assessment

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T190168A1943129
Mugil curema, White Mullet
Assessment by: Castro, M.G. et al.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Short citation: Castro, M.G. et al. 2015. Mugil curema. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2015: e.T190168A1943129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T190168A1943129.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Mugiliformes
Mugilidae
Taxon Name: Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836
Synonym(s):
• Mugil metzelaari Chabanaud, 1926
• Mugil petrosus Valenciennes, 1836
• Mugil charlottae Steindachner [F.] 1902
• Mugil guentherii Gill [T. N.] 1863
• Myxus harengus Günther, 1861
• Myxus splendens Mohr [E.] 1927
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
White Mullet, Blueback Mullet, Curema Mullet, Josea, Mollit, Mulet, Mullet, Redeye
Mullet, Silver Mullet, Small Mullet, White Mullet
Mulet, Mulet blanc, Mulet Blanc, Mulet cureme, Mulet Curème, Mulet de mer, Mulet de
Mer
Anchoa blanca, Anchoa Blanca, Anchoeta, Anchoveta, Capiton, Chango, Chango,
Chapiton, Galupe, Galupe, isa Criolla, Jarea, Jarea, Lebrancha, Lebranche, Lisa, Lisa, Lisa
blanca, Lisa Blanca, Lisa Criolla, Lisa curema, Lisa Plateada, Liseta, Liseta Plateada, Liza
Curema, Mujol, Plateado
Taxonomic Notes:
Heemstra and Heemstra (2004) describes the taxonomy of the Mugilidae family as confused and the
genera as obscurely defined.
Misidentification with Mugil gaimardianus, now an invalid species, has caused much confusion in the
past.
Currently, the most frequent misidentication is with Mugil rubrioculus (Harrison et al. 2007). Mugil
curema and M. rubrioculus are very similar morphologically. They are clearly separated genetically both
by karyotype and molecular analysis (Nirchio et al. 2005, Fraga et al. 2007, Gonzalez-Castro et al. 2009).
Fraga et al. (2007) identified two species occurring along the Brazilian coast, Mugil curema type I (Mugil
rubrioculus) and Mugil curema type II and showed that their distribution overlaps in most of their
distribution. Therefore, species identification in landings and ecological studies may confuse the two
species in Brazil.
Assessment Information
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T190168A1943129.en
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Red List Category & Criteria:
Least Concern ver 3.1
Year Published:
2015
Date Assessed:
August 1, 2011
Justification:
This widely distributed species is common throughout its range and is locally abundant in many parts of
the western Atlantic where it occurs in estuarine habitats. It supports important fisheries in many parts
of its range, but the majority occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. There is strong evidence for localized
overexploitation off parts of Mexico and Brazil and habitat degradation may have localized impacts,
however, this is not expected to impact its overall global population at this time. Therefore, it is listed as
Least Concern with a recommendation to improve fisheries management.
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Mugil curema is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the western Atlantic it is known
from Massachusetts south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and
Caribbean Sea, and along South America to southern Brazil. In the eastern Atlantic it is known from the
Cape Verde Islands and along West Africa from Senegal to Namibia at 20°S. In the eastern Pacific it is
known from the Gulf of California to Chile (Nichirio et al. 2005, Bonner 2007). Species of Mugilidae are
usually found between zero to 20 m depth, but have been reported to as deep as 300 m (IJ Harrison FAO
ECA guide in prep).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Angola (Angola); Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Benin;
Bermuda; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (Saba, Sint Eustatius); Brazil; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Cayman
Islands; Chile; Colombia; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Côte d'Ivoire; Cuba;
Curaçao; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; French Guiana;
Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti;
Honduras; Jamaica; Liberia; Martinique; Mauritania; Mexico; Montserrat; Namibia; Nicaragua; Nigeria;
Panama; Peru; Puerto Rico; Saint Barthélemy; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (French
part); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); Suriname;
Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; United States; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of;
Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:
Native: Atlantic - eastern central, Atlantic - southeast, Atlantic - southwest, Atlantic - western central,
Pacific - eastern central, Pacific - southeast
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
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Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T190168A1943129.en
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Population
Mugil curema is a commercially important species throughout its range (Marin et al. 2003).
