TYPOLOGIE DER KÖNIGSURKUNDEN

ACTA COLLOQVII OLOMVCENSIS
1992
TYPOLOGIE
DER KÖNIGSURKUNDEN
Kolloquium de ComissionInternationale de Diplomatique in Olmütz
30.8. -3.9.1992
Herausgegeben von Jan Bistiicky
Univerzita Palackeho v, Olomouci
1998
5g 1(9U2
JANE SAYERS
The typology of English royal documents before 1200
(List)
1. Before 1066
A. Facsimilesand Handlist
All charters extant on single sheetsof parchment written before the end of the
have
been
facsimile:
in
published
century
now
eleventh
EA BOND Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum 4 vols. (18738); Ordnance Survey, Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts 3 vols (1878-84) and
Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon Charters Supplementary Series vol. 1 by SIMON KEYNES (published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press 1991)
All charters are listed, with full referencesto manuscripts and printed texts, in P
SAWYER Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography (1968); a
supplement, and a revised edition are in preparation
S KEYNES Anglo-Saxon Charters: Archives and Single Sheets (forthcoming
1996 or 1997) will present a survey of all archives in which Anglo-Saxon charters
have been preserved,and a classified list of all charters surviving on single sheets
B. Editions
New edition of entire corpus of Anglo-Saxon charters to supersedeKEMBLE
Codex Diplomaticus (1839-48) and W de GRAY BIRCH Cartularium Saxonicum
(1885-93)
Fasciculesso far published for British Academy by Oxford University Press
1. Rochester ed A CAMPBELL (1973)
2. Burton ed P SAWYER (1979)
3. Sherborne ed MA O'DONOVAN (1988)
4. St Augustine's Cantebury ed SE KELLY (1995)
Shaftesbury,Barking and Selseyto be published shortly
Work in progress on Christ Church, Canterbury, Glastonbury, Wilton, Winchester Old Minster, Abingdon, Worcester
2.1066-1154 (King William the Conqueror to King Stephen)
DAVID BATES "The Conqueror's Charters" in ed C Hicks England in the
Eleventh Century. Proceedingsof the 1990 Harlaxton Symposium (Stamford 1992)
189
1-15 (ProfessorBATES is undertaking an edition of the Conqueror's charters)
DAVIS
Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum vol. i 1066-1100 ed HWC
(Oxford 1913)
CRONNE
(1956)
&HA
C
JOHNSON
11100-1135
ii
Henry
cd
vol.
dukes
Henry,
Normandy)
(&
Geoffrey
&
Matilda
Stephen,
iii
1135-54
of
vol.
(1968)
RHC
DAVIS
HA
CRONNE
and
ed
diplomatic
introduction
(1969)
ii
iv
Facsimiles
vol.
with
of
vol.
Writs
Facsimiles of English Royal Writs to A. D. 1100 presented to VHG
CHAPLAIS (Oxford 1957)
BRAITH ed TAM BISHOP &PTVM
GAL-
RC van CAENEGEM Royal Writs in England from the Conquest to Glanvill
(SeldenSoc. 77,1959)
D BATES "The earliest Norman writs" in English Historical Rewiew 100 (1985)
P CHAPLAIS "Seals and originals of Henry I" in English Historical Rewiew 75
(1960)
BISHOP Scriptores Regis (Oxford 1961) - royal scribes of Henry I,
TAM
Stephen and Henry II)
3.1154-1199 (King Henry II and King Richard I)
JC HOLT and R MORTIMER Acta of Henry II and Richard I: Handlist of
Documents surviving in the Original in Repositories in the United Kingdom (List
and Index Society Special Series21,1986) (ProfessorHOLT, with Dr MORTIMER, is undertaking an edition of Henry II's charters, both originals and copies)
JC HOLT "The acta of Henry II and Richard I of England 1154-1199: the
archive and its historical implications" in Historische Hilfswissenschaften i ed P
ROCK (Sigmaringen1989)
R MORTIMER "The charters of Henry II: what are the criteria for authenticity?" in Anglo-Norman Studies 12 ed M CHIBNALL (1990) 119-34
The Typology of English royal documents before 1200
I wish to make it clear that I am not an expert on English royal documents before
1200, my own speciality being papal diplomatic. I have, however, kept abreast of
the work going on in my country, both as a matter of general interest and for
teaching purposes, so this morning I want to outline the work of others undertaken
in this field since the 1960s. '
There has been much activity in three main areasor periods, firstly the AngloSaxon period from before the Norman Conquest of 1066, secondly on the period
between
1066
1154,
Anglo-Norman
and
covering the reigns of
the
monarchy
of
King William I, William II (Rufus), Henry I and Stephen,and thirdly, finally, on the
190
from
1154 to 1199 (the reigns of King Henry II and King Richard I) the
period
Angevins. The diplomatic of English royal charters sits rather conveniently within
the periods defined and I have divided both my paper and the accompanying list
(above) into these three sections.
