Grammar review

Transcrição

Grammar review

Grammar review
Verbs 1
SIMPLE FORMS
Present simple is used for
• things which happen regularly or are permanent situations.
I go to school by bus every day.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
•
time clauses
Let me know when you are ready.
•
dramatic narrative effect
Rooney gets the ball, he dodges past Shearer and he shoots!
•
definite events in the future
The plane leaves at 13.30.
The swimming pool reopens at the weekend.
Past simple is used for
• things that happened in the past and are now finished, often with a fixed time phrase
India gained independence in 1947.
I hated wearing a uniform when I was at school.
Present perfect simple is used
• for things which began in the past and are still continuing
Mr Singh has lived in England for over 50 years (and he still lives there).
•
for things that happened at some indefinite time in the past and affect the present
You can’t have cereal for breakfast. We’ve run out of milk.
•
with words like ever, never, just, already, hardly, yet, for, since, lately, recently
I haven’t heard from Paul yet today.
Past perfect simple is used when we are already talking about the past
• and want to talk about events which happened even earlier
By the time Carl Lewis was 23 he had become a millionaire.
It started to rain but luckily I had packed my raincoat.
•
in reported speech
Jo said she’d just received my letter.
Future simple is used
• when we decide something as we are speaking
I’ll phone him right away.
•
promises or offers
I will always love you!
I’ll help you clear up after the party.
•
predictions or expectations
Most people think Brazil will win the World Cup.
© Österreichischer Bundesverlag Schulbuch GmbH & Co. KG, Wien 2010 | www.oebv.at | Make Your Way 5 | ISBN 978-3-209-07033-3 und 978-3-209-07035-7
Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Von dieser Druckvorlage ist die Vervielfältigung für den eigenen Unterrichtsgebrauch gestattet.
Autorinnen: Sue Ireland | Joanna Kosta
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PROGRESSIVE FORMS
Present progressive is used
• when an action is happening now or is incomplete
I’m living at home with my parents until I go to university.
•
definite events in the future
Marie’s having a baby in June.
For verbs not usually used in the progressive tenses see coursebook p. 40.
“Going to” future can be used for
• future arrangements
Jack’s going to fix my car for me tomorrow.
•
predictions based on facts
Look at those dark clouds. It’s going to rain!
Note: Several tenses can be used to talk about the future in English. Very often there is little
difference in meaning.
Past progressive is used
• for actions in the past that were continuing or incomplete when something happened
The orchestra was still playing when the Titanic sank.
Present perfect progressive is used
• for things that have happened continuously over a period of time
Tomas has been learning English for seven years (and he’s still learning).
Past perfect progressive is used in
• reported speech
Jack said he’d been saving up for a moped since Christmas.
For more on simple and progressive tenses see coursebook p. 39.
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Verbs 2
THE PASSIVE
Forming the passive
The passive is formed with to be plus the past participle of the verb.
Present simple:
Present progressive:
Past simple:
Past progressive:
Present perfect:
Past perfect:
Future simple:
Modal verbs (Present):
Modal verbs (Past):
Most houses in England are built of brick.
John’s house is being painted.
Gold was found in the Klondike.
The van was being unloaded when the money disappeared.
The thieves haven’t been found yet.
The hall had been cleaned before the party started.
You will be told the date of the exam later.
Muddy boots must be removed before entering the hostel.
Dirty footprints could be seen all over the floor.
Using the Passive
•
when the person who does the action (the agent) is unknown or unimportant or obvious, it is
unnecessary to put “by”+ agent.
Some water is heated in a kettle and the tea is put in the pot.
Sorry I can’t give you a lift, my car is being repaired.
Jack was arrested for dangerous driving.
•
We can put “by” + agent if we want to stress who did something.
This ring was given to me by my grandmother.
Some areas of natural beauty will be ruined by tourism.
All these books have been signed by the author.
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Verbs 3
REPORTED SPEECH
When the reporting verb is in the present tense, the verb tense in indirect speech does not change.
“I’m going to London tomorrow.”
Jill says she’s going to London tomorrow.
When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb tense in the indirect speech usually changes.
