsneba gansxvaveba mamakacisa da qalis sicocxlis xangrZliobas Soris, romelic 6.6dan 8.9 wlamde meryeobs. 116 tabula 9 sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba dabadebisas wlebi jami mamakacebi qalebi gansxvaveba 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 71.5 71.5 72.1 71.6 73.8 74.3 75.1 68.0 67.9 68.7 67.9 69.9 69.8 70.5 74.8 74.8 75.3 75.1 77.4 78.5 79.4 6.8 6.8 6.6 7.2 7.5 8.7 8.9 wyaro: statistikis departamenti sikvdilianoba mamakacebSi ufro maRalia, vidre qalebSi. tabula 10 sikvdilianobis sixSire Ywlebi 2004 2005 2006 2007 mamakacebi 24,642 21,091 22,458 22,091 qalebi 24,151 19,630 19,797 19,797 jami 48,793 40,721 42,255 42,255 wyaro: statistikis departamenti sikvdilianoba orive sqesisTvis yvelaze maRalia 70-74 wlis asakSi. 2007 wels, sikvdilianobis SemTxvevaTa 18.5% am asakobriv jgufebSi dafiqsirda. 117 kacebi qalebi nax. 26 sikvdilianoba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT mamakacebis da qalebis sikvdilis mizezi ZiriTadad erTnairia, magram gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva daavadebebis wili qalebisa da kacebis sikvdilis mizezebSi. gulisa da sisxlZarRvovani sistemis daavadebebi, kibosTan erTad sikvdilis yvelaze xSir mizezs warmoadgenen. qalebSi ufro maRalia sisxlZarRvovani sistemis daavadebebi. genderTan daakavSirebuli Tavisebureba isaa, rom gul-sisxlZarRvTa davadebebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT, qalebTan ufro xandazmul asakSi vlindeba (Convay, Ahern & Steuenagel, 2005). kibo admianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mkvlelia da igi garkveulwilad genderTan aris dakavSirebuli. genderuli gansxvaveba SedarebiT mcirea, rodesac kibos monacemebs erTianad ganvixilavT. gansxvaveba ikveTeba, rodesac kibos misi gavrcelebis ares mixedviT ganvixilavT. qalebSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia sasqeso organos daavadeba, mkerdisa da momnelebeli sistemis kibo, xolo mamakacebSi - momnelebeli sistemis, sasunTqi gzebisa da saSarde gzebis kiboa ufro gavcelebuli. meti mamakaci iRupeba tramvebis da sxva garegani mizezebiT. 118 sisxlZarRovani sistemis daavadeba neoplazmi daudgeneli qalebi kacebi tramvebi sasunTqi sistemis daavadebaSi momnelebeli sistemis daavadeba sxva mizezebi nax. 27 gardacvalebis gamomwvevi sxvadasxva daavadebis wili mamakacebsa da qalebSi 2007 wels wyaro: statistikis departamenti mosaxleobis janmrTeloba Zlier gauaresda sabWoTa kavSris daSlis Semdgom. jandacvis yvela obieqti gamovida saxelmwifos sakuTrebidan. jandacva, romelic ufaso iyo sabWoTa periodSi, fasiani gaxda. janmrTelobisTvis gamoyofili sabiujeto saxsrebi Semcirda da Seadgina 7.3 aSS dolari kacze 2001 wels, maSin, rodesac msoflio jandacvis organizaciis mier gansazRvruli minimaluri xarjebi 60 aSS dolars Seadgens. jandacvis saerTo xarjebi TiTo kacze qveyanaSi aris 108 sd (saerTaSoriso dolari), aqedan saxelmwifo faravs 38 procents, anu 41 sd-s. latviaSi amis Sesatyvisi ricxvebia 509sd da 52.0 procenti anu 267 sd; holandiaSi saerTo Tanxa Seadgens 2612 sd-s, saidanac saxelmwifo faravs 63 procents, anu 1654 sd-s. amgvarad, jandacvaze gamoyofili biujeti Seadgens saerTo erovnuli produqtis 6.4 procents latviaSi, 8.9 procents holandiaSi da mxolod 3.6 procents saqarTveloSi (globaluri iniciativa fsiqiatriisaTvis - Tbilisi, 2009). gaRatakebul mosaxleobas ar qonda eqimebisTvis Tanxis gadaxdis saSualeba. amis gamo xalxma mkurnalobis Taobaze rCevisTvis mimarTa da isev mimarTavs megobrebs da afTiaqarebs. nebismieri wamlis SeZena, fsiqonevrologiuris garda, receptis gareSe SeiZleba. amgvari mkurnaloba xSirad pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebas iwvevs. bevri, gansakuTrebiT Raribi da soflis macxovrebeli ar flobs informacias im saxelmwifo programebze, romelic ufaso samedicino momsaxurebas ganapirobebs da amdenad, ekonomikuri barierebi, informaciis simciresTan erTad, ganapirobebs imas, rom ada119 mianebi ar mimarTaven samedicino dawesebulebebs. isini iq Cveulebriv maSin midian, roca daavadeba garTulebulia da xSir SemTxvevaSi aRar eqvemdebareba mkurnalobas. ojaxis erTi wevris avadmyofobam SeiZleba Zalian xangrZilivi zemoqmedeba iqonios ojaxis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, radgan ”usafrTxoebis bade” Zalze ”Txelia”, igi mosaxleobis mxolod Zalze mcire nawilze da mxolod momsaxurebis mcire raodenobazea gansazRvruli. saxelmwifo programebis SezRuduli raodenoba, rogoricaa wlamde asakis bavSvis janmrTeloba, imunizacia, antenataluri movla, garkveuli saxis invalidebi da zogierTi daavadebis mkurnaloba, rogoricaa tuberkulozi, kibo, fsiqozi, malaria, Sidsi da sxva, ufaso mkurnalobas ganapirobebs. magram am daavadebebis SemTxvevaSic ki pacientebs xSirad uwevT damatebiT fulis gadaxda. saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli janmrTelobis dazRveva qveyanaSi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawils faravs, magaliTad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs. zogierTi damqiravebeli aseve faravs dazRvevas. Zalian cota adamians aqvs kerZo dazRveva. gamokiTxulTa mxolod 5.3 procenti sargeblobs janmrTelobis dazRveviT (gamokiTxva). janmrTelobaze zrunva qalis sazrunav sferod aris miCneuli, raki Cveulebriv qali zrunavs ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobaze. ”roca kaci avad xdeba, Cveulebriv qali zrunvas mis janmrTelobaze. magram rodesac qali xdeba avad, kacebi iSviaTad iReben pasuxismgeblobas mis janmrTelobaze” - interiu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis aRqma winaaRmdegobaSi modis qalis ukeTesi janmrTelobis zogad tendenciasTan. gamokiTxul mamakacTa (gamokiTxva) ufro didi nawili (45.9%), qalebTan SedarebiT (31.85%) (Chi-Square 23.7; df 2, p<.001) TavianT janmrTelobas afasebs, rogorc ”kargs”. amasTanave, qalebTan SedarebiT (50.1%) naklebma mamakacma (35.8%) aRniSna, rom gasuli wlis ganmavlobaSi iavadmyofa, magram ar mimarTa eqims usaxsrobis gamo (Chi-Square 22.0; df 1, p<.001). 120 im 464 respondentidan, vinc iavadmyofa da ar mimarTa eqims, 71.6 procentma miuTiTa, rom eqims ufulobis gamo ar mimarTa. statisitkuri monacemebi miuTiTebs, rom yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia sasunTqi gzebisa da momnelebeli sistemis daavadebebi. sasunTqi gzebis sistema monelebis sistema sisxlZarRovani sistema sxva infeqcia Sardis da sasqeso sistema travma kani nerveuli sistema Tvali nax. 28 sxvadasxva daavadebis wili 2007 wyaro: Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis saministro 121 janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul saWiroebebs Soris genderuli gansxvaveba ZiriTadad reproduqciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. qalebi reproduqciuli jandacvis momsaxurebas 15 - dan 44 wlamde saWiroeben. antenataluri samedicino momsaxureba albaT reproduqciuli janmrTelobis prevenciuli zomebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia, radgan mas xangrZlivi Sedegebi aqvs rogorc dedis, ise bavSvis janmrTelobaze. orsulobas da bavSvis dabadebis xarjebs saxelmwifo programa faravs, Tumca antenataluri momsaxureba ar gulisxmobs ganmeorebiT eqoskopia garTulebis SemTxvevaSi. amitom, yvelaze meti riskis Semcveli SemTxvevebi uyuradRebod rCeba. 2007 wels 639 bavSvi gardaicvala prenataluri periodis garTulebebis da Tandayolili anomaliebis gamo. viTareba sikvdilianobis TvalsazrisiT gamosworda 2005 welTan SedarebiT, rodesac 915 bavSvi gardaicvala. winsvla ar SeiniSneba ojaxuri dagegmvis TvalsazrisiT. abortebis ricxvi maRalia da zogadad matebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba nax. 29 abortebis raodenoba 2000-2007 wlebSi (aTasebSi) wyaro: qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, 2008 abortebis (76.4%) umravlesoba 20-34 wlis asakis qalebze modis. 122 nax. 30 abortebis wili asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT bevri iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalis janmrTelobis problema uwinaresad reproduqcias ukavSirdeba. ”iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebs bevri ginekologiuri problema SeeqmnaT im abortebis gamo, romelTa gakeTeba xSir SemTxvevaSi arasamedicino dawesebulebaSi mouxdaT. bavSvis aRzrdis saSulebis ar qonis gamo qalebs eSinodaT bavSvis gaCena.” - interviu saxelmwifo moxelesTan, dalila xoravasTan. sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavadebebi, maT Soris, aiv/Sidsi, genderTanaa dakavSirebuli. es daavadebebi ufro mamakacebTan aris gavrcelebuli. sifilisisa da gonoreas axali SemTxvevebis sixSiris dinamikas wlebis mixedviT araTanmimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs. yvelaze meti SemTxveva 2005 wels, xolo yvelaze cota 2007 wels dafiqsirda. 123 kacebi qalebi nax. 31 sifilisisa da gonoreis axali SemTxvevebi wyaro: Sromis, janmrTelobis da socialuri dacvis saministro reproduqciuli janmrTelobis gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, SidsiT inficirebulTa ricxvi saqarTveloSi 2005 wels 50-s Seadgenda erT milion mosaxleze, rac ufro maRali maCvenebelia regionis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. is 20-is tolia azerbaijanSi, da odnav ufro maRali somxeTSi, sadac 30-is tolia. Sidsis registrirebuli SemTxvevebis ricxvi swrafad izrdeba aiv kacebSi aiv qalebSi Sidsi kacebSi Sidsi qalebSi nax.32 aiv-as da Sidsis axali SemTxvevebi wyaro: qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, 2006 da 2008 124 2008 wlis agvistosaTvis, 1726 SemTxveva aRinusxa, aqedan inficirebulTa Soris 75.6 procenti kacia, maTi asaki 29-dan 40 wlamdea. avadmyofobis gadamdebi mizezebi kacebSi ZiriTadad (50.8%) saziaro ineqcias ukavSirdeba da is upiratesad narkomanebSia gavrcelebuli, xolo qalebTan gavrcelebis upirates wyaros (31.6%) sqesobrivi urTierToba warmoadgens. daavadebulTa sikvdilianoba 371-s utoldeba. mamakacebi tuberkuloziT qalebze ufro metad avaddebian. aRiniSneba tuberkulozis SemTxvevabis mateba. 2006 weli gamonaklisi iyo, roca SemTxvevaTa ricxvma odnav iklo. 2007 wels, tuberkulozis 6,450 SemTxveva dafiqsirda. mamakacebTan infeqciis farTod gavrcelebis erT-erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom cixis, sadac tuberkulozi Zalze gavrcelebulia, ZiriTad binadrebs mamkacebi Seadgenen. kacebi qalebi nax.33 tuberkulozis SemTxvevebi wyaro: statistikis departamenti 125 fsiqikuri aSlilobebi msoflioSi avadmyofobis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgens. maTi uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis siZliere ganisazRvreba ara mxolod im tanjviT, romelsac daavadebuli adamiani ganicdis, aramed aseve maTi zemoqmedebiT avadmyofis ojaxsa da mTlianad sazogadoebaze. stigmisa da ekonomikuri sirTuleebis gamo fsiqikuri aSlilobebis registrirebul SemTxvevaTa raodenoba bevrad Camouvardeba realurad arsebul SemTxevaTa raodenobas. 2007 wels fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone 106,921 adamiani iyo registrirebuli saqarTveloSi (globaluri iniciativa fsiqiatriaSi - Tbilisi, 2008). saqarTveloSi fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi erT avadmyofze gamoyofili Tanxis odenoba Zalze mcirea da is 0.9 saerTaSoriso dolars Seadgens. SedarebisTvis, somxeTSi es cifri 5.5-ia, bulgareTSi 12, safrangeTSi ki 90. fsiqikuri daavadebis registrirebuli SemTxvevebis ricxvi matulobs. aRricxvaze ayvanilTa Soris Warboben mamakacebi. genderuli gansxvaveba SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom Sizofreniis SemTxvevaSi ufro xSirad mimarTaven samedicino dawesebulebas, vidre SedarebiT naklebad mZime aSlilobebis dros, Sizofrenia ki mamakacebSi ufroa gavrcelebuli. kacebi qalebi nax. 34 fsiqikuri aSlilobis axali SemTxvevebi wyaro: qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, 2006 da 2008 126 fsiqiatriuli problemebis bunebac gansxvavebulia mamakacisa da qalis SemTxvevaSi. ”maniakalur-depresiuli fsiqozebi, depresia da isteria ufro Warbobs qalebSi, xolo mamakacebSi - Sizofrenia”. - interviu fsiqiatr maia xundaZesTan. SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi seriozul dabrkolebas uqmnis adamians imuSaos da datkbes cxovrebiT. is xSirad socialur izolacias da depresias iwvevs. 2004 wlis monacemebiT 213, 184 fizikuri, gonebrivi an qronikuli daavdebiT gamowveuli SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piria registrirebuli saqarTveloSi, saidanac 13.9 procenti invalidobis pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba (”Zalian mZime”), 65.6 procenti meores (”mZime”) da 15.5 procenti ki mesames (”saSualo”). Tumca, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianTa realuri raodenoba bevrad aRemateba oficialur monacemebs da igi eqspertebis SefasebiT 400,000 unda iyos. SezRudul SesaZleblobebis mqoned pirvelad cnobil pirTa Soris qalebi mcire odenobiT (51.8% 2007 wels) Warboben kacebs. omis veterani; samsaxureobri vi travma; SezRuduli SesaZlebloba; dabadebidan invalidi; qronikuli daavadeba; nax. 35 invalidoba mizezebis mixedviT 838,130 adamiani, anu qveynis mosaxlebis 19.2 procenti iRebs rva sxvadasxva saxis pensias saxelmwifosgan. qali pensionerebis raodenoba TiTqmis orjer (64.6%) aRemateba mamakac pensionerTa raodenobas (35.4%). 