what did the tupinambá cook an humble contribution to

BROCIIADO, J. l'. Vy'hat did thcl'up¡nambá cook in thcirvesscls? An humblc contribution to
rão
cthnographic analogl. Ilcvlslo dc Ârqucologla, São Paulo, 6:40-88, 1991.
WHAT DID THE TUPINAMBÁ COOK
IN THEIR VESSELS?
AN HUMBLE CONTRIBUTION TO
ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALOGY
IO
José Proenza
Brochado*
RESUMO: A parl.ir clas informaçõcs ctnográficas das grawras dos
cronistas curopcÌrs clos sóculos XVI c XVII, ó possívcl dcmonstrar, por
nrcio da analogia ctno gráfica, quc a ccrâmica arqucológica da dcnominada
Tradição Tupigruratú, cncontrada no litoral lcsLc e nordcste do Brasil, foi
produzicla pclos Tupinambá. Usando os tcxtos dos cronistas que dcscrevcm a alinrcntação clcstcs Tupinambá, foi possívcl tambóm rcconstituir a
funcionalidaclc clas vasilhas circontradas.
rA-
ilio
ca.
dc
dc
INTRODUCTION
Thc morplrology o[ thc vcsscls uscd by onc particular group can bc corrclatcd
with tho kincls oI foocls prcparccl by thcnr in thcsc vcsscls, with thc corolary that this
group dict can ba also rcconstructocl by mcans o[ lhc nrorphology of [hcir vcsscls,
cvcn in thc abscncc oIany clircct infornraLion.
That is to say that in thc abscncc of thc possibility of clircctly obscrving thc clict
o[ onc cth¡ric group, or o[ dircct accounts of it, instanccs of this kind of corrclation
can bc appliccl ancl lhcir clict tcntativcly rcconstrucLcd by comparing thcir vcssels
to thosc of otlrcr groups which functionality is known. This constitutcs what is callcd
cthnographic analogy.
rá).
Thc main problcnr is to provc thal thc corrclaf.ion, vcrilìcd in onc group, will
holcl for othcr group, to asscrt that for any vcsscl cathcgory, or group of vcsscl
cathcgorics, thcrc is onc ancl only onc foodstuff or group of closcly rclatcd foodstuffs, wlrich catt or tnay bc prcparcd in thcm, cvcrywhcrc or at lcast throughout a
cultural arca.
Thc rangc o[ variation irr thc tcclrniqucs o[ food prcparation and in thc cquipamcnt uscd thcrcforc, casts doubts about thc possibility of the existcncc of any
rigid corrclation o[ thc kincl abovc, thcrclorc Alcxanclcr (1969:L23-I29) warns that
all cultural cviclc¡rccs basccl on analogy arc non conclusivc without non-cull.ural
cviclcnccs, cithcr clircct or inclircct.
Ífowcvcr, somc corrclations nrn¡t holcl for nrany cliffcrcnt groups and in the
:dc
I
9U
seu
seu
Univcni¡ladc Fc¡lcral do Rio Gr¡¡ndc do Sul.
4l
7-o
lll(OCllAI)O,
J. I'. What <lid thc'l'upinanrbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An humblc conrribution to
cthnoglaphic analogry. llo,isla dc ÂrqucoLrgin, São Paulo, 6:40-88,1991.
n
synthcsizcd
6; Stcward
,
&
89-91,, 126;
Il. is surprising thct, givon tho plcnty o[ in[ornration abouI thc historic Tupinanlbá ancl tlro exisl-cncc of alchacological pottcry attributcd [o thcrn, this kincl ot
rccoustruction hacl not bocn attcnrpLocl bclorc, Thc causcs arc aL lcast two.
In tho fi rsI placc, lhc accuracy of
Lho
cngravi ngs which illustrat c thc chroniclcrs
.rss
lcd
nts
M;
86)
;4),
illc
lny
Thc pottcry attributccl to tho Tupinanrbá has bçcn so larfouncl in at lcast
Mo¡c coDplcrc ¿ccounrs in llllOCl lu\l)O ( l9&l), SCr\1i\Mz\CCl llr\
(
153
lll0).
43
J. lr. What did thc'l'up¡nanrbá cook in thcirvcsscls? An humblc contribution to
cthnographic analogy. Ro'islu dò r\'rqucokrgi:r, São Paulo,6:40-88, 1991'
lll{OcllADO,
rccl slip, nail incising, rim notching ancl bocly fluting. Thc corrugatcd dccoration is
cvcn lcss frcqucnt.
Only surfacc collcctions ancl tcsL pits havc bccn madc in all sitcs, and vcry fcw
havc bccrj stratigrapl-rically cxcavatccl.
of a¡rothcr orclcr.
i¡ an approxinratc [orm, using thc proportions of the
o[ tho hcacl [o find thc propcr scalc.
hcight
thc
human bocly usually
Onco tho scalc was founcl, thc vcsscls lorm was intcrprctccl following I'hc art
convontions of thc timc, propor consiclcration always bcing givcn to thc clistortions
pinai'."a by thc artist's'attónrpts to show [ho vcsicls tridirncnsionaly, cmploying
sorno sort o[ naivc PorsPoctivc.
Tho thickncss ol thc vcsscl wall has bccn proviclcd only in a vcry tcntativc way'
bcing always calculatocl in proportion Lo thc sizc oI thc vcsscls'
This has bccn clonc,
TI I E ETI INOfI ISTOIIICAL DATA
Twcnty clillcront platcs, ilustrating various cclitions oISl.aclcn, Thcvct ancl Lòry,
slrow somc kincl of pottory vcsscls'
Wc havc consultod all thc availablc oditions at thc Thc Univcrsity of Illinois
Library, using whcncvcr possiblc Ihc first oncs.
M
BROCIIADO, J. I'. What did thc'I-up¡nambá cook in theirvcsscls? An humble contribution to
cthnographic analogry, llcviski dc Ärqucologi:r, São Paulo, ó:40-88,1991.
o
flcrcnt shapcs
d to be Tupin
some rcconsl
dcpictcd in th
as actual vcsscls from the archacological rccord.
)m-
Stadcn livccl for sonlc tinrc anrong tlrc Tupinambá around Santos in thc coast
At Lhis timc (1548-1555) thc Tupinambá wcre allied to the Frcnch but
lin
of São Paulo,
;cls
oht
lin
;cls
rme
hcy
rlar
Hc bcgins by cxplaining how thc Tupinambá of São Paulo (also sometimes
called Tupiniquim) procluccd their pottcry.
,ccs
"l)ic Wcil¡cr stcllcn dic Gcfäßc, die sic bcnutzen, folgcndcrmaBcn hc¡: Sie nehmcn Ton,
knctcn ihn wic'I'cig und nlachcn daraus dic Ccfäße, dic sic habcn woltcn. Dann lassen.sie sie
cinc T,citlang trockncn. Sic vcmtchcn auch, sic fcin zu benralcn. Wenn sie die CcfaBe b¡ennen
wollcn, stulpcn sic sic auIStcinc, lcgcn vicl trockcnc Baunrrindc darum und stccken dicse and.
So wcrdcn dic Gcfallc gcbrannt, Däß sic glühcn wic hcißcs Eiscn" (Stadcn (1,557) 1963:1?5).2
scls
ical
TOf
Thc account of thc prcparation ancl consuption o[ thcir becr is as follows:
[he
"Die Wc
Top[c vcll. W
Ihe
1'öpfc
Mä<lchcnsich
andcre
art
en grosse
sen sic in
ie iunsen
d|tZt¡.3
"Sind allc gckocht cn Wur¿cln gckaut, so tun das Gckaute vic in dcn Topf, gicBcn Wasscr
dazu, vcrnrcngcn bcidcs und lallcn cs dannwicdcr warm wcrdcnn (id.ibd.:127).q
ons
iing
c
s
s
Thc vcsscls uscd [o warm or to bring to a second boil the masticated manioc
mush arc clcpictccl nluch in thc samc way in both platcs: a tall biconical jar, strongly
Nay,
2
'Womcn-m¡kc.all tbe vcsscls they ncc.d. Thcy bring thc clay and kncad it; from it thcy make all thevessels they l¡ke; thcy put them
to dry and th(y know to pa¡nt thcm. Whcn they w¡sh to burn thcm, thgr inverL Lhem àver some stoDes and pilä a great jeäl oftree
bark around thcm, which thcy kindlc aod, $irh it thcy arc burnt turning likc live coals or hot iroo..
3
'rJy'omcn make the b4eraBc. Thcy t¡kc manioc roots and boil them in large pots. WheD th(y are throug,hly boiled, they t¿ke them
from thesc pots aod put thcm ¡D othcr pols or vcsscls and lcavc them thæ for some dme io æol. Nex, the girls seaiall around,
masticat¡n thcm and spitt¡ng, in yet another vcsscl'.
4
'Once all thcse bo¡led roots havc bccn mast¡catcd, the mastic¿tcd msh is put back in the potJ, who are then filled with water,
throughly mixcd and warmcd aglin.'
,òty,
nois
45
BROCI IADO, J. 1,. What did thc Tupinaml¡á cook in thcir vcsscls? An humblc contribution to
cthnographic analogr. Rcvistu dc 1\rqucokrgio, São I'aulo, 6:40-88' 1991.
carcnatcd, with a carnbcrcd or eKcriorly rcinforced rim (fig. a.b).
',Dann habcn sic bcsondcrc Gcfäße, die sie halb in die Erdc graben ind die sie gcbrauchcn,
wic man hicr Fäßcr tür Wcin und Bicr gcbraucht. Das gicßen sic die Maßc hincin und machen
dic Gcfäße gut zu. I)as gärt dann von sclbst und wird stark. So lassen sie cs zwciTagc stcnen
Dann rrinkci sic cs undicrauschcn sich daran. Es ist dick fläßig und nahrhaft" (id.ibd.:127).'
Thc spccial vcsscls alludcd. to in thc text are dcpictcd almost in the same way
in both piaLcs ancl tl-rcy rcscmblc also vcry much Lhe tall jars uscd to bring.thc
masticaôd mash to a s-cconcl boil (fig. a.b). Thcy look somewhat smallcr but it is
{itficult to say how much, bccause thcy are actually part buricd in thc ground.
In ftg.2 arc also clcpictocl somc small hcnrispncrical opcn bowls uscd to draw
bccr lroã lhc lcrmcnting jars and pour it into somc largcr bowls (fig_. 2.a) used to
scrvc it by pouring into s=omc smalicr bowls uscd as drinking cups (fig. 2.d) as wc
scc in thc uppcr row o[ figurc.
,'Sic sctzcn sich um dic Gctäßc, aus dcncn si9 trinkcn. Dic Wcibcr rcichcn ihncn das
gctränk gä2, wic ihlc Sittc cs vcrlangt" (id'ib<t.:127).6
In this accoutlt, lrom thc sccorld part o[ his book, Stadcn mcntions only manioc
ingrcclicnt ol thc bcvcragc nladc by thc Tupinambá, but in thc first part he says,
aboul thc salno Tupillanrbá, who lattcr cntprisoncd him:
as
"...dann wirct dc¡.Mais rcif, dcn sic Abatíncnr cn und mit dcm sic cin Cctränkt bcrcitcn,
I)abci vcrwcndcn sic auch dic Mandioca-Wurzcl, von dcrsic ctwas hincinnrcgcn. Sobalcl sic ntit <lcnr rcifcn Abatívon ihrcnt kricgszug hcimlichrcn, machcn sic das
Ccfränk zurccht un<l vcrz.ch rcn dabci ih rc Fcindc, wcnn sic wcJchc gc[angcn habcn. Sic frcucn
sich cin ganzcs.Iahr inl voraus auf <!ic Abatiz-cit" (id.ibd':49)'
das Cauint hcißt.
Thcvcl" livccl for somc months, bctwccn 1555 and 1556, in thc Frcnch establishcmcnt locatccl on a island in Guanabara Bay (Rio do Janciro) but his account
of lhc Tarnoyo cleals with thc ir-rclians living still frcc ncar Cabo Frio, some distancc
to thc East along thc salÌtc strctch of coast. Thcrc arc around 470 km bctwecn thc
arca of Sáo Vicc-ntc, whcrc Stadcn was kcpL prisoncr by the Tupinambá, and Cabo
Frio, whcrc Thcvct wcnt to visit thc Tamoyo.
In his lø Costtrogupltie ... (I575).Thcvct bcgins by cxplaining how thc Tamoyo
of Cabo Frio proclucocl thcir poLLcry.
"Cc pcndcnt lcur nlonstrc à [airc ccrtains vaisscaux de tcrrc, comnlc pots à cuyrc chair ct
poisson,
aurr.. viandcs qu'ils nlangcnt cntrc cux: plats ct cscucllcs marquctécs dc compar'
"ì bcaux sclon ic pais, lciqucts ils vclnisscnt d'unc ccrtainc gommc blanchc qui
iinlcnts asscz
croist cn dcs arbt'cs ... llllcs font aussi d'autrcs grands pots à cuyrc lcur brcuvagc, ct d'autrcs
pour lc ntcttrc, dotlt y cn a qui ticnncnt plus d'un nruyd" (Lussagnct, 1953: 131)'
for wine
'.l hcrc ¡rrc thcn somc spccial vcsscls, wlro arc buric<l to tlrcir mi<ldte in thc ground and wlìich thcy usc as we usc-casks
or bccr. 'l'hcy pour tbc muslr into tlrcsc vcsscls 3nd closc thcm. Thc bocragc fcrmcnLs aod turns stron& So it is lc[t for two days.
r\ftcmrrrds ihcy drink lrom it rnd gct rJrunk. lt is tlrick and must bc nutritious.'