I begin with the Anglo-Saxon period, for which the first accepted original dates
from 679 and is a charter of King Hlothhere of Kent (SAWYER 1968 no. 8). This is
exceptionally early when one recalls that the earliest surviving complete papal
document comes from 130 years later. The introduction of a documentary tradition
has been associated with the arrival of Archbishop Theodore of Tarsus at Canterbury in 669. The case for St Augustine introducing the charter into England has
been put by PIERRE CHAPLAIS, who, in a series of seminal articles in the 1960s on
"The origin and authenticity of the royal Anglo-Saxon diploma", "The AngloSaxon chancery: from the diploma to the writ" and "Some early Anglo-Saxon
diplomas on single sheets: originals or copies? ", began a re-evaluation of the
evidence. There has been great activity on Anglo-Saxon diplomatic, too, since 1966
when a joint committee of the British Academy and the Royal Historical Society
was setup to provide a new edition of the entire corpus of Anglo-Saxon charters to
supersede two great nineteenth-century works, J. KEMBLE'S Codex Diplomaticus
(1839-48) and W. de GRAY BIRCH'S Cartularium Saxonicum (1885-93). So far it
has produced four volumes of fascicules for the churches and minsters of Rochester,
Burton, Sherborne and St Augustine's, Canterbury (published 1995). Shaftesbury,
Barking and Selsey are promised shortly. Work is in progress on Christ Church,
Canterbury, Glastonbury, Wilton, the Old Minster Winchester, Abingdon and
Worcester. All volumes include comments on the archive as a whole and on the
authenticity and language of the charters.
The outstanding work of SIMON KEYNES on The Diplomas of King Ethelred
the Unready 978-1016 (Cambridge 1980), in which he arguesfor charters isssued
in the Witan and a definite royal chancery,will be known to some of you. And in
the last year, 1991, his Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon Charters, divided into three
sections (1) charters written before c. 900 (2) charters written between the tenth
has
between
(3)
1700,
1100
and
charters
centuries
written
c.
and
and eleventh
completed the publication in facsimile of all charters extant on single sheets of
before
the end of the eleventh century, complementing E. A.
parchment written
BOND'S Facsimilesof Ancient Charters in the British Museum and the Ordnance
Survey Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon Manusripts (both published in the nineteenth
detailed
diplomatic
KEYNES
provides
analysis of the wealth of material
century).
here - diplomas, writs, wills and chirographs - and he will next provide AngloSaxon Charters: Archives and Single Sheets.
Of most interest for comparative purposes is the peculiarly English document
the writ, of which we have examples from the end of the tenth century. Written in
the vernacular, in a letter form, sealedon a tongue and undated, it was to determine
documents
the
typology
of
royal
after the Norman Conquest. (example 1).
much of
Diplomas issued,too, by Anglo-Saxon kings were in marked contrast to those of the
191
continental kingdoms. They were not sealed,included subscriptions, but no symbols, beehivesand so forth, and might include boundary clausesin the vernacular.
(example 2- Paris, Archives Nationales, Carton des rois AE 111 60 (K19, no. 6,2
parts, diploma and writ)
Continuity, change and, of course, development are apparent in the second
between
Norman
Conquest
last
Anglo90
in
the
the
the
so
and
or
years
period,
Norman king, Stephen.The great strides of progressmade here in diplomatic began
with the publication in 1913 of the now much reviled first volume of the Regesta
Regum Anglo-Normannorum which covered the reigns of the Conqueror and
Rufus.
Professor DAVID BATES (to whom I owe the following information) is now
has
He
Conqueror's
the
charters.
already reduced
of
engaged on a critical edition
the number of acceptable texts to about 140 (not so very different in quantity from
those issued under Edward the Confessor, for which KEYNES suggests 120+ and
CLANCHY about 100). Few of these are, of course, originals. BATES has 60 or so
documents not in the Regesta and has removed from it a quite significant number of
forgeries. He has suggested the importance of continuing different diplomatic
traditions - English, Norman, Mancean and Angevin - and has approved KEYNES'S suggestion that William the Conqueror's English charters conform to a
continuation of English practice before 1066, while William's post 1066 Norman
charters continue Norman traditions, Maine charters preserving Mancean traditions. Significant arguments of BATES concern the change and growth of the use of
the writ after the Domesday Survey (1086), rather than after the Conquest, and an
explosion in the issue of writs under Henry I for whom there are some 1000 for
England, while only 88 for him as duke of Normandy for roughly the same period.
(BATES "The earliest Norman writs' English Historical Review 100 (1985) 267).