127 kaci qali nax. 36 mamakaci da qali pensionerebis procentuli maCvenebeli wyaro: statistikis departamenti pensionerebis umravlesoba (70.3%) iRebs xadnazmulobis pensias. sxva; represirebuli; bavSvobidan invalidoba; marCenaldakarguli; samxedro; xandazmuloba; avadmyofoba; sqema 37 pensiebis struqtura 128 mosaxleobis garkveul umweo nawils saxelmwifo aZlevs daxmarebas. 2007 wels 12,306,400 lari iqna gamoyofili da eqvs sxvadasxva tipis daxmarebaze iqna daniSnuli. maTgan yvelaze didi wili (52.3%) martoxela pansionerebze modis. invalidebi; invalidi bavSvebi; 7 an meti Sviliani ojaxebi; martoxela pensionerebi; ojaxebi ayvanili SvilebiT; nax. 38 saxelmwifo daxmarebis struqtura 2007 wels qveyanaSi sul oTxi moxucTa da SezSezRudulTa TavSesafaria. 2007 wels iq 637 adamiani iyo ganTavsebuli. sul 1,182,200 lari, anu 1855 lari (daaxloebiT 1,300 aSS dolari) sulze weliwadSi iyo maTze gamoyofili. janmrTelobis politika araproporciuladaa fokusirebuli mkurnalobaze, prevencia ki faqtiurad ugulvebelyofilia. Sedegad mosaxleobaSi ar arsebobs saTanado codna janmrTelobis sakiTxebsa da cxovrebis jansaR stilze. mamakacebi qalebTan SedarebiT ufro arajansaR cxovrebas ewevian. mamakacebis 79.7 procenti da qalebis 19.4 procenti Rebulobs sam Wiqa alkoholur sasmels regularulad (Chi-Square 2.8; ; df 3, p<.001) (gamokiTxva). mowevas gansxvavebuli zegavlena aqvs mamakacsa da qalze. mowevis Sedegad kibos gaCenis, gulisa da sasunTqi gzebis daavadebebis riski matulobs orive sqesis SemTxvevaSi, magram Tambaqos zemoqmedeba ufro bevrad uaryofiTia qalebisTvis. qal mwevelebs filtvis kibos gaCenis meti safrTxe emuqrebaT, vidre mwevel qalebs mamakacebs. metic, moweva moqmedebs 129 qalis reproduqciul sistemaze da mas SeuZlia orsulobasTan dakavSirebuli garTulebebis gamowveva, aseve nayofierebis Semcireba. (Convay, Ahern & Steuernagel, 2005). amave dros, varjiSis an zogadad fizikur datvirTvis Zalze dabal fonze kacebi qalebTan SedarebiT mainc ufro metad varjiSoben (26.7% mamakacebi da 12.3% qalebi) (Chi-Square 38.7; df 3, p<.001), fexiT dadian (mamakacebis 90.0% da qalebis 87.4%) (Chi-Square 22.4; df 2, p<.001) da fizikurad Sromoben (72.1% mamakacebi da 58.4 qalebi) (Chi-Square 29.8; df 2, p<.001). ekonomikuri pirobebi xalxs saSualebas ar aZlevs wavidnen dasasveneblad. mamakacebTan (25.7%) SedarebiT metma qalma (31.3%) moaxerxa dasasveneblad wasvla bolo 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi (Chi-Square 29.8; df 2, p<.001), rac albaT bavSvebis dasasveneblad gayvanis aucileblobiT aixsneba (gamokiTxva). avadmyofobasTan, SezRudul SesaZleblobebTan da asakTan erTad Zaladobac amcirebs adamianur kapitals. Zaladoba mamakacebsa da qalebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas warmoadgens. mamakacebi qalebze ufro agresiulebi arian (Maccoby, 1963). isini ufro xSirad arian, rogorc moZaladeebi, aseve Zaladobis msxverpli. omebi, eTnikuri Tu saTemo konfliqtebi mamakacis sicocxles da janmrTelobas damatebiT safrTxes uqnmian. mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi, moZaladeebi ufro xSirad ucxo pirebi, xolo qalebis SemTxvevaSi ki axloblebi, xSirad meuRleebi arian. ojaxuri Zaladoba genderuli uTanasworobis ukidures SemTxvevad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. ”ojaxuri Zaladoba aris ZalauflebisaTvis brZolisa da genderuli uTanasworobis ilustracia. erTi adamiani Tavs uflebas aZlevs cemos, dasajos an aRzardos meore adamiani; es imas niSnavs, rom erTi meores Tavis Tanasworad ar Tvlis” - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar sabedaSvilTan. garda adamianis uflebaTa problemisa, ojaxuri Zaladoba sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis problemasac warmoadgens. Zaladobis msxverplni xSirad hospitalizacias an eqimis meTvalyureobas saWiroeben. fizikur zianis garda, Zaladobas fsiqologiuri zianic moaqvs, rac depresias da sxva fsiqikur aSlilobas iwvevs. Zaladoba azianebs qalis reproduqciul unars, iwvevs orsulobis Sewyvetas, mkvdrad Sobas da mcirewoniani bavSvis dabadebas. ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis aRricxva yvela qveyanaSi arasrulyofilia da arc saqarTveloa am mxriva gamonaklisi. ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli kanonis SemoRebis winaaRmdegni argumentad imas moixmobdnen, rom 130 saqarTveloSi ojaxuri Zaladoba farTod araa gavrcelebuli da amdenad ver xedavdnen kanonis SemoRebis aucileblobas, magram iyo ufro ukiduresi mosazrebebic. rogorc erTma respondentma aRniSna: ”ar arsebobda ojaxur Zaladobaze kanonis miRebis saWiroeba. Tu mamakaci aRiarebulia ojaxis Tavad, xolo qali mas emorCileba, aranairi problema aRar warmoiSva. policieli ver uSvelis ojaxur Zaladobas” - interviu mamakac notariusTan. informacia ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis zust raodenobaze ar arsebobs. 2007 wels, policiam aRnusxa ojaxuri Zaladobis 2388 SemTxveva, maTTan mimarTebaSi, 493 aRmkveTi brZanebuleba gamovida (subari, 2008). 1999 da 2005 wlebSi Catarebulma saqarTvelos reproduqciuli janmrTelobis kvlevam gamoavlina, rom am saxis Zaladoba miCumaTebulia. aseve aRmoCnda, rom aRnusxuli ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis ricxvi bolo 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi (2.0%) da mTeli siscocxlis ganmavlobaSi (5%) gacilebiT dabalia sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. es dabali maCvenebeli nawilobriv SeiZleba aixsnas saqarTveloSi arsebuli ufro mkacri kulturuli SezRudvebiT, romlebic xels uSlian qals Tavi aRiaros Zaladobis msxverplad. rac Seexeba Cveni gamokiTxvis respondentebs mamakacebze (24.4%) meti qali (31.5%) aRiarebs, rom icnobs ojaxebs, sadac qmari fizikur Seuracxyofas ayeneben cols (Chi-Square 6.9; df 2, p<.05). mamakacebisa da qalebis erTnairi raodenoba miuTiTebs, rom icnobs dedebs, romlebic Svilebs cemen (39.6%), mamebs, romlebic Svilebs cemen (27.3%) da sadac ojaxis xandazmul wevrebs ayeneben fizikur Seuracxyofas (15.7%). miuxedavad imisa, rom orivem - mamakacebmac da qalebmac ician Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba, maTi damokidebuleba Zaladobis mimarT gansxvavebulia. Tumca mamakacebi da qalebi erTnairad (90.0%) miiCneven, rom miuRebelia 10-15 wlis bavSvis cema aRmzrdelobiTi mizniT, maTi damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia (Chi-Square 8.9; df 2, p<.05) mamakacis mier colis cemis mimarT Ralatis SemTxvevaSi - es misaRebad miaCnia mamakacebis 25.0 da qalebis 19.0 procents. ojaxuri Zaladoba miCneulia pirad da ojaxis saqmed. bevri Tvlis, rom Zaladobis SemTxevaSi qalma policias ar unda mimarTos. Tumca, ufro meti qali (72.0%), vidre mamakaci (51.0%) momxrea, rom qalma raime iRonos ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi. amgvar saSualebaTa Soris yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben gayras, daxmarebis Ziebas ojaxis wevrebsa da naTesavebTan. 131 kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis aRmofxvris, mis msxverplTa dacvisa da mxardaWeris Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 2006 wlis maisSi. am kanonis miReba win gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens ZaladobasTan brZolaSi, magram misi mxardamWeri sistemis amoqmedebis gareSe misi qmedunarianoba eWvs iwvevs. kanoni moiTxovs TavSesafrebisa da socialuri samsaxurebis Camoyalibebas. saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli TavSesafrebis gaxsna dagegmili iyo 2008 wlis ianvarSi, magram es ar ganxorcielda. dRemde orad-ori TavSesafari funqcionirebs dedaqalaqSi, romelTac saerTaSoriso organizaciebis dafinansebiT arasamTavrobo organizaciebi uZRvebian, am TavSesafrebis SesaZleblobebi Zalze mwiria. ”am kanonis miRebis mere bevri sarCeli Sevida administraciul sasamarTloSi damcveli da aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis moTxovniT. gacilebiT meti sarCelia Sesuli Tbilisis sasamarTloebSi raionulebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom raionebSi meti Zaladobrivi danaSauli xdeba” - interviu mosamarTlesTan, rusudan WanturiZesTan. qalis mimarT ganxorcielebul sisxlis samarTlis sxva danaSaulebSi wamyvani adgili gaupatiurebas da motacebas ukavia. 2007 wels 258 gaupatiurebis SemTxveva an mcdeloba iyo registrirebuli. es monacemi orjer aRemateba im 180 SemTxvevas, romelic wina wels dafiqsirda. 2006, 326, xolo 2007 wels 238 motacebis SemTxveva iqna aRnusxuli. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc samarTaldamcavi sistema, aseve sazgadoeba SedarebiT Semwynareblur damokidebulebas avlens am tipis danaSaulis mimarT. xSirad mxareebi SeTanxmebas aRweven da Sedegad SemTxveva sasamarTlomde ar midis. 2007 wels 258 registrirebuli SemTxvevidan mxolod 89 iqna ganxiluli sasamarTloSi da aqedan 35 SemTxvevaSi iqna kanondamrRvevi damnaSaved cnobili. kerZo sfero araa erTaderTi adgili, sadac aRiniSneba qalis winaaRmdeg danaSauli. mas xSirad vawydebiT samuSao adgilebSi. dasaqmebis araformaluri seqtori, sadac qalebi didi raodenobiT muSaoben, saxelmwifos mier arc regulirdeba da arc kontrolirdeba. ”qalis diskriminacia aSkaraa ZiZebis, damlageblebis, quCis gamyidvelebis da sezonuri muSakebis SemTxvevebSi. qalebs ara aqvT didi arCevani. isini iZulebulni arian, imoqmedon viTarebis Sesatyvisad, romelime ”quCis avtoritetis” an policielis CareviT; maT ician, rogor daicvan Tavi” - interviu eqspertTan Tamar sabedaSvilTan. 132 trefikingi diskriminaciis kidev erT ukidures formas warmoadgens. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebasTan erTad gaizarda trefikingisa da prostituciis SemTxvevebi. 2007 wels registrirebuli iyo 29 trefikingis SemTxveva, aqedan 14 qalis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. prostitucia kanoniT akrZaluli araa, mxolod saroskipos mowyoba da bavSvTa prostituciaa dasjadi (sanikiZe, l. da sxvebi, 2006). danaSauli iwvevs ara marto msxverplis, aramed aseve damnaSavis adamianuri kapitalis Semcirebas. danaSauli gacilebiT maRalia mamakacebSi, qalebTan SedarebiT da is dRiTidRe matulobs. 2006 wels dafiqsirda 228 qalis mier Cadenli danaSauli da 17,575 mamakacis mier Cadenili danaSauli, maSin, rodesac 2007 wlis pirveli rva Tvis ganmavlobaSi qalebis mier Cadenil danaSaulTa raodenobam ukve 254-s miaRwia, mamakacebisam ki - 15,422 ( Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier 02.10. 2007 da iusticiis saministros mier 17.10 2007 mowodebuli informacia). patimarta ricxvi saqarTveloSi Zalze didia. 2007 wlis ivlisisTvis maTi raodenoba Seadgenda 401 adamians yovel 100,000 mosaxleze. sxva qveynebSi Sesabamisi ricxvebi aseTia: 760 aSS-Si, 528 ruseTSi, 202 azerbaijanSi, 104 somxeTSi, 112 TurqeTSi, 163 bulgareTSi da 92 saberZneTSi. 2003-dan 2006 wlamde dapatimrebul adamianTa ricxvma imata rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi, magram mateba ufro metad qalebSi moxda, ramac gazarda qalebis wili cixeSi. 2003 wels, 147 qali patimrobaSi myofTa (6137) 2.4 procents, xolo 2004 wels, 191 qali patimarTa (7750) 2,5 procents, 2006 wels ki, 323 qali patimarTa (9064) 3,6 procents Seadgenda. 2007 wlis oqtombrisaTvis 14,519 mamakaci da 577 qali iyo cixeSi; kidev 8562 mamakaci da 211 qali imyofeboda winaswar patimrobaSi. amdenad, qalebi Seadgendnen msjavrdebulTa 3.8 procents, 2.5 procenti ki sasamarTlos ganCinebas eloda. SedarebisaTvis qali patimrebis wili a.S.S.-Si 2002 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, 6.8 procents Seadgenda. 578 patimar qze xelmisawvdomi informaciis safuZvelze, patimari qalebis yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli, 42.6 procenti modis ekonomikur danaSaulze, rogoricaa qurdoba, 41.0 procenti narkotikebTan dakavSirebul danaSaulze da 7.4 procenti ZaladobasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulze. 133 qrTami; 1,90% sxva; narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli danaSauli; dasaqmebis uflebebis darRveva; Tavisuflebis ukanono SezRudva; Zaladobrivi danaSauli ekonomikuri danaSauli; nax. 39 qalebis mier Cadenil danaSaulis struqtura ganaTleba ganaTleba adamianis mniSvnelovan resurs warmoadgens. es upiratesoba, romelic SeiZleba miewerebodes konkretul adamianebsa Tu adamianTa jgufebs. ganaTleba sxvadasxva adamianma SeiZleba gansxvavebulad gamoiyenos, gamomdinare misi socializaciisa da arsebuli mxardaWeridan airCios garkveuli kariera (Convey, Ahern, Steuernagel, 2005). meritokratiul sazogadoebaSi, anu, iseTSi, sadac adamiani misi codnis, unarebis, SesaZleblobebis da ara eTnikuri warmomavlobis, gavleniani megobrebisa Tu sqesis mixedviT fasobs, da rogoriskenac saqarTvelo, miiswrafis rom iyos ganaTleba did Rirebulebas warmoadgens. ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba cxovrebis xarisxis erTerTi Zireuli ganzomilebaa. saqarTveloSi ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli viTareba tradiciulad kargi iyo. is erT-erT ZiriTad Rirebulebad aris miCneuli. bavSvis janmrTeloba, ganviTareba da kargi ganaTleba ojaxis umniSvnelovanes mizans warmoadgens, romlis misaRwevadac ojaxi mzad aris bevr rameze uari Tqvas (Hentschel,U., Sumbadze, N. & Schoon, I. 2001). 