apostila 2016 inglês / english student

APOSTILA 2016
INGLÊS / ENGLISH
STUDENT:_____________________________
1
ON PAPER, dams may seem like a good idea. The truth is
dams kill a river's ecosystem by cutting off its flow. But that's
after the locais have lost their homes. Spare a thought too, for
those downst ream of the dam where there's less water to
irrigate crops and catch fish. Then there are the greenhouse
gas emissions due to vegetation rotting in the reservoir. Not
good. But let's talk money. The projected financial cost is
rarely accurate. The World Commission on Dams found that,
on average, large dams go over budget by 56%. They are
high-risk investments. So how can you navigate this moral and
economic minefild? By getting hold of WWF's Investor's Guide
to Dams. It outlines good dam practice and alternatives for
supplying water and energy. That way you can go into any
project with your eyes wide open. DAMS. THINK
AGAIN.
egistered Trademark Getty Ímages/Larry Dale Gordon Newstatesman,
September l", 2003.
General comprehension
Wtafs it ali about?
Look carefully at the picture, read the text and choose the correct answer.
1 The text is about the construction of dams
a) as a way of supplying water and protecting the environment.
b) as a source of energy.
c) as a good idea.
2 WWF stands for World Wildlife Fund. This ad, sponsored by WWF, is part of a campaign that
aims at
a) protecting the environment.
b) finding new alternatives for the energy crisis.
c) protecting endangered species.
3 The writer's opinion about the construction of new dams is
4 The words "The true cost of a dam never shows up on a balance sheet" were written in the picture
as if they were
a) a guide to good dam practice.
b) a tribute to a good idea.
c) an epitaph of the river and its ecosystem.
5 At the end of the text, the sentence "Dams. Think again." asks the reader
a) to decide without thinking about dams,
b) to consider dams carefully and perhaps change his mind about them.
c) to go ahead with the idea of building a dam
2
Word study
Word webs
Complete the diagrams with the words from the box.
3
In other words
Find the words or phrases in the text that have the same meaning as those in italics.
a) (picture) can never be seen
b) by interrupting its flow
c) the people who live in that place
d) no longer have their homes
e) where there's not enough water
f) vegetation decaying in the reservoir
g) lefs talkaboutthe financial aspect
h) is rarely correct
i) targe dams exceed the original financial plan.
j) so how can you deal withtt\\s moral and economic dangerous situation?
k) It gives the main ideas of
l) knowing exactly whatyou are involved in.
Lpoking for reference
Choose the correct answer.
6 In "The truth is dams kill a river's ecosystem by cutting off its flow", its refers to:
a) truth
b) dam
c) ecosystem
d) river
7 In "But that’s after the locais have lost their homes", their refers to:
a) homes
b) dams
c) the locais
d) rivers
4
Detailed comprehension
Correct the mistakes
In each of the statements below there is one mistake. Correct it.
a) In theory, dams apparently are a high-risk idea
b) People lose their homes before the construction of a dam
c) The people who live downstream of the dam have no water to irrigate their crops
d) The decay of vegetation in the dam reservoir is good for the environment.
e) The projected financial cost is never correct.
f) On average large dams cost less to build than the original budget.
g) The construction of a dam can be said to be a minefield as there are lots of benefits involving it.
h) "The true cost of a dam never shows up on a balance sheet" means the building of a dam involves
much less than just money.
What kind of problem?
Check
the column that refers to the specific problem caused by the construction of dams.
False friends
Aprenda e fixe o verdadeiro significado dos falsos cognatos em destaque preenchendo as lacunas em
cada frase. Quando precisar, consulte a lista de False friends em ordem alfabética.
a) Millions of people go hungry in the world today.
Don't you feel any sympathytor them?
Milhões de pessoas passam fome no mundo hoje.
Você não sente ______________________________________elas?
b) l know how you feel. l sympathize.
Eu sei como você se sente. Eu ______________________________________________________.
5
Reading practice
(Fatec-SP) Texto para as questões de 1 a 3.
The comissar's not in town
When Guangzhou resident Ma Yiyong, 57, went to renew his unemployment certificate last month,
something extraordinary happened: he dia so efficiently and discreetly, with afew keystrokes. "It used
to be really troublesome in thepast,"says Ma. "I would have to stand in Une several times, and
sometimes the government officials wererit at their desks. Now it'sfast."
Chinas romance with e-government is now reaching the grass-roots levei, bringing efficiency and
convenience to citizens. But its biggest benefit may be in circumventing one ofthe last bastions
ofcommunism: the infamous neighborhood committees. These groups of local party members have for
decades served as the authorities' eyes and ears. They were also notorious busybodies, making it
their business to know who was having marital problems, grumbling about the government or out
ofwork.
Newsweek, October 11,2004.
1 De acordo com o texto, Guangzhou:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
é um cidadão chinês estudante residente.
é um chinês que reside na Rua Ma Yiyong.
é o nome de uma localidade da China.
é um cidadão aposentado.
é um chinês de 57 anos de idade.
2 Segundo o texto, o serviço eletrônico do governo chinês:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
está atingindo um nível baixíssimo agora.
apoia os grupos de investigação comunistas.
proporciona os famosos comitês de bairro.
atrai um maior número de bisbilhoteiros.
trouxe benefícios à população chinesa.
3 O advérbio só na frase "he did só efficiently and discreetly", no primeiro parágrafo do texto, pode
ser substituído de forma adequada e sem prejuízo de significado por:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
very.
too.
enough.
less.
a little.