6
''l'hcy sclrr aroun<J tlrc vcsscl fronr which thcy arc drinking Womcn scNc thc drink in thc samê ordcr in wh¡ch they arc scatcd'
(fig2
and 9\.
¡ind mrkc from it a beeragc callcd cauim, Thcrc are also man¡oc roots, wh¡ch thcy
ulrcn tltc m¡izc is r¡pc, thcy clrll it
^brtí
thcy likc to hrvc ripc mrize in order to mskc bcer, that ¡s whcn thcy eat thcir enemics'
mix thcrcin. Whcn thcy rcturn from w¡r
'l'hcrclorc
rhcy u'eii anxiously all Lhc ycar round for the time whcn thc abatí is riPc".
it rhcy hrd c¡prurcd any.
*...
4(t
BROCIIADO, J. P. What did thc Tupinanrbá cook in thcir vcssels? An humble contributiôn to
ethnographic analogr. Rcvlsfu dc Ârt¡ucologia, São Paulo, 6:40-88, 1991.
ifl,
en
)n.
).t
ry
lc
is
iw
to
VC
las
0c
/St
'... dc laqucllc [tcrrc] ils font dcs vascs a lcur.usage, tant pour cuirè leurs viandcs qu'ils
bouillcnt, quoy quc cc soit rarcmcn t, quc pour lairc lcur fariries de Mil or Mun¡hot, que aussi
pour drcsscr lcur brcuvagc, y cstans aussi subtils sclon lcur mode que nous saurions estren
(id.ibd.:2224).
Thc account hc givcs of thc prcparation and consumption of beer by the Tamoyo, is as follows.
"... du lcur Cull¡uin, qui cst un brcuvage composé dc mil gros comme pois, et se nomme
en lcur langue: Âvuly, Il cn a dc dcux cspcccs, de noirs et dc blancs, et font de la plus grand
partie dc cc qu'ils rccucillcnt ce gcntil bfcuvagê, faisant bouillir ce gros Millet, avcc autrcs
racincs: Icqucl aprés avoir bouilly fort long-tcmps dans dc grands vaisseaux dc terre cuite (car
y cn a tcls qui ticnncnt un muyd) ct estant par[a.it, il dcvicnt de coulour de vin clairet. Ces
pandards de Sauvagc Ic trouvcnt si bon qu'ils s'cn enyvrcnt si bicn que lon fc¡oit de pardeça
de vin: j'entcnds quand ils cn prcncnt outrc mcsurc. Mais escoutez une superstition a tairó de
brcuvagc, la plus cstrangc qu'il cst possiblc dc croirc: çavoir, qu'aprés qu'il cst bouilly dans ce
grands vascs, vicndront quclquc nonrbrc dc fillcs vicrgcs machcr ce mil ainsi bouilly; puis estant
bicn dcuömcnt masché ct broyé, lc nrctront cn d'autrcs vaisscaux à cc proprcs, juiques a ce
qu'ils voycnt qu'il n'y ait ricn da ns ccstuy, pour cn fairc buillir ct cuire d'autre... Ccla ainsi fait,
le fcront bouillir dc rcchcf, puis lc laisscnt quclqucs jóurs jusquc à cc qu'il soit purgé, comme
nous voyons lc vin bouillant dans lc tonncaux...Voyla...comme ils font lcur boisson, façon et
manicrc contntc jc vous I'ay dcscrit, ct commc jc vous en donnc iry lc pourtraict au naturcl,
suyvant lc crcon quc j'cn ay apporté dc dcssus lcs licuxn (id.ibd.:55-56).
Figurc
lIt
inlas
cn
b,nt
cc
he
bo
yo
1.1
is frorn Les Sin¡4iluritez...(1557:46) but fig. 13 is a lattcr redrawing
pri ntcd in L a C o s rt t o gt'ap h i e...(7
57
5) Lussagnct,
19
53:fi g. 2).
"Lcur blcuvagc'cst fa¡t dc glos ntillct, blanc ct noir" (id.ibd.:121).
"llllcs font aussi d'autrcs grands pots à cuyrc lcur brcuvage ct d'autrcs pour le mcttre
dont y cn a qui ticnncnt plus d'un nruyd" (id.ibd.:131). 3
"Lc dinrcnsions considc ral¡lcs dcs vaccs à caouin ent frappé tous les voya-geurs: si Thcvet
i¡" qiO.iUO.:t:t,
indiquc unc contónancc <l'u¡ nrui<t (168 1), Soarcs va jusqu-'à unc pipc (534
notc 3).
If in thc ca
illustratc his br
n that the engravings which
uct¡ons skctched by Stadcn
himsclf,
his book had bccn based on
skctchcs nradc by hinr on thc spot, what makcs thcm vcry important as iconographic
documcnts.
Thcvct
rct
afqui
rcs
rine
lays.
rtcd'
thcy
nies,
oncs uscd for boiling, thcrcforc [hc strcnght
by burying thcir lowcr part in thc grouncl.
oflhc vcsscl walls has to be buttressed
In fig. 13.c-c thc vcsscls who hrilcl boilcd maizc bcfore and after it is inasticate$,
havc quitc difl'crcnt sizcs. In fig. 15.a,b, bccr is bcing scrvcd in vcryshallowbowl-like
drinking cups, aparcntly of two cliflcrc¡rt sizcs.
Wc cstimatcd thc volumc o[ thc largc bowl-shapcd pots illustrated in Thevct,
using thcir approximatc climcîsion, and found that thc largcst one (fig. 11.a) could
47
ctict thc'l'upinanrbá cook in thcirvcsscls? An huml¡lc conlribution to
cthnogrâphic analogry. tìcvisla dc Arr¡ucologirr' São Paulo, 6:40-88, 1991'
lllì.OCllADO, J. 1,. What
not holcl morc tharl 1901. Thcrclorc, i[ it looks as it thcir sizc hacl bccn somcwhat
by
cxugcratocl by thc cllgravcr, [hcy arc actually smallcr than I'hc oncs dcscribcd
3;Huguct,1925;
(Lusiagnct
2681.
to
up
otlirlcling
,1953:131,notc
capablo
ilr"?tor
Laroussc, 1971)
Lhc Tupi
I n his voyagcs along thc cast coast of South Amcrica Thcvct mct also
do
Grandc
oIRio
coast
thc
along
Janciro,
Rio
clc
of
Noithcast
faito-thc
livccl
who
Nortc, in thc bulgc of Brazil.
Dcscribing how thoy prcparccl aud consunlccl thcir bccr, Thcvct says:
cs
t
puis apr'òs lc mcttcnt clr
lc bcuvcnt, d'autant qu'i
"...Caouyn ... qui
fait par lcs fcntntcs' tlo
quc
j'
i, ct d
nonln
ntagc
sagnct,'1953: 197, notc 2).
"lìt quancl ils vculcnt fairc banquct, ils prcncnt dc la nrcsmc [arinc, [maiz-c flour] laqucllc
ils font bouillir, contnìc pouf cnrpliirlcs poôllcs clc lcrrc contcnant pour lc nroins dcmy muy.
Ilsappcllluyn..Cctuyquicstbouillydcnrcurc-lortcspoix.Maisilsontune
c'òstqucdólanrcsnrcfa¡incbouillicilscnprcncntquclqucportion,
asruccpo
I'cau, ct la font nraschcrà dcsjcuncs lilles... c I'ayant bicn maschó,
taqucll! i
ls lcur bouchc dcdarrs lcs gran<Js poôllcs, csqucllcs cst lc vin' tcllcla laissc¡¡
lrur
mcnt qu'aprcs gr.anclc quantitó par iccllcs fillcs, ou [ènlmcs misc dcdans iccllcs pocllcs,
vin dcncuic attilró. Ilt aprós nrcticnt quclquc nranicrc dc lcvain fait dc la mcsmc [arine dc Mil,
lcqucl ils galdcnt long tcnrps (id.ibd.:267-268)'
,,Jc n'ay voulu rlcsclirc plus antplcnrcnt la nranicrc d'acoustrcr lc Manioc... Ils composcnt
j'ay ry dcvant
unc sort dc vin, lcqucl ils fonì bouillir, tout ainsy conrnrc la farinc dc Mil, dc quoy
quc
partó, nrcsnrcs cn font ntaschcr aux jcuncs fillcsà tin dc la fairc affincr ct cn lont tout ainsy
du vin dc Mil".(i<l.ibd.: 269).
is clcar thal Thcvct is hcrc spcaking about bittcr Manioc bccause hc had
cxplainocl bcfolc Lho clangcrs ol clr:inkingllrc poisonous juicc cxtractcd from it
bcforc it is boilccl.
It
,',.. Ät¡uljoux. Cc f¡uit
ils en font du vin,
[c:rjrr] cst trcscxccllcnt a nrangcr, ct d'iccluy
cluqucl ils sont yvl'cs oldinaircnlcrit ... ct n'y a quc trois mois cn I'an, csqucls ils n'aycnt fruit,
audit mois dc Novcmbrc ils com[c^ju] à savoir Scptcnrbrc, Octotrrc, ct Novcnlbrc, cncol'cs
nlcnccnt à avoir dcsdits fruits" (id. ibd.:27( )
In Thcvct's accoullts wc havc thcrcforc to clistinguish whcn hc is spcaking about
llrc Tarrroyo oI Cabo Frio, ncar Rio clc Janoiro (Les Singularitez ..' and La Cosìrrágriflrií...) or about tho Tupi of Rio Granclc clo Nortc, in NorLhcasL Bryi! \L,e!
óärliol,og|í ...¡. rn" Tanroyó arc saicl to usc maizc and other rools (id.ibd.:55-50)
or only íruír" 1i,t.iUa.:131) whilc thc Tupi of Rio Granclc do NorLc are said to use
sornoLimcs swcot uìanioc nrixcd with maizc (id.ibcl.:197, notc 2), somcl'imcs only
nraiz.c (icl.ibcl .i267-268)., or bittcr rllanioc (icl.ibd.:269) or cqiu (id.ibd.:270).
It bccomcs clcar lronr thc tcxts that thoTa¡lloyo o[Rio clc Janciro, having maize
two timcs a ycar (Dcccmbcr ancl May) (id.ibd.l210)'cmploycd almost cxcluvoly
maiz-c to makc thcìr boor, whilc thc Tupi of thc Northcast, having only littlc maize
ancl orrly ollcc a ycar (icl.ibcl.:267) usccl tnorc caiu, but.also sorìla maize, some swcct
marlioc ntixccl with maiz<¡ ancl sôn1c bittcr manioc. That cail¿ was more in'ìportant
than Lhc otlrcr plants, is irnpliccl thc statcnront: "...duqucl ils sont yvrcs ordinairc48
IIIIOCIIAI)O, J. I,. What cli<.1 tlrc 1'upinaurbí cook iíthcirvcsscls? An hunrtrlc contribution to
cthnograPhic analog'y. ltcvisla dõ Àrqucokrgia, São Paulo,6:40-88, 1991'
ct par lc haut".
"Or nos Anlc
cc gtos
soltc quc vous av
appcllcnt cc bl'ct'¡v
aigrc; ct cn ont do
bouchc
clc
lir ct ntâchant
a
ns
¡
m0mc
uvagcs
dc lait
cn font cncolc
racincs susnlc
t ópais contnrc
ns du
lcur
vin"'
tout tcnlps
uvagc' voire
n
cit
.u
'
(1.
au
ds vaisscaux
ngós cn long
r¡u-irrcr".
lcnlntcs
puissantlcsuncsticnncntcnviron
troischo
dlcllcs, I
Prcnriòrc chosc quc lcs
pour lc tiódir' Ccla fait"'
nsaprèslcsautrcsaupròs
grandcs gobcllcs toutcs
plcincs..." (id. ibtl.: I l5-l l7).
nl
illtls
orl.incnl ill
t, ntanY itll.
n[ of [hc
tclcn's
.50
r alnlost rcpcats Stadcn's, tltcrcforc
rtcrpolatccl in thc tcxt' Evcn in thc
ng thc bccr brcwing proccss' lhcrc
thc vcsscls uscd'
BROCIIADO, J. l'. What did thc Tupinanrbá_ cook in thcir vcssels? An hu¡blc contr¡butiÖn to
cthnographic analogr. Rcvisla dc Ärqucologil, Säo Paulo, 6:4O-88,1991.
Ffowcvcr, whcn Lòry dcscribcs the naking ol maize bcar, thcre are no hints
siz-c or thc form o[thcvcsscls employcd; wc can onlywondcr if thcy
did not look likc thc oncs illustratccl in Thevct for thc same purposo.