134 saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT saqarTvelos ganaTlebis maRali maCveneblebi aqvs. am mxeriv kargi mdgomareobaa genderul TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSic. ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 2” dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs, magram arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare - 2003 wels dawyebiT klasebSi Caricxuli iyo Sesabamisi asakis bavSvebis 97.3 procenti, mizani saqarTvelosTvis Secvlil iqna da aseTi formulireba SeiZina: ”saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemebis ganviTarebuli qyeynebis sistemebTan daaxloeba xarisxis zrdisa da instituciuri ganviTarebis meSveobiT” (”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi, 2004). 2007-2008 saswavlo wels saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 1462 skola, sadac 614,666 moswavle swavlobda. kerZo skolebi 10.0 procents Seadgenda, da iq moswavleTa 6.2 procenti swavlobda. qveyanaSi skolaTa 16.1 procents (396 skola) araqarTuli skolebi Seadgenen. iq qveynis moswavleTa 12.4 procenti (76,295 moswavle) swavlobs. qarTuli saskolo sistema samdoniania: dawyebiTi (pirveli-mexuTe klasi), sabazo (meeqvse-merve klasi) da saSualo (mecxre-meTormete klasi). dawyebiT klasebSi aris moswavleTa 41.4 procenti, sabazoSi 27.6 procenti, xolo saSualoSi 30.9 procenti. araqarTul skolebSi Tanafardoba cota gansxvavebulia, iq moswavleTa wili dawyebiT klasebSi ufro maRalia, xolo sabazo da saSualo klasebSi ki ufro dabali vidre mTlianad qveynaSi. dawyebiTi sabazo saSualo nax. 40 moswavleTa raodenoba doneebis mixedviT 135 gamokiTxvis monacemebi asaxaven mosaxleobis ganaTlebis maRal dones. respondentebis daaxloebiT naxevars (mamakacebis 46.7% da qalebis 46.5%) umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT mesamedi (30.1%) miuTiTebs, rom SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba, maTgan 55.0 procenti internetis momxmarebelia. respondentebi, qalebi da kacebi erTnairad (70.8%) ganaTlebis micemis upiratesobas erTnairad niWieri qaliSvilisa da vaJiSvilis yolis SemTxvevaSi, vaJiSvils aniWeben. genderuli gansxvaveba SeimCneva im SemTxvevebSi, roca Svilebs gansxvavebuli monacemebi aqvT. mamakacebTan SedarebiT (73.7%) ufro meti qalia (79.2%) imis momxre, rom qaliSvils misces ganaTleba, rodesac gogona Zmaze ufro niWieria (Chi-Square 7.6; df 2, p<.05). saqarTveloSi 156 universitetia, aqedan 19 saxelmwifo da 138 kerZo. universitetebi Zalian araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli qveynis teritoriaze maTi didi nawili (69.9%), anu 9 saxelmwifo da 100 kerZo, dedaqalaqSi mdebareobs. raWa-leCxumis garda, yvela regionSi erTi umaRlesi saswavlebeli mainc funqcionirebs. qvemo qarTli; afxazeTi; Sida qarTli; aWara; samcxejavaxeTi; mcxeTamTianeTi; kaxeTi; samegrelozemo svaneTi; Tbilisi; guria; imereTi; nax. 41 universitetebis ganlageba regionebis mixedviT wyaro: mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministro 136 2007 wels universtitetebSi miRebuli studentebidan (37,455 adamiani gaerTianda sabakalavro da samagistro programebSi) 64.6 procenti Cairicxa saxelmwifo da 35.4 procenti ki kerZo universitetSi. ganaTlebis reformis mizani, rogorc es aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebSia asaxuli, aris evropul da amerikul saganmanaTleblo sistemebTan harminizacia. saqarTvelo gaxda boloniis procesis monawile, rac iTvaliswinebs arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis Secvlas, ise rom miRweul iqnes xarisxebis saerTaSoriso aRiareba, sabakalavro da samagistro kursebze dayrdnobiT samecniero xarisxebis erTiani sistemis danergva. studentebis raodenoba TiTqmis orjer metia saxelmwifo universitetebSi, kerZo universitetebTan SedarebiT, rogorc bakalavriatis (63.9 % saxelmwifo da 36.1% kerZo universitetebSi), aseve samagistro (64.4% saxelwifo da 35.6% kerZo universitetebSi) programebSi. samagistro programaSi miRebuli studentebis raodenoba Seadgenda mTlianad miRebuli studentebis 10.2 procents. universitetis kurs damTavrebuli da studenti qalebis ricxvi odnav Warbobs mamakacebisas. 2007-2008 akademiuri wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo da kerZo universitetebSi CaricxulTagan qalebi Seadgenen 56.5 procents sabakalavro, 55. 3 procents samagistro, 42.2 procents profesiuli ganaTlebis programebSi da 67.5 procents doqtoranturaSi. genderi zegavlenas axdens profesiis SerCevaze. ufro meti qalia pedagogiur profesiebSi, enaTmecnierebaSi da JurnalistikaSi, Tumca dRiTidRe matulobs qalebis raodenoba iuridiul profesiaSi. rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo universitetebSi bevrad ufro meti TanamSromelia dasaqmebuli. pedagogiuri Statis umravlesoba (71.1%) saxelmwifo universitetebSi muSaobs. qalebi (54.9%) Warboben mamakac profesorebs. es Zalian maRali maCvenebelia aSS-s universitetebis profesorTa genderuli ganawilebasTan SedarebiTac ki. magram amerikis msgavsad, qalebis ufro didi nawilia koncentrirebulia SedarebiT dabal akademiur Tanamdebobebze. saqarTvelos univesitetebSi qalebi asistent-profesorebis 66.7 procents (45.0% aSS-Si), asocirebuli profesorebis 50.8 procents (35.3% aSS-Si) da sruli profesorebis mxolod 30.2 procents (20.8% aSS-Si) Seadgenen. qveyanaSi arsebuli ori samecniero xarisxi, mecnierebaTa kandidatis da doqtoris Secvala erTma, doqtoris xarisxma. adre miniWebuli kandidatis 137 xarisxi doqtorisas gautolda. 2007 wels doqturanturis studentTa Soris qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen (59.9%). bevr disciplinaSi xarisxis dacvis procedurebi jer kidev Camoyalibebis safexurzea. amas miewereba 2007 wels sadoqtoro naSromis dacvis dabali maCvenebeli - 44. doqtoris xarisxis miniWebulTa Soris 59.1 procents qalebi Seadgenen. saganmanaTleblo sistemis reformam mkvlevarTa ricxvis mkveTri Semcireba gamoiwvia. mkvlevarTa Taobaze arsebuli uaxlesi monacemebi 2005 wels miekuTvneba. amasTan, monacemebi, romelic ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom da statistikis departamentma mogvawoda, yvela SemTxvevaSi ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. arsebobs 66 mkleviTi instituti, romelTa samecniero kvlviTi Stati 2005 wels TanamSromelTa 58.4 procents Seadgenda. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mecnier muSakebis ricxvi TiTqmis ganaxevrda, 6860 mecnier muSakidan 1994 wels, is davida 3976-mde 2005 wels (ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros monacemebi). mecnier muSaki qalebis ricxvma mamakacebis ricxvze metad iklo. 2003 wels qalebi samecniero Statis 61.9 procents Seadgendnen, 2005 wels ki 50.5 procents (wyaro:qali da mamakaci, 2006). garda imisa, rom nebismier samsaxureobriv garemoSi samsaxuridan daTxovna qalebs ufro metad emuqrebaT, qalebis samsaxureobriv winsvlas damatebiT dabrkolebas uqmnis ”minis Weri”. akademiur ierarqiaSi qalebs ufro dabali safexuri ukaviaT. 2005 wels qalebi samecniero kvleviTi Statis mecnierebaTa kandidatebis daaxloebiT naxevars, magram mecnierebaTa doqtorTa mxolod meoTxeds Seadgendnen. mecnierebaTa akademiis 135 wevridan mxolod cxra aris qali (n. javaxiSvili eqsperimentuli morfologia, a. kalandaZe - enaTmecniereba da literatura, q. lomTaTiZe, enaTmecniereba da literatura, T. yauxCiSvili - filologia, e. qemerteliZe - farmakologia, m. lorTqifaniZe - istoria, m. andronikaSvili - enaTmecniereba, T. dekanosiZe - fiziologia da eqsperimentuli medicina, da m. SaniZe - ena da literature. wyaro: www.acnet.ge. 138 xarisxis gareSe kandidati doqtori nax. 42 mecnier-muSakebis raodenoba kvleviT institutebSi mamakaci mkvlevarebi yvela qveyanaSi qal mkvlevarebze ufro produqtuli arian. makobis mixedviT (Maccoby, 1963) amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos motivaciis an drois nakleboba, an raime saxis SezRudva. Tumca monacemebi uCvenebs, rom is qalebi, visac ojaxi ar yavs, ar gansxvavdebian maTgan, vinc daojaxebulia, roca saqme produqtulobas exeba. amdenad, drois ukmarisoba ar unda iyos amis mizezi. mecnieruli produqtuloba ufro mkvlevaris analitikuri SesaZleblobebiT ganisazRvreba. mamakacisa da qalis inteleqt Soris mTlianobaSi gansxvaveba ar aris, magram arsebobs mkveTri gansxvaveba zogierTi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. mamakacebi qalebze ukeTesi analitikuri unariT gamoirCevian, maT sivrculi azrovnebis ukeTesi unari aqvT, naklebad arian velze damokidebuli da nakleb rigidulebi arian (Witkin, 1954). mamakacebi bunebiT qalebze ufro agresiulebi arian, rac dominantobasa da iniciativaSi vlindeba. qalebi informacias gansxvavbulad arTmeven Tavs; maTi azrovneba naklebad analitikuria, is ufro globaluri da konser139 vatulia. qalebi aseve ufro metad inrteresdebian sxva adamianebis SexedulebebiT, imiT, Tu ras fiqroben maTze sxvebi da metad eqcevian sxvaTa azris gavlenis qveS, ufro metad eqvemdebarebian viTarebis moTxovnebs. socialuri kapitali socialuri kapitali socialur qselSi wevrobiT miRebul sikeTes gulisxmobs (Narayan, 2000). es metad mniSvnelovani resursia, romelic adamians dasaxuli miznis miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. adamianebi erTiandebian socialur qselebSi raTa daikmayofilon Tavis moTxovnilebebi, aisrulon survilebi da sxvebis daxmarebiT TavisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxadon SezRuduli resursebi. socialuri qseli ganisazRvreba im adamianebiT, visTanac pirovneba uSualod urTierTobs da am adamianebis urTierTkavSirebiT (Boissevain, 1974). qselis wesebi urTierTgacvlas gulisxmobs, ase rom, garda imisa, rom qselis wevroba resursia, is mis wevrebisgan aseve moiTxovs maT xelT arsebuli resursebis gaziarebas. adamianebi moelian sakuTari garemocvisgan daxmarebas, rogorc mwvave krizisis SemTxvevaSi, aseve yoveldRiuri problemebis gadaWraSi. imis aRqma, rom mxardaWera ar arsebobs, an am mxardaWeris realurad ganuxorcieleba uaryofiTad moqmedebs sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze (Lynch, 1979; Uchino, Cacioppo & Kiecolt-Glazer, 1996). amgvarad socialuri kapitali mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli meore resursTan adamianur kapitalTan. socialuri qselis wevrebs ramdenime gziT SeuZliaT stresis uaryofiTi zegavlenis Sesusteba: maT SeuZliaT uSualod imoqmedon stresorze an adamianze, romelic stresul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. maT SeuZliaT Secvalon pirovnebis mier safrTxis aRqma, SeuZliaT gaaZlieron adamianis unari moerios stress, SeuZliaT adamians yuradReba gadaataninon problemidan sxva rameze (Wallston, Alagna, & De Vellis, 1983). zogadod, qselis wevrebs SeuZliaT materialuri, sainformacio da emociuri daxmarebis gaweva (Walker, Wasserman & Wellman, 1994). qselebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis da gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis mqone. ego-qselebi mxolod im adamianebs aerTianebs, romlebTanac adamians axlo, emociurad datvirTuli urTierTobebi aqvs. ego-qseli gansxvavdeba sxva, potenciurad ufro farTe qselebisgan urTierTobebis tipebis mixedviT, mag. megobruli an profesiuli qselebi. qseli SeiZleba ganvixiloT misi wevrebis raodenobis anu qselis zomis 140 mixedviT; urTierTobis tipis mixedviT-naTesauri/aranaTesauri, megobruli, kolegialuri, da a.S.; emociuri siaxlovis mixedviT - emociuri manZili, qselis wevris mimarT; qselis simWidrovis mixedviT - qselis wevrebis urTierkavSiris xarisxi; kontaqtis sixSiris mixedviT - pirispir da arapirispir kontaqtebis (telefoni, el.fosta da skaipi) raodenoba nebismier qveyanaSi, drois nebismier istoriul monakveTSi da nebismieri adamianisTvis, socialuri qseli Rirebul resurss warmoadgens, magram qselis Tvisebebi da funqciebi mravali faqtoris zegavlenas ganicdian, iqneba es sazogadoebrivi, rogoricaa kultura, socialuri samsaxurebi, socio-ekonomikuri, aseve demografiuli, Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTelebi, rogoricaa sqesi, asaki, adamianuri kapitali. kulturebi SeiZleba daxasiaTebul iqnen, rogorc gansxvavebuli maTi wevrebis urTierTkavSiris odenobiT da wevrebis mier sakuTari jgufis mniSvnelobis Sefasebis mixedviT (Triandis, 1987). socialuri qselebi ufro mniSvnelovania koleqtiuri kulturebisTvis, romlis wevrebi ufro zrunaven urTierTobebze sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris da aseve jgufis SigniT arsebul urTierTobebze, vidre individualur kulturebisaTvis, sadac Rirebulebebi ufro metad piradi miznebis miRwevasTan aris dakavSirebuli. socialur qselebs meti funqciebi aqvT da amave dros, ufro mniSvnelovania adamianis gadarCenisaTvis iseT qveynebSi, sadac ar aris kargad ganviTarebuli socialuri samsaxurebi, radgan iq qselis wevrebs uwevT mTeli rigi iseTi funqciebis, rogoricaa patara bavSvebis, avadmyofebisa da xandazmulTa movla sakuTar Tavze aReba socialurad ufro maRali usafrTxoebis mqone