The Latin writ emerged under the Normans and was more frequently now an
administrative order than a title deed. (examples 3 and 4). Under Henry I, too, the
diploma fades as does the use of the vernacular. BATES'S point that the fusion of
Anglo-Norman documentary tradition belongs to the twelfth century rather than to
the eleventh century is of importance. BISHOP and CHAPLAIS' pioneering work
on English royal writs before 1100 and CHAPLAIS' work on the seals and original
documents of Henry I (English Historical Review 75,1960 260-75) had already
done much to change the emphasis of the study by demonstrating that many
documents confidently dated to the Conqueror's reign were in fact twelfth century
detective
And
Mr
BISHOP'S
work Scriptores Regis identified royal
productions.
scribes of Henry I to Henry II, showing the move away from beneficiaries' charters
towards royal chancery productions, but no generic "official" script.
The third significant recent enterprise concerns our final period, 1154 to
1199, the reigns of Henry II and his son, Richard I. Professor HOLT (with the
has
Dr
MORTIMER)
of
undertaken the mammoth task to continue and
assistance
enhance the earlier work on royal charters. As will be well known here, the
monumental work of DELISLE and BERGER concerned the French provinces and
192
"the affairs of France". There are many more acts concerning England and it is
HOLT'S intention to edit both originals and copies for both kings and their family,
including Eleanor of Aquitaine and John as count of Mortain. It is the English
Everest to be climbed. By the end of August 1986,3196 documents had been
identified, 2278 belonging to Henry II. HOLT suggeststhat the final total will
be
between
5000 and 6000. The items have been coded to indicate
probably
whether charter or writ, grant or confirmation and original or copy. They will have
full diplomatic commentaries. There are rare bilingual charters from the beginning
legal
from
II's
Henry
the end of Richard I's reign. Only a
reign,
specialized
of
writs
very few letters closehave survived: the tip of the iceberg perhaps of what may have
been a major part of the Chancery scribes' work. So far the originals of Henry II
number 402 and these have been analysed by Dr MORTIMER. They include 17
acts not known to BISHOP (and 22 of Richard I not known to LANDON, who
listed Richard's charters in 1935). Dr MORTIMER has pointed out that the bulk of
the surviving acta are from beneficiaries' sources.He has produced detailed tables
to show Chancery and non-Chancery production. The conclusions are as follows: 1. Laymen and towns overwhelmingly use Chancery scribes.
2. Chancery scribeswrote the majority of writs.
3. The majority of general confirmations to a particular church are written by
unidentified scribes.
4. Specific confirmations are largely Chancery products.
Finally the documents from the first half of the reign outnumber those from the
by
but
to
two
one,
non-Chancery production outnumbers Chancery prosecond
duction by 3 to 1. In short non-Chancery production becomes less common,
especially of writs. And while writs and specific confirmations early in the reign
by
Chancery scribes, general confirmations were usually drawn up
were written
outside the Chancery by the beneficiaries themselves.
I can choose only one of Henry II's charters to show as reasonably representative. (example 5). All the royal titles are cited. After May 1172 "dei gratia" was
introduced. The addressis to the ecclesiastics,nobility, king's officers and subjects
in that order. The greeting is "sakdem" and the text commences "Sciatis me... ".
The injunction "Quare volo" etc is also in the singular. The witnesses' clause is
date.
day
by
No
is given except in some charters written
year
or
a
place
completed
outside the Chancery.
Under Richard I there are important changes with the introduction of the
from
king's
the
time
the
coronation and the "data per manum" clause,
of
plural
reminiscent of that of the papal chancery and surviving until 1238. (example 6). It
has been suggested that these changes are connected with the chancellorship of
William Longchamps. Under Henry II the term "littere", perhaps borrowed from
be
for
documents:
by Richard's reign
to
used
scribes,
comes
royal
ecclesiastical
perhaps "carta" was gaining the restrictive meaning of grant, while writ meant
by
Certainly
the end of the reign (1199), there is abundant
order.
administrative
evidence that royal chancery instruments were classified into "carte", "littere
193
patentes" and "littere clause", which determined the enrolment divisions. There is
scopefor much more investigation now that the collection of the material hastaken
place. Certainly I hope in my retirement in the early years of the twenty-first
century to be able to answer on the basis of other people's work many of the
questions that will doubtless be in your minds today.
' This paper could not have been written or presented at Olmutz withoud the work and kind and
generous help given by Dr SIMON KEYNES, Dr (now Professor) DAVID BATES, Professor Sir
JAMES HOLT and Dr RICHARD MORTIMER. They are, of course, in no way responsible for any
opinions expressed. Since giving the paper, I have brought certain parts up to date, notably the list.
194
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196
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