The largc bowls usccl to draw, pour and scrve becr, like the oncs dcpicted in
Staden arc saicl to bc, among the Tupinarnbá of Guanabara, not clay vcssels but
about cithcr thc
halvcd gourds.
Gandavo, who had livcd in Northcastcrn Brazil for a few years bcfore L573,
says, about the Tupinambá, that f.hcy:
n...
aparclhão muitos vinhos para sc embebcdarem, e fazem-nos da raiz duma herva que
sc chama aypim, a qual fcrvcm primciro e dcpois de cozida mastigão-na humas moças virgens,
c csprcmcm-na nuns pólcs grandcs, e dalí a tres ou quatro dias g bebemn (Trulodo... (ca.1570)
79{A:89).
Soares dc Souza, who also had livcd in Bahia for some years before 1587,
dcscribcs first how thc Tupinamá nradc their pol.tcry.
"... e as [nrulhcrcs] quc são muito vclhas tem cuidádo dc Íazercmvazilhas de barro a mão;
çomo são os pótcs cm quc fazcm os vinhos, e lazem alguns tamanhos que levam tanto como
uma pipa, cnr os quais c cm outros mcnorcs, fcrvem os vinhos que bebem; fazem mais estas
vclhas, panclas, púcaros c alguidalcs a seu uso cm quc cozcm a farinha, e outros em que a
dcitam c cnr que comcm, lawados de tintas de corcs; a qual louça cozem em uma cova que
fazem no chão, c poôm-lhe a lcnha por cima;...' (1587)1938:261).
Thcn follows thc account of the preparation and consumption of beer from
Swect manioc.
u'...
fazcm dc todos os lcgumes, até da farinha quc comcm; mas o seu vinho principal é de
uma raiz a quc chanram aipim, que se coze, e dcpois pisam-na e tornam-na a a cozer, e como
é bcm cozida, buscam as mais formosas moças da aldcia para espremer estes aipins com as
mãos, e algum mastigado conr a boca, e dcpois cspremido na vasilha, ,.. a esta águá e sumo
dcstas raizcs lançam cm grandcs pótcs, que para isso tem, onde este vinho se coze, e está até
quc sc faz azcdo; .,. andam dando o vinho cm uns meios cabaqos, a que chamam cuias..,n
(id.ibd::258-259).
Thc Portugu cse tcrm póle, relers to tall jars, bicon]cal, ovo¡d or round, as the
ones dcpictcd in fig. 16 and 17 (Frcire, 1954), and some are said to be so large that
they could hold about apþø, which is a mcasurc of capacity around 5341 (Lussagnet,
L953:L31, notc 3). But the jar depicLed in fìg. 16, evcn if it was half buried in the
ground, could not hold much mors lhan
301.
D'Abbeville livcd for some Lime in the Frcnch establishment located on the
coast of Maranhão, whcre it is now São Luiz, very far to the North of either São
Vicentc (Stadcn, Rio dc Janciro (Thcvct and Lèry) or Northeastern Brazil (Gandavo and Soares dc Souza). His account deals with thc coastal Tupi which he calls
Maragwns (or Meari¿4ois) and who livcd on the islands and around the shores of
São Luiz Bay. Like all thc Òthcrs, he bcgins by dcscribing the pottery made by the
Maragmns.
"Ils ont cncorc quantité dc grandcs vaissellcs de terre dans lesquelles ils font leur
Manipoy, & d'autrcs plus grands vaisscaux aussi faicts de tcrre en forme de vase, qui tiennent
trcntc, quarante & cinquantc pots dans lcsqucls ils font lcur Coouln. l-es François leurs ont
aussi porté fortc nìarmitcs qu'ils appcllcnt Gn:rößln ou Gnuöpópo, & des chaudrons
51
contribution to
J. P. what did thc Tupinambá cook in thcirvessels? An humblc
BROCIIADO,
-'-analogr. Rcvisl. dð Ârqucologiu, São Paulo, 6:40-88' 1991'
"th;;gr;;hic
G
nuðit¡uuc...n (D'Abbcville
(1'61\
1963:28r'.)
"[-cs fcmmcs font aussi force vaisscllcs dc t
dc rondcs, en ouattc, en quarró: lcs unes en form
autrcs, lort unics & polics, principalcment par le
& noiics pour lcs plômbcr åu dcd'ans, y faizant di
tcs'
s
&
chÓ
sic"
(id.ibbd.:310)'
Spcaking about the prcparation and'consumption of bcer, D'Abbcvillc says:
urent quatfe ou.cinquc.mois comme il a
mplis dcìus, qu'ils cxpriment & en t¡rcnt
in, lcquel cst commc le vin blanc... ayant
"Quc si c'cst durant la sais
csté dit) ils prcnncnt dc ccs fruit
g.uíd" quantité. Ils
appcllcn
"n
cclã dc proprc quc Plus on lc
qu'it
dcs
largcs, nrais cstr6
"... lor.s
nrcttcnt dans
ga
dc ce vin, comme ils font ordinaircmcnt, ils lc
es fcmmcs font pour cc subjcct' fort grands &
ls conticnt lousiours au moins trcntc, quarantc
& cirrquante Pots
pagnic soit assanlblóo pottt' C:rouitrrrcr (id.ibd':302)'
5?
U¡ìOCIIADO, J.
i'>. What did thc'I'up¡nanrt¡ã cook in thcirvcsscls? An humble contribution to
ethnographic analory. Rcr,islu dc Ärqucologlu, São Paulo,6:40-88, 1991.
n.'. lcs fcmntcs lc prcparcnt quclquc jours
auparavant & en font quclqucfois plus dc
quinzc ou vingt dcs susdicts grands vaisscaux tout pla¡ns qu'cllcs arrengcnt emmy lcurs logcs."
lSt
n Ccpcndcnt
lcs fcmnrcs mcttcnt un pcu dc fcu à I'cntour dcs susdicts vaisseaux pour
chauffcr un pctit lc Caouin qu'ils boivent cstant prcsque ticde, puis apres rcmucnt & trouble
ce Caouirr, commançant aussi tost à boire & Caouinncr..., (id.ibd.:302-3M).
&
hé
ien
Thc proccss dcscribcd abovc of ruaking bccr from manioc eithcr bitter or swcct
-mixcd with somc maize flour orwith ma¡ze roastcd on thc cob, scems to havebccn
the samc dcscribcd by Staclcn for thc Tupinambá of São Paulo and by Thcvct for
thc Tupi of Rio Grandc do Nortc, who also uscd a grcat deal or cajú beér. The same
la
:nt
rnt
;le
;&
1te
is
tts
AS
in
Stadcn's illustrations: Lall, wiclc-bodicd jars, with narrow nccks; but probably not
biconical nor carcnatcd but rathcr ovoid. As it socms to bc also the cáse in Staäcn's
alljarswcrc probably not uscd [o boil thc manioc, but only to fcrment
manioc bcvcragc. In thc casc o.f thc bcvcrage made from caju, it
ot boilccl, so thc samc jars could havc becn uscd to hold f.hc juicc, to
scrvc it.
)cr
"lls ont dcs cou
couppécs par lc nrilli
plats & cscucllcs & d
lor
r5
cullicrs pour mangcr
t lluä dont ils sc scrvcnt pour allcr à I'cau & d'autrcs
c & dc noir, appclécs couy [cui] qui lcurs scrvcnt dc
,
ainsi quc lcs plus pctilcs courge lcur scwcnt aussi dc
rril
)rc
Aftcr thc drinking foasts thc cvcnts nrorc t¡mcs dcpictccl in thc chroniclcr's
books are thcsc rclatcd with thc anthropophagic ritual.
Wc will quotc hcrc only thosc passagcs of Stddcn cho dcal with the' vessels used
during this ritual.
)rtc
"f)abci stcllcn sic viclc Gc[äße hcr, in die sic ihre Getränke tun, und brcnncn auch
bcsondcrc Gctäßc für dic Sachcn, mit dencn sic ihn bemalcn und schmückcn" (Stadcn (1557)
nes
1963:138).8
'ou
or
rvec
"Dann füllcn sic allc Gcfäßc voll Gcträank" (id.ibd.:139).9
lcs
s&
"Das Eingwcidc l¡chaltcn dic Fraucn. Sie sicdcn cs und mit der Brühe machcn sie einen
icnt
dünnen llrci, Mingau gcnant, dcn sic un dic Kindcr schlürfon. Das Eingcwcide essen sie,
cbcnso das Flcisch vont Kopf. l)as hiln dcm Schä)dcl,dieZungc und was sie sonst gcnicßcn
könncn, csscn dic Kindcr" (id.ibrl.:144-145).'"
<de
tun
rant
tce
:uvé
om-
Thcvct dcscribcs also at lcnght thc anr.ropophagic ritual but says only that all
thc flcsh was roas'rcd ovcr thc rack Qnoquénl) (Lussagnct,1953:193-203).
Lèry also dcscribcs,
as an cyo
witness, Lhc anthropophagic ritual, as it was hcld
laict
rises
tout
¡insi
Moy
ra nt
I
'Aftward
tbcm'
9
10
thgt makc maoy vcsscls to put thc becragc ioto thcm somc othc¡vcssels whcrc tbEr store all Lhe necessary for painting
'Thcn they fill up with bccr all rhe vcsscls'
"The innards bclong to thc womcn. Th(y boil thcm and w¡th the broth thry prepare a kind ofsoup, callcd mingau, which thcy and
their childrcn drink. l.trcy eãt thc intcst¡ncs and also thc flesh from rhe hè;d; ahe brain, rhe tooiue and whui¡r l.'ft, th.
cat'
"biid."o
53
lllì.OCIIADO, J. I,. What di<! lhc 1'upinanrbá cook in thcirvcsscls? An hunrl¡lc contribution to
cthnographic analogt.
llo'istr
tló Ärqrrcokrgia, São I'aulo, 6:40-88' 1991'
in rlrc Tupirrarrrbá villagcs around Guanabara Bay (Lòry (1578) 1972:175-785)'IJc
says [lìat immccliatclly altcr thc prisioncr was killcd:
,,...
lcs.., fcnrnlcs sc pr'óscntant avcc dc I'cau.chaudc qu'cllcs.ont toutc prôtc, frottcnt ct
óchaudcnt clc tcllc façon lc co¡ps mor.t qu'cn ayant lcvó la prcnliòrc p91.u, cllcs lc font aussi
blanc quc lcs cuisinicrs par-dcçá sauraicnt fairc un cochon"'" (id'ibd':178)'
Thcsc arc tho only vcsscls mcntiongd or clopictcd.ancl Lòry says that all thc
llcsh, cvcn thc visccra, wcrc roastccl ovcr clc iack Qnoquént) and not boilcd
(icl.ibcl.:179-185).
Ganclavo statcs anothcr usc [or a clay vcsscl cluring thc anthropophagic ritual.
Hc
says that lho
killcr
clons bcautiful fcathcr
orllalrcnts:
,,ll assi sac rlcsta nrancira cour hunl In<Jio quc lhc traz a cspada sobrc um alguidar, a qual
hc dc hunr pío ntuito duro"." (19(14:63).
No onc of thc 16th ccntury chroniilcrs cvcr illusLratcd thc making of manioc
or niaizo f1ottr (ftrrinttø) or tlrl baking ol bciiu (nranioc cakcs) but wc can find
sonìctinìos fincl in tho tcxl.s hi¡rts about thc kincl of vcsscl usccl thcrcforc'
Staclcn says:
,'l)as Gcläß, in <lclrr sic ihr Mchl döfl'cn und backcn, wird aus'I-on gcbrannt und hat dic
Iìolrr cinc großcrr Schüssct" (Staacn (1557) 1963:123)".
¡l thc accor¡nt o[ how thc Tupinanrbá nlaclc a kincl o[ flour also from driccl fish
or utcat, thcrc is anothcr nrcntion of thc vcsscl utilizccl for roasting manioc flour.
,,llinc Art Mohl bcr.citcn sic auclr lìish unf lìlcisch auf folgcndc Wcisc: Sic bratcn das
Flcisch o<lcr dcn lìisch übcr cincnr lrcucr inr lìauch, lasscn cs ganz dúrr wcrdcn, scrpflückcn
gcbrannt wcrdcn
cs, döt.rcn cs clanaclr r:iunlal übcr dcrn lìcuc r in Gcfäßcn, rlic zu dicscm Z-wcck
uttcl Irrhcpoun hci[lcn;.'." (id.ibt].: I2'l).^-
Thcvct, clcaling rvith thc Tamoyo oI cabo Frio, dcscribcs thc making o.f thcthrcc basic kincls o["manioc f1our, but is still lcss cxplicit as to lhc charactcristics of
Lhc vcsscls usccl.
',... ils pilcnt ou ronlpcnt, scichcs ou vct'tcs, ccs racincs Imanioc] avcc unc cscorcc dc
quclquc ar.bì.c, qu,ils garnisscnt dc pctitcs ct mcnucs picrrcs fort d_urcs, ... : aprcs passcnt ct
coulcnt cc qui cit ainsi rapé, ct lc font chauflcr sur lc fcu, dans quclquc vaisscau à cc propre:
ct nonlnlcnt ccstc plant avcc sa racinc Marrilrol, laqucllc tandis qu'cllc chau[fc, ils b¡asscnt ct
fcnrucut, cn sofrc qù'ctlc tlcvicnt contrnc dragcotrs ôt pctitcs graincs..." (l-ussagncT,1953:214).