saxelmwifoSi am funqciebs Tavis Tavze sxvadasxva samsaxurebi iReben. istoriuli xana socialuri qselis formirebis kidev erTi faqtoria. socialuri da ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis periodSi, romlis drosac izrdeba stresis zewola adamianze, rodesac Cndeba cvlilebebisadmi morgebis saWiroeba, izrdeba adamianis damokidebuleba socialur qselebze. demografiuli da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da ojaxuri mdgomareoba Zlier zemoqmedebas axdenen socialur qselebze. adamianuri kapitali aseve axdens gavlenas socialur kavSirebze, radgan janmrTeloba da ganaTleba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs adamianis moTxovnilebebs da mis SesaZleblobas wamoiwyos, an SeinarCunos urTierToba. socialuri qseli adamianis sasicocxlo ciklTan erTad icvleba. asakTan erTad garkveukl periodamde matulobs urTierTobaTa ricxvi, romelic piks adreul mozrdilobaSi aRwevs. asakTan erTad aseve icvleba urTierTobebis moTxovnileba, emociuri, fizikuri da xSirad ekonomikuri resursebis 141 gamofitva, sicocxlis bolomde darCenili dro amcirebs ara Tu axali urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis survils, aramed arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCunebis survilsac ki. qalebis qselebi, mamakacebis socialur qselebTan SedarebiT ufro didi zomisaa, ufro Rrma da mravalferovania. amasTan mamakacebi naklebad elian socialuri qselis wevrebisgan daxmarebas da qalebze nakleb arian kmayofili megobrebisa da ojaxis mxardaWeriT (Shmitt & Kurdek, 1985). qarTli kultura im kulturaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTa wevrebi Zlier arian erTmaneTze damokidebuli (Georgas, Berry, & Kagitsibasi, 2006). amdenad, socialuri qselebi Zalze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben admianebis cxovrebaSi da garkveulwilad enacvlebian kidec qveyanaSi arsebul Zalze sust ”sociluri usafrTxoebis” sistemas. socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma, romelic qarTulma sazogadoebam bolo aTweliwadnaxevarSi gamocada, meti moTxovnebi wauyena socialur garemos. bevri ojaxis gadarCena moxerxda im mxardamWeri sistemis wyalobiT, romelic qarTuli sazogadoebis istoriul tradiciebSi Rrmadaa gamjdari. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs daxmarebis gawevis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebi, yvelaze ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jamsac ki. rodesac gamokiTxulebs vTxovdiT daesaxelebinaT yvelaze didi uxerxuloba, romelsac ganicdian ekonomikuri gaWirvebis Jams, yvelaze xSiri pasuxi exeboda socialuri mxardaWeris gawevis SeuZleblobas, Tavyrilobaze daswrebis SeuZleblobas transportirebisa da finansuri daxmarebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis ar qonis gamo. ojaxebi Cveulebriv finansur daxmarebas uweven erTmaneTs ojaxis wevris gardacvalebisas an qorwilSi. soflad erTmaneTs aseve xSirad uweven daxmarebas saxlis aSenebaSi da saojaxo, Tu sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi, rac ”nadis” saxeliT aris cnobili. sanaTesaos gazrda naTlobis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba. naTlia bavSvisTvis mniSvnelovan adamianad iTvleba. is eswreba bavSvis dabadebis dReebsa da mniSvnelovan ojaxur Sekrebebs. naTlia valdebulia saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvs daxmareba gauwios da saCuqrebi aCuqos (Sumbadze, 2006). ojaxebis kulturaTSoriso gamokvleva cxadad adasturebs, Tu raoden afasebs sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi ojaxur da megobrul urTierTobebs. 27 qveynis respondentTa Soris saqarTvelos respondentebi meore adgilze aRmoCndnen axlo naTesavebTan urTierTobis sixSiris mixedviT da pirvelze ojaxis wevrebTan emociuri siaxlovis mixedviT (Georgas, Berry, & Kagitsibasi, 2006). 142 sqesi da asaki did zegavlenas axdens socialur qselebis Camoyalibebaze. saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobis ego-qselebis kvlevisas (Sumbadze, 1999) gamovlinda sqesisa da asakis zegavlena qselis TiTqmis yvela maxasiaTebelze. yvela asakSi qalTa qselebi zomiT bevrad aRemateba Sesabamisi asakis mamakacebis socialur qselebs. naTesauri da aranaTesauri urTierTobebi TiTqmis Tanabradaa warmodgenili ego-qselebSi. aranaTesauri urTierTobebi klebulobs asakTan erTad, amasTan qalebi ufro meta naTesaur kavSirebs asaxeleben, vidre mamakacebi. asakTan erTad qalebTan matulobs, xolo mamakacebTan ki klebulobs naTesauri kavSirebis raodenoba. qalebi agreTve met megobars asaxeleben, vidre mamakacebi, Tumca orives, mamakacisa da qalis SemTxvevaSi, megobrebis raodenoba asakTan erTad klebulobs. mamakacebisaTvis socialur qselTan dakavSirebiT saukeTeso periodi Cans 18-dan 25 wlis asakia. am dros maT yvelaze damakmayofilebeli da axlo urTierTobebi aqvT. qalebisTvis ki es ufro rTuli xanaa, rodesac isini naklebad arian kmayofili TavianTi urTierTobebiT da meti siRrmisaken miiltvian urTierTobebSi. 26 - 45 wlebs Soris xdeba ufro xSirad ojaxis Seqmna da profesiuli ganviTareba, swored am asakobrivi jgufis socialur qselebSi aris warmodgenili yvelaze meti raodenobiT ojaxis wevrebi da TanamSromlebi. adreul mozrdilobasTan SedarebiT, cxovrebis am periodSi qalebi ufro kmayofilebi arian Tavisi Rrma urTierTobebiT. saSualo mozrdiloba Cans, qalebisTvis yvelaze damakmayofilebel periods warmoadgens. gviani mozrdiloba, 45-dan 65 wlis asaki, xasiaTdeba fizikuri resursebis TandaTanobiTi SemcirebiT. gare samyarosgan gamocalkeveba, rac am asaks axasiaTebs, Tavs iCens socialuri garemos Semcirebasa da ego-qselis wevrebisgan distancirebaSi. qalebi ufro momaval Taobaze axdenen koncentrirebas, met mzrunvelobas iCenen SviliSvilebis mimarT. isini ufro kmayofilebi arian naTesauri kavSirebiT. igive periodi mamakacebisTvis gamoirCeva uaryofiTi urTierTobebis simravliT da urTierTobebis zedapirulobiT. dro qalisa da mamakacis resursebze gansxvavebul zemoqmedebas axdens. kacebis tradiciuli resursebi, rogoricaa profesiuli ganviTareba da finansuri mdgradoba izrdeba gviani mozrdilobis pirvel naxevramde mainc, xolo qalebis resursebi, rogoricaa fizikuri momxiblveloba da profesiuli ganviTareba asakTan erTad klebulobs, an ufro neli tempiT viTardeba, imis gamo, rom isini met dros uTmobdnen ojaxs cxovrebis ufro adreul periodSi. amiT aixsneba is, Tu ratomaa Zneli qalisTvis maRali Tanmdebobis dakaveba an ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi xelaxla gaTxoveba. 143 ZiriTadi sakiTxebSi adamianuri da socialuri kapitali didad gansazRvravs adamianis keTildReobas, mis sesaZleblobas imuSaos da datkbes cxovrebiT. qalebi da mamakacebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian im Tvisebebisa da saWiroebebis mixedviT, rac adamianur da socialuri kapitalTan aris dakavSirebuli. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mosaxleobis janmrTeloba Zlier gauaresda. saxelmwifo programebisa da janmrTlobis dazRvevis mcire moculobis gamo adamianebi jandacvis dawesebulebebs xSirad mxolod maSin mimarTaven, rodesac gankurneba ukve SeuZlebelia. janmrTelobis dacvaze biujetSi Zalze mcire Tanxaa gamoyofili da isic TiTqmis mTlianad mkurnalobazea mimarTuli, xolo prevenciuli medicina saxsrebis gareSea darCenili. qalebis ganaTlebis done qveyanaSi aRemateba mamakacebisas. ganaTlebis nebismier doneze qali studentebi raodenobrivad Warboben mamakac studentebs. qalebis wili aseve metia umaRles saswavleblebis pedagogiur Stats Soris, Tumca met mamakacs ukavia ufro maRali akademiuri Tanamdeboba. mamakacisa da qalis socialuri kapitali gansxvavebulia mozrdilobis sxvadasxva safexurze, urTierTobebiT mamakacebi yvelaze metad kmayofilni arian adreuli, xolo qalebi ki saSualo mozrdilobis periodSi. 144 Tavi 7 win gadasadgmeli nabijebi genderuli uTanasworoba qveyanaSi aRiarebulia, rogorc arsebuli realoba, magram ara rogorc problema. mas miiCneven ufro kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilad da amdenad, misi Semcirebis nebismieri mcdeloba aRiqmeba, rogorc tradiciuli RirebulebebisTvis safrTxis Semqmneli. genderuli uTanasworoba Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli, Tumca yovelTvis ar aris cxadia da advilad amosacnobi. qveynis adamianis sayovelTao uflebebis pativiscemisa da evropasTan integraciisken miswrafebis demonstrirebas warmoadgens is, rom saqarTvelo aris genderul Tanasworobaze mimarTuli TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso dokumentis xelmomwerTa Soris. qveynis kanonmdebloba genderis TvalsazrisiT neitraluria da ar iZleva sqesis niadagze diskriminaciis saSualebas, magram saerTaSoiso dokumentebis Tu kanonebis ganxorcieleba umetesad formalur xasiaTis atarebs, xolo diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saqmianobebi ar aris gamagrebuli arc samoqmedo gegmebiT da arc biujetiT. qveynis mTavari politikuri dokumentebi, rogoricaa ”saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe” da ”evropuli samezoblo politika” ar arian fokusirebuli genderul sakiTxebze. aseve ar arsebobs mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo uwyeba, romlis misiac genderuli Tanasworobis mxardaWeriTa da monitoringiT ganisazRvreba. parlamentSi parlamentis Tavmjdomaris xelmZRvanelobis qveS genderuli Tanasworobis sakonsultacio sabWos Camoyalibeba da saqarTvelos parlamentis mier genderuli Tanasworobis koncefciis miReba wingadadgmul nabijebad aris miRebuli, magram aRmasrulebel doneze, genderuli sakiTxebis komisiis umoqmedebobis gamo genderuli Tanasworobis koncefciis ganxorcieleba naklebadaa mosalodneli. viTarebis gasaumjobeseblad uaRresad mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis cnobierebis Secvla, qalis Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebisa da SesaZleblobebisTvis saTanado mniSvnelobis miniWeba. Camoyalibebul da ganxorcielebul unda iqnes ufro efeqturi saxelmwifo politika, romelic gamiznuli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevaze. genderuli Tanasworoba ar unda iqnes ganxiluli izolirebulad, radgan is faseulobebis ufro farTe speqtris nawilia. magram, sanam irRveva adamianis uflebebi, sanam adamiani, misi keTildReoba da uflebebi ar gaxdeba qveynis ganviTarebis politikis wamyvani principi, Cven ar unda velodeT radikalur 145 cvlilebebs arc genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis da arc aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis miRwevis gzaze. genderuli uTanasworoba Tavs iCens rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise kerZo sarbielze. es ori sfero ar aris erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli, da cvlileba erTSi sabolo jamSi iwvevs clilebas meoreSi. sazogadoebrivi sarbieli mamakacis prioritetadaa miCneuli, qalisad ki - kerZo. magram uTanasworoba xSirad swored kerZo sferoSi ufro vlindeba. problemas Tavad uTanasworobaze metad warmoadgens is Rirebuleba, romelic am or sferos miewereba. samuSao saxlis gareT, romelsac tradiciulad mamakaci asrulebs, ufro metadaa dafasebuli, vidre qalis saxlSi Sroma. bolo TxuTmeti weli aRiniSna dadebiTi cvlilebebiT genderuli TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSi. es cvlilebebi gapirobebul iyo ara saxelmwifo politikiT, aramed socialuri cvlilebebiT da mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobasTan morgebis aucileblobiT. am mdgomareobam aiZula qalebi aqtiurad Cabmuliyvnen Semosavlis momtan SromiT saqmianobaSi. ekonomikurma damoukideblobam, rac Zalauflebis myar safuZvels warmoadgens, gazarda qalis resursebi da is sazogadoebriv sferoSi ufro maRal safexurze aiyvana. cvlilebis kidev erT Zlier faqtors modernizacia da informaciis xelmisawvdomoba warmoadgens, rac televiziis, internetis da skaipis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. maT mniSvnelonad Secvales Sexedulebebi, mraval sakiTxTan, maT Soris genderTan mimarTebaSi. jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli gendruli samarTlianobis misaRwevad. qvemoT CamoTvililia zogierTi is nabiji, romelic am mimarTulebiT unda iqnes gadadgmuli. aq ar iqneba saubari iseT aSkara da farTo masStabis RonisZiebebze, rogoricaa siRaribis daZleva an usafrTxoebis qselis Seqmna, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ufro specifiur RonisZiebebze, romelTac SeuZliaT wvlilis Setana genderuli Tanasworobis saqmeSi, Tanasworobis mimarT damokidebulebis SecvlaSi, qalTa monawileobisa da adamianur kapitalis gazrdaSi, sxvadasxva jgufebis saWiroebis dakmayofilebaSi. qvemoT warmogidgenil mosazrebaTa nawili imeorebs rekomendaciebs warmodgenils dokumentSi ”qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetis daskvniTi SeniSvnebi: saqarTvelo (2006).” Cven gadavwyviteT aq maTi moyvana, radgan isini mxolod nawilobriv aris gaTvaliswinebuli da amdenad problemebi ar moxsnila. 