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Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.9 (3&4): 983-987. 2011
www.world-food.net
Edaphic mesofauna (springtails and mites) in soil cultivated with baby corn and
treated with swine wastewater combined with chemical fertilization
Dinéia Tessaro 1, Silvio César Sampaio 1, Luis Francisco Angeli Alves 1, Jonathan Dieter 2,
Cláudia Saramago Carvalho Marques Dos Santos Cordovil 3 and Amarilis De Varennes 3
1
Department of Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation of State University of West of Parana – UNIOESTE,
Universitaria, 2069, 85819-110. Cascavel, Parana, Brazil. 2 Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Parana – UFPR,
Pioneiro, 2153, 85950-000. Palotina, Parana, Brazil. 3 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of
Agronomy, Technical University of Lisboa – UTL, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal.
e-mail: [email protected]
Received 9 July 2011, accepted 25 September 2011.
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of swine wastewater (0, 100, 200 and 300 m3 ha1) combined with nitrogen fertilization (0,
100, 200 and 300 m3 ha1) in a typical red dystroferric latosol cultivated with baby corn. To evaluate the mesofauna, pitfall traps were set up.
Collembola specimens were classified at the order level and Acarina specimens were classified at the family level. The results show that the density
of the Collembola group increased with the application of swine wastewater up to the dose of 200 m3 ha-1 and it was not affected by chemical
fertilization. The Acarina group was negatively affected by chemical fertilization and was not influenced by swine wastewater.
Key words: Edaphic fauna, swine wastewater, water reuse.
Introduction
Swine breeding is carried out as a large-scale activity in many
countries, and it has increased every year worldwide, including in
Brazil, where the south region stands out for its large production1.
A major characteristic of swine breeding is the production of large
amounts of slurry, which is used as fertilizer in annual crops and
in pastures. However, the size of the farms associated to pig
production are usually incompatible with the amount of waste
produced, and this waste is often applied in doses higher than
soil retention capacity, thus changing this fertilizer into a
pollutant 12 due to the high level of organic matter, nutrients, and
heavy metal load that can build up in the soil, and runoff or
leach 28, 23, 9, 20, 21. The use of organic residues such as slurry can
influence the soil biota, as these residues act as a nutrient source,
change the soil temperature and cover, and contain toxic
compounds and hazardous heavy metals which may affect the
fauna negatively 4-16.
Among the organisms which constitute the soil biota, the
mesofauna comprises a series of edaphic groups. However, the
majority of the studies have investigated the most representative
groups, such as Acarina and Collembola, which carry out trophic
activities, consuming microorganism and microfauna, as well as
fragmenting decomposing vegetable material 8. Edaphic mites and
springtails are the most representative groups in terms of their
numbers in the soil. As a result of their apteral characteristic and
their sensitivity to alterations in the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of the soil, their populations quickly
respond to variations in the quality of the environment 24, 18, 7.
Although the studies on the effects of the use of swine
wastewater on the mesofauna are still incipient, there are signs
that it modifies the density of springtails and mites in soil 3.
Aware of the importance and the sensitivity of the soil
mesofauna to environmental variations, this study sought to
evaluate the effect of the application of swine wastewater
associated with chemical fertilization (CF) on the density of the
edaphic mesofauna of a typical red dystroferric latosol cultivated
with baby corn in subtropical conditions.
Materials and Methods
This study was carried out in Cascavel, Paraná State, Brazil
(24º48’S and 53º26’W) at an altitude of 760 m. The climate is wet
subtropical (Cfa) with mean rainfall of 1800 mm, hot summers,
infrequent frosts and with a tendency to the highest concentration
of rainfall in the summer; however, the dry season is undefined.
The mean temperature is 20°C and relative humidity of the air is
75% 14. The soil of the study area is typical red dystroferric latosol
with a very clay-like texture 22. It has received nutrient input from
swine wastewater (SW) application and chemical fertilization (CF).
We point out that the studied treatments have been used since
2006, which ensures a history of three years of application of SW
combined with CF in each treatment.
At the beginning of this study, which was performed in 2008,
the soil was chemically characterized before the application of the
treatments (Table 1).