As SLaclon hc mcntioris also lhc clriccl fish flour'
',lls tont cncor
nlçnt plus r¡uc ccllc
<ic la farinc <l'uq poisson folt dcssachó, trcsbonnc, ct sc gardc dor longuer.lu Nlrrrrilrol,....ir" nontnt" iccllc farinc dc poisson Ouic (id.ibd.).
Thcro is also au accor.ult of how
thrcy
alofaritrlta Lhrowing it fronr far away into
thcir mounLhs.
11
12
54
'.l.ltc vcsscl wlrcrc tlrcy ro¡st írnd b¡kc thcir nìc¡l (lîrinhr) hrs thc form of a largc fl¿t bas¡n'.
-l
ncrl Tl]cy roast thc mcat or fish ovcr thc firc and smoke until
cr nrcal (larinhr)
ut it a sciond Limc ovcr [he firc to toast ¡n a clay vissc¡ c¿lled
thcy ripìr Lo snril
¡r
thít thc tc.m ¡nhcpoan, from thc Tupi nhacn-puna oryaouna'
Lc tó thc I'ortugui
¡n
7) 1955:2 lJ and notc 1 18)'
n lo ro¡st mrnìoc
m
BROCIIADO, J. I'. What did thc'l-úpinanrbá cook in thcirvesscls? An humble contribution to
clhnographic analogr. Ilcvist¡r dc Ârqucologil, São I)aulo, 6:40-gg,199L
cn mangcant tant ccstc farine quc autrc viandc,... n'aprochcnt jamais la main dc la
bouchc cn mangcant, ntais la jcttcnt dc plus d'un piccl loing dc lã bouche, sans toutcfois
dc prcndrc la bouchéc" (id.ilrd.). Figurc 8 dcpicts this sccnc (a).
Thcvct also suggcsts tlrirt
5wss1 potato was pcrhaps so importante
moyo as manioc fìour.
iaillir
to the Ta-
"lls font lcur pain dc racincs d'Äicz ctll¡rllnló, qu¡ sont nomnrés par lcs Brcsilicns r\ypi ct
208 v.; quotcd in Lussag'nct, 79s3:74,notc 4j.
Ilclich ..." l.c (ìr¡rnd lnsulairc (1586 MS., f.
"... ct lcur cst si.comnìunc cctl.c viandc IIIctich or jcly, swcct potato] que I'usagc lcur cst
en lout tcl, quc lc pain à nous dc par.dcça', (l'hcvct (1575) Lussagnct,lg53:76).
Dcaling with tlìc Tupi o[ thc Rio Grandc clo Nort
making of all thc thrco basic kincls ol/an)r/lø and of thc
to [hc forrrr of tho vcssols cmployccl (i<J.iltd.:266-261).
cxtractcd from bittcr rÌranioc is boilccl and catcn.
hc
as
cc
"Jc n'ay voulu <lcsc¡'irc plus antplcnrcnt la,manicrc d'acoustrcr lc Manioc... ct le dangcr
lcqucl csl au jus cstant ratté cl bloyé pour ncttrc cn farinc,.,. d'où lon vcrra lc dangcr du
Jus
Provcnant dc la'[arinc avant qu'il soit cuit, lcqucl apr'ós cst trcsbon à mangcr', (id.ibã.: 269).
As is thc casc of [ho Tanroyo o[ cabo Frio, Thcvct suggcst that thc Tupi of Rio
Grandc do Norto uscd morc swcct potato than nranioc in ttrcir dict.
"... à plcscnt ils cn oltt si glandc abonclancc, qu'il nc nìangcnt gucrcs autrc choses
or swcct potatol: ct lcur cst ccla commun ainsy quc lc pain à nous..."
[Ilclich
1io.iuo.:260¡.
_ Lòry, givcs sonro nlorc i11[ortnatio¡r than cithcr Staclcn or Thcvct. Hc says f.hat
thc swcct or bittcr ¡r1arlioc roots arc sonlcLinrcs driccl ovcr thc firc on arack (boucan
or nrcquént), somotirncs gratcd in a wooclcn gratcr sct with small stoncs:
Lòry clcsc
widc-mouthc(
usccl lor largc
Laroussc, L97
ioc flour as cnormous and
havc sccu bcfore, was
yye
flat cithcr (Huguct, í925;
ablc to hold móre than a
boisseau, hcro usccl in tho sanrc nlcaning as Ihc mcasurc of capacity lor liquicls callc{
nwyd or tnuitl,which has varicd lront2J0 to 7881 (Huguct, 1925;Larousse, 1971).
Lòry dcscribcs also halvcd gourcls bcing usgd as spoons to stir the man¡oc flour.
Thcrc is also an account of how thc Tupinantbâ atc'farinttø throwing it into thcir
5s
dicl thc 1'upinanrbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An hunrblc conlribul¡on to
llllOCI
---- IADO, J. I'. What
"ttrnog*phic
analogl. tlcvista dõ Ärqucologiu, São I'aulo,6:40-88' 1991'
mouths.
.,.'. accoutunrós dc la nrangcr toutc sòchc au licu de pain [f:rrirrhu]...1a prcnant avcc lcur
jcttcnt
quatrc doigts dans la.vaissclc dc-tcrr ou aut rc vaisscau où ils la ticnncnt, cncorc qu'ils la
pas
d'asscz loin, ils la rcncontrcnt nóanroins si droit dans lcur bouchcs qu'ils n'cn épanchcnt
un scul brin" (11)72:ll2).
Aftcrwarcls Lòry clcscribcs thc prcparationolbeiiu,Hc says that somcl-imcs thc
swccioi bittcr manitc roots wcrc gratöd lrcsh and thc pulp squoczcd by hand; thc
juicc was
savccl:
,,...
lcqu
solcil, la chil
lcrc
norJlui.ons
nrangcr,
plats ct vaissellcdc lcrrc, apròs qu'cllcs I'ont mis au
ct figcr conrme caillóc dc forntagc, quandon la vcut
csilCtcrrc,cniccllcslcsfaisantcuircsurlcfcucommc
.ibd':112)'
TI
gratcd
forc w
to bak
In wlral- antouut for us to a catll.ionary notc, Lòry spcaking aboul thc uscs of
maizc (øvali), says:
,,...
<Juqucl scnlblaltlcnrcnt cllcs font (lc la falinc, laqucllc sc cuit
.ii-d..tu. quc fait ccllc clc racincs" (id'ibd':113)'
ct nlangc cn la maniòrc
quc j'ai dit
Thcrclorc thc samc kincl of vosscl could bc usccl
Lo
prcparc flour cithcr lrom
nlanioc os forlÌ1 nlaizo.
Garrclavo, clcscr.ibing tho proparation ol farinha from bittcr manioc, says:
a dcsta nrancira pocm hum alguidar sobrc o fogo cm que
India ató quc o mcsnìo togo lhc acabc dc gastar aqucla
po<lcr conrcr quc cra por cspaço de mcia hora
,fä,ä
sobrc o fogo
"Assi quc <Jcpois dc a tcrcnr dcstc nro<io curada, pocnl hunr alguidar grandc
c conlo sc aquclìta, botão aqucla nlanclioca ncllc c por cspaço..dc mcia hora esta naqucla
qucntufa coz.ònclo-so, alli a tiião, c fica tcntpcracla paà sc comcr". Trul:¡do.'. (id.ibd.:84)'
Soarcs clc Souz.a, closcribing thc kinds o[vcsscls madc by thc samc Tupinambá,
said:
e cm que
"... o algui<Iarcs a scu uso, cm quc cozcnt a farinha, e outros cm quc a dcitam
contcnl, lavridos rlc tintas do corcs;..'" (1963:26I)'
D,Abbovillc cxplai¡s at lcnght thc clillcront proccsscs,of makingfarinln, beiiu,
tltingauanclnraniltoì,butspcakJonlyvcrygcncrally¡boutthcusc ol'¡'uissele delerre,
so iJnot olnruch hclp (t963:lol.305-306)'
Thcrc aro also sol'rle accounts ancl cvcn illustrations of the king of vcsscl uscd
loocl. For iustaucc, Staclcn says:
boil
to
,'Wcnn dic Wil<Jcn l;isch odcr lìlcisch kochcn, tun sie gcwôhnlich grúnen Plcffcr daran'
dünncn Brci
Sobal<l cs citrigcr.Draßcn gar ist, nclrnrcn sic cs aus dcr lì'úhc und machcn cincn
daraus. I)cr.hcßt Mingíu. l)cn trinkcn sic aus Kür'bisscn, dic sic als Gcfäßc bcnulzcn"
(1 e63:12a).(1
5l¡
3)
BROCIIADO, J. P. What did thc 1'upinanrl¡á cook in thcirvesscls? An humble contr¡but¡on to
clhnographic analogr. Rcvlslu dc Ârqucokrgia, São Paulo, 6:40-88,1991.
small globular pot ncar the fire, resting on thrcc pot-rests
a baskct. T'he stone in his hand in being
uscd to rcmovc shcllfish from the rocks whcra thcy are attached. The two handles
on the pot rcprcscnt somc Europcan loan, bccause no Tupinambá vesscl presents
any instancc of thcm. Thc relation of thc pot to the ntoquét ¡, suggests that it is a
peppcr-pot, holcling thc pcppcry saucc uscd as an accompaniment for fish and other
mcats.
Figure 3 illustratcs
rr
1t
ts
tc
IE
a
and at thc lcft a man collccting shcllfish with
Thcvct statcs that thc Tamoyo boilcd only shelllish.
tu
ut
ne
m
)d
of
'S'ils font bouillir quclque chose, ce nc sont que dcs pct¡tes huistres et autres cscaillcs dc
mcr" (Lussagnct, 1 953: I 20).
But dcscribing what kincls o[ pottcry thcy did procluce, he alludcs to:
n,..,
and
n...
pots à cuyrc chair ct poisson...' (id.ibd,:l3l)
pour cuirc lcur viandcs qu'ils bouillcnt, quoy quc cc soit rarcmcnt...' (id.ibd.:224).
Figure 8 o[ his Lu Costttogtultl¡i¿... shows pcople cãting right from thc cooking
pots, but in anothcr passagc hc says that thcy madc:
'... plats ct cscucllcs marquctécs dc conrpartinrcnts asscz bcaus sclon le pai's, lcsqucls ils
vcrnisscnt d'unc ccrtainc gommc blanchc qui croist cn dcs arbres...n (id.ibd.:131).
!rc
Thcvct givcs also a slrort account of thc making of salt from sea water incidcntally of its importancc as an arliclc of long distanccs tradc. In order Lo obtain salt,
rm
he says, thcy:
lue
cla
)fa
)go
rcla
"... prcnncnl sculcnrcnt I'cau nrarinc, ct la font bouitlir ct consumcr jusqucs à plus de
moitié: puis y adjoustans quclquc aulrc chosc, la font convcrtir cn sel, lequcl ils appcllent
Ioncurc ljukynr]. Ilt dc cc scl ils cn lont grand trafic avcc lcurs voisins, lcsquels y vicnncnt de
plus dc dcux ccns licucs pour cn avoir, lcur cstanl fort ncccssaire' (id.ibd.:215) and note 5),
Lòry clcscribcs thc rack (bucan or ntoEtént) ovcr which most mcat was roastcd
but concludcs by saying that thc Tupinanrbá:
"... nc laisscnl pas, quand il lcur plait, dc fairc bouillir leun viandcs" (1972:l?A).
Soarcs dc Souza also clcscribcs thc makihg of salt from sea watcr.
6â,
n...
o sal dc quc usam..., fazcnr-no dc água salgada que cozcm lanto cm uma vasilha sobre
o fogo até quc sc coalha c cndurccc...n (19..:259).
que
In all thcss.accounts thcrc is howcvcr no cxplanation of how thc vessels uscd
lookcd likc.
iju,
re,
Dcscribing tho burial usagcs of thc Tamoyo of Cabo Frio, Thcvct says about
thc dead:
tcd
'... ils lc couÌbcnt cn un bloc ct nronccau, dans lc lict ou il cst decadé:.,. puis ainsi cnvclopé,
lié, ct garroté dc cordcs dc cotton, ils lc nrattcnt dans un grand vasc lc tcrrcm qu'ils couwent
d'un plat aussi dc tcrrc où.lc dcfunct souloit sc lavcr,..." (Lussagnct, 1953:97).
ran.
Note 5 says:
Brci
¿cnn
"Lcs Sings., avatcs dc dclails, sc bornaicnt a rcprcscntcr un enterrcment dans une fosse,
mais sans úrnc, lc couvcrclc sculsubsistana (217-219)'(id.ibd.:97, note 5).
57
contribution to
BROCI IADO, J, l'. what d¡d the Tupinambá cook in thcir vesscls? An humblc
ethnographic analory. Rcvisfu ¡tõ Ârqucokrgiu, São Paulo,6:40-88' 1991'
This platc is our fig. 14, wherc wc scc thc washing basin alludcd bcing placcd
ovcr the hcad of the dcicascd about to bc buricd.