146 Tanasworobis miRwevaze gaTvlili RonisZiebebi mraval moqmed pirs gulisxmobs - saxelmwifo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, eklesias, zogadad mosaxleobas, donor organizaciebs. isini unda vrceldebodnen, rogorc qalebze, aseve kacebze. maT gansaxorcieleblad gamoyenebuli unda iyos sxvadasxva saSualeba, rogoricaa beWdvTi da eleqtronuli media, sazogadoebrivi Sekrebebi, saganmanaTleblo masalebi, da sxva. zogadi xasiaTis zomebi • Seicvalos damokidebuleba Tanasworobis mimarT albaT yvelaze fundamenturi cvlileba, rac unda moxdes, aris mosaxleobis damokidebulebis Secvla Tanasworobis mimarT. damokidebulebis Secvla rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia, romelic moiTxovs mravalmxriv da SeTanxmebul RonisZiebebs, romlebSic Sedis saxelmwifo politika, kanonmdebloba, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis amaRleba da ganaTleba, saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo institutebis mizandasaxuli qmedebebi. • termini ”genderuli Tanasworoba” Seicvalos terminiT ”genderuli samarTlianoba” genderuli Tanasworobis cnebis mimarT arsebuli uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo da Tanasworobis ideisadmi winaaRmdegobis Semcirebis mizniT, SesaZloa ufro Sedegiani aRmoCndes terminis ”genderuli Tanasworoba”, rac faqtiurad niSnavs genderul Tanasworobas socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis, Secvla terminiT ”genderuli samarTlianoba”. • Camoyalibebul iqnes saxelmwifo politika ufro meti genderuli samarTlianobis misaRwevad, rogorc ojaxze mimarTul politikis nawili arsebuli demografiuli problemis pirobebSi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnis qveynis ganviTarebas, unda Camoyalibdes da prioritetulad gamocxaddes ojaxebis mxardamWeri sagangebo politika. genderuli samarTlianoba ojaxis funqcionirebis fundaments warmoadgens. politikam unda uzrunvelyos dedisa da bavSvis janmrTeloba, ojaxisadmi ”megobruli” samuSao garemo, bavSvis movlis SesaZleblobebi. xazi unda gaesvas mamis rolis mniSvnelobas da unda moxdes misi popularizacia. eklesia da media unda CaerTon ojaxze mimarTuli politikis ganxorcielebaSi. Secvlil unda iqnes Sromis kodeqsi ise, rom man ki ar SezRudos, rogorc amas momqmedi kodeqsi akeTebs, aramed stimuli misces mosamsaxure qalis reproduqciul aqtiobas. 147 • Seiqmnas instituciuuri meqanizmebi meti genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad genderTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikisa da programebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis mizniT mTavrobaSi Seqmnil iqnas mudmivmoqmedi organo. aseve saxelmwifo politikisa da misi ganxorcielebis monitoringis mizniT Camoyalibebul iqnes arCeviTi organo, romelSic sxvebTan erTad Sevlen aRmasrulebebli xelisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi, arasamTavrobo seqtoris da eklesiis warmomadgenlebi. • uzrunvelyofil iqnes gendruli samarTlianoba ganaTlebis sistemaSi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom genderuli Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba adreul asakSi xdeba ojaxsa da skolaSi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces genderuli samarTlanobis uzrunvelyofas skolaSi. amisaTvis skolis maswavlebleblebma unda gaiaron momzadeba genderul mgrZnobiarobis gazrdisTvis, saxelmZRvaneloebi unda iqnes gadasinjuli, raTa maTSi gaparuli ar iyos genderul uTanasworobaze mimaniSnebeli masala. danergil unda iqnes specialuri programebi, romlebic gamiznuli iqneba konfliqtebis, maT Soris ojaxuris, araZaladobriv gadawyvetis swavlebaze, aseve ojaxur Rirebulebebsa da aRzrdaze. swavlebisas xazi unda gaesvas mSoblis rolis mniSvnelobas, gansxvavebuli azris Rirebulebas da mis pativiscemas, genderul gansxvavebebs. • uzrunvelyofil iqnes sqesis mixedviT gancalkevebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomoba regularulad unda Segrovdes, sqesis mixedviT unda iqnes warmodgenili da sazogadoebisaTvis miwodebuli informacia qveynis mTavar indikatorebze, maT Soris adamianis ganviTarebaze (ixile CEDAW, 2006. muxli.10). miRebul unda iqnes kanoni statistikis Sesaxeb, romelSic xazgasmuli iqneba sqesis mixedviT gancalkevebuli informaciis warmodgenis aucilebloba. yovelwliurad unda iqnes gamoqveynebuli angariSi genderul sakiTxebze. mxardaWeril unda iqnes kvlevebi genderul sakiTxebze, genderuli diskriminaciis gamovlenaze, maskulinobasa da mamakacTa problemebze -sferoze, romlic naklebad aris nakvlevi. • xeli Seewyos genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebas (meinstrimings) genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba miznad unda iqnes dasaxuli da ganxorcielebuli yvela mniSvnelovan programebsa da did organizaciebSi (ixile CEDAW, 2006. muxli 12). genderuli cnebebi unda iqnen Semotanili da 148 gendruli cnobiereba unda gaZlierdes erTnairad, rogorc kacebSi, aseve qalebSi. qalebis monawileoba sazogadoebriv sarbielze viTarebis analizi aSkarad miuTiTebs gendrul uTanasworobaze saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT. arCeviT da aRmasrulebel struqturebSi qalebis ufro didi warmomadgenlobis saWiroeba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli. qalebis monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aucilebelia qveynisTvis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis. maSin, rodesac kacebi da qalebi Tanabar interess iCenen sazogadoebriv movlenebisa da politikis mimarT, maTi gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze Zlier gansxvavebulia - mamakcebi qalebTan SedarebiT Seudareblad ufro didi Zalauflebas floben. kulturuli stereotipebi, arasaTanado genderuli ganaTleba da mcire genderuli mgrZnobiaroba, saWiroebis arasaTanado aRqma da genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevi Tanmimdevruli saxelmwifo politikis ararseboba erTis mxriv, da meores mxriv drois ukmarisoba, qalebis arasakmarisi motivacia da SesaZleblobebi, qalTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSo monawileobis dabali donis mizezebad aris aRiarebuli. monawileobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria SesaZleblobebi. SesaZleblobebis mniSvnelobaze calsaxa miniSnebas iZleva dakvirveba qalTa moRvaweobaze post-sabWoTa periodSi. sistemis rRvevis Sedegad, rogorc ki gaixsna ”SesaZleblobebis fanjara”, qalebi maSinve gamoCndnen sazogadoebriv sarbielze. mas mere, qalebis aqtioba da miRwevebi gamoikveTa religiur sferoSi, qveynis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi, arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da araformaluri ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalis monawileobis gasaZliereblad mTeli rigi RonisZiebebis gatarebaa saWiro. • Secvlil unda iqnes arsebuli Sexeduleba, romelic qalis adgils xedavs kerZo, xolo kacis adgils sajaro sferoSi cvlilebis mZlavr iaraRad unda iqces qalis maRal Tanamdebobebze daniSvna, misi metad warmoCena sazogadoebriv sferoSi media kampaniebis meSveobiT, gendruli Tanasworobis ideis propagandiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela doneze da formaluri ganaTlebis sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi, dawyebuli skolamdeli da damTavrebuli umaRlesi ganaTlebiT. 149 • Seqmnil unda iqnes SesaZleblobebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalis monawileobisaTvis unda Seiqmnas pirobebi, romlebic qals saSualebas miscems gamonaxos dro sazogadoebrivi aqtiobebisaTvis. es unda moxdes ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT, rac qals miscems damxmares daqiravebis an momsaxurebis SeZenis saSualebas. Secvlili unda iqnes Sromis kodeqsi da igi SesabamisobaSi unda movides saerTaSoriso standartebTan, raTa gaizrdos Sromis usafrTxoeba da dasaqmebulTa uflebebi. Seqmnil unda iqnes ”ojaxisadmi megobruli” samuSao garemo, rac gulisxmobs samuSao saaTebis SerCevis SesasZleblobas, iseTis rogoricaa naxevar Statze muSaoba, mokle samuSao dRe, mSoblebis Svebuleba da Sinidan muSaobis SesaZlebloba. gadadgmul unda iqnes nabijebi dasaqmebis araformaluri seqtoris regulirebisaTvis da imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom iq daculi iqnes adamianis uflebebi da Sromis usafrTxeba. • xeli Seewyos qalTa SesaZleblobebis gazrdas, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi CarTva sajaro cxovrebaSi qalTa SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba unda moxdes sxvadasxva tipis klubebisa da sxva nebayoflobiTi organizaciebis Seqmnisa da maT saqmianobaSi qalTa Cabmis meSveobiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania xeli Seewyos qalTa organizaciebs soflad da eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi, sadac meti SezRudvebi arsebobs qalis mamakacis gverdigverd muSaobaze. uwyveti ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba da sxvadasxva unarebis SesaZenad kursebis organizeba qalebs daexmarebaT upasuxon uaxles gamowvevebs. qali unda iqnes mxardaWerili da man unda SeiZinos liderobis unarebi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes misi politikaSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba. qalebs unda mieceT maRal profesiuli standartebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba, risi gakeTebac maT ver moaxerxes ufro adre ojaxuri movaleobebis, muSaobis wyvetisa, Tu ufros asakSi muSaobis dawyebis gamo. • arCeviT da aRmasrulebel organoebSi qalTa monawileobis aqtiuri mxardaWera qalebis politikaSi CarTvis dinamika saswrafo sakanonmdeblo zomebis gatarebisaken gvibiZgebs. unda daiwyos msjeloba qvotirebis sistemis SemoRebis Taobaze. aucilebelia qvotebi,s rogorc droebiTi saSualebis SemoReba. ganxorcielebul unda iqnes im partiebis mxardaWera, romlebic qalebs saarCevno siis zeda nawilSi warmoadgenen. • zewolis jgufebis Seqmna qalTa monawileobis gazrdis, genderuli perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebis da Sromis usafrTxoebis miRwevis mizniT. arsebobs bevri qalTa arasamTavrobo organizacia, magram isini ufro qalebis 150 organizaciebs warmoadgenen da ara organizaciebs qalebisaTvis. maTi Zalisxmeva da resursebi gafantulia. qalTa mZlavri moZraobis Camoyalibebam SeiZleba sakmao zewola ganaxorcielos da radikalur cvlilebs miaRwios. aseTi moZraobis Seqmna SeiZleba erTi, an ori konkretuli miznis miRwevas emsaxurebodes. profesiuli kavSirebi ufro metad unda gaaqtiurdnen, raTa koleqtiuri molaparakebebis gziT SeZlon Sromis usafrTxoebis arsebuli donis amaRleba. • gazrdil iqnes qalis ekonomikuri damoukidebloba da ojaxebs mieceT TviTdasaqmebis SesaZlebloba ekonomikuri damoukidebloba Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. sagangebo Zalisxmevaa saWiro, raTa gaizardos qalis mier Semosavlis mopovebis unari. qalebisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi unda gaxdes iafi kreditebi da sabanko sesxebi (ixile CEDAW, 2006 muxli 28). aseve mxardaWeras saWiroebs mcire da ojaxuri bizensi. gapirobebul unda iqnes sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gayidvis SesaZleblobebi. • unda gakeTdes mcdeloba, raTa miRweul iqnes genderuli wonasworoba im profesiebSi, romlebSic tradiciulad darRveulia balansi ekonomikuri saSualebebiT da propagandis meSveobiT gamagrebulma saxelmwifo politikam xeli unda Seuwyos mamakacebis Cabmas tradiciulad qalis profesiebSi da qalebisa - mamakacis profesiebSi. (ixile CEDAW, 2006. muxli.18). adamianuri kapitali adamianuri kapitali mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli pirovnebis keTildReobasTan, mamakacisa Tu qalis SesaZleblobasTan qondes normaluri cxovrebis pirobebi, samuSao da kmayofilebis grZnoba. janmrTelobis sakiTxebi da sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mamakacisa da qalis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia: qali ukeTesi janmrTelobiTa da meti sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT gamoirCeva. mamakacisa da qalis janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli saWiroebebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. ganaTleba aris sfero, sadac genderuli Tanasworoba miRweulia. viTarebis gasaumjobeleblad Semdegi nabijebi unda iqnes gadadgmuli. 151 • meti yuradReba mieqces janmrTelobis prevencias da moxdes cxovrebis jansaRi wesis propaganda janmrTelobaze mimarTuli biujetis simwiris pirobebSi prevencia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. janmrTelobis politika metad unda iyos mimarTuli prevenciaze. media kampaniebis meSveobiT mosaxleobas unda miewodos informacia fizikur varjiSis sargebelze, janmrTeli cxovrebis wesze da janmrTeli kvebis principebze. xeli unda Seewyos mosaxleobis sportSi Cabmas. yvela donis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs unda qondeT sportuli darbazebi, yvela moswavle da studenti saswavlebelSi unda eswrebodes sportis gakveTilebs. sportuli darbazebiT sargebloba mTeli ojaxis mier ekonomikurad unda iyos waxalisebuli. • daxmareba gaewios kacebs umuSevrobasa da omTan dakavSirebuli stresis zemoqmedebis daZlevaSi mamakacebi qalebze ufro mgrZnobiareni arian ekonomikuri krizisis mimarT, radgan maT fsiqologiurad ufro metad awevT ojaxis Senaxvis tvirTi. amasTan samuSao mamakacis me-koncefciis ufro centralur nawils warmoadgens. amdenad umuSevroba, an arasrulfasovani dasaqmeba Zalze uaryofiTad moqmedebs mamakacis TviT-Sefasebaze, fsiqologiur keTildReobasa da janmrTelobaze, xSirad xels uwyobs mis narkotikze damokidebulebas, alkoholizms, Tambaqos didi raodenobiT moxmarebasa da sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebebsac ki. Sesaswavlia umuSevrobis zemoqmedeba mamakacze. programebi unda iqnes ganxorcielebuli, raTa Semcirdes umuSverobis mavne zemoqmedeba. aseve SesamuSavebelia politika, romelic xels Seuwyobs samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebas, sabanko kreditebis gacemas da profesiul gadamzadebas. