Exercise

1
Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial de Santa Catarina
SENAI - Unidade São José
Curso: Programação
Disciplina: Inglês Instrumental
Professora: Denise de Mesquita Corrêa
e-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
English File
Programação
2008/1
Student: ___________________________________________
2
Exercise - Verb List - Computer
A- Identify the equivalent in Portuguese.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Infinitive
to register
to link
to connect
to break
to decode
to compile
to control
to crash
to click
to charge
to copy
to drag
to drop
to edit
to download
to execute
to instruct
to get
to interrupt
to go
to have
to justify
to know
to lose
to make
to log
to monitor
to operate
to output
to send
to paste
to post
to program
to process
to record
to write
Meaning
3
Exercise - Verb List
A- Complete the list below.
PRESENT
PAST SIMPLE
access
accessed
broke
build
PAST PARTICIPLE
broken
built
apply
applied
catch
caught
drew
address
addressed
compiled
call
crash
delete
made
deleted
downloaded
took
infect
taken
infected
got
programmed
think
switch
gone
knew
made
get
fallen
crashed
went
download
compiled
called
fell
know
drawn
programmed
thought
switched
MEANING
4
Exercise - Verb Tenses
The verb itself changes according to the tense. For example:
Present
Past
Future
I TYPE
I TYPED
I WILL TYPE
A- Decide whether the sentence is written in the past, present or future tense.
1.
A motherboard is best described as the main circuit system.
2.
I will explain the meaning of programming.
3.
Antivirus software usually works by checking a file for certain patterns of binary code.
4.
Most good antivirus software will update these files automatically.
5.
Imagine you bought an antivirus protection.
6.
The antivirus software scanned all the attachments.
7.
A Worm refers to a virus that can replicate.
8.
A virus is basically a malicious computer program.
9.
If you had 16 color selected your work would be easier.
10.
Reboot the machine and see if it works.
11. A message will appear telling you the defragment percentage of your drive
12. You saved and deleted files on your computer last week.
13.
Errors occur when file clusters are lost
14.
This will keep your hard drive healthy and prevent crashes.
5
Exercise – Adjectives
A- Complete the table.
Adjective
1- dark
2- cheap
3- old
4- new
5- light
6- easy
7- bad
8- big
9- short
10- good
11- expensive
12- dangerous
13- difficult
14- special
15- small
16- long
17- careful
18- high
19- low
20- important
21- heavy
22- wide
23- slow
24- fast
25- powerful
26- successful
27- far
28- satisfactory
29- modern
30- hot
31- cold
32- innovative
33- leading
34- current
35- bright
Meaning
6
Grammar Reference
Adjective – Comparative and Superlative
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
1. small
smaller
smallest
2. wise
wiser
wisest
3. big
bigger
biggest
stronger
strongest
5. easy
easier
easiest
6. heavy
heavier
heaviest
7. dangerous
more/less dangerous
most/least dangerous
8. important
more/less important
most/least important
more/less careful
most/least careful
more/less powerful
most/least powerful
more/less leading
most/least leading
more/less expensive
most/least expensive
4. strong
9. careful
10. powerful
11. leading
12. expensive
Exceptions:
13. good
better
best
14. bad
worse
worst
15. far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
7
Exercise - Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
A- Identify the comparative or superlative adjective in each sentence and
after, translate the following sentences.
1. As these viruses/worms become ever more advanced, the need for antivirus
software has never been so great.
2. The internet is an excellent tool, and no doubt has changed the way most
people communicate.
3. Good antivirus software will automatically check any files, but the best will
detect everything which is wrong about your computer.
4. A motherboard is best described as the main circuit system.
5. Run more updated Scandisk weekly and defrag monthly.
6. This monitor is brighter.
7. Defrag arranges these scattered files in continuous blocks again, making it
easier for your computer to retrieve the file next time.
8. Scandisk is a utility program included in DOS 6.0 or higher.
8
Vocabulary - Linking Expressions
1- Besides- além disso/de
2- Furthermore - além disso/de
3- Moreover - além disso/de
4- In addition- além disso/de
5- In the meantime – enquanto isso
6- Meanwhile - enquanto isso
7- At first - inicialmente
8- First - inicialmente
9- In the beginning - inicialmente
10- Actually – na verdade/de fato
11- In fact - na verdade/de fato
12- In truth - na verdade/de fato
13- As a matter of fact - na verdade
14- Indeed - na verdade/de fato
15- Otherwise - senão
16- Or else - senão
17- However - entretanto
18- Although - embora
19- Though - embora
20- On the other hand – por outro lado
21- On the contrary – do contrário
22- By the way– a propósito/mudando de
assunto
23- Nevertheless - contudo
24- In spite of- apesar de/a despeito de
25- Despite - apesar de/a despeito de
26- Unless – a menos que
27- So as to - de maneira a/de modo a
28- So that - de maneira a/de modo a
29- In this way – desse modo
30- Likewise – da mesma forma
31- As a result - conseqüentemente
32- Consequently - conseqüentemente
33- Hence - conseqüentemente
34- Thus - então
35- Therefore - então
36- Because - porque/por causa de
37- As- porque/por causa de/como
38- Due to – devido a
39- Since – desde que/já que
40- Then – então/depois
41- After that - então/depois
42- At least – pelo menos
43- At last - finalmente
44- It seems that – me parece que
45- To my mind- eu acho/penso
46- In my point of view- eu acho
47- From what I understand - eu acho
48- As far as I know - eu acho/penso
49- On second thoughts – pensando melhor
50- ... I mean... – ou seja/isto é
51- That is - ou seja/isto é
52- According to – de acordo com
53- Accordingly - de acordo com
54- Instead of – ao invés de
55- Concerning – em relação à
56- In this regard - em relação à
57- To sum up - resumindo
58- In short - resumindo
59- On the whole - resumindo
60- Finally - finalmente
61- Concluding - concluindo
62- To end - concluindo
63- For instance – por exemplo
64- For example - por exemplo
65- And so on - e assim por diante
9
Exercise - Check Your English
A- Identify the equivalent in Portuguese.