About thc use of basins for washing, Lèry statcs:
,,contrrrc aussi quclqucs-uns ont cctte honnêtc coutume de se lavcr lcs mains ct la bouchc
avant ct après lc prcpas..'" (1972:118).
r thc EuroPean who is bcing
, is pcrhaps also one of these
s that food and drink was scrcould bc for scrving becr' but
he voyagcrs bcing washcd (1972:222-223,
226).
wiLh
Soarcs clc Souza statos that thc clcccascd wcre buricd in largc cxcavations
some watcr ancl foocl:
(19":286)'
"... c poênr-lhc dc conrcr cm urn alguidar; e água cm um càbaqo"'"
But hc also clcscribcs urn burials:
quc náo tcm muita idadc, mctcm',1ì quando nrorrc algunr nroço, I'ilho dc algunr principal,
c cntcrram o
no crn cóiot'as, ataclos osjoclhos conr a barriga' cm um potc cnì quc clc caiba'
potc na nìcsma casa dctraixo do chaq..." (id.ibd':286)'
As wc lravc sccn boforc, ulguidar is a basin-likc vcsscl
bodiccl jar with a trarrow llcck.
ancl ¡tote is a
tall' wiclc-
Only onc platc is lclt, abou
tlre right ol fig.12 a largc bowl
shown on a rack usccl cithcr for
tor holcling and storing vcsscls insidc thc
thc lcft is ðlcarly a Europcarl intrusion, b
louncl in thc Tupinantbá archacological arca.
lcast savcn clillcrcnt kincls o[ vcsscls can bc distinguishcd in thcse twetúy
platcs ancl thoy can bc listccl ancl clcscribcd as follows'
At
1.
Strongly carcnatocl, biconical, jars prcscnting distintivc cambcred or cvcrtcd
rins;
2,
Wicle-boclicct cliptical or ovoicl jars, narrow-n'routhcd and sornctimcs [lat-bottomccl;
3.
Flat-bottonlccl basins with a charactcristic cambcrcd rim which forms
carcnation ncar thc oPPcning;
4.
S
58
strong
nrall ancl ¡ncclitt nr-sizccl, shallow or clccp, h cmisphcrical or slightly constrictcd
bowlsi
5.
a
Largc basin-liko borvl with inwarcl slanLing or intcriorly thickncd rim;
BIìOCIIADO, J. l'. What did thc -l'upinanlbá.ook in thcirvcsscls? An humblc contribution to
ethnoglaphic analogry. llcvisl:r dc Ârqucokrgi:r, São l)aulo,6:40-88, 1991.
)d
6.
Esphcrical pots with cxtrovcrtcd rins and slightly narrowcr oppcnings;
7.
Large flat wiclc-rimnrccl clishcs or platcs and buckcd-likc vcsscl in thc form os
an invcrtccl [runcatccl conc.
COMPARISON TìETWEEN TIIE ETIINOIIISTORICAL ANI)
ARCHAEOLOGICAL VESSELS
Scvcnty diffcrcntc archacological vcsscls attributccl to the Tupinambá tradition
havcbccn so lar publishcd ancl arc illusLratcd in figs. 18,19,20,21,22and23. Somc
havc bccn rcproclucccl from photos of conrplctc vcsscls, somc a[tcr rcconstructions
from largc shcrcls, but all havc bccn rcclrawn in frontal vicw, at the samc scale, for
casy conlparison with tho vcsscls illustratccl by Stadcn, Thevct ancl Lòry. In [hc case
of rcproductions fron.r photos, thc wall thickncss has bccn proviclc in a tcntativc
way, bcing calculatccl in proporl.ion to lhc sizc of thc vcsscl.
no
I will bcgin thc conrparison bctwccn thc archacological vcsscls attributcd to thc
Tupinanrbá arrcl lhc vcsscls illustratccl ancl/or dcscribcd by thc 16th ccntury chroniclcrs as proclucccl ancl usccl by thc historic Tupinambá, considcring hrst the most
charactcristic oncs.
lc-
As wc havc sccn bcforc, Sl.aclcn, Thcvct and Lòry illustrated around scvcn
diffcrcnt kincls o[vcsscls, and son]c nrorc aro clcscribcd but not illustral.cd.
)m-
1.
To
Thc strongly carcnatccl, biconical jars, prcscnting distintive cambercd or
cvcrl.ccl rins, illustratccl in fìgs. 18.a-b, wcrc all founcl in thc coast of São Paulo
and Rio do Janciro, wcst o[ Guanabara Bay, and on the inLsrior of São Paulo,
ncar tlro lrcailwatcrs o[ tho Paraná rivcr. Thcsc jars arc ccrtainly thc same large
ancl talljars illustratccl in Staclcn as boing usccl by the Tupinikin of São Paulo
to prcparc an alcoholic bcvcragc frorn swcct manioc (fig,2.b, fig. 4.b,c) and
clcscribccl by Lòry as usccl by thc Tupinambá o[ Guanabara to prcparc an
alcoholic bcvcragc lrom mixccl swcct ancl bittcr nranioc (Lòry, l'15-717,217).
ris
or
Ito
vcr
a.
Thclargcrjars arc always clcpicLccl ovcr thc firc, bcing uscd tobring to a sccond
boil thc prcviously boilccl ancl masticatccl manioc (fig. a.b).
b.
Thc rclativclly snrallcr jars arc dopictccl always with approximatelly one third
of its hciglrt biruisd in thc ground, bcing uscd Lo fcrmcnt, to storo and to scrve
manioc bccr (fig. 2.b, 4.c)..Lòry suggcsts that thc Tupinambá of Guanabara
uscd thc sanrc kincl of jar to fcrnrcnt, storc ancl scrve also maizc bccr (Lèr¡
1972:t16-717).
c.
Onc o[ thc r<;lativclly smallcr jars o[ this kind is Shown on the lìre but being
uscd to boil watcr to skin.Lhc corpsc of a sacrilìccd prisioner before it is
butchcrccl (fi1. 22.1) (Lù y, 1972:178; D'Abbcvil lc 1963: 194).
Thc nrost inrportant diflcrcncc.bctwccn thc archaeological exemples and the
illustratcd vcsscls sccms [o bc in thcir size.-Thc texts attribute to them capacitics of
59
to
J. l'. What did thc'Iupinanlbá cook in thcirvcsscls? An humblc contribut¡on
IIROCIIADO,
- analogry.
llcvisfa dõ Àn¡ucokrgiu, São Paulo, 6:40-88' 1991'
"tftnographic
ovcr 55,81 (Lèry,1972:217) ancl the larg
cloublc tlris anrount or aroínd 100 1., so"
thJí;.tt"1i"n (fig. a.b). Thc largcst jar a
d hold almost
exagcratcd.in
thc size of thc
than half thc
;;ì^ll".J illustrìtJcl, trótaing hoñly iroun
highcst capacity stal.ccl (fig. 18.b).
Somc o[ lhcsc jars arc plain (fig. 18.
incisccl on thc bovclcd cclgc o[ tlrc rim (
incisccl clccoration is also alluclccl to by
pottcry "...conrbiirt qu'cllc nc soit guòr
Sonrc jars prcscnL instccl polyclìronlo pa
thc ncck ancl thcsc shoulcl bo thc ollcs us
nluir" U""r, cvcn if Ihc illustratccl
2,
is too smalt to havc had this usc (fig. 18.a, d).
Thc tall cliptical or ovoicljars, wicloin fig. 19.a:g, wcrc fott,rci in iho int
inl.orior of Sío Paulo (c-g). Thcsc
Thcvct bcing usccl by tùciupi of R
tho Tamoyo ol
cd
nd
in
by
nro¡rtccl in a¡r al
16) (Lussagnct,
grouncl, thcrcfo
rcl in thc inLgrior of Northcastcrn Brazil'
with fl
that is in thc saurc gcncral arca ol Rio Granclc tlo Norl.o (fig.- 19'a, b)' The
paralcl lirrcs on thc bocly o[ lhc jar, probably dcpict corrugal-iona' as some
ill" onr.
àrchacological oucs clo acLually havc (fig. 19.c,
c-g)'
-Moro to tlic Northwcst, in Maianhão, D'Abbcvillc clcscribcs thc jars uscd to
brcw thc samo alcoholic bcvcragc lron cuiú [ruits as
,'... gr.a[ds...
cn forntc <jc vasc, qui ticuncnt trcntc, quatantc & cinquantc pots..." (D'-
Atrbcvillc, I963:281)
ancl as
,,... bcaux vaisscaux
dc tcl'rc... [ol't grands & largcs, mais cstricts par lc haut, chacun
<Jcsqucls conticntc toujours au nloins trcrrtc, quarantc
60
& cinquantc pots" (id.ibd.:302)
BROCIIADO, J. P. What did thc'I'upinanrbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An humble coniribution to
ethnographic analory. Ro'islu dc Ärqucologla, São Paulo, 6:40-88,199L.
Gandavo dcscribing thc brcwing, by thc Tupinambá of Bahia, of onc alcoholic
bcverage madc from swcct m.anioc, rcport lhc vcsscls uscd to ferment and scrve it,
as being "... potcs grandcs..." (Gandavo, 1964:89). Soarcs de Souza, in the same
gcncral arca, dcscribes thc vcsscls used to brcw becr not only from swcct manioc
but also from manioc flour and from othcr legunes, as "...grandes potes..." and
"...potes tamanhos que lcvam como uma pipa... c outros mcnorcs...rr (Soares de
Souza, 1938:259,26I). Thc Portuguesc |crm pole, as v/c have seen bcforc, corresponds closcly to tall widc-boilcd jars with narrow oppcnings and flat bottons, like
thc ones dcpictccl in fig. 19.a-b and whcn lound archcologically this kinds of vessels
is always callcd potes in thc intcrior of Northcastcrn Brazil.
D'Abbcvillc dcscribing thc brcwing, by Lhe Tupinambá of Maranhão, farther
to thc Northwcst, of l,wo kincls ô[bocr madg from swcct manioc mixed with maize
flour and/or with so¡rrc kincl of ycast also from maizc (coouitt-été andkaracoø) says
lhat they were lcrmcnted and scrvcd "... dans lcs susdiLLes cruchcs ettroiLes par le
haut..." or "...lcs susditcs grancls vaisscaux..." (D',+bbcville,7963:302-304), in a clear
allusion to thc largc jars usccl in brcwing bccr lrom cujú lruils.
The two flat-bottomcd jars founcl in Bahia wcrc acl.ually burial urns, onc being
covcrcd by a dccp bowl (fig. 19.b, 21.g) and as wc havc sccn bcforc, Soarcs de Souzã
(1938: 286) says, about thc samc arca of Northcastcra Brazil, that thc male children
of chicfs wcrc'buricd in largc potes. This sf.atcmcnt clcarly links togcthcr the jars
uscd to brcw bccr lromcajti fruits, fronr swcct manioc and from swcct manioc mixed
with maize, with thc burial urns and with thc jars dcpicted in lìg. 19.a, b actually
found on Lhc spot in Northcastcrn Brazil.
lWhcn Thcvct says Lhat lhc Tamoyo from Cabo Frio also buried their dead into
a "... grand vasc clc tcrrc..." (Lussagnct, 1953:97) thc vcsscl uscd as a burial urn could
possibly bc of thc sanrc kincl, bccausc thc Tamoyo apparcntly employed the same
fargc jars brcw bccr lrom cajú. Thcrcforc, largc bccr jars wcre sometimes used as
burial urns by lhc Tupinanrbá of Eastcrn ancl Northcastern Brazil, possibly also
farthcr to thc North in Maranhão, as thcy werc uscd among the Guarani farther
South.
3.
Thc flat-bottoncd basins with a caractcrisLic cambcred rim which forms a
strong carcnation ncar Lhc oppcning, depicted in fig. 18. f-k, wcrc found on the
coast, from São Paulo to Espírito Santo and also in the interior of São Paulo.
Thosc with rcinforccd cvcrtcd rins wcrc founcl farthcr to the Northeast, in
Bahia, and to thc North, in thc lowcr Araguaya (fig. 18.m, n). Some of these
basin-likc vcsscls arc carcnatcd (f, j, *) or havc double carcnated rims (k) and
somc arc oval or squarish in plan, instcd of circular (g, h, j, m, n). One in fig.
18.f appcars to bc rathcr intcnncdiary bctwccn the carenatcd jars and the
flat-bottoncd basins, all of which prcscnt Ihc same caractcristic cambcrcd rims;
Lhe samc intcrmcdiary position could also apply to the one dcpicted in fìg. 18.e.
Thcir gcncral outlinc and cambcrcd rims link thcsc vcsscls to thc largcr basin-
like caldrons illustratcd by Thcvct bcing uscd by the Tamoyo or Cabo Frio
throughout thc proccss of bicwing an alcohãlic bcuc.agcs from maize callcd avaty,
semcl.imes mixcd with other roots - manioc or pcrhaps swcct-potatoes - (lìg. 11.a,
c;13.a, c-o; 15.c) (Lussagnct, 1953:55,56,121,131). In his illustrations we can see
6t
An humblc contribution to
Bl(ocl I^DO, J. l'. what <lid rhc'l'upinanlbá cook in thcir vcsscls?