SW was obtained from an integrated biosystem made up of a
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.9 (3&4), July-October 2011
983
Table 1. Mean initial chemical parameters of the soil of the experimental plots
before the application of the treatments.
Treatments
Parameters
pH
OM (g/dm3)
P (mg/dm3)
K (cmolc/dm3)
Ca (cmolc/dm3)
Mg (cmolc/dm3)
Na (mg/dm3)
H+Al (cmolc/dm3)
Base sum (cmolc/dm3)
CTC (cmolc/dm3)
C (g/dm3)
Sat. bases (%)
Fe (mg/dm3)
Mn (mg/dm3)
Cu (mg/dm3)
Zn (mg/dm3)
CF
0
6.48
19.78
8.68
0.35
5.85
3.71
2.91
2.72
9.93
12.66
12.67
72.06
96.69
62.16
10.72
2.21
SW
100
6.55
21.78
13.77
0.45
5.81
3.45
2.50
2.66
9.72
12.39
11.50
77.88
99.35
62.52
10.49
2.96
0
6.55
20.31
8.87
0.22
5.86
3.71
2.66
2.72
9.82
12.55
11.80
77.32
105.21
60.47
10.39
2.02
100
6.61
20.72
11.63
0.30
6.24
3.69
2.50
2.42
10.24
12.66
12.04
80.64
96.74
63.91
10.31
2.87
200
6.36
20.83
14.21
0.49
5.36
3.30
3.00
3.02
9.16
12.22
12.11
74.36
83.38
61.07
10.80
3.60
300
6.55
21.31
8.87
0.59
5.87
3.63
2.66
2.58
10.10
12.68
12.39
67.56
106.75
63.91
10.93
3.85
*SW: Swine wastewater; CF: Chemical fertilization
biodigestor, a sedimentation tank, and a stabilization pond.
Chemical characterization of the SW was performed by the APHA,
AWWA & WEF 10 method (Table 2).
Swine wastewater was applied one single time, seven days after
sowing (DAS) baby corn in soil with oat culture residues. Variety
BR 106, which has a cycle of approximately 70 days, was sown by
hand directly in a stand of 180,000 plants ha-1. Given the culture
requirements of baby corn, which are based on the requirements
of corn, nitrogen CF was performed with 80 kg ha-1 nitrogen in the
form of urea 26. Fertilizer was applied in two dates, 30% as basal
dressing and the rest during the culture cycle as top dressing.
The edaphic fauna was sampled using pitfall traps placed in
each experimental plot. Traps consisted of 6-cm diameter vials
buried in the ground with the opening level at the soil surface.
The vials had 200 mL of 4% formol solution as a preservative.
Samples were collected at three moments during the experiment: 7
DAS, at the 15-leaf stage (41 DAS), and after ear budding (72
DAS). The traps stayed in the field for seven days before each
sampling, and their contents were identified in laboratory at the
Table 2. Chemical characterization of swine wastewater.
Parameters
Result
pH (CaCl2)
EC (dS m-1)
Turbidity (NTU)
BOD (mg L-1)
COD (mg L-1)
N total (mg L-1)
N-NO3 (mg L-1)
N-NO2 (mg L-1)
P (mg L-1)
K (mg L-1)
Ca (mg L-1)
Mg (mg L-1)
Na (mg L-1)
Fe (mg L-1)
Mn (mg L-1)
Cu (mg L-1)
Zn (mg L-1)
Total solids (mg L-1)
Total fixed (mg L-1)
Total volatile (mg L-1)
7.9
2.1
278
550
1450
338.8
0.40
8.00
211.9
440.0
2.25
0.95
17.0
75.0
16.5
12.5
76.5
1481.0
729.0
671.0
984
order level for the Collembola group, and at the
family level for the Acarina order. The collected
mites were prepared for identification by the
Hoyer technique in the Biology Institute of São
Paulo (ESALQ). The plates stayed in an oven
at 60°C for 10 days before the mites were
identified.
The density of organisms, measured as the
population size, was estimated by converting
the number of individuals per trap/day.
