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Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability - 2007
547
A new species of Cinachyra (Demospongiae:
Tetillidae) collected by Project REVIZEE off Espírito
Santo State, SE Brazil
Pablo R.D. Rodriguez, Guilherme Muricy(*)
Laboratório de Porifera, Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Quinta
da Boa Vista s/n, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. [email protected]
Abstract: A new species of Cinachyra Sollas (Porifera, Spirophorida) was dredged from 500 m depth off Espirito Santo
State, SE Brazil, by Project REVIZEE Central SCORE. Cinachyra helena sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of a
single category each, of protriaenes, anatriaenes, anisoactinal choanosomal oxeas, isoactinal cortical oxeas, and sigmaspires.
The cortex is formed by small isoactinal oxeas arranged obliquely to the surface, and an anchoring basal spicule mass is
absent. This is the first valid record of Cinachyra from the Atlantic; all similar species lacking a cortex should be transferred
to Cinachyrella or other genera of Tetillidae. At the present state of knowledge, there are four valid species in the genus
Cinachyra: C. barbata Sollas, C. crustata (Wilson), C. uteoides Dendy, and C. helena sp. nov.
Keywords: Cinachyra helena, new species, Porifera, Project REVIZEE, Southwestern Atlantic, taxonomy
Introduction
The genus Cinachyra Sollas, 1886, of the demosponge
family Tetillidae Sollas, 1886, comprises globular sponges with
a radial skeleton of oxeas and triaenes, sigmaspires, a cortex
reinforced by auxiliary oxeas, and flask-shaped porocalyces
(van Soest and Rützler 2002). There is considerable
confusion in the literature distinguishing between the closely
related genera Cinachyra and Cinachyrella Wilson, 1925,
because many authors disregarded the presence or absence
of a distinctive cortex, which is now considered the most
important character to distinguish between the two genera
(Rützler 1987, van Soest and Rützler 2002). Rützler (1987)
and Rützler and Smith (1992) revised the Western Atlantic
species of Cinachyra, and concluded that they all belong
instead to Cinachyrella, in which the cortex is absent. In
the most recent revision of the family Tetillidae, van Soest
and Rützler (2002) recognized only a single valid species
as belonging with certainty to the genus Cinachyra, viz., C.
barbata Sollas, 1886.
So far, twelve valid species of tetillid sponges have been
described from Brazil: Acanthotetilla rocasensis Peixinho
et al., 2007; Acanthotetilla walteri Peixinho et al., 2007;
Cinachyrella alloclada (Uliczka, 1929), Cinachyrella apion
(Uliczka, 1929), Cinachyrella kuekenthali (Uliczka, 1929),
Craniella carteri Sollas, 1886, Craniella corticata (BouryEsnault, 1973), Craniella quirimure Peixinho, Cosme and
Hajdu, 2005, Tetilla euplocamus Schmidt, 1868, and Tetilla
radiata Selenka, 1879 (Schmidt 1868, Selenka 1879, Sollas
1886, 1888, Fischel-Johnson 1971, Boury-Esnault 1973,
Rützler and Smith 1992, Lazoski et al. 1999, Santos and
Hajdu 2003; Peixinho et al. 2005; Muricy and Hajdu 2006).
Craniella cranium Müller, 1776 was quoted from Fernando
de Noronha Archipelago (Carter 1890); however, Carter’s
description was insufficient, and this record was considered
questionable and unrecognisable (Hechtel 1976, Moraes
et al. 2006). Cinachyra rhizophyta Uliczka 1929, recorded
from Ceará State (Fischel-Johnson 1971) was put in synonym
with Cinacyhrella apion (cf. Rützler and Smith 1992).