1- Case.
a) janela
2- Machine.
a) martelo
3- Printer.
a) impressora
4- Keyboard.
a) tela
5- Board.
a) lápis
b) porta
c) CPU
d) parede
b) quadro
c) prego
d) máquina
b) computador
b) telefone
c) conversor
c) teclado
d) microfone
d) gravador
b) caneta
c) borracha
d) borda
6- File.
a) fila
b) régua
c) arquivo
d) impressora
7- Address.
a) endereço
b) colega
c) gerente
d) presidente
8- Schedule.
a) viagem
b) bagagem
c) horário
d) roteiro
9- Data.
a) data
b) dados
c) dado
d) datas
10- key.
a) semana
b) tecla
c) impressora
d) praia
11- Mail.
a) carta
b) envelope
c) caneta
12- Network.
a) rede
b) impressora
c) tela
d) correspondência
d) régua
9
10
Vocabulary – Computers 1
A- Match the vocabulary and its definitions.
1. Assembly language
2. Cell
3. Embed
4. GB
5. Hang
6. Hub
7. Input device
8. Jam
9. Logic error
10. Loudspeaker
11. Machine code
12. Menu bar
13. Operating system
14. Peripheral
15. Plotter
16. Scroll
17. Server
18. Topology
19. Virus
20. Wide area network
( ) Suddenly and unexpectedly to stop processing during the execution of a program.
( ) To get stuck in one position.
( ) An electronic device at the center of a star network topology.
( ) To insert an object inside another object.
( ) An output device used to output drawings onto paper.
( ) The set of programs that control the basic functions of a computer.
(
) A piece of equipment that is connected to the central processing unit of a computer
system.
(
) A programming mistake caused by the use of a sequence of instructions that are not
logical.
( ) A row of icons on a display screen that open up menus when selected.
( ) A computer language that consists entirely of a combination of 1s and 0s.
( ) A main computer that provides a service on a network.
( ) To move displayed information smoothly, either horizontally or vertically, on the screen.
( ) The physical layout of a network.
(
) A program written deliberately to damage data or cause a computer to behave in an
unusual way.
( ) Computers connected together over a large distance.
( ) A low-level computer language that uses mnemonics rather than only numbers, making
it easier than , machine code for humans to read and write.
( ) The rectangular box formed where a row and a column meet in a spreadsheet.
( ) A piece of equipment used for entering data or controlling a computer.
( ) Abbreviation for a gigabyte.
( ) A sound output device.
10
11
Vocabulary – Computers 2
A- Match the vocabulary and its definitions.
1. Algorithm
2. Automation
3. Back-up
4. Bit
5. Bug
6. Cell
7. Chip
8. Compiler
9. Data bank
10. Delay
11. Disk drive
12. Field
13. Host computer
14. Link
15. Loop
16. Main storage
17. Numeric code
18. Output
19. Overtime
20. Protocol
21. Queue
22. Scope
23. Skip
24. Tag
25. Update
26. Virus
27. Track
( ) Abreviação de binary digit (dígito binário).
( ) Armazenamento interno principal.
( ) Atualizar, modificar o arquivo-mestre com informação atualizada.
( ) Banco de dados.
( ) Computador que se encarrega das operações de um grupo de computadores ligados em uma rede.
( ) Convenção que determina como a informação será comunicada entre dois dispositivos e quando
começar a parar o envio de informações.
( ) Cópia sobressalente necessária em caso de algum acidente.
( ) Dispositivo que capacita o computador a ler e imprimir dados em discos.
( ) É a intersecção de uma fileira ou coluna numa tabela. Célula.
( ) Erro ou mau funcionamento que se quer analisar.
( ) Estrutura de dados da qual os itens são removidos na mesma ordem que entraram; fila.
( ) Faixa de disco magnético disponível para um cabeçote de gravação ou leitura; trilha.
( ) Hora extraordinária.
( ) Identificação de um registro em fita magnética.
( ) Informações codificadas numericamente; código numérico.
( ) Instrução de opção no fim de uma sub-rotina, para retorno do programa ao ponto de partida,
ligação.
( ) Num comando de banco de dados, cláusula que especifica uma série de registros a serem
endereçados pelo comando.
( ) Num registro, área específica usada para uma categoria determinada de dados.
( ) Peça retangular ou quadrada de silício na qual são impressas várias camadas de um circuito
integrado.
( ) Programa de computador que, automaticamente, se autocópia e infecta outros discos ou programas
sem que o usuário se aperceba disso.