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis samxedro Tavdasxmam mamakacebSi sircxvilis grZnoba warmoSva, raki maT ver SeZles ojaxebisa da qveynis dacva. im mosaxleobisaTvis, vinc samxedro moqmedebebis msxverpli gaxda, dauyovnelbliv unda ganxorcieldes programebi SemuSavebuli calke mamakacisa da qalisaTvis. • xeli Seewyos imis gacnobierebas, rom ojaxuri Zaladoba miekuTneba ara kerZo, aramed sazogadoebriv sferos ojaxuri Zaladobis mimarT mosaxleobis damokidebuleba, rogorc Sida ojaxuri problemis, unda Seicvalos mis danaSaulad aRqmiT. unda ganxorcieldes kanonis moTxovnebi da gaixsnas TavSesafarebi Zaladobis msxverplTa da maTi SvilebisaTvis. mkurnaloba da fsiqologiuri konsultaciebi unda CautardeT moZaladeebs Zaladobis msxverplT unda CaurtardeT Treiningi mzadyofnaze da Zaladobis aridebis xerxebze. 152 • Seiqmnas pirobebi kanondamrRvevis qalebis maTi ojaxebisagan izolaciis efeqtis Sesamcireblad. gatardes sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi romelic qal patimrebs ojaxis wevrebTan meti kontaqtis saSualebas micems. gansxvavebuli jgufebi genderul TanasworobasTan dakavSirebuli viTareba gansxvavebulia kompaqturad dasaxlebul eTnikur, javaxeTis somex da qvemo qarTlis azebaijanul umciresobebTan. qarTuli enis arcodna, eTnikur qarTvelebTan yoveldRiuri kontaqtis simciris fonze ganapirobebs informaciis xelmisawvdomobis simcires da moiTxovs met Zalisxmevas genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis. genderTan dakavSirebiT specifiuri problemebis mqone kidev erT jgufs, romelic gaizarda 2008 wlis ruseTis agresiis Sedegad, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi warmoadgenen. xeli Seewyos qalebis genderul Tanasworobasa da integracias eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi sagangebo zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli genderuli Tanasworobis gasazrdelad da eTnikuri umciresobebis integraciisaTvis. enis codna integraciis mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mamakacebTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro naklebi qali flobs mSobliuris garda raime sxva enas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces qalebisTvis saxelmwifo enis swavlebas. eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebi metad unda iqnen CarTuli qalTa organizaciebis mier ganxorcilebul swavlebaSi. xeli unda Seewyos iseT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebis organizacias, rogoricaa qalTa klubebi, an kafeebi. • genderuli sakiTxebi gaTvaliswinebul iqnes iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis mimarT politikis gansazRvrisas iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebis Cabma iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mimarT politikis Camoyalibebis procesSi da konfliqtis gadaWraSi xels Seuwyobs genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebas maT problemebis mogvarebis strategiisa da taqtikis gansazRvrisa. 153 bibliografia alia . 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Georgian Trade Union Amalgamation (GTUA) www.icftu.org.International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). 159 danarTi I. eTnikur umciresobaTa damokidebuleba Tanasworobis mimarT qvemoT warmodgeenilia kompaqturad dasaxlebul erovnebiT azerbaijanel da somex respondentTa damokidebulebebi im sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, sadac aRmoCnda statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba yvela sxva respondent- Tan. mtkiceba respondentebi erovnuli umciresobiT dasaxlebul regionebidan % 31.1 yvela sxva % 46.6* <0,5; 11,5; 3 31.0 47.8* <0.05; 12.7; 2 mamakacebs, rogorc wesi, yvelaferi qalebze ukeTesad gamosdiT 44.4 35.6* <0.005; 12.8; 2 Tu ojaxs erTi Svili unda yavdes, jobia is kaci iyos 53.9 58.6 <0.01; 29.3; 2 qmarma unda gadawyvitos is, Tu ramdeni Svili unda yavdes ojaxs 20.7 3.7* <0.01; 51.5; 4 qals ojaxTan SeTanxmebis gareSe unda SeeZlos sakuTari Semosavlis ZiriTadi nawili 35.6 64.2* <0.01; 31.0; 2 Tu cols samsaxuri aqvs, qmars ki ara, qmarma Tavis Tavze unda aiRos saojaxo saqmeebis ZiriTadi nawilis gakeTeba 48.3 71.1* <0.01; 21.1; 2 Tu qmari msaxurobs da Zalian dakavebulia, coli ki ara, colma Tavis Tavze unda aiRos im saojaxo saqmeebis keTeba, rolebsac Cveulebriv kaci akeTebs 55.1 71.7* <0.05; 11.0; 2 saqarTveloSi qalebi da kacebi Tanasworni arian qalebis politikasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ufro matad CarTviT qveyana mxolod moigebs 160 mniSnelobis done, hikvaRrati kvadrati, Tavisuflebios xarisxi qali ufro bavSvis gazrdisa da saxlis movliT unda iyos dakavebuli da ara profesiuli winsvliT areTanxmeba, rom kaci imiT fasobs, Tu ra warmateba aqvs samsaxurSi da ara imiT, Tu rogori ojaxi aqvs qali imiT fasobs, Tu rogori ojaxi aqvs da ara imiT, ra warmateba aqvs samsaxurSi gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi, xSirad qalic damnaSavea, radgan Tavis saqcieliT iwvevs mamakacs gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi qalma unda mimarTos policias motacebis SemTxvevaSi qali colad unda gayves momtacebels Tu mamakacma ver iSovna samsaxuri is 2-3 wliT samuSaod unda wavides qveynidan Tu qalma ver iSovna samsaxuri is 2-3 wliT samuSaod unda wavides qveynidan colis Ralatis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia qmris mier colis fizikuri Seuracyofa 161 73.3 54.5* <0.01; 27.7; 2 61.1* 70.0 <0.5; 8.5; 2 51.1* 63.9 <0.01; 19,6; 2 30,0* 48.3 <0.01; 14.7; 2 81.1 67.7 <05; 7.7; 2 26.7 9.1* <0.01; 43,6; 2 71.1 61.4 <0,5; 10; 1,2 11.1 24.4* <0,5; 8,2; 2 34.1 20.9* <0.01; 48,9; 2 danarTi II. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia 1975-1987 wlebis gamocema N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 saxeli abakelia Tamar abaSiZe Tamar abaSiZe leila abaSiZe taso abaSiZe wereTeli qeTevan avaliSvilixerxeuliZe qeTevan aleqsandria nana aleqsi-mesxiSvili barbare aleqsi-mesxiSvili nino aleqsi-mesxiSvili nino aleqsiZe irine aleqsiZe neli amiranaSvili medea amirajibi sofio andronikaSvili elo (elene) andronikaSvili ira andronikaSvili qeTevan andronikaSvili qeTevan anjafariZe veriko arjevaniSvili mariam asaTiani TinaTin axvlediani elene banovani despine baraTaSvili marika barbale bardaveliZe vera baqraZe Tamar baqraZe-dedabriSvili mariam baRdavaZe ekaterine baxtaZe qsenia baxutaSviliSulgina olRa bereJiani daria bokeria mariam bolqvaZe Tamar bolqvaZe TinaTin boWoriSvili luba boWoriZe babe boWoriZe mariam bregvaZe nani buaCiZe sofio tomi 1 1 1 1 1 gv. 12 20 20 21 21 periodi 1905-1953 1892-1960 19291881-1958 1810- saukune saukune 20 20 20 20 19 1 115 1851-1900 19 1 296 1949- 20 1 302 1898- 20 Teatris moRvawe sportsmeni, moWadrake Teatris moRvawe 1 302 1896-1956 20 Teatris moRvawe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 302 303 303 396 397 450 450 451 19001914192119301847-1906 1883-1956 1908-1960 1862-1941 20 20 20 20 19 20 20 20 Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe saxviTi xelovneba musikosi mTargmneli Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 451 504 619 621 102 194 199 203 206 241 241 247 256 256 317 447 457 457 495 495 195 512 547 1754-1782 19001918-1958 19181901-1975 1880-1934 19081899-1970 19071969-1942 1916-1975 18991879-1950 18971900-1975 1904-1972 19181914-1952 1861-1946 1885-1930 19361912- 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 didgvarovani Teatris moRvawe musikosi mecnieri saxviTi xelovneba mwerali, poeti mwerali, poeti RvTaeba mecnieri Teatros moRvawe eqimi saxviTi xelovneba agraruli muSaki musikosi eqimi eqimi Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe mecnieri revoliucioneri revoliucioneri musikosi eqimi 162 aqtivobis sfero saxviTi xelovneba Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe revolucioneri 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 69 burbuTaSvili TinaTin gabaraSvili Tamar gabaSvili ekaterine gabaSvili ciala gabunia nato gabunia olia gamrekel-Toreli nino gamyreliZe aleqsandra gandegili (domenika erisTavi) gariyuli (TaTeiSviliratianisa mariami) gafrindaSvili nona gelovani evgenia gvaramaZe elene gverwiTeli rusudan gogitiZe qeTevan gokieli elene gociriZe leila guguSvili eTer gulbaTi-gruzinskaia olRa guramiSvili-WavWavaZe olRa guranduxti guranduxti guranduxti daviTaSvili mariam daviTaSvili meri daviTaSvili nino dali dgebuaZe-fularia mariam dekanosiZe Tamar 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 79 80 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 574 602 603 605 609 609 666 668 192119371851-1938 19081859-1910 1885-1919 1882-1935 1940- 20 20 20 20 19 20 20 20 Teatris moRvawe musikosi mwerali, poeti arqiteqtori Teatris moRvawe revolucioneri Teatris moRvawe mrewvelobios muSaki 2 677 1864-1929 20 mwerali, poeti 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 20 39 132 141 199 206 239 289 1883-1960 19411926191319091946191819241925- 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3 298 1846-1913 19 3 311 1842-1927 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 311 312 312 337 337 338 350 416 922-957 1014-1027 11 1907-1975 19241882-1958 1887-1969 10 11 12 20 20 20 20 mwerali, poeti sportsmeni, moWadrake Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe saxviTi xelovneba agraruli muSaki sportsmeni, moWadrake musikosi mecnieri sazogado moRvawe, ganmanaTlebeli sazogado moRvawe, ganmanaTlebeli politikosi politikosi politikosi Teatris moRvawe musikosi Teatris moRvawe RvTaeba mwerali, poeti 3 444 1922- 20 demuria mariam 3 468 1860-1910 19 dolaberiZe iamze doliZe olRa donauri elene donJaSvili Tina dumbaZe nino ekaterine dadiani eliava lia erisTavi Tamar erisTavi-xoStaria anastasia vaCnaZe natalia 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 607 610 618 623 651 62 125 194 193919041890-1955 191619191816-1882 19341932- 20 20 20 20 20 19 20 20 mecnieri sazogado moRvawe, ganmanaTlebeli Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe mwerali, poeti sportsmeni, moWadrake didgvarovani Teatris moRvawe werali, poeti 4 195 1868-1951 20 mwerali, poeti 4 332 1904-1953 20 Teatris moRvawe 163 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 vaxvaxiSvili Tamar virsalaZe anastasia virsalaZe elene virsalaZe eliso virsalaZe TinaTin vouba aleqsandra zaaliSvili irine TavaZe iulia TaTriSvili nino Tamar batoniSvili Tamari Tamar gurji-xaTuni Tamari TarxniSvili Tamar TarxniSvili Tamar TaqTaqiSvili Tamar TayaiSvili sesilia Tbileli marine TeTraZe Tamar TeTraZe nunu Tekle batoniSvili TvaliaSvili ekaterine TvaliaSvili Tamar ToiZe aleqsandra TulaSvili ana TumaniSvili TinaTin TumaniSvil-wereTeli anastasia TurmaniZe lamara ianvaraSvili barbale ianqoSvili naTela iaSvili lili iaSvili marine ioseliani elene ioseliani nana iremaZe qeTevan isakaZe liana iSxnelebi debi kakabaZe alde kakabaZe eTeri kakabaZe-RuduSauri margalita kalandaZe ana kandelaki qeTevan kaxiZe medea kezeli Tamar kemularia-naTaZe luba kverenCxilaZe zinaida kiknaZe Tamar 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 335 418 418 419 419 459 468 562 574 579 579 579 580 590 590 591 594 595 638 638 644 672 672 690 8 9 10 1893-1977 1883-1968 1911-1977 1942190719311909-1976 191619081791-1857 1160-1213 1236- 46 174619131891-1969 192819061920192219111776-1846 1924190519071874-1956 1892-1967 1849-1932 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 13 13 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 20 20 20 20 20 19 musikosi musikosi mecnieri musikosi mecnieri agraruli muSaki mecnieri agraruli muSaki mecnieri revolucioneri didgvarovani didgvarovani politikosi Teatris moRvawe musikosi musikosi Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe werali, poeti mrewvelobis muSaki Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe musikosi pedagogi mwerali, poeti 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 11 48 50 65 65 204 204 218 227 288 322 322 323 19211908191819201932192319621912-1945 19461904-1973 193219261916- 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe saxviTi xelovneba musikosi musikosi Teatris moRvawe sportsmeni, moWadrake mwerali, poeti musikosi musikosi saxviTi xelovneba saxviTi xelovneba eqimi 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 327 365 452 458 466 494 513 1924191119301909189119321906- 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 mwerali, poeti eqimi mwerali, poeti mecnieri mecnieri Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe 164 