Extra reading practice
(FGV) Texto para as questões 1 e 2. This article is about gender rights and the role of men. Read the
text and answer the questions below. You are advised to read the questions carefully, giving answers
that are of direct relevance and written in English.
The Role of Men and Boys in Achieving Gender Equality
Over the last decade, there hás been a growing interest in the role ofmen in promotinggender equality,
as the achievement of gender equality is now seen as a responsibility that concerns, and shouldfully
engage, men as well as women.
The growing interest in the role ofmen and boys occurred with the shift in the campaign for gender
equality, from afocus on advancing women's status, to afocus on gender relations, that is, the relations
between the sexes. A better understanding of gender roles, and thpir rdntpd inequalities, increases
opportunities for policy measures and other actions aimed at reducing such inequalities.
Greater emphasis is placed on men and women working together towards equality.
6
Areas of Concern
The question of unequal power relations between men and women, as an obstacle to gender equality,
is receiving increased attention, especially with regard to violence against women. The role of men as
perpetrators, and as actors in ending gender-based violence, has been studied by researchers,
Governments and UN entities. Men’s roles in improving women’s reproductive health and rights are
also receiving more interest.
Another focus is on the role of men in preventing the spread of HlV/AIDS among women and girls,
who are seen as being more vulnerable to infection, given asymmetric power relations between men
and women. The implications of unequal distribution of caregiving between women and men in relation
to HIV/ AIDS in the home and community, especially in worst-affected countries, may also have
economic implications. For example, in cases where women do not have access to paid work or may
be prohibited from inheriting or owning property, a significant loss of economic support for the family,
in case of the death of a husband or father, is often the result. Men therefore have an important role to
play in promoting womer’s economic rights and independence, including access to employment,
appropriate working conditions, control of economic resources and full participation in decisionmaking. It also requires a change in policy, based on gender equality, the empowerment of women
and afair distribution of paid and unpaid work between women and men.
The Role of Stereotypes
Full engagement of men and boys in achieving gender equality requires much greater attention to
gender stereotypes and expectations about men’s roles and responsibilities, and how these
expectations influence male behaviour. Such stereotypes continue to place greater emphasis, as well
as greater value, on the role of men and boys in public life and in the workplace, as opposed to
womeris role in unpaid family labour, caregiving and community work. Peer pressure, socialization
processes and belief systems influence adherence to gender-stereotypes.
These perpetuate inequalities and crente obstacles to merís abilities and opportunities for promoting
gender equality.
Conclusion
Men’s support for womer’s empowerment is essential: men hold the majority of positions of power in
societies throughout the world. Too often, thefightfor womer’s empowerment is viewed as one for
women alone. Because men hold the power to influence the thinking of society in most parts ofthe
world, they have a key role to play in eliminating inequalities between themselves and women. Men
must understand that womerís rights benefit the whole of society.
Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
United Natíons Division for the Advancement of Women
©2006 United Nations.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/men-boys2003/
aide-memoire.html.
1 This question tests your understanding of the text and your ability to identify and paraphrase the
relevant pieces of Information. You must answer in full sentences, using your own words
• What practical factors could be improved by the involvement of men in promoting gender equality,
according to the text?
7
2 This question tests your ability to express yourself in a manner that is clear, precise and relevant.
The text mentions the role oi stereotypes in perpetuating gender inequality. It states that: "Full
engaggment of men and boys in achieving gender equality requires much greater attention to gender
stereotypes and expectations about men's roles and responsibilities, and how these expectations
influence male behaviour."
• What are men's roles and responsibilities? How do these influence male behaviour? State your own
opinion, giving an informed and thoughtful argument.
8
9
General comprehension
What’s that sono about?
Check (•) the statements that are true about No Woman No Cry, according to Gilberto Gil. Mark (X)
when the statements are not true.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
(
(
(
(
(
) lt's a protest song.
) The most important element of the song is its political message.
) It tells about the suffering of the people.
) It shows that people can be happy even when they're having difficult periods in life.
) It shows that people cannot be happy while they are suffering.
Word study
In other words
AII the words or phrases in italics in the sentences below can be found in the text. Choose the correct
alternative to complete each sentence.
1 When a singer does a cover version of a song, he...
a) records that song exactly as the original performer.
b) is not the original performer.
2 During a dictatorship, a country...
a) is ruled by one person or group that has complete power.
b) is controlled by someone who allows free elections.
3 When people are exiled, they are...
a) forced to live abroad, usually for political reasons.
b) allowed to live in a foreign country.
4 When you are going through very difficult times, you are...
a) experiencing a hard, unpleasant period in your life.
b) trying to change the world.
5 When people are expelled from their own country, they are...
a) forced to leave it.
b) arrested and kept in prison there.
6 When you are facing adversity...
a) you are experiencing a difficult period in your life, with lots of problems.
b) things couldn't be better. Word families
10
Complete the chart with the missing words. They can ali be found in the text.
Discourse markes
Look at this chart.
Now complete the sentences with despite, afterwards or so.
a) Some artists were imprisoned during the dictatorship in Brazil
, some of them were
exiled.
b) The government thought those artists were a menace to the regime.
, they were
arrested and imprisoned.
c) Some artists managed to escape,
the difficulty of the political situation at that time.
d) We live in a democracy in Brazil now,
those terrible times are a thing of the past.
Detailed comprehension
The right sequence of events
Putthese sentences in chronological order, numbering them in the order in which events happened.
( ) Gilberto Gil decided to do a cover version of one of Bob Marley's classic records.