'-'--",t
dô Â'rqrtcolttgirt, São l¡aulo, 6:40-88' 1991'
n"gt.phic analogy. llcvislu
Thc largc cli[[crcncc bctwcc¡r thc capacity attributcd to ,thc bowl-shappcd
vcsscls
calclrons with cambcr"J i¡t"r in thc Lcxr.s on¿ tttô sizc of thc archacological
linkccl to thcur, can bc cxplainccl in two cliffcrcnt ways:
At this point it sccnrs to nrorc important to follow and cxplorc thc suggcstion
62
BI{OCIIADO, J. I'. What clid thc 1-upinanrt¡á cook in thcir vcsscls? An humble contribution to
cthnographic analogy. llcvista rlc r\rqucologiu, Sáo l)aulo,6:40-88, 1991.
ly
d
,n
IE
t,
that thc Tpinanrbá hacl vcsscls of quitc diffcrcnt shapcs to prcparc alcoholic bcvcragc from manioc or fronr maitc. Evcn i[ Stadc n (1963:49) statcs that thc Tupinikin
of São Paulo maclc soulctinrcs bcor fro¡n manioc nlixccl with maize and cvcn if the
Tamoyo of cabo Frio ancl lhc Tupi of Rio Gränclc do Nortc did mix also some
r)
re
¡o
h-
d.
nt
ly
)n
As wc havc sccn boforc, Ganclavo ancl Soarcs clc Souza in Bahia, and D'Abbcvillc
in Maranhão, clcscribc also as tall jars tho vcsscls usccl to brcw manioc bccr -
:d
rls
rthc
1y
all
rd
rcpcat ovcr and ovcr, wc cannol- cxplain.
Wc
undc
iflcrcnccs in thc shapc o[ thc bccr brcwing vcsscls
could also bc
if thcsc clilfcr
bc only lhc rcsult of thc fancy o[ r.hc two dittcr'cnt
cngravcrs
clon's ancl Thcvct's books.
cl
to othcr factors.
At first sight wc wondcrõd about
all
:ls
whi
Morcovcr ancl
thc drawings, both
cditions - actually
Tupinambá arca. I
rm
Janciro, but thc tall biconical strongly carc¡ratcd oncs apparcntly have not bccn
found to thc north o[ Rio clc Janciro, on thc coast of Espírito Santo and in all
Northcastcrn Brazil, whcrcas tho flat-bottomcd basins havc bccn found also on [he
'0nd
ge
iis
ild
f
s
t
ã,
lrc
rYt
he
l-j,
)rc
me
SO
cm
ns.
ion
rhe
thc
ath
;rï
tËa
aizc
i:'*il,:i",r¿,$
havc for thc only
Grandc do Norte,
statcs that thcy clid usc thc samc kincl olvcsscl to brcw,it (Lussagnct, 1953:267).
Thcrcforc, rcamin only to bc cxplainccl as a fancy of thc Tupinikin, the par63
What did the Tupinambá cook in their vcssels? An humblc contribution to
BI{OCI
- - IADO, J. 1,.
"tt
nogrophic analogr. Rcvislo dé Arqucokrgiu, São Paulo,6:40-88' 1991'
1984).
manioc bccr (fig. 4.a).
Thc largcr gourds or calabashcs wcre uscd to fctch watcr.(id'ibd.:283) and
somctimcs a"lso io prcscnt watcr to thc dcccascd in pit burials (Soares de Souza,
(D'L938:286; D'Evrcui, 1,864:126-127). Smallcr orlcs wcic uscd as spoons to cat
Abbcvillc, 1963:283).
I¡ thc casc o[ thcarshacological bowls, clillcrcnt uscs are also aLtcstcd by thc
fact lhat mosl of thc oppcn oncs"arc painl.ccl on thc inside or on the rim (fìg' 21'L,
U, ã) *tt.t"os all thc rósìrictccl on". a." plain or corrugatcd (2f i-m)'
s.
;:yJ
Evcu
flour,
64
BROCIIADO, J. l'. What did thc 1'upinanrbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An huml¡lc contribution to
ethnograph¡c analory. llcvísft rlc Ârr¡ucologia, São l)aulo,6:40-88, 1991.
also many branchiugs and lccclbacks. Thc cquipamcnt uscd was likcwise var¡cd,
including many cliffcrcnL kincls of ccranric vcsscls. Thc morc important oncs wcre
f.he vcsscls usod to holcl thc gratccl roots, to rcccivc thc juicc squeezcd from thcm
and/or to cvaporatc it to rocovcr lhc sLarch, to roast thc farirún and to bakc the
b
eij ú (LaLhr ap, 1970:5 1-53).
The vcsscls whcrc thc manioc roots wcre gratcd into should bc wiclc oppcn and
should havc rcinlorcod rims to support thc prcssurc of thc gratcr. Therefore, the
most likcly cancliclal.cs for this function, arc thc round, oval or squarish flat-bottomcd basins with strongly cvcrtcd and rcinforccd rims illustratcd in fig. 18.m, n
and in fig.22.a-n, q; but as nrosl o[ thcsc last oncs prcscnt polychrome painting on
the insiclc and on thc rirn, thcy nrusL bc rulccl out for this usc.
Thc lcxts clcscribo thc vcsscls usccl Lo roast manioc [lour (førinha) as "... cine
großcn Schüsscl" (Stadcn, 1963:'123) "... quclque vaisscau à cc proprc;..." (lussagnct,
1953:214) "... granclis ct fort largcs poôlcs... contcnant chacunc plus d'un boisscau...
vaissclc dc tcrrc..." (D'Abbcvillc,1963:304,306) þnú : ca.268l.)(Lòry, 1972:LLl)
and as "... alguiclarcs" (Ganclavo,1964:36,84; Soarcs dc Souza, 1938:261'). As we
havc sccn bcforc, ¡toêles arc basi¡r-liko flat-bottorncd caldrons and algüdares are
also basin-likc ancl flat-boltonrocl, usually assuming thc lorn of a truncaLcd invcrtcd
conc. Thcse vcsscls shoulcl also bc ablc to withstancl thc vcry strong firc rcquircd
îor roastingfarinlru.
Thc mosl" likoly cancliclatcs to fit thcsc rcquircrncntcs arc thcrclorc the widc
llat-bottonrccl basin-likc claclrons clcpictcd in fig.20.a-g. Thcy assunre the torm of
trincatcd invcrtr:cl conos aucl proscnl" inwarcl alanting rins wich crcatc a carcnation
on thc ouLsiclc, ncar thc oppcning and which shoulcl bc vcry uscfull in prcvcnting
thcspillingof nraniocflour.Somoarcclccp (fig.20.a-d,g)somcareshallow(fig.
20.c-t) ancl onc prcscnts a cloublc slroulclcr, i.c. a largc dcvclopmcnt of the intro-
vcrtcd rirn (g)..
Thcsc arc lhc largc claclrons callccl inlrcpoan or nlnen-putra by thc Tpinikin
(Staclcn, 7955:213, notc 118) anrJ attcl Gnaëiouue or nhaeiuve by thc Tupinambá
of Maranhão (D'Abbcvillc,'1963:226 antl notcs 10-12).
Howcvcr, mosL o[ thc archcacological exemplcs prcscnt somc sort of
polychronrc painting on thc cxtcrior surfacc of thc inward slanting rim, so instead
of bcing usccl to roast furinlta, thoy actually shoulcl havc bccn used to storc and/or
to scrvc it. Thcsc storing vcsscls havc bccn dcscribod by Soarcs dc Souza as: "...
alguiclarcs a scu r.¡so, cm quc cozo¡lr a farinha, c outros cm quo a dcitam c cm quc
comcm, lavrados clc tintas clc cercs;" (Soarcs dc Souza, 1938:261).
As in thc casc o[ all othcr vcsscls, ttrcsc basin.likc caldrons found archacologically are lar smallcr than thosc clcscribccl by thc chroniclcrs, said to bc ablc to holcl
up to 268 1. Thc largost ono coulcl holcl no morc than 40 1., what rcinforccs the idca
that thcy wcrc scrving clishcs insl.cad of roasting pots.
Farinha was takcn with four fingcrs of onc hand lrom thc scrving vcssels and
thrown in [hc nlouth frour a clistancc, sccnc illustràtcd in fig. 8.a (Lòry, L972:1'L2;
Lussagnct, 1953:214).
Somc olthcsc largc lavishly paintccl scrvi¡rgbasins wcrc also used as burial urns,
65
to
What d¡d the Tupinambá cook in thcir vesscls? An humblc contfibution
BROCI
---- IADO, J. P.analogy.
Rcvislu dô Ärqucotogiu, São Paulo,6:40-88' 1991'
"tftnãgtophic
with thcir use as
having bccn louncl holcling human bones.This usc kceps..in line
.;i"î;;-r"ls tor tood-arft/or as washing ba-sins, as we will sce in a moment (Lus, a g n t] L9 53 :97 ; Lè r y, 197 2: 1.18, 222, 223, 26) .
"
"
by mcans of targc halved calabashcs
largc caldrons
Fqritlruwas stirrccl in [hcse
.¡
of a kind of flour made from
accounts
also
ärc
f¡.
n"t"
1972:1f
(Lèry,
o. gãu.á,
manioc
dricd tish or nìcat, toori"á ovcr the firc in the samc kind of vcsscl as the
19
53:2L4)'
ct,
Luss
agn
no ui (S t o¿" n, 79 5 5 :213, n o t c 1 1 8 ; it¡., 19 63 :I24¡
squcczcd lrom thc manicep-ulp-' ancl'to
Thc vcsscls
have bccn o[ rhc samc kinct (fig' 20. a-d))
"""p;;;¿ïì;;
:cl juicc must havc bccn shallowcr' possibly
but thosc uscd L
20.c, f and fìg. 22.r; or plain vcrsions of the
i'
lrg.
flat basi¡rs
it" ìi." .ligl.tly
closccl
wiclc oppcn basins illusLratccl irr fig.22.a-q'
Tlrc nrarrioc cakc or beiiu apparcnLl
Granclc clo Nortc'
ow ncck ancl a cambcrcd rim, illustratcd
of Sáo Paulo and is vcry similar to I'he onc
;'",i
ïl'.iffiï,: i'Jij,îî Jïì :"* *ì ll;
Lo n'økc n
i n gúrr (fi g. 5) (S tadcn, 1963:124,
144,'145).Asin all th<.: fornlcrcascs, thcarchacological potissomcwhatsmallcr
[han [hoso illtrstratccl.
pots o[ cliflcront tìn,t, po..it ty morc likc thc oncs uscd to brcw maize bccr,
prcpa rclningúu, bccause
coulcl havc bccn also usocl to boil móat with nranicc flour to
(1864:90).
..."
clo
tcrrc
poôlcs
D-'Eur"r" clcscribcs thcn.r as " ... grancls
I¡
Staclon's illust¡ations sonlo strrallcr csphcrical pots
wit[ narrow
nccks and
thc Tupinikin
cxLrovcrtocl or rcinlorcccl ritrs, aro shown apparcntly bcing usccl.by
In both
(fig.7)'
flcsh
hu,'tãn
ro srow or boil shottn.h (fig.-i n, n.r"ot - in'tiris casð
cascs, as [hc pots al'c uot acLtrally shown
probably t¡sccl as poppcr-pots, holcling
mcnt f'oi nlcat or fìsh' Many pots of tlrc
rangc, havo bccrl fotrncl archacological
Janõiro: ancl in thc inLcrior o[ São Paulo
boclios, slightly r'oStl'icl'ccl nccks aucl svcl
pcppcr-pots or snlall kcttlcs.
7.
illustrations
Largo flaL wicls-¡'inlmocl clishcs or platcs arc shown in Sl-aclcn's
boing usccl to:
a.
6(t
1) stowcd mcat-human flcsh
Scrvc clillcrcnt kincls of foocl, likc roastccl fish (fìg.
(fig. 6.b) o, tt a,)'ti,ì¡'it
j*put"a fro'r
iL
(fig' 6'¿) (Stadcn' 1963:1'M' t45);
BROCIIADO, J. I'. What did thc'I'upina¡rrbá eook in thcirvcsscls?.,\n hunrble contribut¡on to
cthnographic analogry. lì.o,isf:r dc Â,rqucoLrgi:r, São I)aulo, 6:40-88, 1991.
b.
Hold thc boilcd nra'ioc bcing masticatccl for [hc preparation of bccr (fig. a.a);
c.
Throw thc prcviously boilccl and alrcacly masticatcd manioc mush into the jars
to rcccivc a scconcl boil, cluring thc samc proccss as abovc or to throw mcat
(human flcsh) into thc big pot whcrc it wasto be stcwcd.
Thcir forrn, sizc ancl fancy polychromc paintiñg inclicatc [hat thcsc basins wcre
the scrving dishcs actually usccl by thc Tupinambá, as thcy havc bccn dcscribed by
Thcvct: " ... plats ct cscucllcs nrarquctócs rJc conrpartimcnts asscz beaux sclon ló
Thc
is
and
b
abovc,
ncck
manioc
pa
ap
bo
on thc insidc o[
1) on thc uppcr
nical carcnal.cd j
of thc cambcrcd
Somc of thcsc basins arc also clcscribcd as bcir.rg divided in two or more comon walìs, but wc coulcl nof fìnd anyone illustrated. They
pottcry on thc coast of Santa Cal.arina, just South of th.e
ra¡ri and thc Tupinambá (Schmitz, 1959).