( ) Programas usados para traduzir os problemas-fontes escritos em determinada linguagem de alto
nível para linguagem de máquina ou assembler.
( ) Resultado ou informação transmitida para um dispositivo de saída.
( ) Salto; função de perfuradora de cartões ou de fita, equivalente à função tabular em máquina de
escrever.
( ) Seqüência de instruções que é executada repetidamente até que outra condição prevaleça.
( ) Tempo despendido entre o término da confecção de um relatório e sua real possibilidade de
utilização; retardo.
( )Método pelo qual máquinas são controladas por um computador a fim de executar. operações prédeterminadas em seqüência, ou determinadas por operações ou condições precedentes.
( )Série de instruções relativas à solução de um problema específico.
11
12
Vocabulary – Computers 3
A- Match the words and their definitions. Put the equivalent numbers in the parentheses
below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
IBM
Interface
Internet
Network
Password
Template
Android
8. Bus
9. Compiler
10. Device
11. Download
12. Grid
13. Loop
14. Node
(
) A program which converts source programs into machine code.
(
) International business machine.
(
) A pre-shaped pattern used as a guide.
(
) A common boundary between two systems, devices, or programs.
(
) An informal shared public network linking UNIX and other computers world-wide using the
internet protocol.
(
) Used for touch-screen and pen-based computers.
(
) A sequence of instructions that is repeated until a certain condition is reached.
(
) A system which connects up a number of computers and communications devices to enable
messages and data to be passed between those devices.
(
) A method of security in which the user has to enter a unique character string before gaining
access to a computer system.
(
) Either a point in a network where communications lines are interconnected, or where a
workstation or a mainframe computer is attached.
(
) A mobile robot whose structure approximately resembles that of a human.
(
) A piece of hardware that is attached to a computer and is not part of the main central processor.
(
) Send programs or data from a central computer to a remote terminal or PC.
(
) A signal route within a computer to which several items may be connected so that signals may
be passed between them.
12
13
Reading - The Internet 1
A- Match the addresses with the topics below.
12345(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
alt.algebra.help
alt.asian-movies
alt.comics.batman
alt.education.disabled
alt.fashion
6- alt.sport.soccer.european
7- alt.funny-jokes
8- rec.antiques.bottles
9- alt.food.wine
10- alt.music.world
) a football fan
) a student with math problems
) a collector who likes drinks
) a comic book collector
) a fan of Indian cinema
) someone interested in clothes
) a student who has a blind problem
) a singer
) a person who likes to laugh
) the owner of a restaurant
The Internet 2
B - Match the internet pages with the topics. Write in the boxes below.
1- the latest scientific developments
2- caring for your cat
3- calculating your tax
4- new cars
5- advertising on the web
6- books on sport
7- sending a virtual greetings card
8- economic data on Bulgaria
9- your horoscope
10- ski conditions in Europe
1
2
3
4
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
5
6
www.admarket.com
www.bubble.com/webstars/
www.buildacard.com
www.carlounge.com.
www.encenter.com/ski/
www.petcat.co.uk
www.moneyworld.co.uk
www.newscientist.com/
www.thebookplace.com
www.worldbank.org
7
8
9
10
13
Exercise
A- Choose the odd word out in each group (1, 2, 3, etc.)
1.
to find
to watch
complex
to get
2.
program
fast
board
computer
3.
virus
besides
moreover
furthermore
4.
happier
more crowded
smaller
younger
5.
data
software
hardware
latest
6.
back up
scandisk
peripheral
practical
7.
unplug
disk
computer
tall
8.
delete
actually
windows
power
9.
connection
met
program
memory
10.
running
monitor
screen
keyboard
B- Divide the following words in two groups.
to develop – virus –scan – to get – file – to need – antivirus – to consider –
program– to increase – load - to monitor – language – to convert – to process –
machine – to design - object
Group 1 - Verbs
Group 2 – Non-verbs
15
Vocabulary - Computer Terms 4
A- Identify the vocabulary in Portuguese.
Alternate
Application
Bold
Clock
Code
Connection
Control
Delete
Error
Escape
Explorer
Font
Function
Insert
Keyboard
Loading
Maintenance
Motherboard
Page down
Page up
Power
Running
Screen
Shift
Shut down
Space bar
Start
Tabulation
Toolbar
Variables
Virus
15
16
Vocabulary - Computer Terms 5
A- Match the sentences below and their equivalent.
1. power
2. energy
3. electricity
4. electrocution
5. current
6. static
7. appliance
8. device
9. machine
10. engine
11. controls
12. control panel
13. button
14. switch
15. dial
16. technician
17. broken
18. fixed / repaired
19. damage
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
) motor
) interruptor
) painel de controle
) técnico
) fixo/reparado
) botão
) eletrocutar
) máquina
) quebrado
) dispositivo
) controles
) discar
) estática
) dano
) poder/potência
) corrente
) dispositivo
) eletricidade
) energia
B- Complete the translation of the following sentences.
How do you use this device?
Como você usa este ___________________________________?
I'm trying to figure out how to use this machine.
Estou tentando ____________________________ como se usa essa ____________________.
The lights are off.
As luzes estão ___________________________________
The engine is on.
O motor está ___________________________________
The power is off.
A ___________________________ está desligada.
Plug in the cord.
__________________________ no cordão
Plug it in.