( ) People were arrested and taken away during the dictatorship in Brazil.
( ) Gilberto Gil went to London where he spent some time in exile.
( ) A military dictatorship took complete power in Brazil.
( ) Gilberto Gil studied Bob Marley's No Woman No Cry m more detail.
( ) Gilberto Gil was arrested and put in prison.
( ) The Brazilian singer was greatly impressed when he first heard Bob Marley sing No Woman No
Cry.
11
Choose the best answer
Mark the answer that best completes each sentence, according to the text.
7 The first feeling Gilberto Gil had when he heard Bob Marley's No Woman No Cry was one of *.
a) suffering
b) protest
c) surprise
7 Gil was particularly impressed by the * of Marley's voice.
a) original impact
b) incredible change
c) sad melody
9 People were arrested, tortured, taken away or killed during the dictatorship in Brazil. In Gilberto
Gil's version of No Woman No Cry, * .
a) some people were taken to a government yard in Trenchtown
b) some people were taken to Rio's Flamengo Park
c) the original protest song element was lost
10 Brazilians in general - and blacks in particular - identify a lot with Marley. So, *.
a) only black Brazitians have a lot in common with the Jamaican singer
b) many black Brazilians share Bob Marley's feelings
c) Brazilians in general, and blacks in particular, prefer samba to reggae.
11 At the end of Gilberto Gil's talk, he says he * ,
a) used to be idealistic, but now he sees things in a different way
b) still thinks he can change the world
c) has never had a revolutionary mind
12 The tone of Gil's final words is rather * .
a) enthusiastic
b) influential
c) pessimistic
False friends
Aprenda e fixe o verdadeiro significado dos falsos cognatos em destaque preenchendo as lacunas em
cada frase. Quando precisar, consulte a lista de False friends em ordem alfabética.
a) The explorers were lost in the desert. They had no compass.
Os exploradores estavam perdidos no deserto. Eles não tinham
b) Everyone was sympathetic about my probIems. I’m very grateful for that.
Todos foram muito a respeito dos meus problemas. Sou muito grato por isso.
Reading practice
(Fatec) Texto para as questões 1 a 4.
It's Not the Carbs, Stupid
12
In the mid-19th century, William Banting first popularized the low carbo-hydrate weight-loss plan that
has once again grabbed the media’s collective attention. Banting was a well-meaning London
undertaker who grew so fat in middle age that he could not descend a staircase face first, for fear of
being toppled by his copious paunch. His friend and physician, the noted British aural surgeon William
Harvey, prescribed a regimen focused on meat, small amounts off fruit and liberal lashings of Claret,
sherry and Madeira, which helped Banting drop 35 pounds in 38 weeks.
Ellen Ruppel Shell. Newsweek, August 5,2002.
1 De acordo com o texto, a dieta de William Banting:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
não foi aprovada pela mídia.
foi criticada pelos médicos da época.
foi popularizada no início do século 19.
fazia uso de moderadores de apetite.
continha baixo teor de carboidratos.
2 Segundo o texto, William Banting:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
era agente funerário em Londres.
era proprietário de um restaurante em Londres.
inspirou-se nas dietas da Idade Média para criar seu regime.
foi também um cirurgião notável em sua época.
conseguiu perder 35 quilos em menos de um ano.
3 Assinale a alternativa em que o adjetivo é composto por dois substantivos, como na palavra
"weight-loss", nas linhas 2-3 do texto.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
low-cholesterol meals.
high-fat intake.
western-style boots.
well-known people.
ice-cream flavors.
4 Assinale a alternativa que apresenta o uso correto do caso possessivo, como no substantivo
"media" em "the media's collective attention".
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
mens' garment.
womens' wear.
mental's disturbance.
children's clothes.
disappointmenfs feeling.
Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873-1932) was born in Brazil and educated in Paris. He made his first
balloon ascent in 1898 and soon after that began constructing dirigible airships. In 1901 he won a
Paris air race and international fame. (After the race, he asked Louis Cartier for a timepiece that would
keep his hands free - the first wristwatch.)
Turning to heavier-than-air machines, Santos-Dumont built his 14-Bis in 1906, three years after the
Wright brothers' initial flight. His flight was the first in Europe, and his plane was the first anywhere to
lift off the ground under its own power. In 1909 Santos-Dumont designed the Demoiselle monoplane,
the forerunner of modern light planes. In 1910 Santos-Dumont fell ill with multiple sclerosis and retired
from flying. He returned to Brazil in 1916. Ill and despondent over the use of aircraft in warfare, he
committed suicide in 1932.
(From "Leaders of the Century", in Time Special Issue -"Latin American Leaders for the New Millennium", May 24, 1999]
13
Whafs It All About?
Todas as informações abaixo são verdadeiras. Identifique a única que, apesar de referir-se à história
de Santos-Dumont, não foi abordada no texto da revista Time.
a) Primeiro relógio de pulso foi feito por Louis Cartier para Santos-Dumont, que queria um relógio que
não lhe ocupasse as mãos.
b) Santos-Dumont corstruiu o 14-Bis três anos depois do primeiro voo dos irmãos Wright*.
c) O monoplano Demoiselle, desenhado e construído por Santos-Dumont, foi o precursor dos
modernos ultraleves.
d) O uso de aeronaves com fins bélicos causou grande tristeza e depressão ao inventor e contribuiu
para o seu suicídio.
e) O primeiro voo de um aparelho mais pesado que o ar e usando propulsão própria foi feito por
Santos-Dumont com o 14-Bis, perto de Paris, em outubro de 1906. Esse voo oficial, documentado,
feito com a presença de uma comissão fiscalizadora do aeroclube da França foi a origem real da
aeronáutica.