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 nestan-darejani dedofali nefariZe venera nikolaZe rusudan nino wm. ninoni (mataraZe nino) niJaraZe luba nodia dinara oraxelaSvili mariam orbeliani elisabed orbeliani manana orbeliani nino orjonikiZe iza Jvania Tamar JRenti ana ramiSvili nino rusudani rusudani ruxaZe zoia salia nino samukaSvili nino sarsania qsenia safarova-abaSiZe mako svaneli valentine sixaruliZe mariam sixaruliZe qsenia solomonia eTer soselia olRa sofio soxaZe ekaterine sturua lia sxuluxia vinari takiZe darejan tatiSvili cisana tuRuSi naTele ugreliZe mariam uznaZe medea uznaZe nino uruSaZe venera uruSaZe naTela faCuaSvili nana foCiani latavra foCxiZe JuJuna focxveraSvili aleqsandra focxveraSvili naTela qadeiSvili guguli qavTaraZe gulnara qaTamaZe nino qasraSvili mayvala qeTevan batoniSvili qeTevan dedofali 7 396 1554- 16 didgvarovani 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 397 432 438 439 442 457 553 557 558 558 590 249 263 299 515 515 519 691 37 109 150 311 414 414 457 476 478 501 587 632 643 664 81 100 115 115 182 182 243 386 386 387 387 441 442 443 492 498 498 19231884-1981 1900192719311887-1937 1871-1942 1808-1870 1835-1919 193819091895-1976 19101194-1245 1923-1944 189819141903-1971 1860-1940 1905-1971 19071909-1976 19311905(1826-28) 1907-1984 193919421920193719311885-1960 19131837-1878 190919231943 1939192519001920-1963 192519211956 19411764-1840 -1624 20 20 4 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 20 20 20 20 13 12 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 17 Teatris moRvawe mecnieri RvTaeba Teatris moRvawe eqimi saxviTi xelovneba revolucioneri mwerali, poeti didgverovani mwerali, poeti mwerali, poeti mecnieri eqimi Teatris moRvawe didgvarovani politikosi revolucioneri mecnieri mTargmneli agraruli muSaki Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe agraruli muSaki musikosi saxalxo gmiri mecnieri politikosi musikosi mwerali, poeti agraruli muSaki agraruli muSaki musikosi musikosi eqimi mecnieri Teatris moRvawe mTargmneli mecnieri Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe saxviTi xelovneba musikosi musikosi agraruli muSaki musikosi musikosi musikosi mwerali, poeti sxva 165 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 qemaSvili vera faCuaSvili nana foCiani latavra qemerteliZe eTer qveliZe lamara qiqoZe natalia qiqoZe-miqelaZe TinaTin quTaTelaZe TinaTin quCukaSvili qeTevan RviniaSvili ana Rlonti Tamar RoRoberiZe lana RoRoberiZe-lundbergi elene yanCeli salome yauxCiSvili TinaTin yifiani barbare yifiani nino yifiani nora yifSiZe elene yufunia Tamar SeverzaSvili Tamar Sakirbaia ekaterine SalikaSvili ana SalutaSvili nadeJda SanSiaSvili cisia SaraSeniZe TinaTin SaSikaSvili nevrestan Sac-mSveliZe mina Sengelaia ariadna Sengelaia-abaSiZe loreta Sewiruli luba Sildeli meri SiukaSvili vanda Smerlingi rene SoTaZe leila SuSaniki Caxava medea CerqeziSvili elisabed CerqeziSvili nanuli CiburdaniZe maia CikvaiZe elene CitiSvili manana CixlaZe mariam CixlaZe medea CijavaZe elene 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 499 243 386 499 512 538 538 568 578 588 595 598 598 19291943 1939192619371869-1952 1916191019151904-1981 1904-1985 19281897-1978 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 saxalxo gmiri Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe mecnieri saxviTi xelovneba revolucioneri mTargmneli arqiteqtori mwerali, poeti mecnieri eqimi Teatris moRvawe mTargmneli 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 622 631 654 655 655 656 665 670 677 678 679 684 686 695 696 715 716 1921-1985 19191879-1967 1867-1937 191719251901-1985 1901-1955 1907-1979 1919191819211919-1983 1901-1979 189719371942- 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Teatris moRvawe mecnieri mecnieri mwerali, poeti Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe agraruli muSaki musikisi Teatris moRvawe saxviTi xelovneba mecnieri saxviTi xelovneba mecnieri eqimi eqimi Teatris moRvawe saxviTi xelovneba 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 727 745 9 14 16 60 91 103 103 117 118 141 144 144 145 19171915-1982 19051901-1967 1930192119401921196119101954191119281883-1969 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 eqimi musikosi musikosi mecnieri Teatris moRvawe RvTaeba Teatris moRvawe saxalxo gmiri mrewvelobis muSaki sportsmeni, moWadrake Teatris moRvawe mwerali, poeti mrewvelobis muSaki saxviTi xelovneba mecnieri 166 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 205 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 Coxeli elene CxaiZe lamara CxaiZe tatiana CxaiZe Sura CxeiZe nino cecxlaZe Tea ciskariZe violeta ciciSvili Tamar ciciSvili nino comaia nadeJda cqitiSvili eTer cxakaia qsenia ZigraSvili leila waqaZe TinaTin wereTeli Tamar wereTeli TinaTin wereTeli nino weroZe duduxana wverava elene wignaZe vera wivwivaZe dali wuwunava cecilia Wabukiani Tamar WavWavaZe Tamar WeliZe meri Wiaureli sofiko WiraqaZe nino WiWinaZe dodo (Tamar) Wyonia lamara xaraZe ana xaraZe nadeJda xaraZe rusudan xvitia marine xideSeli anastasia xabulava nino xunwaria rusudan javaxiSvili natalia javaxiSvili nino javriSvili rususdan Jandieri irine jafariZe aleqsandra 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 152 172 172 172 174 205 225 236 236 241 246 247 273 301 307 307 308 310 311 314 316 352 375 377 390 397 401 403 410 435 436 436 477 479 512 517 528 528 530 538 543 1914194119201923-1978 1881-1963 1919192119081888-1970 1904-1973 19131900-1982 192619121900-1968 1933-1980 1902-1939 19181909-1985 19241942 1892-1956 1907-1978 1896-1968 192319371951192619301905-1977 19131909-1965 194719161917-1935 19491882-1950 1914191819401895-1974 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 jafariZe barbare jafariZe medea jafariZe qeTevan jiqiZe eTer jorjaZe barbare joxaZe maka juReli medea hajibeili (valeria) 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 543 544 546 568 573 577 580 610 1886-1959 19231901-1968 19261811-1895 194819251914- 20 20 20 20 19 20 20 20 167 Teatris moRvawe agraruli muSaki agraruli muSaki agraruli muSaki Teatris moRvawe mecnieri mecnieri Teatris moRvawe mecnieri musikosi Teatris moRvawe mecnieri Teatris moRvawe mecnieri musikosi mecnieri saxviTi xelovneba Teatris moRvawe eqimi Teatris moRvawe agraruli muSaki Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe Teatris moRvawe mecnieri Teatris moRvawe musikosi Teatris moRvawe musikosi mecnieri musikosi mecnieri musikosi mecnieri mfrinavi musikosi Teatris moRvawe mecnieri saxviTi xelovneba Teatris moRvawe sportsmeni, moWadrake revolucioneri Teatris moRvawe musikosi mecnieri mwerali, poeti mecnieri sportsmeni arqiteqtori danarTi III. genderul sakiTxebze momuSave organizaciaTa nusxa: organozaciis dasaxeleba 1 avangardi 2 ak. werwTlis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo geografiis institutTan arsebuli kvleviTi centri genderul sakiTxebSi 3 amagdari daarsebis TariRi 2002 1999 direqtori sakontaqto informacia saqarTvelo,gali,6800; janaSias q.2 mob.:(995 99) 322887, (995 99) 556110 anJele torua e-mail: [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected] ia iaSvili saqarTvelo, quTaisi, 4600, ak. werwTlis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo universiteti, geografiis kaTedra, Tamar mefis quCa #59 tel.:(995 231) 41629; 40280; e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 1996 nino SioSvili saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0190 leoniZis q.2 tel.; (995 32) 921773 faqsi:(995 32) 921773 mob.: (995 99) 945498 e-mai: [email protected] 4 asociacia aTinTi 2005 maia julakiZe saqarTvelo, gori, 1400 WavWavaZis, 60/5 tel.; (995 270) 75735 mob.: (995 99) 732351 e-mail:[email protected] [email protected] 5 6 asociacia genderi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis asociacia _ feniqsi 2001 Carita jaSi e-mail: [email protected] 2000 iunona margalitaZe 7 asociacia fiqris gora 2002 dali korkomaSvili 8 asociacia qarTuli fundamenti 1992 neli javaxiSvili 9 10 afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis qalTa sabWo aWara saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179 kekeliZis q. #19 tel.:(995 32) 233638 mob: (995 77) 419032 saqarTvelo,Tbilisi,0171 bendelianis q.4 bina,4 tel.:(995 32) 335017 mob.: (995 99) 105217 e-mail: [email protected] saqarTvelo, kaspi, 2600 kostavas q.37 mob.:(995 99) 221952 faqsi:(8 271) 22435 saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0186 qavTaraZis q.16 tel:(995 32) 393967 faqsi:(995 32) 306252 mob.: (995 99) 510909 e-mail: [email protected] 1994 2005 roza kuxalaSvili saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179 pekinis q.4 tel.:(995 32) 722438 mob.: (995 99) 291279 zoia doliZe saqarTvelo, baTumi, 6000 WavWavaZis q.19 tel.:(995 88222) 32044 mob.: (995 99) 701141 email: [email protected] e-mail: 168 [email protected] 11 12 axalgazrda dedaTa xelSewyobis asociacia banovani 1994 2001 maia sarTania rusudan dvali saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0162 wavwavaZis q.41 tel.: (995 32) 221020 mon.: (995 93) 397882 e-mail: [email protected] saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0194 gamrekelis q.6 tel.:(995 32) 380061; 388507 faqsi:(995 32) 388507 mob.: (995 99) 653496 e-mail: 13 biliki 1997 marika mRebriSvili 14 galis raionis qalTa sabWo 1999 Tina qecbaia 15 ganaTleba mSvidobisaTvis 2003 eka fircxalava [email protected] saqarTvelo,gori,1400 rusTavelis. 19a tel.:(995 270) 75410 faqsi:(995 270) 77291 mob.:(995 99) 534035, 226910 e-mail: contact.biliki.ge web-site: www.biliki.ge saqarTvelo, gali, 6800 vaCaxias q.22 tel.:(995 215) 31089 (995 32) 594566 (Tbilisi) faqsi: (995 215) 30118 mob.: (995 99) 147489 saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105 iaSvilis q.# 22 tel.:(995 32) 934033; 252095 faqsi:(995 32) 934033 mob.: (995 77) 496646 e-mail: [email protected] 16 genderuli ganviTarebis asociacia 1997 nani WaniSvili saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0179 atenis q.20 tel.:(995 32) 222066 faqsi:(995 32) 998769 mob.: (995 99)258175 e-mail: [email protected] 17 dvrita_qalTa kavSiri 18 domusi 2004 nana CikvaiZe 1997-2007 qeTi dadunaSvili 1998 19 20 ebrael qalTa gaerTianeba lea marina solomoniSvili vejini laura xaritonaSvili 1999-2000 169 saqarTvelo, duSeTi, 1800, 26 maisis q.17 tel.:(995 246) 22579 mob.: (995 99) 260959 saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0160 gamsaxurdias q.37 tel.:(995 32) 372819 mob.: (995 99) 943070 e-mail: [email protected] web-site: www.wocg.org.ge saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105 lermontovis q.12 tel.:(995 32) 990827 faqsi:(995 32) 990827; 720017 mob.: (995 93) 500775 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected] web-site: www.itic.org.ge/lea saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1507 sofeli vejini mob.:(995 99)157025 e-mail: [email protected] 21 Tanaziari 22 Tanamedrove qali da ojaxi 2000 1995 xaTuna beWvaia irma xabazi saqarTvelo, zugdidi, 2100 kostavas q.58 tel.:(995 815) 52365 e-mail: [email protected] web-site: www.tanaziari.ge saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, Ciqovanis q.29 tel.:(995 32) 530033 mob.: (995 99) 222400 e-mail: [email protected] 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 iberiana imedi invalid meomarTa da daRupul mebrZolTa meuRleTa kavSiri invalid qalTa da invalid bavSvTa mSobelTa asociacia iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalTa asociacia Tanxmoba kavSiri qalebis iniciativa TanasworobisaTvis kavkasiis qalTa qseli 2003 darejan bregvaZe 1999 qristina kilanova 1997 manana mebuke saqarTvelo, Tbilisi erisTavis Cixi,1 tel.:(995 32) 395770, 670556 e-mail:[email protected] [email protected] web-site: iberiana.itp.ge saqarTvelo, zugdidi, 2100, rusTavelis gamz. 89, sarT. 3, mob.:(995 99) 919322 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0154 qedias q.7 tel.:(995 32) 356609; 340283 faqsi:(995 32) 340283 mob.: (995 77) 440022; 783840 e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 1998 madona xarebava saqarTvelo rusTavelis tel.: (995 faqsi: (995 mob.: (995 zugdidi 2100 q.51 215) 50139 215) 50139 77) 454588 e-mail: [email protected] 1996 1997 1997 iulia xaraSvili saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0102 marjaniSvilis q.21 tel.:(995 32) 964458 faqsi:(995 32) 964458 mob.: (995 99) 900444; 570798 lela gafrindaSvili saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0193 merab aleqsiZis, #1 tel.:(995 32) 375238 faqsi:(995 32) 334163 mob.: (995 99) 243416 nino cixisTavi e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] web-site: www.idpwa.org.ge e-mail: lelag@@gol.ge [email protected] web-site: www.osgf.ge/wie saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105, maCablis q. #5 tel.:(995 32) 999987; 939178 faqsi:(995 32) 939178 mob.:(995 99) 202889 e-mail: [email protected] 30 31 keTili nebis organizacia xidi 21-e mandilosani 2000 1993 marina axvlediani lia oqropiriZe 170 saqarTvelo, rusTavi, 3700 me-20 mikr.,korp. 1, bina 123 tel.:(995 24)177430 mob.:(995 93) 370445 e-mail: [email protected] saqarTvelo, gori, 1400 samefos q.42 tel.:(995 270) 72429 32 33 martoxela mSobelTa asociacia mTiani regionis qalebi 1995 2000 maia kupravaSarvaSiZe rusudan nakani faqtiurad ar arseboben saq. Tbilisi 0102 winamZRvriSvilis q.40 mob.: (995 99) 572507 e-mail: [email protected] saqarTvelo, zemosvaneTi, 3200, mestia stalinis Cixi,1 mob.:(995 99) 549142 e-mail: [email protected] 34 miteveba 2000 leila Toria saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0154 wereTlis pros., korp.6, bina13 tel.:(995 32) 350216; 347427; mob.: (995 99) 987077 e-mail: [email protected] 35 momavlis imediT 2003 qeTi axobaZe e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] ala beJenceva; leila suleimanova mravalerovani saqarTvelos qalebi 2002 37 peoni 1998 nato SavlayaZe 38 ruduneba 2001 sofio SarabiZe 39 samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centri _ qalTa jgufi 2002 lela xomeriki 36 40 41 saqarTvelos azerbaijanel qalTa kavSiri saqarTvelos eqim qalTa asociacia saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179 WavWavaZe 27/29, bina 25 tel.:(995 32) 343393; 355781 mob.: (995 77) 741564 saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, winamZRvriSvilis # 30 tel.:(995 32) 910760 faqsi:(995 32) 910760 mob.: (995 93) 205065; 304434 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0177 antonovskaias q.