The data of each treatment were submitted to
analysis of variance using a complete randomized
experimental design with 2 x 4 factors (two levels
of fertilization, 0 and 100%, and four doses of
swine wastewater, 0, 150, 300 and 450 m3 ha-1,
totaling eight treatments with three repetitions.
When necessary, the data were normalized with
equation x0.5+0.5 using the free software
SISVAR, version 4.2 11 and the F test at 5%,
followed by the Scott-Knott test at 5%.
Results and Discussion
Density of organism: The analysis of density of organisms reveals
the occurrence of two main edaphic groups belonging to the
mesofauna, Collembola and Acarina (Tables 3 and 4). Table 3 shows
that the treatments had significant effects on the Collembola order
at 41 and 72 DAS, while the Acarina order (Table 4) presented
effects only at 41 DAS for CF. This table also shows that no
organism of this order was observed at 72 DAS.
After the analysis of variance (Table 3 and 4), the mean test was
applied to the two edaphic groups, Collembola and Acarina (Table
5 and 6), respectively. No significant differences were observed
between treatments for the density of organisms from Collembola
order (Table 5) at seven DAS, probably because the time between
the application of the treatments and sampling was short for their
effects to manifest. On the other hand, at 41 and 72 DAS, the dose
of 200 m3 ha-1 SW and the CF had positive and negative effects,
Table 3. Summary of analysis of variance of F values for density
of organisms from the Collembola order collected from
soil as a function of the applied treatments at 7, 41 and 72
DAS.
Variation
source
Degrees of
freedom
SW
CF
SW*CF
ERROR
TOTAL
3
1
3
16
23
SW
CF
SW*CF
ERROR
TOTAL
3
1
3
16
23
SW
CF
SW*CF
ERROR
TOTAL
3
1
3
16
23
Value of F
p-value
0.606
0.572
1.34
0.6204
0.4604
0.2965
3.445
4.472
2.040
0.0410*
0.0498*
0.1487
4.639
4.646
2.653
0.0162*
0.0467*
0.0839
7 DAS
41 DAS
72 DAS
DAS: Days after sowing
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.9 (3&4), July-October 2011
Table 4. Summary of analysis of variance of F values for
density of organisms of the Collembola order,
collected from soil as a function of the applied
treatments at 7 and 41DAS.
Variation
source
Degrees of
Value of F
freedom
7 DAS
3
0.809
1
0.024
3
1.764
16
23
41 DAS
3
0.672
1
5.319
3
0.491
16
23
SW
CF
SW*CF
ERROR
TOTAL
SW
CF
SW*CF
ERROR
TOTAL
p-value
0.5072
0.8796
0.1944
0.5815
0.0348*
0.0693
DAS – days after sowing.
Table 5. Mean density of organism of the Collembola
group (organisms/trap/day) collected from soil
as a function of the applied treatments at 7, 41,
and 72 DAS.
DAS
7
41
72
0
12.69 A
4.30 A
3.73 A
7
41
72
0
10.91 A
12.13 A
7.57 A
SW (m3 ha-1)
100
200
12.95 A
11.80 A
2.57 A
20.83 B
2.26 A
12.14 B
CF (%)
100
12.39 A
2.95 B
2.79 B
300
9.16 A
2.45 A
2.59 A
Equal letters in the same line do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance level.
Table 6. Mean density of organisms of the Acarina group
(organisms/trap/day) collected from soil as a
function of the applied treatments at 7, 41, and
72 DAS.
DAS
7
41
0
0.26 A
0.19 A
7
41
0
0.52 A
0.31 A
SW (m3 ha-1)
100
200
0.38 A
0.76 A
0.23 A
0.27 A
CF (%)
100
0.44 A
0.07 B
300
0.52 A
0.07 A
Equal letters in the same line do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance level.
respectively, on the Collembola order.