•
present simple Æ past simple
“I like living in London.”
Sue said that she liked living in London.
•
present progressive Æ past progressive
“I’m reading an amusing book at the moment.”
She said she was reading an amusing book at the moment.
•
will future Æ would
“I’ll meet you for lunch tomorrow”.
Jack said he would meet me for lunch the next day.
•
present perfect Æ past perfect
“Our team have never won the championship.”
He said that his team had never won the championship.
•
past simple Æ past perfect
“We reached the final last year.”
He said that they had reached the final the year before.
Notice what happens to questions in reported speech:
•
“Do you ever go out to play?”
The reporter asked the girl if she ever went out to play.
•
“Did you enjoy the film?”
He wanted to know if she had enjoyed the film.
Look at the word order in reported questions that start with a question word:
•
“Where do you work?”
The reporter asked the man where he worked.
•
“How much did you earn last week?”
He asked how much he had earned the week before.
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Verbs 4
CONDITIONALS
Zero conditional
•
•
If/When + present tense Æ present tense
Used for cause and effect
If you heat metal it expands
Type 1
•
•
If + present tense Æ future tense
Used for likely or possible events in the future
If you don’t stop whistling I’ll scream.
I’ll have a big party if I pass my exams.
Type 2
•
•
If + past tense Æ would/could/might + infinitive
Used for unlikely or impossible events
If I won the lottery I’d buy a big house for my family.
If I were prime minister I’d abolish taxes.
Were is often used after if instead of was.
Type 3
•
•
If + past perfect Æ would/could/might have + past participle
Used for events in the past that never happened.
If Sam had stayed at home that night he wouldn’t have met Jessica.
If you had phoned me I could have given you a lift.
If Liz had worked a bit harder she would have got a better grade.
Remember that we seldom use if + will/would
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Verbs 5
MODALS
The verb forms can, could, may might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to are all modal
auxiliary verbs.
Modal verbs have no infinitives and, apart from can/could and will/would, no past or future forms.
Modal verbs are used to express
•
ability
Harry can swim further than Billy.
When I was younger I could swim a mile.
Be able to is used for future and some past ability. (see coursebook p. 101)
Will you be able to come to my party on Saturday?
•
permission
Can/Could/May/Might I ask you a favour? Of course you can.
You can all leave half an hour early today.
Can is the most usual way of asking for and giving permission. Could and may are more
polite, might is very formal.
•
strong obligation
You must take these tablets regularly.
I must get my hair cut, it’s far too long.
All visitors must sign in at the reception desk.
You mustn’t drink and drive.
For the past and in reported speech had to is used.
I had to get a new passport before I went on holiday.
The teacher said we had to wear our uniforms for the school trip.
•
weaker obligation
You ought to/should let your mother know that you’re going to be late.
The past usage ought to have/should have means the action did not happen
I ought to have/should have bought Stella a birthday card (but I didn’t).
•
lack of obligation
You needn’t phone me if you’re going to be late tonight.
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Gerund (-ing form) or infinitive
•
Certain verbs are followed by the gerund (-ing form):
admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine,
mention, mind, miss, practise, risk, can’t stand, suggest, understand
I enjoy learning English.
A lot of people have given up smoking.
•
The following verbs take the infinitive:
afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, chose, decide, fail, hope, learn, offer, prepare,
pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish
I hope to go to Glastonbury next year.
A lot of kids fail to eat 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day.
•
A few verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with no change in meaning:
begin, continue, intend, start
When did you start smoking/to smoke?
The children continued to talk/talking when the teacher entered the room.
•
Some verbs can be used with either an infinitive or gerund with a change in meaning.
remember and forget
I remember/shall never forget seeing elephants in Africa. (This happened in the past.)
I must remember/mustn’t forget to post this letter. (This hasn’t happened yet.)
stop
I stopped travelling by bus when I got my own car. (I gave up doing something.)
I stopped to buy some petrol at the garage. (= in order to buy, purpose)
regret
We regret to inform our guests that the restaurant is now closed. (Giving bad news).
I regret taking a gap year before university. (Thinking about the past).
try
I tried to open the door but it was locked. (I couldn’t open it although I tried.)