Unfortunately, many Brazilian records of these species,
particularly of Cinachyrella spp., did not include descriptions
(Mello Leitão et al. 1961, Hechtel 1976, Collette and Rützler
1977, Atta et al. 1989, Muricy et al. 1991, 1993, 2006,
Muricy and Moraes 1998, Lobo-Hajdu et al. 1999, Santos et
al. 1999, 2002, Muricy and Silva 1999, Moraes et al. 2003,
2006, Santos et al. 2004, Hajdu et al. 2004). Two of such
more recent records are of undescribed species of Cinachyra
(Cinachyra sp.; Hajdu et al. 2004, Muricy et al. 2006). Since
the genus Cinachyra was until recently considered to have
a cold-temperate to polar distribution (Kerguelen Islands,
Patagonia and Antarctica; van Soest and Rützler 2002),
we decided to investigate in more detail the two records of
Cinachyra from the subtropical SW Atlantic. Both species
turned out to be new, but only one of them really belongs
to Cinachyra. In this study, we describe the new species of
Cinachyra collected off Espirito Santo State, SE Brazil, by
Project REVIZEE Central SCORE (Muricy et al. 2006), and
discuss the identity of the record of Cinachyra sp. from São
Paulo State, Southern Brazil (24°20’527’’S – 43°46’759’’W),
collected by Project REVIZEE South SCORE (Hajdu et al.
2004).
The Project REVIZEE (in portuguese, “Programa de
Avaliação do Potencial Sustentável dos REcursos VIvos da
Zona Econômica Exclusiva”, or Program of Evaluation of the
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Sustainable Resources of the Economic Exclusive Zone) is
an initiative of the Brazilian Government to comply with the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLS).
The Brazilian continental shelf and slope (down to 2,076
m depth) were divided in four sectors (called “SCORES”:
North, Northeast, Central, and South), in which extensive
surveys were done to estimate the diversity and abundance
of planktonic, nectonic and benthic organisms and their
sustainable exploitation potential (eg, Amaral and RossiWongtschowski 2004, Costa et al. 2005, Lavrado and Ignacio
2006).
Material and methods
The area sampled by Project REVIZEE Central SCORE
ranges from Salvador (11°S), Bahia state, to Cabo de São
Tomé (22°S), in Northern Rio de Janeiro state, including the
islands and seamounts of the Vitória-Trindade chain (Fig. 1).
The continental shelf breaks at approximately 70 m depth, and
the seafloor is dominated by carbonatic sediments, corals and
calcareous algae. The slope is mostly covered by foraminiferan
deposits. Sponges have the greatest biomass among benthic
organims in this area (Lavrado 2006). A complete description
of the environment and benthic communities of the Central
SCORE region is given by Lavrado and Ignacio (2006).
Collections were done by dredging and bottom trawling
on board of the RV Astro Garoupa, between 20 and 2,076 m
depth, from 19/X/1997 a 24/XI/2003. Sponges were fixed in
ethanol 70% or formalin 4%, and deposited in the Porifera
collection of Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
Photographs of both preserved specimens and of the skeleton
by light microscopy were taken with a Nikon Coolpix digital
camera. Spicule slides were prepared by dissociation of
a small fragment of sponge in boiling nitric acid. Sponge
fragments were dehydrated in an alcohol series (50-100%)
with a final xylene step and included in paraffin. Transverse
sections of the skeleton were mounted on microscope slides
for identification. Twenty spicules of each kind were measured
per specimen. Size ranges and means (underlined) are given
in the text.
Systematics
Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836
Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885
Subclass Tetractinomorpha Lévi, 1953
Order Spirophorida Bergquist and Hogg, 1969
Family Tetillidae Sollas, 1886
Genus Cinachyra Sollas, 1886
Definition: Tetillidae with cortex reinforced by auxiliary
oxeas, with flask-shaped porocalyces (van Soest and Rützler
2002).
Cinachyra helena sp. nov.
(Figs. 2–3, Tab. 1)
Synonyms: Cinachyra sp., Muricy et al. 2006: 115
Diagnosis: Cinachyra with a single category each of protriaenes, anatriaenes, anisoactinal choanosomal oxeas, isoactinal cortical oxeas, and sigmaspires. Cortex formed by small
isoactinal oxeas arranged obliquely to the surface. Anchoring
spicule tufts absent.