United States: The wholesale landing value for white mullet in the Gulf Coast States (US) from 19941998 was reported to be 38.2 million dollars. It also supports a substantial recreational fishery. In
Florida, this species is part of the silver mullet fishery which includes white mullet (Mugil curema),
redeye mullet (M. gaimardianus), and fantail mullet (M. gyrans). White mullet is the most common as a
baitfish for sport fishery and for commercial use. Data from Florida from 1982 to 1995 showed a
doubling of commercial landings on the Atlantic coast of Florida, but a decline in landings on the Gulf
coast. Recreational landings varies during that time period, but were greater on the Atlantic than Gulf
coast. The most recent stock assessment for the silver mullet complex (Mahmoudi 2002) suggest that
the increased landings on the Atlantic coast could be cause for concern. However, at the time of the
assessment, landing and fishing effort appeared to have stabilized on the Atlantic coast, and fishing
mortality was not above Fmsy. The Gulf coast silver mullet fishery was considered healthy and that no
sign of growth or recruitment overfishing was observed (Mahmoudi 2002). It is absent from the
northwestern Gulf of Mexico during the winter (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998); they are most
abundant in this area during the summer (Modde and Ross 1981, Ditty and Shaw 1996).
Mexico: A study from the white mullet fishery on the Mexican Pacific coast suggests that this species
may be overexploited in the Colima region (Cabral-Solis et al. 2007). Off Mexico, this species conducts
massive spawning migrations from February to March, moving in shoals from lagoons to the sea. They
are targeted by fishers via gill net during these migrations because of the high value of the gonad (roe).
Since 2003, catch of M. curema has declined by 46% (SAGARPA 2012). Management benchmarks for M.
curema are not defined for Veracruz, but it is recommended that catch not exceed 4,665 t per year. Off
Tamaulipas, both M. cephalus and M. curema are considered fully exploited. Off Veracruz, M. cephalus
has experienced a 70% decline in catch since the year 2000 (SAGARPA 2012). Catch of mullets off Cuba
have declined markedly due to overfishing of spawning aggregations and migrations (Claro et al. 2009).
The Gulf of Mexico is considered one of the more heavily populated areas for M. curema (Nirchio et al.
2005). It has been described as abundant in the coastal lagoons of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
(Bonilla-Gómez et al. 2013). This species is considered to be one of the top five exploited fishes from
the Alvarado coastal lagoon in Mexico (FAO 1979).
Venezuela: It is described as an important artisanal fishery resource in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
(Montano 1994).
Brazil: In Brazil this species is frequent, abundant and widely distributed along the coast. However,
studies in Brazil may not correctly differentiate between M. curema and M. rubrioculus (Fraga et al.
2007). In northern Brazil, it was the second most caught species in the Paciência River estuary,
Maranhao State (Castro 2001). It was also dominant in the estuary of the Curuçá River (Giarrizo and
Krumme 2007), with registered biomass of up to 3172 g ha–1. In Marajó Bay, this species is abundant
during the dry season (Barthem 1985). In northeastern Brazil, this species is the most abundant mugilid
species, accounting for 96% of the catch of all mullets in the region. It is captured by gillnets in northern
Pernambuco State all over the year, in coastal and estuarine areas. Individuals are recruited for fishery at
1.5 years old in the estuary and 3.4 years old on the coast. In estuaries, 81.6% of individuals caught are
juveniles and the modal age class is one year (but individuals of 0.4 to 9.8 years are caught). On the
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
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coast, 86.7% are adults, from 1.6 to 14.2 years old, with a modal age class of age of three years. The high
catch of juveniles in the estuary and the low fecundity rate might affect the maintenance of the species
under fishing pressure (Silva 2007). In Southern Brazil, there is an intense artisanal fishery for this
species in Cananeia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida estuarine systems. The species is one of the most
common fishery resources, typically harvested by gillnet and fish traps. An analysis of production data,
fishing effort and CPUE suggest that the resource is overfished in this area due to a progressive increase
in fishing effort (Mendonca and Bonfante 2011).
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
This pelagic species is dependent on estuaries along sandy coasts and also occurs in littoral pools,
muddy bottoms, brackish lagoons, sometimes penetrates rivers and over coral reefs (Spach et al. 2003).
Juveniles are usually abundant in bays and estuaries with submerged vegetation (Bozeman and Dean
1987, Castillo-Riveira et al. 2002, Bonner 2007). Its average lifespan is about 19 years (Bonner 2007). Its
maximum size is 91 cm, but commonly to 35 cm (Seckendorff and Azevedo 2007). Males and females
reach sexual maturity between 18-20.8 cm TL (Aguirre and Gallardo-Cabello 2004). Males reach
maturity at about two years of age, and females at three years. It is hermaphroditic and eggs and sperm
are released simultaneously. Spawning occurs offshore along the outer continental shelf (Marin et al.