#9 tel.:(995 32) 506064, 398934 faqsi:(995 32) 506064 saqarTvelo, ambrolauri, 0400 javaxiZis q.5 tel.:(995 239)21504 faqsi: (995 239) 01504 mob.: (995 99) 505560 saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0112 baqos q.20a tel.:(995 32) 940296 faqsi:(995 32) 953873 e-mail: [email protected] 2000 leila suleimanova saqarTvelo, marneuli, 3000 gorgaslis q.#3, b.3 tel.:(995 257) 24733; 24540 faqsi:(995 257) 24733 mob.: (995 93) 205065 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 1999 nino Jvania saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179 abaSiZis 14 tel.:(995 32) 252724 faqsi:(995 32) 227403 mob.: (995 99) 574968 e-mail: [email protected] 42 saqarTvelos qal invalidTa asociacia 1998 manana galuaSvili saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0108 Zmebi zubalaSvilebis q. 34 tel.:(995 32) 920911 faqsi:(995 32) 920911 mob.: (995 99) 973006 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] web-site: www.gdwia.gol.ge; www.itic.org.ge 171 43 44 45 saqarTvelos qal-mecnierTa asociacia saxli siksa 2000 2000 marti 2002 avelina daviTuliani saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0108 rusTavelis gamz.52 mecnierTa akademiis Senoba tel.:(995 32) 234270, 982976 mob.: (995 77) 722744 rusudan fxakaZe saqarTvelo,Tbilisi, 0801 ingoroyvas q.26 tel.:(995 32) 989080 faqsi:(995 32) 932635 mob.; (995 99) 452554 maka kobrava e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] web-site: www.saxli.gol.ge saqarTvelo, rusTavi 3700 me-15 mikr., saxli 10 tel.:(995 24) 153500 mob.: (995 93) 281676 e-mail: [email protected] 46 47 48 sociumi fondi taso qali da axali saukune 1999 2007 2000 maia gogolaZe da manana jinWaraZe marina TabukaSvili izolda baRaTuria saqarTvelo. Coxatauri,4800 bendelianis q.10 mob.:(995 99) 297461 (995 99) 262727 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0108 r.TabukaSvilis q.15 tel.:(995 32) 920595 faqsi:(995 32) 920595 mob.: (995 95) 424279 e-mail: [email protected] web-site: www.taso.org.ge saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0171 doliZis q,korp. 26,bina 20 tel.:(995 32) 364671; 333215 faqsi:(995 32) 333215 mob.: (995 99) 335040 e-mail : [email protected] 49 50 qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis saerTaSoriso centri 1993 qali _ demokratebi 2001 Tamar abrmiSvili saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105 baraTaSvilis q.6/10 tel.: (995 32) 999253; 989217 faqsi: (995 32) 935902 mob.: (995 99) 337508 marina modebaZe saqarTvelo,axalcixe,0800 Tbilisis q.9 mob.:(995 99) 548344 e-mail: [email protected] web-site: www.civil.ge e-mail: [email protected] 172 51 52 qalTa iniciativebis mxardamWeri jgufi qalebi momavlisTvis irma inariZe eka aRdgomelaSvili 2000 1998 xaTuna sanikiZe saqrTvelo,Tbilisi,0194 fanaskertelis q.19/98 tel.:(995 32) 361968 faqsi:(995 32) 331917 mob.: (995 99) 915000 e-mail:[email protected] web-site: www.women.ge saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179 barnovis q.#44 tel.:(995 32) 221752 faqsi:(995 32) 221750 mob.: (995 99) 561183 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 53 qalTa organizacia parozi 2000 narine ginosiani saqarTvelo, q. nino wminda, samcxe-javaxeTi Tavisuflebis #37 tel.:(995 262) 22656; faqsi:(995 262) 22656 mob.: (995 99) 54911 e-mail: [email protected] 54 55 qalTa politikuri resurs centri qalTa sabWo_raionuli organizacia kaspi 1998-2000 nana mJavanaZe 2002 dali korkomaSvili saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 0179 TayaiSvilis q.3 mob.:(995 99) 901240 e-mail: [email protected] web-site: www.wprc.org.ge saqarTvelo, kaspi 2600 kostavas q.37 tel.:(995 271) 22448 faqsi:(995 271) 22435 mob.: (995 99) 221952 e-mail: [email protected] 56 qalTa saerTaSoriso resurs centri 1998 lika nadaraia saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179 TayaiSvilis q.3 tel.:(995 32) 224018 faqsi:(995 32) 250836 mob.: (995 99) 512514 e-mail:[email protected] web-site: wprc.org.ge 57 58 qalTa sainformacio centri qalTa saqvelmoqmedo fondi _ favoriti 2000-2003 2000 elene ruseckaia xaTuna qaTamaZe saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0102 winamZRvriSvilis q.40 tel.:(995 32) 952934 faqsi:(995 32) 942699 mob.: (995 93) 724313 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] web-site: www.wicge.org www.nasilie.net, www.ginsc.net www.youthkot.net, www.antitraf.net saqarTvelo, baTumi,6000 ximSiaSvilis q.13 tel.:(995 222) 22603; 73142 faqsi:(995 222) 73142; 72217 mob.: (995 77) 440646 (995 99) 558852 e-mail:[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 59 qalTa centri 1996 ia verulaSvili saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179 WavWavaZis 15 tel.:(995 32) 233299 faqsi:(995 32) 233299 mob.: (995 99) 565506 e-mail:[email protected] web-site: www.womancenter.org.ge 173 60 qalTa xelovnebis saerTaSoriso kavSiri 1998 qalTa xma 61 62 2003 qali da janmrTeloba 2000 qeTevan mirianaSvili jilda niblaZexaritonaSvili ZiZia RuduSauri saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105, WavWavaZis q. 68, sanapiros 2a e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] web-site: - saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1500 ninoSvilis q.13 tel.:(995 253) 22947 faqsi:(995 253) 22947 mob.: (995 99) 512025 e-mail:[email protected] [email protected] saqarTvelo, rusTavi, 3700 megobrobis 1, 47 tel.:(995 24) 175862; 574681 faqsi:(995 24) 175862 mob.: (995 99) 543238 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 63 64 65 qarTvel qalTa asociacia qarTlis deda SuSaniki 2004 1997 1996 saqarTvelo,lagodexi 2700 26 maisis q.23 faqsi:(995 254) 50181 mob.: (995 93)952004 eva lomTaZe e-mail: [email protected] prez: asmaT beJaniSvili susana xaCaturiani saqarTvelo, gori, 1400 aRmaSeneblis, 127 tel.:(995 270) 75884 mob.: (995 93) 768902, 946281 e-mail: [email protected] saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0168 qeTevan wamebulis pr.8 tel.:(995 32) 968933 faqsi:(995 32) 331705 mob.: (995 93) 397170 e-mail:[email protected] [email protected] 66 67 68 centri_ qalebi da ganviTareba Zaladobisagan dacvis erovnuli qseli Zaladobisagan dacvis erovnuli qselis kaxeTis regionaluri komiteti 2002 Sorena doliZe saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0106 gamsaxurdias q, kvat.1 (iuridiuli misamarTia) mob.:(995 99) 234348 e-mail: cwd.et.cavcasus.net 2003 nato SavlayaZe saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0177 antonovskaias q.#9 tel.:(995 32) 506064, 398934 faqsi:(995 32) 506064 e-mail: [email protected] 2005 jilda niblaZexaritonaSvili 174 saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1500 ninoSvilis q.13 mob.:(995 99) 512025 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] danarTi IV. respodentTa nusxa: No saxeli da gvari organizacia da Tanamdeboba TariRi 1 abramiSvili Tamar eqsperti; qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis saerTaSoriso centri 12.10.07 2 aRoSaSvili marine axalcixis No1sajaro skolis buRalteri, kerZo mesakuTre 30.11.07 3 axvlediani mamuka Tbilisis meria; 26.11.07 4 barkauli lia patruli 26.11.07 5 gafrindaSvili lela eqsperti; kavSiri qalebis iniciativa TanasworobisaTvis 17.10.07 6 devaZe nana leiboristuli partia, wevri 5.11.07 7 elisaSvili aleko 8 vice meri radio Tavisufleba, Jurnalisti 23.04.08 notariusi 20.09.07 9 zRulaZe eka Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgile 30.11.07 10 TabukaSvili marine eqsperti; fondi taso 15.10.07 11 TevdoraZe elene saqarTvelos parlamenti. komitetis Tavmjdomare 13.10.07 12 Turnava naTia kerZo ekonomikuri kompaniis menejeri 27.11.07 13 kemularia nana 52-e sajaro skola, pedagogi 29.11.07 14 kikaCeiSvili lana mari broses sax. skola, pedagogi 29.11.07 15 kukava kaxa saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 9.10.07 175 16 mama adami samebis sakaTedro taZari, moZRvari 02.05.08 17 maRraZe guguli saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 13.10.07 18 maxaraSvili qeTevan saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 27.10.07 19 mdivani maka saxelmwifo ministris mrCeveli 5.11.07 20 menTeSaSvili eliko taqsis mZRoli 3.12.07 21 mesxi mari eqsperti trefikingis sferoSi 23.10.07 22 musxeliSvili marina 14.11.07 23 nadaraia lika partia win saqarTvelo, wevri qalTa saerTaSoriso resurs centri, eqsperti, 24 naWyebia manana saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 19.10.07 25 petriaSvili irakli saqarTvelos profkavSirebis gaerTianeba, prezidenti 27.11.07 26 Jvania Tamar samarTliani arCevnebi. direqtori 31.10.07 27 romelaSvili baia qalTa sabWo, wevri 30.10.07 28 rurua nika saqarTvelos parlamenti, Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomaris moadgile 12.11.07 29 sabedaSvili Tamar eqsperti 25.04.08 30 sanikiZe xaTuna qalebi momavlisTvis eqsperti; 23.10.07 31 sajaia ruslan iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri 28.01.08 32 tyemalaZe zurab saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 24.10.07 33 faCulia irakli profesiuli swavlebis xelmZRvaneli 13.11.07 34 qavTaraZe irakli nacionaluri moZraoba, saerTaSoriso mdivani 25.10.07 176 16.10.07 35 qaTamaZe Tamazi turizmis prof. saswavleblis centri ikarosi, pedagogi 20.11.07 36 qarqusovi uruzmaki ekonomikis saministro, ministries moadgile regionaluri ganviTarebis dargSi 28.11.07 37 RurWumeliZe manana saqarTvelos pedagogTa da mecnierTa Tavisufali profkavSiri, Tavmjdomare 1.03.08 38 SavlayaZe nato Zaladobisagan dacvis erovnuli qseli; qalTa klubi _ peoni, eqsperti; 17.10.07 39 ciramua zaza prof.swavlebis centri, direqtori 13.11.07 40 cixisTavi nino kavkasiis qalTa qseli, eqsperti 18.10.07 41 WanturiZe rusudani saapelacio sasamarTlo, mosamarTle 25.10.07 42 xidaSeli Tina respublikuri partia, wevri 19.10.07 43 xelaia vardo iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri 28.01.08 44 xomeriki lela samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centri, eqsperti 28.11.07 45 xorava dalila janmrTelobis, socialuri da Sromis saminitro, afxazeTis ganyofilebis ufrosi 26.11.07 46 xundaZe maia globaluri iniciativa fsiqiatriaSi, fsiqiatri 19.11.07 47 jaSi Carita asociacia genderi socialurekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis, eqsperti 12.11.07 177 danarTi V. fokus jgufebis nusxa: No 1 2 jgufebi TanianTkaris TviTdasaqmebuli qalebis jgufi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis qalTa forumi Semokleba Catarebis adgili TariRi fj1 sofeli TanianTkari 8.08.07 fj2 qorTiard merioti 15.10.07 3 iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa jgufi. fotoxma. fj3 zugdidi 20.10.07 4 marneulis axalgazdoba fj4 marneuli 26.11.07 5 axalcixis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi fj5 axalcixis saxelmwifo universiteti 30.11.07 6 axalqalaqis axalgazrdoba fj6 axalqalaqi 01.12.07 7 Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmmwifo universitetis studentebi fj7 Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmmwifo universiteti 27.12.07 8 Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmmwifo universitetis studentebi fj8 Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmmwifo universiteti 09.01.08 9 iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa jgufi; fotoxma fj9 zugdidi 28.01.08 178
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