Material examined: Holotype: MNRJ 3635C, Espírito Santo
State, Brazil; dredging, project REVIZEE Central SCORE II,
station 20C-deep, RV Astro Garoupa, 22/XI/1997, 19°17`S
– 37°57`W, 500 m depth. Paratype: MNRJ 3658B, same locality, date and collector.
Material examined for comparison: Cinachyra sp. sensu
Hajdu et al. (2004): MNRJ 2814 A-H, São Paulo state, Brazil; dredging, project REVIZEE South SCORE, station 6659,
RV Prof. W. Besnard, 09/I/1998, 24°20’S – 43°46’W, 505 m
depth.
Description: External form hemispherical to subspherical
(Fig. 2). Size up to 2.5 cm in diameter by 1.5 cm high. Color
in vivo unknown; beige after fixation in alcohol 70%. The holotype has irregular porocalyces, up to 3 x 1 mm wide by 2.5
mm deep (Fig. 2A). A thin, whitish cortex is clearly visible in
sectioned specimens (Fig. 2B). The paratype was fragmented,
and the part of its surface that is left has no porocalyces (Fig.
2C). Oscules are not visibe in preserved specimens, probably
contracted. Surface even, strongly hispid, with adhering sand
grains. The sponge is fixed by a broad attachment base, without anchoring basal spicule mass (Fig. 2D). Consistency firm,
slightly compressible, inelastic.
Skeleton: Choanosomal skeleton with radial tracts of anisoactinal coanossomal oxeas, anatriaenes and protriaenes, which
project through the cortex and the surface of the sponge (Fig.
3A). The cladomes of both pro- and anatriaenes are directed
outwards. Tracts are wider (580-733 µm thick) in the ectosome than in the choanosome (76-202 µm thick), and are 50530 µm apart. The cortex is composed of two layers (Fig.
3A): the internal layer (505-884 µm thick) is formed by small
isoactinal oxeas arranged obliquely to the surface; the outer
layer (253-1137 µm thick) is formed only by sigmaspires
and the extremities of the radial tracts of megascleres. Sigmaspires are dispersed randomly both in the cortex and in the
choanosome.
Spicules: Choanosomal anisoactinal oxeas, slightly curved at
the thinner extremity: 2075-3305-4300 x 40-43-50 µm (Fig.
3B). Cortical isoactinal oxeas short, robust, fusiform: 425650-850 x 26-34-43 µm (Fig. 3C). Anatriaenes rare, varying from very thin, reduced forms to long and robust spicules, with clads short and slightly curved, forming an almost
straight angle with the rhabdome: clads 19-72-116 x 2-18-31
µm; rhabdome 1310-3421-8381 x 5-24-34 µm (Fig. 3D, E).
Protriaenes abundant, occasionally irregular, with clads long
and straight and rhabdome long, ending abruptly: clads 130214-275 x 12-16-21 µm, rhabdome 1500-3258-6250 x 17-2334 µm (Figs. 3F, G). Sigmaspires C- or S-shaped, with spines
549
Fig. 1: Area studied by the Project
REVIZEE,
Central
SCORE,
between Salvador and Cabo de São
Tomé, Brazil, with the location of
the collecting site of Cinachyra
helena sp n. (BA, Bahia State; ES,
Espírito Santo State; RJ, Rio de
Janeiro State).
large, recurved, and more abundant close to the tips, which
are enlarged, irregular: 10-14-21 µm (Fig. 3H).
Ecology: The paratype (MNRJ 3658B) was growing over
a foliaceous sponge, Phakellia sp. The two specimens were
partially covered by sand grains.
Geographical and bathymetric distribution: Off Espirito
Santo State, Brazil (19°17`14``S – 37°57`13``W), 500 m
depth (Fig. 1).
Etymology: This species was named in honour of Dr. Helena
Passeri Lavrado, in recognition of her successful efforts to
coordinate the Benthic Ecology Group of Project REVIZEE
Central SCORE.
