slides

Transcrição

slides

Relationship between climate and plant
functional types in the Congo Basin
Rita Wania, Charly Favier and the CoForChange Consortium
[email protected]
L’Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution Montpellier, France
1 / 34
The Congo Basin
2 / 34
Plant Functional Types (PFTs)
3 / 34
Leaf shape: broad-leaved vs needle-leaved
4 / 34
Phenology: evergreen vs deciduous
5 / 34
Growth form: tree vs shrub
6 / 34
Climate: boreal vs tropical
7 / 34
Shade tolerance: tolerant vs intolerant
8 / 34
Current PFTs in LPJ-GUESS
1. Boreal shade-tolerant needleleaved evergreen tree
2. Boreal shade-intolerant needleleaved evergreen tree
3. Boreal shade-intolerant needleleaved summergreen tree
4. Temperate shade-tolerant broadleaved summergreen tree
5. Temperate shade-intolerant broadleaved summergreen tree
6. Temperate shade-intolerant broadleaved evergreen tree
7. Tropical shade-tolerant broadleaved evergreen tree
8. Tropical shade-intolerant broadleaved evergreen tree
9. Tropical shade-intolerant broadleaved raingreen tree
10. C3 Grasses
11. C4 Grasses
9 / 34
LPJ-GUESS
10 / 34
Which PFTs do the observations support?
11 / 34
Classification
Guilds
I
P = Pioneer
I
NPLD = Non-Pioneer Light Demander
I
SB = Shade Bearer
Phenology
I
evergreen
I
deciduous
12 / 34
Classification
Guilds
Phenology
I
P = Pioneer
I
NPLD = Non-Pioneer Light Demander
I
SB = Shade Bearer
I
evergreen
I
deciduous
PFTs
1. Evergreen P
2. Evergreen NPLD
3. Evergreen SB
4. Deciduous P
5. Deciduous NPLD
6. Deciduous SB
12 / 34
Available data from forest inventories
Inventory data
Coordinates
13.3E,
13.3E,
13.3E,
13.3E,
13.3E,
...
4.1N
4.1N
4.1N
4.1N
4.1N
Size
(ha)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Diameter
(cm)
40
60
60
80
100
No
Guild
Phenology
2
1
1
1
1
NPLD
NPLD
NPLD
SB
SB
deciduous
deciduous
deciduous
non-class.
evergreen
Wood density
(g cm−3 )
0.49
0.49
0.51
NA
0.64
13 / 34
Available data from forest inventories
Inventory data
Coordinates
13.3E,
13.3E,
13.3E,
13.3E,
13.3E,
...
I
I
I
I
4.1N
4.1N
4.1N
4.1N
4.1N
Size
(ha)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Diameter
(cm)
40
60
60
80
100
No
Guild
Phenology
2
1
1
1
1
NPLD
NPLD
NPLD
SB
SB
deciduous
deciduous
deciduous
non-class.
evergreen
Wood density
(g cm−3 )
0.49
0.49
0.51
NA
0.64
Region: 13–19◦ E, 0–5◦ N
0.5-ha plots → 67,635
Plots with >21 trees → 52,166
Plots with trees with wood density estimation → 28,683
13 / 34
Can the variation of vegetation in the
CoForChange study area be explained by
climate?
14 / 34
Can the variation of vegetation in the
CoForChange study area be explained by
climate?
Previous research attributed the
distribution of species and functional traits
to geology rather than climate!
(Fayolle et al., subm.)
14 / 34
Climate clusters
15 / 34
Climate data used – WorldClim air temperature
Monthly air temperature 1950–2000 @ 10kmx10km
16 / 34
Climate data used – FAO LocClim precipitation
Monthly precipitation 1961–1990 @ 10kmx10km
17 / 34
Climate data used – CRU % cloud cover
Monthly percentage cloud cover 1961–1990 @ 0.5◦ x0.5◦
18 / 34
Clustering setup
I
Use R-function kmeans
I
Based only on climate data
I
Use Pr, Temp, Cld
I
Use 1, 2 or all 3 variables at a time
I
Use JJA, JJASO, DJF, annual
19 / 34
Spatial climate clusters
Based on T (DJF), P (DJF) and cloud (annual).
20 / 34
What constitutes a good cluster?
21 / 34
21 / 34
20
10
0
Frequency
30
40
Histogram
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50
60
70
80
90
100
% Cloud cover
21 / 34
21 / 34
21 / 34
21 / 34
Statistical measure: Coefficient of Variance (CV)
CVcluster =
X
m=months
σm
µm
(1)
22 / 34
80
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70
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40
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% cloud cover
% cloud cover
80