2003). The reproductive season varies with location (Marin et al. 2003). In the Gulf of Mexico, the
spawning season lasts from February to May (Aguirre and Gallardo-Cabello 2004). In North and South
Carolina, spawning occurs mainly in fall and winter. In Brazil, peak spawning occurs from November to
January (Silva 2007). Juveniles are omnivorous and feed mainly on plankton. Juvenile and adult Mugil
curema feed mostly on sediment particles, detritus, diatoms and algae. Species of Mugilidae are
typically hardy and capable of rapid growth (IJ Harrison FAO ECA guide in prep).
Systems: Marine
Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information)
Species of Mugilidae comprise a relatively important fishery dominated by subsistence and small-scale
fisheries. Mugil curema is an important species in many artisanal fisheries, particularly in the southern
part of its range (Thomson 1978, Harrison 1995, Garibaldi 1996). In Florida, white mullet are not prized
as food, but are valuable as bait in the billfish sportfishery (Collins 1985). It is used in aquaculture in the
Caribbean, Colombia and Brazil. It is caught with trammel nets, trawls, and beach seines and marketed
fresh, smoked, and salted as a foodfish. In the Gulf of Mexico, it is utilized by the fisheries industry as a
baitfish and foodfish; 99% of the total catch of this species is registered in the northwestern Gulf of
Mexico. It is also the main source of income in the Tamiahua lagoon (Ibáñez Aguirre and Lloenart 1996).
Threats
There are no substantial threats to this species as a whole. Overfishing may present a threat to some
subpopulations of this species. It is also threatened by river modifications where it ranges off Cuba
(Claro et al. 2009). The species is dependent on estuaries for spawning and as juvenile habitat.
Modification of coastal areas, loss of mangroves and degradation of estuaries is a significant localized
threat to this species.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
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Ordenance nº08/03-N, from 20/March/2003 established a minimum catch size of 40 cm along the south
and southern Brazilian coast. The mullet gillnet fishery is also regulated by a IBAMA law enacted March
15, 2011, which established the minimum mesh size of 70 mm. Off Mexico, this fishery is regulated by
the NOM -016 -PESC -1994 (DOF 24/04/95). There are annual seasonal closures in coastal waters of
northern Tamaulipas and Veracruz, from the Tuxpan River and Lake Tampamachoco to the Rio Panuco
between 1 to 31 December and from 1 to 28 February. The minimum catch size is 26 cm and the
minimum mesh size is 76 mm (three inches). It is recommended to not increase the current fishing
effort in terms of fishing permits involving M. cephalus and M. curema. For M. cephalus in the Laguna
Madre it is recommended that the level of exploitation should not exceed 3,000 tonnes per year,
another seasonal closure should be considered for the months of September and October, recovery
strategies should be designed for analyses and evaluations in each annual fishing season, mainly for the
state of Veracruz which utilizes both M. cephalus and M. curema, It is also recommended a
management plan be developed for the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (SAGARPA 2012).
Credits
Assessor(s):
Castro, M.G., Vieira, J.P., Albieri, R.J., Mendonca, E., Villwock de Miranda, L.,
Fadré, N.N., Brick Peres, M., Padovani-Ferreira, B., da Silva, F.M.S., Rodrigues,
A.M.T. & Chao, L.
Reviewer(s):
Cox, N.A.
Contributor(s):
Jelks, H., Vega-Cendejas, M., Espinosa-Perez, H. & Tolan, J.
Facilitators(s) and
Compiler(s):
Carpenter, K.E., Strongin, K., Polidoro, B. & Harwell, H.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
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do Sucuriú, Baía de Paranaguá, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 20(4): 591-600.
Thomson, J.M. 1978. Mugilidae. In: Fischer, W. (ed.), FAO species identification sheets for fishery
purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Areas 31), FAO, Rome.
Torres, C. M., Travassos, P., Figueiredo, M.B., Hazin, F., Campos, D.F. and Andrade, F. 2007. Caracterização
da pesca de tainhas no município de Porto de Pedras, Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Revista Brasil. Eng.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T190168A1943129.en
9
Pesca 2: 6-17.
Citation
Castro, M.G., Vieira, J.P., Albieri, R.J., Mendonca, E., Villwock de Miranda, L., Fadré, N.N., Brick Peres, M.,
Padovani-Ferreira, B., da Silva, F.M.S., Rodrigues, A.M.T. & Chao, L. 2015. Mugil curema. The IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T190168A1943129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20152.RLTS.T190168A1943129.en
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External Resources
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© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T190168A1943129.en
10
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.10. Marine Neritic - Estuaries
Resident
Suitable
Yes
Use and Trade
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
End Use
Local
National
International
Food - human
Yes
Yes
No
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: No
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: Yes
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Lower depth limit (m): 10
Upper depth limit (m): 0
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mugil curema – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T190168A1943129.en
11
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