Words in Context
Complete as frases com palavras do texto.
1 - When you fali * it's time to call a doctor
a) despondent
b) ill
c) free
d) ligth
c) ground
d) fligth
2 - Let me check my * and see what time it is.
a) wristwatch
b) design
3 - Balloons, airships, and airplanes are different kinds of * .
a) aircraft
b) air race
c) fame
d) power
3 - Santos-Dumont * on a farm near Palmira, Minas Gerais, and died in Guarujá, São Paulo.
a) fell
b) began
c) built
d) was bom
14
*O primeiro voo dos irmãos norte-americanos Orville e Wilbur Wright aconteceu em 17/12/1903, em Kitty Hawk, um cal quase deserto na Carolina do Norte,
com um aeroplano por eles construído chamado Flyer. Esse voo foi feito em condições um tanto especiais.
SIMPLE PAST
O tempo verbal Simple Past corresponde ao Passado Simples em português. Nós o utilizamos
para expressar hábitos passados ou para expressar ações que se iniciaram no passado e também
foram finalizadas no passado, podendo ter o tempo determinado. Neste caso costumamos
acompanhar o verbo com advérbios ou expressões de frequência que dão maior especificidade à
ideia da frase, como yesterday (ontem), last ... (na última...), ago (atrás), in.... (em...), e etc.
I worked all day yesterday. (Eu trabalhei ontem o dia todo.)
ESTRUTURA DAS SENTENÇAS AFIRMATIVAS PARA VERBOS REGULARES
O verbo é regular quando para conjugá-lo não há alteração em seu radical. Logo, para colocar
esse verbo no Simple Past basta deixar o verbo no infinitivo, sem a partícula to, e acrescentar a
terminação -ed. Essa é a forma para todas as pessoas. Observe:
Casos especiais
1º caso especial: verbos terminados em Y. Eles têm 2 possibilidades:
O 2º caso é o dos verbos terminados em -E, neles nós simplesmente acrescentamos o -D:
love – loved
O 3º caso especial é o dos verbos terminados em consoante+vogal+consoante, cuja sílaba tônica é a
última, dobra a consoante antes de acrescentar o -ed:
Occur: occurred
Nos demais casos, acrescenta-se simplesmente -ed:
Work: worked
ESTRUTURA DAS SENTENÇAS AFIRMATIVAS PARA VERBOS IRREGULARES
O verbo é irregular quando, ao ser conjugado, por exemplo, ele muda toda a sua estrutura. Nesse
caso, para ele ficar no passado, temos que consultar uma lista de verbos para, depois, através do
uso, ir memorizando. Alguns verbos irregulares com os respectivos passados:
INFINITIVO
TO AWAKE
PASSADO
AWOKE
TO BUY
BOUGHT
TO FORGET
FORGOT
TO LAY
TO SEE
LAID
SAW
TO RING
RANG
TO UNDERSTAND
UNDERSTOOD
Exemplos:
I forgot my keys. (Eu esqueci as chaves.)
I saw you yesterday at the bus station. (Eu te vi ontem no ponto de ônibus.)
15
ESTRUTURA DAS SENTENÇAS NEGATIVAS DOS VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES
Para escrever uma sentença negativa no Simple Past utiliza-se o verbo auxiliar did + not – mais
utilizado na escrita, pois é formal – ou sua forma contracta didn’t – mais utilizada na fala, pois é
informal – antes da forma básica do verbo sem o to, exemplo:
1-I did not buy the piano yesterday. (Eu não toquei piano ontem.)
2-My parents didn’t travel to Porto Seguro last year. (Meus pais não viajaram para Porto Seguro no
ano passado.)
Ao colocar a sentença na negativa, é interessante observar que como o verbo auxiliar na negativa, o
didn’t, já está no passado (pois é o passado de do), o verbo principal não tem a terminação –ed.
ESTRUTURA DAS
IRREGULARES
SENTENÇAS
INTERROGATIVAS
DOS
VERBOS
REGULARES
E
Na forma interrogativa do Simple Past utiliza-se o verbo auxiliar did antes do sujeito na frase. Note
que o verbo principal fica na sua forma básica sem o to e sem -ed, pois o verbo auxiliar já se encontra
no passado. Observe o exemplo:
1-Did you run yesterday? (Você correu ontem?)
2-Did Mariah watch Harry Potter last week? (A Mariah assistiu Harry Potter semana passada?)
RESUMO DO SIMPLE PAST
16
Reading practice
1 - Choose the best alternative:
“It was in this stream that Harriet Westbrook, first wife of the English poet P. B. Shelley, __________
herself in 1818. However, if you cross the bridge today, you __________ the warning in the next
picture.”
a) would drown; would see
b) drowned; would see
c) drowned; saw
d) drowned; will see
e) will drown; will see
2 - Write the following sentences in the Indirect Speech:
a) “I’ll be back tomorrow”, the doctor said.
The doctor said that ___________________________________.
b) “She doesn’t want to stay here”, Miles said.
Miles said that _______________________________________.
c) “The plane has not arrived yet”, the clerk informed.
The clerk informed that ________________________________.
d) “The tornado may reach the coast tonight”, they announced.
They announced that __________________________________.
3 - What is the correct answer?