Thc dimcnsions o[ thc illustratcd dishcs and of the archaeological basins, are
almost in thc sa¡nc range, and sccn from above - 4s thcy are shown-on thc illuitrations - the intcriorly stcppcd rcinforccd rims of the basins (fig.22.a-t).should look
67
1,. What did thc l'upinanrbá cook in thcìr vcsscls? An humt¡lc contribulion to
cthnographic analogry. llu'istÀ-dc r\rqucologia, São Paulo, 6:40-88' 1991'
BI{OCI I^DO, J.
vcry much likc wiclc rims.
This sanrc kincl o[ vcsscls wcrc uscd also to prcsent food to the deãd in grave
dcccascd.
b
o
:1
Thc
ing boill
bcÏng pr
which is
wn hol<l-
Prlsoncr
(ng' 9'b)
d
In nrany instanccs
pai
archacological contoxts, ir
humau boncs. A goocl róst
thc burial ttscs o[ thc basi
basins, wcl'o lìrany. Thcy coulcl bc usccl:
¿ì.
To prcscnt foocl to thc clcacl cithcr in lhc casc o[urn burials or gravc pit burials;
b.
To covcr thc largo pot ill tlrlì burial;
c.
To covcr lho
d.
To rcccivc thc bollos
hoacl
ol thc clcccasocl in gravo pit burials;
of-
thc dcccasccl in urn burials contposcd of two supcrim-
[o scrvo nraizc bccr (fig. 1ii. g-n).
1964:63).
68
BIIOCIIADO, J. I'. What did thc'I'upinaml¡á cook in thcir vcsscls? An humblc contribution to
cthnographic analogy. llcr,ist¡r rlc Âiqucohgia, São I'iiulo, 6:40-88,1991.
'e
i;
C
Þ
rt
¡t
re
l)r
Sonrc pot-rcsts in tho form of truncatccl concs, likc thc oncs dcpictocl in fig. 3,
havc also bclcn lou¡lcl in thc gcnoral Tupinanrbá arca.
It isworth nrcnl.ioningl.hat in all thcsc accountsof llrcproccsingof maniocroots
to bc consu¡nccl, llrcrc aro no clcar nrcnl.ion o[ thc usc of thc baskctry cyliridcr or
manioc slccvc, callcd tipiti, to squcozc thc juicc lrom the pulp (Mctra ux, 19?ß:104;
Dolc,7960:244).
Thc thrcc vasscls shown in ñg. 12.a, fig. 13.b ancl ñg.17 ,have ali bocn dismissed,
bccausc thcy look suspiciously liko Europcan vcsscl. Morcovcr wc do not have
anything cvcn romotcly liko thcm in thc archaoological rccord o[ Eastcrn SouLh
Amcrica.
ù
in
:t,
g.
rd
)n
ls
in
este
in
¡e
re
rg
ing.s
Is;
lrabulltofoi escrito ent 1979,
Urba tt u, I I linois (U.S A. )
ABSTRACT: Tho cthnohistorical infornrations givcn by thc cngravwhich illr¡stratc thc accounts o[ thc 16th and lTth ccntury chroniclcrs
which closcribccl thc incligcnous pcoplcs of Eastcrn ancl Northóastcrn coas-
nal
te
SO
:d
he
ne
he
;ta
,O,
69
<Jirl thc 1'upinanlbá cook in tlrcir vcsscls? An hunrblc conlribution to
cthnographic analoiy. lltvislu dc Ärt¡ucologin, São l'aulo, 6:40-88,1'991.
BIìOCI IADO, J. l'. What
LL
A
I
o
.J
S
I
I
I
c-
ì
I
I
I
I
I
i)
IA
t
Þ.1
o
o
¿ø
F
'\".
v¡.t
Þ
LJ
a
28
ì
e
I
Ã9.
t-.'iii
-'
.::-:
to)0't200
aco-tooc
Iililä
600 - 800
fl:iin::
400 - 600
::_.
200- 400
==
Fi=
¿.
i: li::i:a
l-
1
,'zaJO
[__.:
flrtt,r
l:
r. i
l.,
/4
t:¡
'i
4 OO n,C.'/1.O. I
t4nô.4ôô
r,l^|A
70
Oc
1
2a
,..4
1200-t4co
L
¿
22
t'400-t€oo
¿T
2t
O
to'I
?
I
)
.)
(,
)
{
q
IIROCIIAI)O, J. l'. What did thc'l'upinanlbá cook in thcir
vcsscls? An hunrblc contritrution to
cthnographic analogry. Ilcvisf:r tlc rlrqucokrgin, Sáo l,aulo, 6:40-88, 1991.
J
'J,/, tt ,
o
(1::
\F
t_
10 20 to .lo
50
''0
t
-ã
,)¡
'i
t:;
'(
//,e
)
fu¡ Js
I
II(1.
I -:i'l'Alrr.lt\f (l',')/)
11.r{rì
Q
ñ
a
¡
c
\J
\. /,
Ò2oo
,¡
-:i
I
'l
g
¡
I
I
I It;. ¿ _
S,l'At)I.
I,l (l'r,,7)
b
t,r,,.,
71
70.tn
BIìOCIIADO, J. I'. What did thc'['upinanrbá cook in thcir
vcsscls? An hunrblc contr¡bution to
cthnograpltic analogry. llcvisla dc z\rqucokrgi:r, São I)aulo, 6:40-88, 1991.
t)
'J.ra., :
a
,
"l
l. I ri.
r
i,
-*r-'ìS
ìl't'^t)t,:t! ( I ,,,,7 )
I 1)r, ì
r
a
b
-L
c
Ii
\
e
t(i. Iii - 't'il|vr.;'l' ( |)75 )
1
(,5
1
q
7l
I
BIIOCI IADO, J. I,. What did thc 'l'upinanrbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An hunlblc contribution to
cthnographic analogr. llcvisla dc Ärt¡ucologiu, São I'aulo,6:40-88' 1991.
l
I
I
10 20 30 40 50 6A -¡0 cnt
o
I
I
l
t;l(;. t4 _ 1,lltìvtì1, (t571>) t!)l,r
I
-.._,=J
I
I
i
i
I
1
I
I
i
l,J(;. l5 - 1'ilEVFi1'(tszl;
aa
,,J
Þ
7tì
-c
¡,¡,,..,
IIROCIIADO, J. l'. What did thc'l'upinanrbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An hunrblc contribution to
ethnographic analogry. Rcvisl¿¡ dc r\rqucologiu, Sáo I)aulo, 6:40-88, 1991.
I
I
I
l
I
I
l.l(j.
lr,
ltlr,Vr,ì'l' (l')7'))
l-',.1
79
1,. What did rhc'l-upinambí cook in thcir vcsscls? An humblc contribution
cthnoglaplìic analogy. llo'isla dc Àrt¡ucokrgia, São I'aulo,6:40-88' 1991.
llI{OCI IAI)O, J.
L_t _L_l r I t_l
It(;.
¡t0
l7 - 1ilF]Vl]]', (t57lt)
195,J
1o
UROCIIADO, J. P. What did 1¡c 1-up¡.rnrbá cook in thc¡r vcsscls? An hunrblc contribution to
cthnograph¡c analoglr. Rcvisla dc Àrqucologia, Säo l)aulo,6:40-88, 1991.
,l
(
l)
(\t)
)
a
d
1
rr
b
I
)..D ì
t,z,
Q
e
(tl
i
I
)
I
h
:i-:[)
)
(
(3.)
I
ltilr
frT(ìlllìA lB - Iìlalì.:
(li)ß6);
k
n
->-
l'FìRliltìA,tlì.
(l!)G4); Dt^S.iR.
(t,)l:)/,
t975);
SIÍIONS
TIBTRTÇA (1935); (ìODOY (t!146); O'l"l' (t!44).
81
to
BI{OCI IADO, J. I,. What dirl the Tupinarrrbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An humblc contfibution
cthnographic analogy' llcvisla dô Ârqucologia, São l'aulo, 6:40-88, 1991'
'1*/
t'-- L:Z
)
(
b
|")
'
d
)
,¿
r)
t)
t)
0
ìr
Q
t_
T_
I
(
I
(
J
E
l\
VI
m
\
n
¡l(llilì^
84
o
D
D
q
r
2l - tìEtr.:sIT,v^ (1924); 'tIßlnlÇ^ (r'r1,,;. r'r't"t'(l(i/r?l ): IrFL't'tì^l)
ti; tí,tfi tp (1 9rrî ) ; t)FtìOl.A (19.ti,) i :l t|()ilíì ( l ,r{ì6 ) .
BIIOCIIADO, J. P. What d¡d thc Tupinanrbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An humblc conlribution to
cthnographic analogy. Rcvisla dc Ârqucologia, São Paulo,6:40-88, 1991.
b
/"
c
t1t El<,
6r
t\r,
c
\li'Z,. ïr[,
d
/
e
f'
,
'Íf
,
(,I
g
tfk
\
D
lr(r
Þ
n
o
t-¿
P
" tlt
t¡I(;llR^ 22 - nEl¡.: oTT (l!)44); IIFì|,'lRÃO n l<tlntP (19(;9): PERO'IA (l'r72)
TlIlllìÌÇA (19:l'ì); Slt'VA (1924); r'FjRntn^.ìll . (lirrr'r);
r;OooY (1946).
85
to
dicJ rhc 'l'upinarnbá cook in thcir vcsscls? An hunlblc contr¡bution
analogl. llcvisla dõ Ärt¡trcologia' Sáo Paulo,6:40-88' 1991'
IIROCI
- - IADO, J. l). Whar
"ttrnog.plric
Õ)
c
Þ
d
I
O
f
lO 20 XO 40
I r 1 r
6o
60
70 cnl
L__t__]__l
e
1s+)
3Ð,tI
c
!
,t" !
!
J
I;t(;1ilì^ 23 - RIiI'.: Stl'1Ol'JS (l()f.6)i 1'lßllìltl/1 (i'r:lr'); Ilnl"ì'fìAO ll Kfll'IP
(l!l6f) ): Of'f (11144): l'Íilìll 1lì^ lR' (19')/' I'rr,'')'
ti6
Bl{OCllADO, J. l'. What did thc'l'up¡na¡rrl¡Í cook in thcir vcsscls? An huntblc contribution to
cthnograplìic ¿nalogry. llcvislr rlc z\rqucoLrgia, Sáo I,aulo, 6:40-88, 1991.
IìIBLIOGRAI-IA
ALEXANI)ER, J.
1969 -'lhc indircct cvidcncc for domcstication. OCKO, I,B'I-EI{J. & c. W. DIMIILDBY (cds). The
dotncslicalir¡n and cxpkril:tlion of plarrls arrtl a¡rirn:rls. 123-129. Al<Jinc Athcrton, Inc.
Chicago, Ncw York.
ANCI III]TA, JOSÉ DI]
(MS 1584) 1964 - Infr¡rt¡r¡rçáo do
ìlrlsil c dc suas Capikrrrias. In(rodução l-conar<lo Anoyo. Ed.
Obclisco Ltda.53 p. lião I)aulo (Cadcr.nos <Jc I listória,3).
IIDLf-RÃO, M^RIA I)A COn*CIìtÇ^O I)E M. C. & KNIltpD, I_INA MARIA
1969 - lxcavaqócs cstratigrálicas no lxtado da Guanabara. Anais do Tcrcciro Simpósio de Ârqucologia da Arca do Plata. Pcst¡uis:rs, Inslituto Anchiclano dc Pcsquisas, Antropologia,
20:1,0 I-712. São I-copol<Io.
& IìA¡{IA, I]I)INA CAI}IZO I)E
7970-I - Acampantcntos'l'upi-Cualani para colcta dc moluscos. Rcvisla do Muscu |taulisla. NS
79:97-735. São l'aulo.
BINIìOIìI), I-EWIS Iì.
1967 - Snrudgc pi(s and hidc snrocking:
'l'hc usc of Analog, in Archacological Rcasoning. Àrncrican
r\ntiquity, 32(l ):1 -l 1.
BROCI IADO, JOSIi I'IIOtrNZA
1977
- r\li¡ncnlitqio ttit Ikrrcsfit fropicrrl.
À rrrnlogia clrtogrril'ica rra rcconslrugäo da alirncnûrçño
¡ror tncio dc cvirlônci¿rs i¡¡dirclrrs, r\ rrr¿¡rrrlioca ¡¡¿r llr¡rcsl¿¡ lropical. Institulo dc Iìilosofia
c Ciôncias I luntanas. Cadcrno na 2. Univcrsid¡¡dc Ircdc¡al do lüo G¡andc do Sul. 103 p.
I'olto Alcgrc,
BROCIIADO, J. P.
19&. - A tradição ccránìica -l\rpiguarani. Síntcso da Ârqucologia. Itublicaçr-ro cnr rncnr¡í¡i¿¡ do I)r.