I tried knocking and ringing the bell (I knocked and rang to see if someone would open the
door.)
•
Some verbs can be used with either infinitive or gerund with a small change in meaning.
like, love, hate, prefer are used with the gerund when talking in general, and with the
infinitive when talking about a specific event.
I like going to the cinema. (In general)
I’d like to go to the cinema with you tonight. (Specific event)
I hate being disturbed when I’m working. (In general)
I hate to disturb you but could you sign this letter for me. (Specific event)
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Articles
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
A/an is used before a singular countable noun, the first time it is mentioned or it doesn’t refer to a
specific person or thing.
A cat is a nice pet for a family.
There’s a woman selling flowers on the market.
Note: we can use uncountable nouns with the indefinite article informally.
I’d like two coffees, a tea and an apple juice please
DEFINITE ARTICLE
The is used to refer to something specific, or something that has already been mentioned.
I bought a bunch of tulips from the woman on the market.
Compare:
We watched a football match and a movie on TV. (not specific)
The game ended in a draw and the movie was boring.
(movie and football match have already been mentioned)
I want to buy a laptop.
The laptop I want to buy costs over £1,000.
NO ARTICLE is used
•
when talking about things in general:
Life is great!
I can’t stand mushrooms.
•
before uncountable nouns
I think rice tastes better than pasta.
I can’t concentrate if there’s music playing in the background.
•
before names of meals, sports, days, months, festivals and places
Breakfast is served between seven and ten o’clock.
I love football.
The parcel was posted in Duke Street on Wednesday.
Easter usually falls in March or April.
•
in certain common expressions
to/at/from/in + school/university/hospital/church, at night,
at/from + home, by + car/bicycle/bus/train/plane/boat, on foot
8
Some and any
(including something, anything, someone, anyone, somewhere, anywhere)
•
Normally some is used in positive sentences and any in negative sentences and questions.
I’ve bought some fruit for lunch.
I’ve got something in my eye.
John doesn’t have any brothers or sisters.
Did you buy anything to drink?
We haven’t got anywhere to put those books.
I think I’ve missed the bus – there isn’t anyone at the bus stop.
•
Some is used in polite offers and when we expect the answer “yes”.
Would you like some bread with your soup?
Could you show me some waterproof boots please?
What’s in that box – is it something for my birthday?
Would you like some tickets for the World Cup?
•
Any is used in positive sentences in the sense of “it doesn’t matter which one”.
If there’s anything I can do, just let me know.
Anyone can use the tennis courts, you don’t have to be a club member.
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Adjective or adverb
•
Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjective form.
Lena is a wonderful dancer.
Lena dances wonderfully.
Colin’s house is easy to find.
I found Colin’s house easily.
•
Some adverbs are irregular.
Geoff’s a good singer.
Porsches are very fast cars.
Sally’s a hard worker.
There were several late arrivals.
Geoff sings well.
Some young people drive too fast.
Sally works hard.
Several people arrived late.
•
Remember that hardly (= kaum), lately (= kürzlich) and nearly (= fast) have different meanings
from hard, late and near.
•
Taste, look, feel, sound, smell, seem are normally only used with adjectives.
This meat tastes good.
Adverbs and word order
Adverbs of frequency (often, seldom, never etc.) and adverbs of degree (certainly, definitely,
probably) usually come
• between the subject and the main verb.
Simon often buys things on eBay, he never goes shopping in town.
•
after the verb “to be”.
You are really silly!
•
after a modal verb, or after the first auxiliary verb in future, progressive and perfect tenses.
Suzanne will probably get an excellent grade in the exam.
I am always being asked to babysit on Saturday evenings.
Dad can usually explain my maths homework to me.
Adverbs and adverbial phrases of manner (How), place (Where) and time (When) usually follow
the object at the end of the sentence in the order manner Æ place Æ time.
Justin played brilliantly at the concert last night.
Some kids smoke secretly behind the bike sheds in the lunch break.
Some adverbials can be placed at the beginning of a sentence for special emphasis.
Tomorrow I’m going out for the day.
In India there are many child labourers.
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Grammar review

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