“Jason, are you going to travel tomorrow morning?”, Debbie asked.
a) Debbie asked Jason he was going to travel the next morning.
b) Debbie asked Jason if he was going to travel the next morning.
c) Debbie asked Jason was he going to travel the next morning.
d) Debbie asked Jason if he is going to travel the next morning.
4 - Complete the list. Use the words from the box.
17
Now choose the alternative in which all the verbs are irregular.
a) cut, see, hurt, shine, land
b) leave, live, speak, run, sit
c) forget, clean, go, do, drive
d) drink, win, swim, lend, lose
5 - (UFRJ)
TEXTO I
Censorship in Modern Times
By M.J. Stephey
Since 1982, the American Library Association has sponsored Banned Books Week to pay tribute to
free speech and open libraries. The tradition began as a nod to how far society has come since 1557,
when Pope Paul IV first established The Index of Prohibited Books to protect Catholics from
controversial ideas.
Four-hundred and nine years later, Pope Paul VI would abolish it, although attempts at censorship still
remain. Here, TIME presents some of the most challenged books of all time.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
By Mark Twain
In 1885, the Concord, Mass. Public Library banned the year-old book
for its “coarse language” — critics deemed Mark Twain’s use of
common vernacular (slang) as demeaning and damaging. One
reviewer dubbed it “the veriest trash ... more suited to the slums than to
intelligent, respectable people.” Little Women author Louisa May Alcott
lashed out publicly at him, saying, “If Mr. Clemens [Twain’s original
name] cannot think of something better to tell our pure-minded lads and
lasses he had best stop writing for them.” (That the word “nigger”
appears more than 200 times throughout the book did not initially cause
much controversy). In 1905, the Brooklyn Public Library followed
Concord’s lead, banishing the book from the building’s juvenile section,
explaining: “Huck not only itched but scratched, and that he said sweat
when he should have said perspiration.” Twain enthusiastically fired
back,
once
saying
of
his
detractors:
“Censorship is telling a man he can’t have a steak just because a baby
can’t chew it.” Luckily for him, the book’s fans would eventually
18
outnumber its critics. “It’s the best book we’ve had,” Ernest Hemingway proclaimed, “All American
writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since.”
Despite Hemingway’s assurances, Huck Finn remains one of the most challenged books in the U.S. In
an attempt to avoid controversy, CBS Television produced a made-for-TV adaptation of the book in
1955 that lacked a single mention of slavery, or even any African American cast members to portray
the character of Jim. In 1998, parents in Tempe, Ariz. sued the local high school over the book’s
inclusion on a required reading list. The case went as far as a federal appeals court; the parents lost.
Brave New World
By Aldous Huxley
Huxley’s 1932 work — about a drugged, dull and mass-produced society of the future — has been
challenged for its themes of sexuality, drugs, and suicide. The book parodies H.G. Wells utopian novel
Men Like Gods, and expresses Huxley’s disdain for the youth – and market-driven culture of the
United States. Chewing gum, then as now a symbol of America’s teeny-bopper shoppers, pops up in
the book as a way to deliver sex hormones and subdue anxious adults; pornographic films called
“feelies” are also popular grown-up pacifiers. In Huxley’s vision of the 26 th century, Henry Ford is the
new God (worshipers say “Our Ford” instead of “Our Lord,”) and the car maker’s concept of mass
production has been applied to human reproduction. As recently as 1993, a group of parents
attempted to ban the book in Corona-Norco, CA. because it “centered around negativity.”
Nineteen Eighty-Four
By George Orwell
It’s both ironic and fitting that Nineteen Eighty-Four would join the American Library Association’s list
of commonly challenged books given its bleak warning of totalitarian censorship. Written in 1949 by
the British author while he lay dying of tuberculosis, the book chronicles the grim future of a society
robbed of free will, privacy or truth.
Some reviewers called it a veiled attack against Joseph Stalin and the Soviet ruler’s infamous
“midnight purges,” though, oddly enough, parents in Jackson County, FL. would challenge the book in
1981 for being “pro-Communist.” The book spawned terms like “Big Brother” and “Orwellian” and
continues to appear in pop culture — most recently as the inspiration for a political YouTube hit. The
year 1984 may have passed, but the book’s message remains as relevant as ever.
Lolita
By Vladmir Nabokov
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First published in France by a pornographic press, this 1955 novel explores the mind of a self-loathing
and highly intelligent pedophile named Humbert Humbert, who narrates his life and the obsession that
consumes it: his lust for “nymphets” like 12-year-old Dolores Haze. French officials banned it for being
“obscene,” as did England, Argentina, New Zealand and South Africa. Today, the term “lolita” has
come to imply an oversexed teenage siren, although Nabokov, for his part, never intended to create
such associations. In fact, he nearly burned the manuscript in disgust, and fought with his publishers
over whether an image of a girl should be included on the book’s cover.
The Anarchist Cookbook
By William Powell
Powell was just 19 when he wrote this 1971 cult classic. The guerrilla how-to book managed to not
only anger government officials, but anarchist groups as well. One such organization, CrimethInc.,
said the book misrepresents anarchist ideals and later released its own book of the same name. Other
critics attacked the book for more practical reasons — some of the bomb-making recipes that Powell
included turned out to be dangerously inaccurate. Ironically, an older and purportedly wiser Powell
later tried to censor his own book. After converting to Christianity, Powell publicly denounced his work,
writing in 2000 on Amazon.com that the book is “a misguided product of my adolescent anger at the
prospect of being drafted and sent to Vietnam to fight in a war that I did not believe in.” But even
Powell couldn’t successfully ban the book from print; he no longer owns the rights.