Discussion
Only two specimens of the new species were found; of
these, only the holotype had porocalyces (Fig. 2A). This
is an important issue, since the presence of porocalyces is
the main character that separates Cinachyra from Craniella
Schmidt, 1870 (van Soest and Rützler 2002). The paratype
was fragmented, and most of its surface was lost (Fig.
2C). Since the spicules and all other characters of the two
specimens were nearly identical in shape and size (Table 1),
we assumed that the porocalyces were present in the lost part
of the paratype’s surface.
The genus Cinachyra is currently considered to contain
a single species, Cinachyra barbata Sollas, 1886, and
most other species previously described as Cinachyra were
transferred to Cinachyrella (van Soest and Rützler 2002).
However, a literature survey indicates that at least one other
species described as Cinachyra (C. uteoides Dendy, 1924)
and another described as Tetilla (Tetilla (Cinachyrella)
crustata Wilson, 1925) do have both porocalyces and a cortex
made up of small oxeas, and should therefore be considered
as valid species of Cinachyra. Bergquist (1968) expressed
doubts whether C. novae-zealandiae Brondsted, 1924 has
true porocalyces, since Brondsted’s (1924) description is
not clear about the nature of its aquiferous openings. It is
clear however from the original description that C. novaezealandiae has a cortex of small curved oxeas forming a
palisade. We agree with Bergquist (1968) that a revision of
the holotype is needed to clarify the best taxonomic placement
of C. novae-zealandiae, if in Cinachyra or in Craniella (but
not in Tetilla, as suggested by Bergquist, loc. cit.). For the
time being, our interpretation is that the aquiferous openings
550
Fig. 2: Cinachyra helena sp. nov.
A. upper view of holotype (MNRJ
3635C) showing the irregular
porocalyces in the surface
(arrows). B. side view of holotype,
showing the radial arrangement of
the skeleton and the lighter cortex
(arrow). C. upper view of paratype
(MNRJ 3658B), in which most of
the surface was lost. D. basal view
of paratype, showing the broad,
flattened attachement surface
(scale bars = 1 cm).
Table 1: Measurements (min-med-max length / min-med-max width in µm) of the spicules of Cinachyra helena sp. nov. (n=20).
Spicules
Choanosomal oxeas
Cortical oxeas
Protriaene clads
Protriaene rhabdome
Anatriene clads
Anatriaene rhabdome
Sigmaspires
Holotype MNRJ 3635C
Paratype MNRJ 3658B
3050-3635-4300 / 34-41-50
425-734-850 / 26-34-43
130-198-240 / 15-17-20
2150-3615-6250 / 19-23-26
38-75-97 / 10-20-29
2425-4315-8381 / 14-26-34
12-14-22 / 0.5-2
2075-2976-4050 / 40-44-50
450-566-775 / 26-34-41
175-231-275 / 14-17-22
1500-2901-5000 / 17-22-34
19-70-117 / 2-17-31
1310-2527-6383 / 5-21-44
10-14-18 / 0.5-2
of C. novae-zealandiae are not porocalyces, and therefore
we suggest to classify it as Craniella novae-zealandiae. A
detailed taxonomic revision of the family Tetillidae, including
observation of type specimens of as many species as possible,
is clearly needed for a better understanding of the scope of the
genus Cinachyra.
Cinachyra barbata presents two categories of protriaenes,
one of anatriaenes, two of isoactinal oxeas, and one of
sigmaspires. The anatriaenes only occur in the basal spicule
mass. Cinachyra helena sp. nov. differs from Cinachyra
barbata by the possession of only one category of protriaenes,
choanosomal anatriaenes, and the absence of a basal mass.
Furthermore, its choanosomal anisoactinal oxeas and cortical
isoactinal oxeas are smaller than those of Cinachyra barbata,
which has choanosomal isoactinal oxeas of approximately
8000 x 70 µm and cortical isoactinal oxeas around 900 x 36
µm (Sollas 1888).