Similar results were reported for the use of wastewater from a
manure primary treatment tank 2 in soil cultivated with oats,
followed by corn, for six consecutive years. The author proposed
that the application of 200 m3 ha-1 to soil with vegetable cover may
indicate a good condition for the development of the Collembola
group. Therefore, one can suggest that the application of moderate
doses of SW and a good vegetable cover act simultaneously in
the development and survival of Collembola. This does not happen
with doses of 100 and 300 m3 ha-1, as shown in Table 6. The ideal
condition is not reached in these treatments, as although the dose
of 100 m3 ha-1 SW is low, the vegetable cover does not develop as
much as with application of 300 m3 ha-1, which is too high for the
survival of these organisms.
Antoniolli et al. 3 also observed that the use of a dose of 80 m3
ha-1 SW was more favorable to Collembola density when compared
with untreated plots. Therefore, the results indicate that this type
of wastewater can exert positive effects on this group, affording
edaphic conditions, which normally do not occur without its
application, as long as the application limits are obeyed.
Furthermore, the proper handling of waste in soil not only favors
a greater density of organisms, due to the food availability
associated with the good edaphoclimatic conditions, but also
indirectly influences other groups, such as Araneae and
Coleoptera, which feed on other organisms, including Collembola,
thus contributing to increasing the local biodiversity 15.
The origin and chemical composition of the waste applied to
culture soil determine the edaphic responses to the treatment.
Mello 16 found no significant difference in Collembola for doses
of sewage sludge from two treatment stations applied to corn
culture, despite the reduction in the number of sampled individuals
during the culture. In contrast, Pimentel and Warneke 17 used
sludge from liquid sewage in a forest area and observed a reduction
in the number of arthropods in soil of about 75% in comparison
with the control. The springtail population was the most affected.
In a similar study, Bruce et al. 6 demonstrated that sludge
contaminated with heavy metals does not influence the total
abundance of the Collembola order, but has both positive and
negative effects at the species level due to the distinct behaviors
of some species in relation to some elements.
The use of SW was also found to lead to an increase in
Collembola density up to the dose of 200 m3 ha-1, with lower
densities being reported for 300 m3 ha-1. This response to SW is
possibly explained by the improvement of soil edaphic conditions,
such as organic matter, vegetable cover and moisture 18-27, induced
by SW use, which favors the growth and fixation of Collembola.
As to the effect of CF on the Collembola order (Table 6), no
significant differences were observed at seven DAS, although
this was slightly greater in the plots treated with CF. According to
Rovedder et al. 19, this initial behaviour is due to the larger amount
of dry mass remaining from the oat culture in chemically fertilized
plots, as the low moisture resulting from soil exposure due to the
lack of cover influences the density of these organisms.
In contrast to this initial trend, at 41 and 72 DAS, significant
negative effects were observed for the Collembola group, which
presented lower means. These results are similar to those reported
by Alves 2, in which after eight months of mineral fertilizer
application, the density of these organisms decreased, in
comparison with the control, suggesting a late effect of chemical
fertilization.
The Acarina group was not significantly affected by the SW
treatment in any of the evaluated periods (Table 6). However, the
distribution of this group increased in all periods with the increase
in the dose up to 200 m3 ha-1, suggesting that this type of waste
may have limited benefits, depending on the dose applied. This
result contrasts with that reported by Antoniolli et al. 3 who
observed that the application of raw SW in low doses (80 m3 ha-1)
had a limiting effect on the mite fauna, when compared with the
control treatment. This probably results from the distinct chemical
characteristics of the waste, which was applied in its raw form.
The density of these two groups decreased during sampling,
and this group finally disappeared in the third sampling. As this
behaviour was observed for all treatments, it is probable that it is
due to the long period of dry weather that coincided with the third
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.9 (3&4), July-October 2011
985
sampling, associated with the applied treatments. As
Table 8. Mean density of organisms of the Mesostigmata, Prostigmata,
for the Collembola order, low soil moisture and high
and Oribatida families (organisms/trap/day) collected from soil as
temperature are limiting factors.
a function of the applied treatments at 7 and 41 DAS.