(www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1842832_1842838,00.html. Access on Oct. 1, 2009)
AS RESPOSTAS PARA A QUESTÃO DEVEM SER DADAS EM INGLÊS.
Transcreva do trecho sobre o livro “Lolita”, que integra o texto I, o vocábulo substituído por did (linha 5
do trecho).
6 - Choose the best answer:
“The first drip systems __________ in the 1960s, but even now they’re used on less than 1% of
irrigated land.”
a) developed
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b) be developed
c) were developed
d) has developed
7 - Mark the sentences that are right:
“The rainforests are dying”, the scientist told the reporters.
a) The scientist told to the reporters that the rainforests would die.
b) The scientist said the reporters that the rainforests would dying.
c) The scientist told the reporters that the rainforests are dying.
d) The scientist said to the reporters that the rainforests were dying.
8 - What is the Past Simple of these irregular verbs?
come – run – think – find – feel
a) come – ran – thought – fund – feelt
b) come – run – thank – fond – feel
c) came – ran – thank – fond – felt
d) came – ran – thought – found – felt
9 - (UFBA)
THE HISTORY OF CHOCOLATE
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Delicious, delectable, soothing and, yes, American. Chocolate was a New World
discovery, one of the most sought-after treasures brought back to Europe from the
brave new land across the Atlantic.
Cacao, from which chocolate is created, is said to have originated in the Amazon
at least 4,000 years ago. The cacao tree was worshipped by the Mayan civilization,
who believed it to be of divine origin. Cacao is actually a Mayan word meaning “God
Food”, hence the tree’s modern generic Latin name ‘Theobrama Cacao’, meaning
‘Food of the Gods’. The word Cacao was corrupted into the more familiar ‘Cocoa’ by
the early European explorers. The ancient Maya brewed a spicy, bitter sweet drink by
roasting and grinding the seeds of cocoa beans with maize and chili and letting the mixture
ferment. This drink was reserved for use in ceremonies as well as for drinking
by the wealthy and religious elite.
The Aztecs of central Mexico attributed the creation of the cacao beans to their
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god Quetzalcoatl who, as the legend goes, descended from heaven on a beam of a
morning star carrying a cacao tree stolen from paradise. In fact, the Aztecs valued the
beans so much that they used them as currency: a hundred beans bought a turkey or
a slave, and taxes were paid in cocoa beans to Aztec emperors. They prized ‘Xocolatl’
well above gold and silver so much so that, when Montezuma was defeated by Cortez
in 1519 and the victorious ‘conquistadors’ searched his palace for the Aztec treasury
expecting to find gold and silver, all they found were huge quantities of cocoa beans.
The Aztecs, like the Mayans, also enjoyed cacao as a beverage fermented from
the raw beans, which again featured prominently in rituals and as a luxury available
only to the very wealthy. They regarded chocolate as an aphrodisiac and their Emperor,
Montezuma reputedly drank it fifty times a day from a golden goblet and is quoted as
saying of ‘Xocolatl’: “The divine drink, which builds up resistance and fights fatigue. A
cup of this precious drink permits a man to walk for a whole day without food”.
Xocolatl or Chocolat or Chocolate, as it became known, was brought to Europe
by Cortez. By this time, the conquistadors had learned to make the drink more palatable
to European tastes by mixing the ground roasted beans with sugar and vanilla (a
practice still continued today), thus balancing the spicy bitterness of the brew the
Aztecs drank.
THE HISTORY of chocolate. Disponível em: <www.aphrodite-chocolates.co.uk/history_chocolate.htm>. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2009. Adaptado.
Rewrite the following sentence according to the instructions below. Make all the necessary changes.
“The cacao tree was worshipped by the Mayan civilization, who believed it to be of divine origin.” (l. 56)
Change this sentence into the negative form.
10) Answer these questions with both the short answer and the complete answer:
a) __________ John Lennon __________ “Give war a chance”?
No, he __________. He __________ “Give war a chance”. (say)
b) __________ they __________ gold in California in 1849?
Yes, they __________. They __________ gold in California in 1849. (find)
c) __________ Jorge amado __________ “Mar Morto”?
Yes, He __________. He __________ “Mar Morto” in 1936. (write)
11 - Fill in the blanks with do, don’t, does, doesn’t, did, didn’t:
Do you know any lefty? If you __________, you know their life isn’t easy. Right-handed people have
all kinds of products available to them, but lefties __________. If they __________, they would be
able to buy anything. Maybe you think this fact doesn’t affect them, but it __________, believe me.
12- Choose the best answer:
“Where do you teach History?”, Martin asked me.
a) Martin told me where I teach History.
b) Martin asked me where I did teach History.
c) Martin asked me where I taught History.
d) Martin asked me where do I tech History.
13 - ut the words in the correct order.
a) city / were / they / the / working / when / earthquake / struck / an
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_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) taking off / the / we / airplane / was / when / finally / arrived / at / airport / the
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) its / house / burning / owners / when / was / the / arrived /already
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
14 - Match the irregular verbs with their past form:
1. bring (
2. see (
3. buy
(
4. say
(
5. go
(
) said
) went
) brought
) bought
) saw
Now, use them in the following sentences:
a) I __________ two new CDs last night.
b) We _________ a very nice film last weekend.
c) When my friends arrived, we __________ to the club together.
d) My mother __________ that I can’t watch TV for a week!
e) Julia __________ a wonderful birthday cake to class this morning.