____________________________
The power is out.
A ____________________________ está desligada.
It's broke. Can you fix it?
Está ___________________________________. Você pode reparar?
That machine is out of order. We need to get it repaired.
Aquela máquina está ___________________________________. Nós precisamos consertá-la.
16
17
Vocabulary - Computer Terms 6
A- Match the vocabulary below and their equivalent.
1- Rewind
2- button
3- Controls
4- push
5-switch
6- press
7- pause
8- play
9- control panel
10- fast forward
11- fix
12- repair
13- break
14- damage
15- dial
16- pull
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
) empurrar
) quebrar
) avançar
) controles
) pausar
) painel de controle
) discar
) desempenhar
) dano
) pressionar
) consertar
) puxar
) botão
) voltar
) reparar
) interruptor
B- Match the vocabulary below and their definitions.
12345-
Access
Circuit braker
Matrix
Logarithm
Object code
6- Virtual reality
7- Storage device
8- Record
9- Font
10- Rank
(
) All the features of text on screen or on a page.
(
) a computer program that has been translated into machine code and can be executed by the
computer
(
) a piece of equipment such as tape or disks, etc. which can hold computer data
(
) a switch that controls the flow of an electric current.
(
) to store data or information in permanent form on disk or magnetic tape
(
) an arrangement of items such as numbers and other data in rows and columns
(
) to use a computer system or part of it in order to look at or to record or change (write) data
(
) an environment created by a computer that a person can experience by wearing special
equipment
(
) to put something in a particular order, especially according to importance or size
(
) any of a series of numbers that can represent another number in order to make it easier to do a
difficult multiplication or division sum
17
18
Exercise
A- Choose the odd word out.
programming
search
vacation
coding
sun
language
debugging
program
source
file
record
newspaper
routines
navigation
search
software
setting
applications
document
system
internet
hardware
fashion
viruses
network
wake up
link
algorithm
byte
flowers
cell
chip
data
keyboard
paper
process
host
subject
input
machine
B- Choose the best option according to their equivalents.
a. The discipline differs from many other technical professions.
b. There is an ongoing debate.
c. Computer programming is the process of writing, testing, and maintaining the source code of
computer programs.
d. The programming language used in writing programs
e. A program may be written or modified.
f. Different parts of a program can be written in different languages.
g. A personal computer (PC) is a computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it
useful for individuals.
h. A keyboard is a peripheral partially modeled.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Há um debate acontecendo.
A linguagem de programação usada para escrever programas.
Um teclado é um periférico parcialmente modelado.
Programação é o processo de escrita, teste e manutenção de um programa de computador.
Diferentes partes de um programa podem ser escritas em diferentes linguagens.
Um computador pessoal é um computador de pequeno porte e baixo custo, que se destina ao
uso pessoal (ou para uso de um pequeno grupo de indivíduos).
A disciplina difere de muitas outras.
Um programa pode ser escrito ou modificado.
18
19
Exercise
A- Choose the odd word out.
Fortran
Pascal
Basic
Stapler
CPU
engine
scanner
Shift
tape
source
space
tabulation
tag
spreadsheet
tree
update
memory
paging
output
magazine
loop
rain
mainframe
modem
nice
load
storage
printer
B- Divide the following words in two groups.
Understands - mechanism - called – device - board - controlled - keywords –
compiler - machine - convert – operation – unplug – user
Verbs
pirated - need -
Computer vocabulary
C- Match the sentences below and their equivalent.
1. How do you use this device?
2. I'm trying to figure out how to use this
machine.
3. The power is off.
4. John used to type with me.
5. Could you program this?
6. The image is a little out of focus.
7. The lights are off. Plug it in.
8. The power is out.
9. It's broke. Can you fix it?
10. My computer always breaks down at
the worst time.
11. Shut down the computer.
12. Plug in the cord.
13. The computer is on.
( ) Desligue o computador.
( ) Ligue o fio.
( ) A potência está desligada.
( ) Estou tentando avaliar como se usa essa
máquina.
( ) Está quebrado. Você pode reparar?
( ) A potência está desligada.
( ) Meu computador sempre quebra na pior
hora.
( ) John digitava comigo.
( ) A imagem está um pouco fora de foco.
( ) O computador está ligado.
( ) As luzes estão apagadas. Acenda.
( ) Como você usa este dispositivo?
( ) Você poderia programar isto?
19
20
Exercise
A – Identify if the sentences are in the Present, Past or Future.
1. I’m typing a report tonight.
2. This program does not work well.
3. I didn’t know how to use the computer before.
4. I will not use the computer tomorrow.
5. Did you get to the internet yesterday?
6. I will program later.
7. My brother uses this program easily.
8. He scanned that document again.
9. My best friend access the internet every day.
10. Will you update this program?
B- Match the sentences/words below and their equivalent.
Processador – compilador - energia – velocidade - binário - sem fio –
rodar muitos aplicativos - rápido – entregar – economia de energia
deliver
power
wireless
energy-saving
speed
processor
fast
to run many applications
compiler
binary
20
21
Reading – Computer Program
A- Complete the text with the words that follow.
execute - design - computer program - fail - bugs
In practical terms, a ________________________might include anywhere from a dozen
instructions to many millions of instructions for something like a word processor or a web
browser. A typical modern computer can _____________billions of instructions every second
and nearly never make a mistake over years of operation. Large computer programs may take
teams of computer programmers’ years to write and the probability of the entire program
having been written completely in the manner intended is unlikely. Errors in computer
programs are called______________. Sometimes bugs are benign and do not affect the
usefulness of the program, in other cases they might cause the program to completely
__________(crash), in yet other cases there may be subtle problems. Sometimes otherwise
benign bugs may be used for malicious intent, creating a security exploit. Bugs are usually not
the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given,
bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the
program's________________.