As to the CF, it had significant negative effects on
Treatment
the group at 41 DAS. The greatest means were observed
CF
SW
in the untreated plot, which demonstrates the limiting
Oeder
0
100
0
100
200
300
effect of CF on the mite fauna. We believe that it is
7 DAS
associated with the reduction of the osmosis potential
Mesostigmata
0.23 A
0.22 A
0.04 A
0.14 A
038 A
0.35 A
of the chemically fertilized soil, which favours the loss
Prostigmata
0.08 A
0.00 A
0.00 A
0.00 A
0.09 A
0.07 A
Oribatida
0.04 A
0.00 A
0.00 A
0.00 A
0.09 A
0.00 A
of part of the body water to the soil and causes mite
death due to their dependence on water.
Mesostigmata
0.21 A
0.05 A
0.11 A
0.14 A
0.19 A
0.09 A
Considering the diversity of the organisms of the
Prostigmata
0.04 A
0.03 A
0.04 A
0.04 A
0.04 A
0.02 A
Acarina order and their individual capacity to respond
Equal capital letters in the same line do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance level.
to alterations in their environment. Tables 7 and 8
summarize the analysis of variance and mean test results
according to the mite classification at the family taxonomic level.
for the two factors, when compared with the other families,
Table 7 shows that the treatments had no significant effect on the
suggesting that the Prostigmata and Oribatida suborders are more
investigated mite families during the study period. Table 8 shows
sensitive to these variables. Oribatida proved to be more sensitive
the tendencies as a function of the treatments.
to the evaluated factors, as it was found only in the first sampling.
One can see in Table 8 that specimens from the three mite families
According to Uhlig 25, the interaction of Oribatei mites with abiotic
commonly found in soil were collected. Despite the lack of statistical
environmental factors and their sensitivity to physical and
difference, all families had better distribution for 200 m3 ha-1 SW
chemical conditions of the soil are well known. The populations
and without CF. Mesostigmata predominated among the families
of these mites frequently indicate specific microclimatic conditions,
found in all the treatments investigated, with the largest means
lending them the status of environmental bioindicators.
Furthermore, they present a positive correlation for population
and the organic matter content in soil, being acknowledged as
Table 7. Summary of analysis of variance of F values for
indicators of the carbon content of ecosystems.
density of organisms of the Mesostigmata,
However, despite their positive answer to the soil organic matter
Prostigmata, and Oribatida families, collected from
content, this was not observed in this study (Table 1), which
soil as a function of the applied treatments at 7
leads us to infer that the application of SW and CF reduced the
and 41 DAS.
osmotic potential of the soil, leading to the loss of body water to
Variation
Degrees of
Value of F
p-value
the environment and consequently their death.
source
freedom
In general terms, all the treatments led to reduced mite density,
Mesostigmata
7 DAS
which may have resulted from the history of treatment of the area,
SW
3
1.099
0.3782
as well as the group habits. Vitti et al. 27 point out that mites are
CF
1
0.034
0.8554
selective in terms of their feeding place and it generally takes
SW*CF
3
0.501
0.6866
place under the soil surface. Thus, the sampling method used
ERROR
16
TOTAL
23
may have been a determining factor of the results, as it favored
41 DAS
the collection of active organisms on the soil surface. Huber 13
SW
3
0.131
0.9402
emphasizes that springtails and mites belong to the mesofauna
CF
1
1.935
0.1833
and basically have the same needs and limitations, including their
SW*CF
3
0.386
0.7645
dependence on moisture. However, each group uses distinct soil
ERROR
16
TOTAL
23
compartments for feeding. Springtails feed on the surface of
Prostigmata
organic residues and they usually are more numerous in the litter
7 DAS
than mites.
SW
3
1.110
0.3741
CF
SW*CF
ERROR
TOTAL
1
3
16
23
SW
CF
SW*CF
ERROR
TOTAL
3
1
3
16
23
3.176
1.110
0.0937
0.3741
0.110
0.093
0.681
0.9534
0.7643
0.5763
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.4182
0.3322
0.4182
41 DAS
Conclusions
The density of the Collembola order increased with the application
of swine wastewater up to the dose of 200 m3 ha-1. Chemical
fertilization did not favor the density of the Collembola order and
had a negative effect on the Acarina order.
Oribatida
7 DAS
SW
CF
SW*CF
ERROR
TOTAL
986
3
1
3
16
23
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.9 (3&4), July-October 2011
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