15 - Choose the best answer:
“What’s your favorite city?”, the reporter asked the actress.
a) The reporter asked the actress what was her favorite city.
b) The reporter asked what was the favorite city of the actress.
c) The reporter asked the actress what is her favorite city.
d) The reporter asked the actress what her favorite city was.
16 - Do you have good memory? Use the Simple Past:
a) When did Nelson Mandela become president of South Africa?
Nelson Mandela __________ president of south Africa in __________.
b) When did Neil Armstrong land on the moon?
Neil Armstrong __________ on the moon in __________.
c) When did Santos Dumont fly an airplane for the first time?
Santos Dumont __________ the first airplane in __________.
d)When did the Chinese build the Great Wall?
The Chinese __________ the Great Wall in __________.
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17) The use of particular tenses determine whether the action or event is finished or not, defined or
not, etc. Explain the difference between the pair of sentences below. Answer in English.
1) Paul lived there for ten years;
Paul has lived there for ten years.
2) I have been in Athens since last week;
I have been in Athens for the last week.
3) The doctor has just gone out;
The doctor went out an hour ago.
4) Daniel has been writing books for 20 years;
Daniel wrote many books for 20 years.
PRESENT PERFECT
O Present Perfect é um tempo verbal utilizado para falar sobre eventos que ocorreram em um
tempo indefinido do passado que podem perdurar até hoje ou já terem sido concluídos. Em português
não temos um tempo correspondente a esse. Entretanto, se o tempo em que a ação ocorreu for
sugerido ou mencionado, deve-se usar o Simple Past. Observação: a tradução das duas formas
verbais podem ser as mesmas. Observe:
I have lived there a long time. (Eu vivo lá por muito tempo=> tempo indeterminado: Present Perfect)
I lived there for 2 years. (Eu vivi lá por 2 anos => tempo determinado: Simple Past)
ESTRUTURA VERBAL DA SENTENÇA AFIRMATIVA
Para formar a estrutura do Present Perfect, utilizamos o verbo auxiliar have/has, MAS se o verbo
for regular, o verbo principal estará no particípio passado, ou seja, a mesma forma do verbo no
Passado Simples, acrescentando –ed; se o verbo for irregular, o verbo principal deve estar no
particípio passado, não seguindo assim nenhuma regra, devendo ser consultado ou memorizado.
Verbo regular (terminação –ed)
I have lived in Paris for a long time. (Eu morei em Paris por muito tempo.)
She has cleaned the house. (Ela limpou a casa.)
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Verbo irregular
The cat has broken the window. (O gato quebrou a janela.)
They have gone out. (Eles saíram.)
ESTRUTURA VERBAL DA SENTENÇA NEGATIVA
Na estrutura negativa, basta acrescentar a palavra que transforma a sentença em negativa: o
vocábulo NOT.
I have not lived in New York. (Eu não morei em New York.)
Jack has not travelled to Salvador. (Jack não viajou para Salvador.)
ESTRUTURA VERBAL DA SENTENÇA INTERROGATIVA
Na estrutura interrogativa, basta mudar a ordem das palavras. Observe:
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Has the cat jumped the window? (O gato pulou da janela?)
Have your students done the homework? (Os seus alunos fizeram a tarefa de casa?)
Reading practice
1 - Choose the best answer:
After you __________ in Economics, you can think about taking an MBA.
a) had graduated
b) have graduated
c) was graduated
d) will be graduating
2 - Choose the best answer:
Joseph __________ a brand new car. It’s awesome!
a) has bought
b) have bought
c) bought
d) gas brought
3 - hoose the correct alternative:
Jane: Has the school bus arrived __________?
Nora: Yes, and the kids have __________ gone to school.
Jane: Have they __________ missed a class?
Nora: No, __________!
a) never; yet; ever; already
b) yet; already; ever; never
c) already; never; ever; yet
d) yet; never; ever; already
4 - Choose the best answer:
Somebody _________ my bag! It was on my desk! I __________ it one minute ago!
a) has stolen; has seen
b) stole; have seen
c) have stolen; have seen
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d) has stole; saw
5 - Rewrite the sentences if necessary:
a) Do you think Alan´s always knew the truth about them?
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) This is the first time I went to Greece.
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) I reckon Bill was held up in traffic.
_________________________________________________________________________________
6 - n the sentence “I am sorry, but I have forgotten my keys’’, it is implied that the speaker:
a) forgot the keys at a precise time in the past without consequences at the present moment.
b) forgot the keys at an indefinite time in the past without consequences at the present moment.
c) forgot them at a certain point in the past with a consequence at the present moment.
d) forgot the keys without any consequences in the future.
e) forgot them at present with a consequence in the near future.
7 - The use of particular tenses determine whether the action or event is finished or not, defined or
not, etc. Explain the difference between the pair of sentences below. Answer in English.
1) Paul lived there for ten years;
Paul has lived there for ten years.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2) I have been in Athens since last week;
I have been in Athens for the last week.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3) The doctor has just gone out;
The doctor went out an hour ago.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4) Daniel has been writing books for 20 years;
Daniel wrote many books for 20 years.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8 - In the sentence “I´ve often stated that Julian´s success as a lawyer is due to his eccentricity as
much as his knowledge of the subject”,
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9 - Choose the best alternative:
Pam: Oh, no! It __________!
Jamie: Yes, it __________ since early in the morning.
Pam: And where’s Jack?
