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AFRICAN SWINE FEVER
VIRUS IN BRAZIL:
HISTORIC AND ACHIEVEMENTS OVER
LABORATORIAL VIRUS AND
ANTIBODY SCREENING IN THE
EMERGENCE PHASE
Freitas, TRP & Lyra, TMP 2010.
African Swine Fever – ASF
“Peste suína africana
 ASF hemorrhagic viral disease of Suidae
family: domestic and wild pigs in all
breeds and ages.
 Peracute, acute, chronic and unapparent
forms
 Arbovirus – Argasid: Ornithodorus sp.
 No vaccine
 Control and eradication: pig slaughter
ASF virus - ASFV
Asfarviridae family, Asfivirus genus (DIXON et al., 2000).
African swine fever – ASF
 Kenya - high mortality of European pigs.
(Montgomery, R.E. 1921)
 1909-12: 15 outbreaks (more 1,300 pigs died).
 1928 - Wild pigs:
 warthogs (Phacochoerus )
 Bushpigs (Potamochoerus)
 Giant forest hogs (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni)
ASF – Europe and America
 1957-60: Per acute and acute form (1963)
 Portugal France, Italy, Malta, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italian
island of Sardinia endemic (outbreaks 2008)
 Portugal: 1962, 1968, 1972, 1977, 1981
 Spain: 1963, 1967, 1971; 1977; 1978
 Subclinical forms and unapparent, possibly pig carries
 1963 – Arbovirus associated with Argasid: Ornithodorus moubata
and O. erraticus
 Americas
 1971: Cuba,
 1978: Brazil and Dominican Republic,
 1979: Haiti and Cuba
ASF - The first outbreak: Rio de
Janeiro - Paracambi
 Floresta pig unit, at May, 13th 1978.
 But the first dead pigs were cited in April, 30th
(LYRA, 1981).
 Brazil had no appropriated laboratory to
ASF diagnosis.
 Plum Island Animal Disease Center, (PIADC US).
 Sanitary measures to control outbreaks and
avoid the virus dispersion
 Brazilian Eradication Program
 Emergence phase: 1978-79
 Specific Eradication Program: 1980-84
Brazilian Official ASF Laboratory
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
 FAO- US$ 158,000.000 for equipment, specialist
consultancies and/or grants (ANDRADE, 1980; BRASIL, 1984;
LYRA et al., 1986):
 EUA, Canada, Spain, Portugal and France (R. E
Reichard; R. Carnero, A. O. Avarez)
 Brazilian ASF Laboratory Diagnosis: Cláudio
Andrade and team
 Drs. William Hess and Keith Shermann.
 Jun 1978 until April 1982: 41.829 of tissue and serum
samples from North, Northeast, Centre, South and
Southeast regions of Brazil.
ASF Lab. - emergence phase:
Jun, 12th to Dec. 28th, 1978.
 3532 pig samples: tissues, blood and
sera identified by





number of sample,
arrival date and test,
municipal and federal state,
owner and property farm,
official sampler name.
 Drs. William Hess and Keith Shermann
OIE - international Standards
methods
 Virus isolation – Hemadsorption - HAD
 Virus isolation in cultures of leucocytes. The
presence of virus is detected by HAD based on the
property of infected leucocytes to induce swine red
blood cells (erythrocytes) adsorption. (MALMQUIST, 1962;
MALMQUIST & HAY, I96O; ENJUANES et al.1976).
 Antigen detection- FATS – Fluorescence animal
tissue samples or direct immunofluorescent
technique (DIF)
 Performed on macerated, processed fragments and
tissue sections of tonsil, lymph nodes, spleen, and
liver, respectively.
Hemadsorption (HAD) and
Fluorescent techniques (FATS)
Serological survey:
 ASFV Antibody investigation - Immune-electronosmophorese (IEOP) (PAN et al., 1972, ANDRADE, 1980).
 Test is a rapid (30 minute), accurate method with extreme
sensitivity and superior to the complement-fixation and agar gel
diffusion precipitin tests in detecting antibody against ASF (PAN et
al., 1972)
Differential diagnosis - CSFV
 Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) was
implanted after Jul 10th, 1978.