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lruct I EIt, Ilrir{N^ ¡)ßt'l'ti
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CIiSAIì.,
JoSIi VICI]NI]]
1966 - Ento¡'rantcnto crlt urna. llcr'¡sl¡¡ rlc Ârrlropokrgir,T4.53-72. Univcrsi<ladc dc Sao Paulo. São
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CLAUDI] I)'AI]I]I]VI I,I-D
(1614) 1915 - llislt'rri¿r tl:¡ Nlissño tbs lt:llrcs Capuchinlros n¿r lllla do ìVfuranhio c lcrras circunvizittlrtts; cttì (ltrc sc fr:tl:r rl¿ts singul:rridndcs adrnirlivris c dos coslulncs cslr¿¡ltlrr¡s dos
írrtlios h¿rbil¿rnfcs rkr ¡ritís.'['r'aduqão dc Sórgio llillict. Introdução c notas dc Rodolfo
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- l'csquisas arqucológicas no
sudcsl.c brasilciro. Il¡rlclirn do I¡¡slilulo dc Arqucologia
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& I,II-IA CI IDUICI II] & III-IANA CAIìVAI-IIO
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DOLI], GEIì'I'Iì'UDII I].
1960 -'l-cchniqucs o[ prcparing nranioc flour as a kcy to culturc history in Tropical Amcrica.
1975
W^L^CE,
A. Iì. C. (cd.). IVIt ¡r
a
¡rd
Cu
II
u
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DRUMMOn*l), CAllf-OS
1950 - Nota soblc ccrâmica blasilcira. Ilolcl inr d¿r li¿rcu ltl¿rrlc dc l.ikrsof in, Ciô¡.rci¡rs c
I.clrls,
107:3-
87
I). What did thc'I-upinarnbá cook in thcirvcsscls? An huntl¡lc contribution to
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(nrs CA. 15'70)1924 - I.'l'ral¿rdr¡ da lcrra do
Iììo dc Janciro,
1.9(A
llnrsil. IL IIisloria
da Prt¡vírrcia dc Saula
Cruz 100p.
Tral¿rdo da (crra do llrasil. p.7L-195.
lrltrodução dc Capistrano dc Abrcu, Ilditora Obclisco.95 p. (Cadcrnos dc Ilistória). São
I)aulo,
-l.llisk'rri¡r da l'roùí¡ria dc Sarrla Crur-p.15-70. II.
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1976 -
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1:777 p. (Colcccion Cológio
Univcrsitario, 8). Madrid.
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19.16 -
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19.52
I
-'.1\rpi-Guarani pottcry at I'ilassununga (lÌnglish Sunrary of 1'cxt). I'rocccdings o[ lltc XXX
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IUGUI]'I', III)MONI)
1925 - l)iclionn¿¡irc dc l¿r lunguc l¡nrrrçuisc rlu Sciziòntc Siòclc. l)aris.
KISST]NI]III(I'I I. WI I,I ¡ I]I,M
1922 -Bcittzgzur Kcnn(nis dcr'l'apirapó-lncliancr. ll¡rcsslcr-Ârchiv.,6:36-81. Ilcrlinl.
LA-ll lt{AP, I)ONAf -l) W.
1970 -'l'l¡ô l.l¡r¡rcrÄnurzun.'l'hantcs & Iludson.258 p. (Ancicnt Pooplcs and Placcs,70). t-ondon.
LDI(Y, JI]AN I)I]
(1578) 1593 - llcnr Ilisft¡ria tlcr Sclrilfirrl krannis l,crij in llrasilicn efc. llRY,'l'IIEODOR DE.
India C)cciclcntalis, Gclnranicc. Ild.2, bd. IIL lìrancofurti ad Mocnunn.287p.
19.11 -
Vilgcnr ì¡ lcrr¿¡ tkr lln¡sil. Notas dc
1972 -
llisfr¡irc tl'un
S.
Millict c l)línio Ayrosa. Martins E. São Paulo.
voyngo frril crr l¡r lcrrc du lÌrósil aulrcrncnt dit u\rncriquc clc, Lc k¡ul rccucillc
aur lcs licux pnr... cfc. lltablisscnlcnt du lcxt ct glossairc rlc Michcl Contat. Ilibliotòquc
Iìonlarrclc. I ¡usannc.
LOWIE, I{OBEt{l'lt.
19-18 -'l'hc'l'ropical Iìolcst: An Int¡oduc(ion. S'l'llWAIì.D, JULIAN Il. (cd.) 1'hc l'r'opical Forcst
'l'l'ibcs. ll¡r¡rrl-bor¡k ol'Sr¡ullr ¡\rrcrica¡r Iurlinns. Srrrithsonian Institution, llurcau of
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MIICGIII{S, Illi-l'l'Y
1971 - Änltzorri:r
J.
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Studics in (lultu¡'al tlcologry). Chicago.
MUNSON, PA'I'I{ICKJ.
1969 - Conlcn ts in llinfor'<l's "Snr udgc pits and hidc smocking:
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'l'hc usc of analogry in archacological
NASSIII{, NASSAIIO A.S.
1967
- Notas prclinrinargs sobrc a arqucotogia da foz
1971
- Considclaçöcs prclinrinarcs sol¡rc a arqucologia da bacia do rio Curinrataú. Programa
<lo sistcma Curinrataú-Cunhaú. I'rograma
Nacional dc I'csquisas Alqucológicas, llcsultados l'rclinlinarcs do primciro ano, 1965-6.
l¡uhlicuçircs Àr'uls:rs, l\l uscr¡ l)¡¡r¿¡c¡rsc l.lurílio (ìocltli, 6:l2l-128. llclóm.
Nacional dc l)csquisas Alqucológicas, lìcsultados Prcliminarcs do quarto ano, 1968-9.
l)ublie uçircs Àr'ulsls, I\lr¡scu l'¿rr¿rcnsc lìnlílir¡ Gr¡ckli 15:179-190, Rclóm.
o'l'1" cAlìt-os Ir.
1944 - Contritruição à alqucologia baiana. llolctinr dr¡ lVlr¡scu Nacit¡rr¿¡l rlo Rio dc J:ttrciro,
Antropologia,5. I{io dc Jancilo.
¡ì¡r
IIROCIIAI)O, J.
l'¡. What did thc'l'upinanrb¿i cook in thcir vcsscls? An hunrblc contribution to
cthnogrâphic analogy. ll.u'isl¿r tlc Ârt¡ucokrgia, São I)aulo,6:40-88, 1991.
1958 - l¡ró-l¡islt'¡ria tl¡¡ lllhit. I)rogrcsso Ild.2.59 p. (Coloção dc l:studos Iìrasilciros, Sórie
Marajoa ra, 2{). Salvador.
PAIìEI¡{A JUNIOIì, JOSIJ ANI'I II]IIO
1957 - Contritruição pala o csl.udo ila alqucologia do cxtrcmo nor tc Paulista. Rcvisla rlo
IIislírrico c (Jcogrírlieo dc S:-ro l,aulo, H:313-357. São l,aulo.
7964'a
'
Irrslilulo
Ccr'ântica indígcna do Moru¡nbi (l'r'inrciras inlornraqócs). Âponlarncnlos arqucoftigicos,
6:ó p (no n.) Sáo l'aulo.
1964.b - Notícia sotrrc
u tn achado a rq ucológico ocorrido cnr Itapcva (fìir<ina) (Ilstado dc Sáo Paulo).
r\¡rorrltrrrrcnlus rrrr¡ucokigÍcos, 7:4 p. São lraulo.
191¡5
- Cc¡ânrica arqucológica, inc.lígcna, dc l)crurtc (l-itoial do Estado dc São Paulo) (Prinrciras
in[olnraçöcs). ¡rotrlrrrncrrlos :rrt¡rrcológicos, 8:10 p. São Paulo.
1967 - Inlrotlrrçio
PIIIìO'I'A, CI]I-SO
¿tt¡
cslutk¡ tlir arrr¡rrcologirr br¡rsilcira. llcntivcgna I)cJ.262p, São Paulo.
1972 - Corrt¡ibuiçáo à arqLrcologia dc Santa'l'crcza, no Iistado do lìspúito Santo. ll. Iirlcli¡n tlo
ì\lt¡scu tlc ,\rlc c llislírrirt, Arrllopologia, 2, 9 p. Univcrsidadc Iìcdcral do IÌspú'ito Santo.
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PtNlìo, DS't'ßvAo
1938
- Os itttlígcn:rs tlr¡ Nortlcslt', Orgrrrriz:rçño c t'slrulrrrir
soeic¿¡l dr¡s intlígcnas ¡lo Nordcslc
br¿¡silciro.liditolaNacio¡lal,2v.,168p.(llitrliotccal'cdagógicallrasilcira,llrasiliana,ll2).
Sáo I)aulo.
scl
¡M I'l'2, I'Et) lìo IcN^cto
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SCIIWDIIIN, KAI{I- II,
1971
-'l'hc lìillcr
¡rrld flrc Srvccl. Sorrrc inr¡rlic:rliorrs of lcclrnir¡rrcs for ¡rrc¡r:rrirrg lVfrrrrioc, I)apcr
prcscntc<J Arlrcricatr Ânthlopologicill Âssociation ÂnnLral Mcctin g, 1971 52 p. minrco.
Ncw Yolk.
Sll-VA, ANl"l'ONIO Cz\lì.l.OS SI\{OllNS I)A
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2:l7 5-177. IJucnos ¡\ilcs.
SIMOtT-S, Il IIN'l'li Ill'l'l'MAN
19ó6 - I)ottcry fronl thc Statc ol'S¿ro l'aulo - lllaz-il. Â study of dccoratc<i shcrds and vcsscls. z\cl¿ts
y ñlcrtrór'i:ts rltl XXXVI Oortgrcsc Inlcrnae ion¿rl rlc Ânrcric¿¡nisf ls, Scvilla, 1964,7:459472. Scvilla.
SOUZA, GAI]IIII]I- SOAIII]S I)Ii
(MS 1.587) l85l -'l'ralado dcscliptivo rlo lllaz-il in 1.587. lì.s'isl¿r do I¡rslilutr¡ Ilisftirico
<lo
llnrsil, l{:l'123. lì.io
c
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1938 -'l'nrl:rtlo rltseri¡rlivo rlr¡ llr:rsil cr¡r 1587. Contpanhia llditora Nacional.493 p.3a cd.
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S'I'AI)I]N, I IANS
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1955 - Virrgcrn
to lJrnsil. I-ivlaria
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^19(t3
r.lc
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-7*tci llcisctr tritclt llr¿¡silic¡r (l5Jll-1555).'lì'autvcttcr & Iìischcr Nachf.
dcl I¡hn.
S'I]JWAI{I),.]UI-IAN
I I.
198 p.
Marburg an
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tì9
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1558 - Lcs singtrlrrrilcz rlc l¿i l¡ralrcc Ànlrrrcliquc, audfrc¡trcrr! lrorrróc r\nrcriqt¡c; & dc ptusicurc
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(1558) 1878 - I-cs sitrgul:rrilcz rlc la lìrar¡cc Àrrflrclir¡uc.
459 p. I'aris.
CAIìlìARIlt,, I'AUI- (cd.) Maisonncuvc:
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llustachio l)uartc. Conrpanhia lldito¡ia Nacional, 502 p. (lìrasiliana, Il¡bliotcca
I'cdagógica Illasilcira, Séric 5, 219 (229). Säo I'aulo,
1953 - Lcs l¡r:ttrç:ris ctr.Á.nrcriqrrc þcutlarrl l¿r dcuxiòrrc n¡r¡ilió rlu XVlo sic<clc - I¡ llrósil ct lcs
brtisilicns p:rr .., Choi.r dc tÇxtcs ct notcs pAr I-USSAGIIE,I', SUZANNE, introduction
par CI l.-4. JUl.lllN. l'rcsscs Univcrsitaircs dc lìrancc, I)cuxiònrc Séric ... p. ([rs Classiqucs <lc la Colonization, 2).
-r'rßrRrç4, r{.w.
1935-Arqucologiabrasilcira.ll.u'isllrloÀrt¡rrirrrÌ!f urricipll.l'¡cfciluradoMunicípiodcSãoPaulo,
I)cpaltanrcnto dc Cultura.15:145-152 (X),16:138-150 (Xl),17:246-252 (XIl). São Paulo.
YVES I)'ßVIII]UX, I'IJIìIJ
(1615) 1864 - Voytgc ¡l¡¡r¡s lc Norrl rlu llrcsil firil duranl lcs ¡rnnós 1613 cf Ldl.l par'tc,.. Publié
d'apròs I'cxcnrplairc uniquc conscrvó a la llibliothcquc Impcrialc dc Paris. Avcc unc introduction ct dcs notcs par M. Iìcrdinand l)cnis, Conscrvatcur à la llibliolhòquc St.
Gcncviévc, Suitto dc I'llistoirc <Jcs choscs plus nrcmorablcs advcnucs cn Maragnan ós
annócs.l6l3 & ló14. Sccontl triiitó. Librairiò A. I;ranck.456 p. (llibliothcca Anrõricana.
Collcction cl'ouvragcs inódits ou rarcs sur I'Anrériquc). Lcipzig & I'aris.
90