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22
44
66
88
1010
1212
22
Months
Months
44
66
88
1010
1212
Months
Months
CVcluster
=440.062
Cluster
Cluster
90
90
CV
cluster33= 0.071
Cluster
Cluster
90
90
% cloud cover
% cloud cover
90
90
Cluster
Cluster22
90
90
Cluster
Cluster11
23 / 34
Spatial climate clusters
Based on T (DJF), P (DJF) and cloud (annual).
24 / 34
Climate in each cluster: Cloud cover
25 / 34
Climate in each cluster: Precipitation
26 / 34
Climate clusters applied to inventory data
27 / 34
Apply cluster groups to vegetation variables
I
% deciduous/evergreen
I
% pioneer, % NPLD, % SB
I
% deciduous pioneer, % deciduous NPLD, % deciduous SB
I
% evergreen pioneer, % evergreen NPLD, % evergreen SB
28 / 34
Percentage Basal area: Deciduous PFTs
Basal area, % decid PFTs
100
cldAnn−tasDJF−prDJF−n6−best−pr
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Shade bearers
Basal area, % decid Shade tolerant
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Basal area, % decid Pioneer
100
Basal area, % ever Pioneer
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0
20
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Pioneers
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
31 / 34
100
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20
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100
Pioneers
3
4
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6
1
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3
4
5
6
31 / 34
Non-pioneer light demanding (NPLD)
Basal area, % ever NPLD
Basal area, % decid NPLD
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80
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32 / 34
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32 / 34
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1
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4
5
6
32 / 34
Summary
I
Deciduous PFTs contribute between 35 and 70% to basal area.
33 / 34
Summary
I
I
High deciduousness was related to lower T, stronger JJA dry season
and higher cloud cover in that dry season.
33 / 34
Summary
I
I
I
Evergreen shade bearers showed the opposite pattern to decidousness.
33 / 34
Summary
I
I
I
I
Deciduous pioneers were higher in cooler regions, with a stronger JJA
dry season and an overall higher cloud cover.
33 / 34
Summary
I
I
I
I
I
Decidous NPLDs were more abundant in warmer regions with a milder
JJA dry season, but a stronger DJF season and a low cloud cover.
33 / 34
Summary
I
I
I
I
I
I
Pioneers and NPLD are both light demanding, but they occur in
different climate zones. Pioneers don’t mind the higher cloud cover,
probably because they depend more on forest openings and the
sunlight reaching the forest floor, whereas NPLDs seem to do better
in low cloud cover regions as they are light-demanders as mature
trees.
33 / 34
Summary
I
I
I
I
I
I
Pioneers and NPLD are both light demanding, but they occur in
different climate zones. Pioneers don’t mind the higher cloud cover,
probably because they depend more on forest openings and the
sunlight reaching the forest floor, whereas NPLDs seem to do better
in low cloud cover regions as they are light-demanders as mature
trees.
33 / 34
Conclusion
Overall, we think that the vegetation distribution in
the CoForChange study area can be (at least
partially) explained by climatic variables.
34 / 34
Conclusion
However, first runs with LPJ-GUESS do not show a
climatic effect on simulated vegetation composition
between the six clusters.
34 / 34
Conclusion
However, first runs with LPJ-GUESS do not show a
climatic effect on simulated vegetation composition
between the six clusters.
The question is, is the climatic effect we see for real
or do the climate clusters coincide with disturbance
history that cause the different vegetation pattern?
34 / 34

slides

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