B- Make a circle around the linking expressions in the texts that follow.
Controlling front-end electronics boards using commercial solutions
Summary:LHCb is a dedicated B-physics experiment under construction at CERN's large hadron
collider (LHC) accelerator. This paper will first describe the novel approach LHCb is taking toward
controlling and monitoring of electronics boards. Instead of using the bus in a crate to exercise control
over the boards, we use credit-card sized personal computers (CCPCs) connected via Ethernet to cheap
control PCs. After that the CCPCs will provide a simple parallel, I2C, and JTAG buses toward the
electronics board. Each board will be equipped with a CCPC and, hence, will be completely
independently controlled. The advantages of this scheme versus the traditional bus-based scheme will
be described. Also, the integration of the controls of the electronics boards into a commercial
supervisory
control
and
data
acquisition
(SCADA)
system
will
be
shown
Source:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel5/23/21671/01003779.pdf
Powerful computers capable of translating documents from one language into another have
recently been developed in Japan. The process of machine translation is complex. To translate
a document from English into Japanese, for example, the computer first analyses an English
sentence, determining its grammatical structure. Next, the words are translated by an EnglishJapanese dictionary. After that, another part of the computer program analyses the resulting
group of words and meanings and produces an intelligible sentence based on the rules of
Japanese syntax. Finally, the computer-produced translation is polished by a human bilingual
editor.
21
22
Exercise
A- Match the titles and the texts:
1- What is the Apple iPhone?
3- How HD Radio Works
5- Telecommunications
2- How Municipal WiFi Works
4- Skype vs. Vonage
Telecommunications devices, including cell phones, satellite radio or Voice over IP, connect
us to one another and to the world of information at our fingertips. Learn all about the
technologies we depend upon for efficient communication in this section of HowStuffWorks.
Title ___________________________
The Apple iPhone exceeds Mac lovers' lofty expectations. Learn about the iPhone and why
this iPod, phone, and internet communicator could change an industry.
Title ___________________________
A new radio format is set to add features to your radio listening experience: HD Radio. Learn
how it works.
Title ___________________________
Explore how both Skype and Vonage work and learn if one of them is right for you.
Title ___________________________
Learn about the amazing things that these networks can do -- besides potentially providing
free or cheap Internet access, about the technology behind them and why "Municipal WiFi"
can be a misnomer.
Title ___________________________
B- Identify the equivalent in English, according to the texts above.
12345-
...estas redes podem fazer... ________________________________________
... adicionar dispositivos ...__________________________________________
... que nós dependemos... __________________________________________
... na ponta dos nosso dedos..._______________________________________
... poderia alterar ... _______________________________________________
C- Identify the following vocabulary in the texts above.
12345-
grátis –
funciona –
dispositivo barato –
mundo -
D- Translate the following sentence: Learn all about the technologies we depend upon for
efficient communication in this section of HowStuffWorks.
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23
Programming – Vocabulary 7
Word Groups - What group do the words belong to?
Group 1 – Computer/ Programming
draw
adapter
document
work
cables
operate
circuit
algorithm
process
input device
print
software
output device
Group 2 – Verbs
plug
language
think
power
compiler
play
slot
mean
switch
system board
insert
get
wire
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Exercise - Vocabulary 8
A- Match the columns. Opposites.
1. Correct
2. Finish
3. Lock
4. Inside
5. Direct
6. Chargeable
7. Software
8. Open
9. Pull
10. Simple
11. Incompatible
12. Backward
13. Delete
14. Continue
15. Input
16. Able
17. Formatted
18. Connect
19. Load
20. Simple
21. Transmit
22. Deactivate
23. Flexible
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
) Complicated
) Outside
) Push
) Unlock
) Disconnect
) Complex
) Unload
) Restore
) Incorrect
) Interrupt
) Unformatted
) Activate
) Hardware
) Indirect
) Close
) Rigid
) Receive
) Start
) Disable
) Compatible
) Dischargeable
) Forward
) Output
B- Match the words to the right title. Insert the equivalent numbers.
ProgrammingNon-programming-
1- System
2- Words
3- Source
4- Input
5- Scissors
6- Board
7- Memory
8- Portrait
9- Delay
10- Bags
11- Output
12- Device
13- Data
14- Leaf
15- Storage
16- Processing
17- Ship
18- Conductors
19- Picture
20- Class
24
Exercise - Vocabulary 9
A- Match the columns.