 FATS
 CSFV isolation in porcine kidney lineage
cell reveled by Indirect Immune
fluorescence – IIF (FREITAS et al.2007).
Table 1: ASFV Laboratorial Diagnostic. ASF isolation by
HAD, FACTS and serological analysis demonstrative from
starting emergence phase (Jun to December, 1978).
Year:
Samples
1978
Tissue/
blood/
serum
HAD
Positive/
tested
Negative/
tested
FATS
IEOP
Lab Book
Positive/tested
Positive/test
ed
Pages
ASF
CSF
Jun,12th to
Jul,10th
227
101/180
79/180
90/ 180
0/0
23/123
3-11
Jul.,10th
31st
to
146
27/127
100/127
19/126
8/126
26/78
12-17
Aug.,1st
30th
to
248
0/191
191/191
0/191
29/191
98/205
17-26
Sept, 1st to
29th
197
01/179
178/179
0/179
40/179
04/179
27-32
Oct, 3rd to
31st
Nov., 1st to
30th
542
0/148
148/148
0/70
22/70
33/534
33-52
371
0/39
39/39
0/21
10/21
86/367
52-62
Dec., 1st to
28th
1801
1/26
25/26
0/12
2/12
108/1693
62-63
Total
3532
130/890
760/890
109/779
111/599
378/3179
03-63
ASF eradication in Brazil: Emergence Phase
virus screening (HAD diagnosis) from 12 a 30
June, 1978 by country regions
60
Number of Towns
50
40
30
20
10
0
RJ SP MG ES PR SC RS PA
Southeast
South
PI
GO MT
North
Northeast
Center
West
Country Regions
South East region
 The majority of pig
and HAD positive pig
samples
 Rio de Janeiro with
21 (42%) 27
municipals
 São Paulo with 37
(41,57%) positive 53
municipals
Mesoregions RJ
Municipals of Rio de
Janeiro State where ASF
outbreaks occurred in first
six months of 1978
Geographic
Mesoregion of Rio
de Janeiro State
Distance from
Paracambi
City
HAD Positive
Teresópolis
Metropolitan
102
5
Campos
North
319 km
8
Alcântara
Metropolitan
91 km
1
Maricá
Metropolitan
113 km
3
Itaguaí
Metropolitan
33 km
1
Itaboraí
Metropolitan
103 km
1
Duque de Caxias
Metropolitan
57 km
2
Niterói
Metropolitan
88 km
3
Bom Jesus Itabapoana
North-East
316 km
3
Barra do Piraí
South
24km
2
Carmo
Center
155km
1
Total: 11
5
30
Rio de Janeiro - Mesoregions
 Baixadas
Litorânea
 Centro
Fluminense
 Metropolitana do
Rio de Janeiro
 Noroeste
Fluminense
 Norte Fluminense
 Sul Fluminense
São Paulo - ASF investigation
Jun1978
90
80
Samples No.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Samples
HAD
FATS
FATC
Sampling &Tests
Negative
IEOP
Minas Gerais
Jun -1978
Town
12-14-15
Tissue/Blood
HAD FATS
Volta Grande
4
2
2
Ponte Nova
2
0
0
17
Igarapé
1
1
0
19
Sta.Cruz Escarlate
1
0
0
20
Inimutaba
1
0
0
24
Passos
1
0
0
28
Pará de Minas
2
2
0
05
Congonhas do Campo
1
1
1
05
Belo horizonte
1
1
0
05
Caratinga
1
0
1
15
7
4
13-19
Total
10
Conclusion:
 The sanitary measures: ASF focus elimination - Pillar
of eradication.
 International aids: FAO, IICA, OIE, PIADC
 The impressive efficiency to implant the techniques in
emergence was fundamental to plain success of
eradication campaign
 The pig mortality with ASF Brazilian outbreaks was
influenced more by general health of the pig than
variation of virulence of virus.
 High heterogeneity viral populations of ASFV included
moderate and low virulence strain of ASFV
African Swine Fever in Brazil
Favela Nova Brasília (Personal File: Lyra, TMP)
African Swine Fever in Brazil
Favela Nova Brasília: garbage dump
References
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