Cinachyra helena sp. nov. is similar to C. uteoides in the
absence of a basal (anchoring) spicule mass: both species are
more or less flattened basally, with a broad attachment base.
Cinachyra uteoides differs from the new species however by
the presence of protriaenes in two size classes, the isoactinal
choanosomal oxeas, the larger cortical oxeas (2600 x 80 µm),
and the smaller rhabdome of the anatriaenes (2400-2900 x
12-16 µm) (Dendy 1924, Bergquist 1968).
Cinachyra crustata (Wilson 1925) differs from C. helena
sp. nov. in many characters, such as the flattened body shape,
presence of root-like spicule tracts (= anchoring basal spicule
mass), larger porocalyces, thinner cortex with tangentiallydisposed rather than obliquely-disposed oxeas, and larger,
isoactinal choanosomal oxeas (7000-9000 µm).
Although it is uncertain whether it really has porocalyces
(cf. Bergquist 1968), Craniella novae-zealandiae Brondsted
1924 shares with the new species the globular shape without
spicule basal mass and a strongly hispid surface. They differ,
551
Fig. 3: Skeletal characters of
Cinachyra helena sp. nov. A.
transverse section of the skeleton
showing the cortex of smaller oxeas
and the radial megasclere tracts.
B. choanosomal, anisoactinal
oxea. C. cortical, isoactinal
oxea. D. anatriaene. E. cladome
of anatriaene. F. protriaene. G.
cladome of protriaene (SEM) H.
sigmaspire (SEM).
however, in that the cortical oxeas of C. novae-zealandiae are
curved, its choanosomal oxeas are isoactinal, all megascleres
are smaller, and it apparently has no sigmaspires (Brondsted
1924).
We reexamined the specimens of Cinachyra sp. recorded
from Southern Brazil (Hajdu et al. 2004). They are
flattened, discoidal, with a fringe of projecting spicules.
Both porocalyces and a spiculated cortex are absent, and
therefore they would be better classified in Tetilla Schulze
1868, or maybe in a new genus defined by a discoidal shape,
rather than in Cinachyra. Cinachyra rhizophyta, recorded
from Ceará state, NE Brazil (Fischel-Johnson 1971), was
synonymized with Cinachyrella apion by Rützler and Smith
(1992). However, the description of C. rhizophyta from
552
Ceará does not mention the two categories of protriaenes or
the presence of raphides, characters typical of C. apion. We
consider the record of Cinachyra rhizophyta sensu FischelJohnson (1971) as a synonym of Cinachyrella alloclada,
rather than of C. apion. This, however, does not change the
list of tetillid species from Brazil, which now includes eleven
valid species: Acanthotetilla rocasensis, Acanthotetilla
walteri, Cinachyra helena sp. nov., Cinachyrella alloclada,
Cinachyrella apion, Cinachyrella kuekenthali, Craniella
carteri, Craniella corticata, Craniella quirimure, Tetilla
euplocamus, and Tetilla radiata.
The genus Cinachyra appears to be more frequent in deep
than in shallow water, with records of C. barbata from 45549 m depth (Sollas 1886, 1888), of C. uteoides from 55182 m (Dendy 1924, Bergquist 1968), and of the new species
from 500 m depth. Cinachyra helena sp. nov. is the first valid
record of the genus from the Brazilian coast and the Atlantic
Ocean. The distribution of the genus Cinachyra now includes
Kerguelen Island, Patagonia and Antarctica (C. barbata),
New Zealand (C. uteoides), Philippines (C. crustata) and SE
Brazil (C. helena sp. nov.).
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de
Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Secretaria
da Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar (SECIRM),
and CENPES-PETROBRAS for financial and logistic support. We
also thank Dr. Marcia Attias and Noêmia Rodrigues (Laboratório
de Ultraestrutura Celular Herta Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica
Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ) for their help in the use of SEM. We
are particularly grateful to Dr. Helena P. Lavrado for inviting us to
identify the sponges of Project REVIZEE Central SCORE.
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