1- ESC
2- WWW
3- I/O
4- RAM
5- Internet
6- CPU
7- ROM
8- DEL
9- IT
10- CAD
11- HTML
12- LAN
13- WAN
B- Vocabulary - Programming
1. if
2. include
3. main
4. print
5. scan
6. minimum
7. screen
8. locate
9. color
10. input
11. go to
12. to
13. average
14. enter
15. float
16. null
17. for
18. return
19. else
20. def
Central Processing Unit
Wide area network
Local area network
Computer Aided Device
Hypertext Markup Language
Random Access Memory
Escape
Input/Output
International network
Information Technology
Delete
World Wide Web
Read Only Memory
26
Reading – Computers
A computer is a machine for manipulating data according to a list of instructions. Computers take
numerous physical forms. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as
much power as several hundred modern personal computers. Today, computers can be made small
enough to fit into a wrist watch and be powered from a watch battery. Society has come to
recognize personal computers and their portable equivalent, the laptop computer, as icons of the
information age; they are what most people think of as "a computer". However, the most common
form of computer in use today is by far the embedded computer. Embedded computers are small,
simple devices that are often used to control other devices—for example, they may be found in
machines ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital cameras, and even children's toys.
A computer is a wristwatch. The ability to store and execute programs makes computers extremely
versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical
statement of this versatility: Any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle,
capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers
with capability and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer
are all able to perform the same computational tasks as long as time and storage capacity are not
considerations.
How computers work
A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control
unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are
interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.
The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these)
are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were comprised of many
separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single
integrated circuit called a microprocessor.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
26
27
Computer program
A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried
out by a computer.
The term computer program may refer to source code, written in a programming language, or to the
executable form of this code. Computer programs are also known as software, applications
programs, system software or simply programs.
The source code of most computer programs consists of a list of instructions that explicitly
implement an algorithm (known as an imperative programming style); in another form (known as
declarative programming) the characteristics of the required information are specified and the
method used to obtain the results, if any, is left to the platform.
Computer programs are often written by people known as computer programmers, but may also be
generated by other programs.
Terminology
Commercial computer programs aimed at end-users are commonly referred to as application
software by the computer industry, as these programs are focused on the functionality of what the
computer is being used for (its application), as opposed to being focused on system-level
functionality (for example, as the Windows operating system software is). In practice, colloquially,
both application software and system software may correctly be referred to as programs, as may be
the more esoteric firmware—software firmly built into an embedded system.
Programs that execute on the hardware are a set of instructions in a format understandable by the
instruction set of the computer's main processor, which cause specific other instructions to execute
or perform a simple computation like addition. But computers process millions of such per second
and that is the program, the sequence of instructions strung together such that when executed, they
do something useful, and usually repeatable and reliable.
Program execution
A computer program is loaded into memory (usually by the operating system) and then executed
("run"), instruction by instruction, until termination, either with success or through software or
hardware error.
Before a computer can execute any sort of program (including the operating system, itself a
program) the computer hardware must be initialized. This initialization is done in modern PCs by a
piece of software stored on programmable memory chips installed by the manufacturer, called the
BIOS. The BIOS will attempt to initialize the boot sequence, making the computer ready for higherlevel program execution.
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28
Programs vs. data
The executable form of a program (that is, usually object code) is often treated as being different
from the data the program operates on. In some cases this distinction is blurred with programs
creating, or modifying, data, which is subsequently executed as part of the same program (this is a
common occurrence for programs written in Lisp).
Programming
A program is likely to contain a variety of data structures and a variety of different algorithms to
operate on them. Creating a computer program is the iterative process of writing new source code or
modifying existing source code, followed by testing, analyzing and refining this code. A person
who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer or software developer. The
sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is now referred to as "software development"
or software engineering. The latter becoming more popular due to the increasing maturity of the
discipline. Two other forms of modern day approaches are team programming where each member
of the group has equal say in the development process except for one person who guides the group
through discrepancies. These groups tend to be around 10 people to keep the group manageable.
The second form is referred to as "peer programming" or pair programming.
Programming languages
Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike
natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise.
They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either
translated into machine language by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated
directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the
two techniques. There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended to be
general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications.
Computer programming
Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of writing,
testing, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. The source code is written in a
programming language. This code may be a modification of existing source or something
completely new. The process of writing source code requires expertise in many different subjects,
including knowledge of the application domain and algorithms to implement the desired behavior.
Within software engineering, programming (the implementation) is regarded as one phase in a
software development process.
In some specialist applications or extreme situations a program may be written or modified (known
as patching) by directly storing the numeric values of the machine code instructions to be executed
into memory. There is an ongoing debate on the extent to which the writing of programs is an art, a
craft or an engineering discipline. Another ongoing debate is the extent to which the programming
language used in writing programs affects the form that the final program takes. This debate is
analogous to that surrounding the Sapir Whorf hypothesis in linguistics.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
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29
Programming language
A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a
machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages, like natural languages, are defined by
syntactic and semantic rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively. Many
programming languages have some form of written specification of their syntax and semantics;
some are defined only by an official implementation.
Programming languages are used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing and
manipulating information, and to express algorithms precisely. Some authors restrict the term
"programming language" to those languages that can express all possible algorithms; sometimes the
term "computer language" is used for more limited artificial languages.
Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and new languages are created
every year.
Definitions
Traits often considered important for constituting a programming language:
•
Function: A programming language is a language used to write computer programs, which
involve a computer performing some kind of computation[ or algorithm and possibly control
external devices such as printers, robots, and so on.
•
Target: Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are
only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans
to communicate instructions to machines. Some programming languages are used by one
device to control another. For example PostScript programs are frequently created by
another program to control a computer printer or display.