Jamie: He __________ in the garden since 8:00!
Pam: With all that rain?!
a) has rained; had been raining; has working
b) has been rained; has raining; is working
c) is raining; has been raining; has been working
d) rains; is raining; is working
PAST PERFECT
Usamos o Past Perfect, ou passado perfeito, quando queremos
falar sobre alguma ação do passado que ocorreu antes de outra ação
no passado.
Quando usamos o passado perfeito em Inglês?
Usamos o passado perfeito quando queremos falar sobre algo
que ocorreu antes de algum outro acontecimento no passado. Nesse caso usamos o passado perfeito
como na estrutura a seguir:
Past perfect tense = (Subject + had + past participle)
Tempo passado perfeito = (Sujeito + verbo have no passado (tido/tinha) + particípio do passado)
Veja os exemplos:
Ava left the house at 6:30 last night.
Ava saiu de casa às 6:30 da noite passada.
Jack rang Ava's doorbell at 7:00 yesterday.
Jack tocou a campanhia da casa de Ava às 7:00 de ontem.
Nós usamos o passado simples nessas duas ações que ocorreram no passado, agora veja o
que podemos fazer combinando as duas frases:
Jack rang Ava's doorbell at 7:00 yesterday but Ava had already left the house.
Jack tocou a campanhia da casa de Ava às 7:00 ontem, mas Ava já tinha saído de casa.
Nesse caso usamos o Passado perfeito - tinha saído - porque queremos dizer que uma ação
aconteceu antes de outra ação no passado, e esta ação é: Jack tocou a campainha.
Veja os exemplos seguintes do passado perfeito:
When I opened the closed I realized I had forgotten my scarf there inside.
Quando eu abri o armário percebi que tinha esquecido meu cachecol lá dentro.
She had taken the exam last week.
Ela fizera o teste semana passada.
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A thief had stolen his glasses.
O ladrão roubara os óculos dele.
Loren had cooked lunch when he got home.
Loren cozinhara o almoço quando chegou em casa.
Affirmative form
The show had already started when we got to the theatre.
O espetáculo começara quando nós chegamos ao teatro.
Structure
Subject + had + past participle + object
Negative form
He had not taken the proof yesterday.
Ele não fizera a prova ontem.
Structure
Subject + had + not + past participle + object
Interrogative form
Had you finished your work last year?
Você terminara seu trabalho ano passado?
Structure
Had + subject + past participle + object
More examples
He had slept.
Ele dormira.
Had it rained heavily last month?
Chovera fortemente mês passado?
Had the film started before we reached cinema?
O filme começara antes de chegarmos ao cinema?
She had not woken.
Ela não acordara.
He had not finished my work.
Ele não acabara seu trabalho.
Reading practice
1 - Choose the correct alternative:
a) My boss left the room before I ´d finished speaking.
b) I’ve hoped to phone you but I was too busy.
c) She was blamed for that before she has has the chance to back up her own ideas.
d) When my father arrived, they did start before him.
e) None of the above
2 - 07 February, 2007 - Published 15:38 GMT
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Gorbachev enters software piracy
Microsoft's local representatives in Russia accuse Mr Ponosov of knowingly using pirated software
that cost the company of $10,000 in losses. Microsoft boss Bill Gates said last week that his company
had made profits of a billion dollars a month in the second half of last year, that's about $33m a day.
Mr Gorbachev's letter, published on his charitable foundation's website, appealed to Mr Gates to show
mercy to the schoolteacher and warned that Mr Ponosov could be locked up in one of Siberia's
notorious prison camps if found guilty. Mr Ponosov says he's innocent and that the software had been
installed on the computers before he got them.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/newsenglish/witn/2007/02/070207_gorbachev.shtml
Read the text above and explain the use of the past perfect in the sentence in bold.
3 - Make these two sentences into one by using the Past Perfect:
Laura bought her first car in 1992.
Laura graduated in 1997.
4 - Simple Past or Past Perfect?
When the historian got to the ancient city he _____________ that he _____________ a big historic
treasure.
a) knew; had found.
b) had known; found.
d) had knew; had found.
d) knew; found.
e) known; founded.
5 - Choose the correct alternative.
When the journalists arrived at the airport, the rock band ___________________.
a) had leaved
b) had left
c) had lived
d) have left
e) has lived
6 - Read the sentences below and choose the ones that are correct.
I) If I had studied harder, I wouldn’t have failed the test.
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II) If I will get a salary raise, I will buy an apartment for me.
III) They would not have felt bad now if they didn’t say those bad words to her.
IV) When I got home, they hadn’t had lunch yet.
V) Had they still be waiting for you when you got there?
The correct sentences are:
a) II and IV
b) I, II and III
c) II, III and IV
d) I and IV
e) Only III
7 - Complete the sentences. Different answers are possible.
01) If I won the lottery,
_________________________________________________________________________________
02) She wouldn’t have missed the test if
_________________________________________________________________________________
03) I won’t travel with you if
_________________________________________________________________________________
04) Global warming will increase unless
_________________________________________________________________________________
05) When I got to the airport, the plane... - (use the past perfect)
_________________________________________________________________________________
06) When I got to the bookstore, the books... - (use the past perfect)
_________________________________________________________________________________
8 - Answer this question using Past Perfect.
What had you already done when your teacher arrived in class today?
When my teacher arrived in class today ______________________________.
9 - Choose the correct alternative.
When it started to rain, the race ____________________.
a) has already started
b) has already starting
c) had already starting
d) have already started
e) had already started
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