•
Constructs: Programming languages may contain constructs for defining and manipulating
data structures or controlling the flow of execution.
•
Expressive power: The theory of computation classifies languages by the computations they
can express (see Chomsky hierarchy). All Turing complete languages can implement the
same set of algorithms. ANSI/ISO SQL and Charity are examples of languages that are not
Turing complete yet often called programming languages.
Non-computational languages, such as markup languages like HTML or formal grammars like
BNF, are usually not considered programming languages. Often a programming language is
embedded in the non-computational (host) language.
Purpose
A prominent purpose of programming languages is to provide instructions to a computer. As such,
programming languages differ from most other forms of human expression in that they require a
greater degree of precision and completeness. When using a natural language to communicate with
other people, human authors and speakers can be ambiguous and make small errors, and still expect
their intent to be understood. However, computers do exactly what they are told to do, and cannot
understand the code the programmer "intended" to write. The combination of the language
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30
definition, the program, and the program's inputs must fully specify the external behavior that
occurs when the program is executed.
Many languages have been designed from scratch, altered to meet new needs, combined with other
languages, and eventually fallen into disuse. Although there have been attempts to design one
"universal" computer language that serves all purposes, all of them have failed to be accepted in this
role. The need for diverse computer languages arises from the diversity of contexts in which
languages are used:
•
•
•
•
•
Programs range from tiny scripts written by individual hobbyists to huge systems written by
hundreds of programmers.
Programmers range in expertise from novices who need simplicity above all else, to experts
who may be comfortable with considerable complexity.
Programs must balance speed, size, and simplicity on systems ranging from microcontrollers
to supercomputers.
Programs may be written once and not change for generations, or they may undergo nearly
constant modification.
Finally, programmers may simply differ in their tastes: they may be accustomed to
discussing problems and expressing them in a particular language.
One common trend in the development of programming languages has been to add more ability to
solve problems using a higher level of abstraction. The earliest programming languages were tied
very closely to the underlying hardware of the computer. As new programming languages have
developed, features have been added that let programmers express ideas that are more removed
from simple translation into underlying hardware instructions. Because programmers are less tied to
the needs of the computer, their programs can do more computing with less effort from the
programmer. This lets them write more programs in the same amount of time.
Natural language processors have been proposed as a way to eliminate the need for a specialized
language for programming. However, this goal remains distant and its benefits are open to debate.
Edsger Dijkstra took the position that the use of a formal language is essential to prevent the
introduction of meaningless constructs, and dismissed natural language programming as
"foolish."[10] Alan Perlis was similarly dismissive of the idea.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
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31
Types of Programming
1. Logic Programming:
Logical Programming languages operate on facts and relationships from which they can draw a
coherent and simple conclusion.
2. Functional Programming:
Functional programming languages are more closely related to the mathematical concept of
`function' than imperative programming languages. This makes it easier to apply program-proving
techniques and logical reasoning to functional programs. In particular, functional programs do not
use the concept of variables in the traditional sense, i.e. a memory location whose contents might be
changed from time to time as a program executes.
3. Imperative Programming:
Imperative programming is associated with languages like C, Fortran, Pascal etc. Imperative
programming is distinguished from functional programming in that the former is strongly tied to the
concept of variables and memory locations. A variable is associated with a memory location and the
contents of that memory location may be changed, via the variable, over the course of time.
The meaning or effect of a program fragment at a particular point can only be understood by
reference to the current contents of the set of relevant variables, therefore. In contrast, functional
programs do not allow the contents of a variable to be changed once set (in simplified terms), hence
making them easier to reason about. While languages such as C++ and Java are also imperative
programming languages, strictly speaking, they are more commonly referred to as object-oriented
programming languages.
4. Concurrent Programming:
Concurrent programming is characterized by programming with more than one process. The main
advantage of concurrent programming is that operations can run parallel in it, thus they are much
faster than sequential operations. Basically, concurrent programming uses processes and
communication to design elegant, responsive and reliable systems.
5. Object-Oriented Programming:
Object oriented programming is the method of implementing programs which are organized as
cooperative collections of objects, and each of which represents an instance of some class, and
whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via inheritance relationships. In these
types of programs, classes are generally viewed as static, whereas objects typically have a much
more dynamic nature, which is encouraged by the existence of polymorphism.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/
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Parse tree
A parse tree or concrete syntax tree is a tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string
according to some formal grammar. In a parse tree, the interior nodes are labelled by nonterminals
of the grammar, while the leaf nodes are labelled by terminals of the grammar. A program that
produces such trees is called a parser. Parse trees may be generated for sentences in natural
languages (see natural language processing), as well as during processing of computer languages,
such as programming languages. Parse trees are distinct from abstract syntax trees (also known
simply as syntax trees) which are a related concept in compilers.
Basic description
A parse tree is made up of nodes and branches. Below is a linguistic parse tree, here representing
the English sentence "John hit the ball". (Note: this is only one possible parse tree for this sentence;
different kinds of linguistic parse trees exist.) The parse tree is the entire structure, starting from S
and ending in each of the leaf nodes (John, hit, the, ball).
A simple parse tree
In a parse tree, each node is either a root node, a branch node, or a leaf node. In the above
example, S is a root node, NP and VP are branch nodes, while John, hit, the, and ball are all leaf
nodes.
A node can also be referred to as parent node or a child node. A parent node is one that has at least
one other node linked by a branch under it. In the example, S is a parent of both NP and VP. A
child node is one that has at least one node directly above it to which it is linked by a branch of the
tree. Again from our example, hit is a child node of V.
Elements
Syntax
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33
Parse tree of Python code with inset tokenization
Syntax highlighting is often used to aid programmers in the recognition of elements of source code.
The language you see here is Python
A programming language's surface form is known as its syntax. Most programming languages are
purely textual; they use sequences of text including words, numbers, and punctuation, much like
written natural languages. On the other hand, there are some programming languages which are
more graphical in nature, using spatial relationships between symbols to specify a program.
The syntax of a language describes the possible combinations of symbols that form a syntactically
correct program. The meaning given to a combination of symbols is handled by semantics. Since
most languages are textual, this article discusses textual syntax.
Programming language syntax is usually defined using a combination of regular expressions (for
lexical structure) and Backus-Naur Form (for grammatical structure). Below is a simple grammar,
based on Lisp:
expression ::= atom | list
atom ::= number | symbol
number ::= [+-]?['0'-'9']+
symbol ::= ['A'-'Z''a'-'z'].*
list ::= '(' expression* ')'
This grammar specifies the following:
•
•
•
•
•
an expression is either an atom or a list;
an atom is either a number or a symbol;
a number is an unbroken sequence of one or more decimal digits, optionally preceded by a
plus or minus sign;
a symbol is a letter followed by zero or more of any characters (excluding white space); and
a list is a matched pair of parentheses, with zero or more expressions inside it.
The following are examples of well-formed token sequences in this grammar: '12345', '()', '(a b
c232 (1))'
Not all syntactically correct programs are semantically correct. Many syntactically correct programs
are nonetheless ill-formed, per the language's rules; and may (depending on the language
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34
specification and the soundness of the implementation) result in an error on translation or execution.
In some cases, such programs may exhibit undefined behavior. Even when a program is welldefined within a language, it may still have a meaning that is not intended by the person who wrote
it.
Using natural language as an example, it may not be possible to assign a meaning to a
grammatically correct sentence or the sentence may be false:
•
•
"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously." is grammatically well-formed but has no generally
accepted meaning.
"John is a married bachelor." is grammatically well-formed but expresses a meaning that
cannot be true.
The following C language fragment is syntactically correct, but performs an operation that is not
semantically defined (because p is a null pointer, the operations p->real and p->im have no
meaning):
complex *p = NULL;
complex abs_p = sqrt (p->real * p->real + p->im * p->im);
The grammar needed to specify a programming language can be classified by its position in the
Chomsky hierarchy. The syntax of most programming languages can be specified using a Type-2
grammar, i.e., they are context-free grammars.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/elements
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35
Exercise – Word Search - computers
B
L
M
S
T
A
B
J
U
M
O
N
I
T
O
R
K
X
L
S
X
L
E
T
E
K
S
I
D
S
T
N
O
F
C
F
C
A
C
H
Q
O
D
R
R
U
W
P
N
C
O
M
P
U
T
E
R
R
Z
O
R
R
O
O
P
F
H
Q
Q
A
T
F
B
C
X
F
E
Q
I
R
O
C
M
P
P
F
G
I
S
K
R
V
T
V
W
E
W
O
N
T
S
S
M
C
L
J
B
S
K
F
Y
Y
A
W
N
A
M
Q
T
C
binary
computer
directory
document
floppy
functions
icons
keyboard
menu
monitor
printer
scroll
software
video card
R
I
U
O
F
T
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
P
A
N
E
L
E
U
U
R
P
N
Q
C
T
A
I
O
V
O
T
S
E
R
N
G
R
T
C
P
P
K
E
O
E
O
L
N
C
I
C
E
N
T
E
F
F
M
Y
M
W
I
O
M
Y
G
E
I
X
I
D
D
N
Y
A
P
A
Y
K
U
O
L
H
R
O
V
F
P
H
S
S
E
R
R
R
J
C
A
Q
E
B
U
W
C
I
X
V
P
T
P
M
O
O
I
E
D
E
L
S
A
Y
A
S
R
O
F
A
Y
C
U
M
A
N
C
I
T
A
P
boot
control panel
disk
email
floppy
graphics
interface
links
micro chip
mouse
programs
server
tool bar
web page
R
E
N
B
D
E
S
R
P
C
C
E
J
T
R
R
A
W
N
S
F
G
L
D
O
W
G
I
C
O
M
D
E
Y
E
G
J
R
Z
I
F
K
R
I
O
A
N
T
D
I
E
R
A
C
B
O
O
T
D
D
J
A
K
D
F
G
R
K
A
U
M
L
T
H
R
E
V
R
E
S
H
R
N
G
Z
E
Y
D
S
S
N
O
I
T
C
N
U
F
P
P
I
I
Y
P
P
O
L
F
I
D
R
W
E
B
P
A
G
E
P
X
W
E
M
A
I
L
P
A
Z
Y
C
D
R
O
M
G
X
D
Y
A
cd rom
cursor
display
files
font
hard drive
internet
memory
modem
ports
screen
shortcut
typing
windows
Source: http://freebies.about.com/library/words/qws021.htm
Yes!
It’s over!
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