Comparison and harmonization - Energetische Biomassenutzung

DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum
gemeinnützige GmbH
DBFZ
Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gGmbH (DBFZ)
Comparison and harmonization of dust measurement methods:
outcomes of a national network project (SuB)
Torsten Schröder, November 13th 2012
DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Str. 116, D-04347 Leipzig, www.dbfz.de
DBFZ
Its just “dust in the wind”?
Where does it
come from?
What's that?
MEASURE
Can we
reduce it?
Graz, Österreich, 2008
kleinezeitung.at
Is it
dangerous
for me?
2
DBFZ
Working basis
DBFZ
Working Group Particulate Matter Emission
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Measurement of PME from biomass combustion
particle counting
gravimetric methods
Toxicological investigations
PME mitigation measures
PME influences (fuel, combustion, air staging etc.)
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DBFZ
Why do we talk about
domestic biomass
combustion?
4
DBFZ
Share of biomass in the energy system
Energy consumption in Germany in 20111 (preliminary)
Solid, liquid and gaseous
biomass (67 %)
Domestic biomass based heating
is an important element in the
Total heat production from renewable energies
renewable energy system
Solid biogenic fuels
Solid biogenic fuels
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(household) 44.8 %
Solar- & Geothermal
energy 8.6 %
(industry) 17.5 %
Liquid, gaseous, other
mostly biogenic fuels 29.1 %
1
Erneuerbare Energien 2011, BMU Vorläufige Angaben der AG Stat, 03. 2012
F. Musiol, T. Nieder, T. Rüther, M. Memmler, S. Rother, S. Schneider, Erneuerbare Energien 2011, Vorläufige Angaben, Stand 08.
März 2012, (Ed.) Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) Referat KI III 1
2
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DBFZ
Small biomass combustion in
Germany
In Number
Total number of small furnaces for solid fuels: app. 14 million3
Small central heater 5 - 7 %4
Single Fireplaces 93 - 95 % 4
In Energy
Total produced heat: approx. 60 TWh2,3
Small central heater approx. 30 %3
Single Fireplaces approx. 70 %3
Domestic biomass based heating
is very diverse
Variety
More than 20 different technologies4
More than 30 different kinds of solid biogenic fuels5
3
Struschka M., Kilgus D., Springmann M., Baumbach G., Effiziente Bereitstellung aktueller Emissionsdaten für die Luftreinhaltung,
Forschungsbericht 205 42 322, Umweltbundesamt UBA-FB 001217 Texte 44/08, ISSN 1862-4804, 11. 2008
4
Schröder T., Viehmann C., Bienert K., Wazula H. (2012) Domestic biomass based heating in Germany, determination of the number of
single fireplaces for wood fuels by an all-German data collection, 20th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition
5
Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2010): Erste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes- Immisionsschutzgesetztes (Verordnung über
kleine und mittlere Feuerungsanlagen - 1. BImSchV). Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 17/74, vom 25.11.2009, Inkrafttreten: 22.03.2010
6
DBFZ
Reasons and approaches for measurement
of PME from domestic biomass heating
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DBFZ
Cause and effect
Atmospheric processing
Toxicological evaluation
Condensation…
Immission
Emission
Exposition
Different approaches
for PME
measurement
Graz, Österreich, 2008
kleinezeitung.at
Deposition
N24.de
www.oldskoolman.de
Formation
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Reasons and approaches /
Emission source
DBFZ
Control of legal regulations
• PME measurement by:
• Notified bodies
• Chimney sweeper
Basic research
• Formation of the dust
• Determination of influencing factors (Fuel:
origin, chem. composition, preparation,
boundary conditions: air staging, fuel
feeding, implementation etc.)
• Burnout
• Chemical dust analyses
substantial
differences
Dipl. Ing. Dirk Weisgerber, www.ofen-wissen.de
Chimney Sweeper:
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No time to waste
Different circumstances in the
field
Limited scope of influence
Is not the expert for hundreds of
different technologies
Only one trial
Simplified gravimetry
Type Testing:
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Research:
•
Various standards to consider
Same conditions
Enhanced measuring instruments
Skilled personnel available (expert
for each technology)
Several trials
Gravimetry VDI 2066
Free of constrains
depending on the
aim
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DBFZ
Evaluating PM Emission
Central Heaters:
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Type testing according to EN
303/5, DIN 4701
Chimney sweep measurements
according 1.BImSchV
Legal limiting value 1.BImSchV
Benchmarks  Ecolabels
Single Fireplaces:
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•
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Type testing according to
several Standards (En
13240,13229 …)
Legal limiting value 1.BImSchV
Benchmarks  Ecolabels
Standard procedure according to VDI 2066/1 (“Outstack”, heated filter)
Filter preparation
Insert filter
Furnaces are evaluated addording to
the PME mass concentration [mg/m³]
Sampling
weighing
No distinction between
harmful and less harmful PME
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DBFZ
Verfahren nach VDI 2066
Isokinetische Teilstromentnahme nach VDI 2066 Blatt 1 (Outstack, beheizter Planfilter)
Filter vorbereiten
Filter einsetzen
1. Isokinetik
In der Praxis:
Probe nehmen
2. Sauerstoffbezug
-
-
Normierung (13%)
variierende
Bedingungen
(Mittelwertbildung)
Messunsicherheit
3. Strömungsmessung
C2
4. Normzustand
Nachbereiten /
auswiegen
Gesamtstaub in mg/m³
(i.N. 13 % O2 trocken)
C1
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DBFZ
150 mm Planfilter – TFZ Methode
Vergleich Filtergrößen
VDI 2066 – TFZ Methode
Entnahme des
beladenen Filters
Isokinetische Probenahme am
Vollstromverdünnungstunnel
Zuschnitt mittels
spezieller Stanze
Identische
Teilstücke für
Analytik und
Toxikologie
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DBFZ
Reasons and approaches /
Immission site
Monitoring of air quality
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EU-Directive 2008/50,
EU-Directive 2004/107/EG,
39. BImSchV,
TA-Luft
Particle counting
Gravimetric measurements
Luftmessstation Chemnitz Mitte [1]
[1] Michael Lohberger, Dr. Andrea Hausmann (2011): Luftmessstationen,
Modellierung und Entwicklung der Luftqualität
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DBFZ
Reasons and approaches /
Exposure
Untersuchung zur arteriellen Steifigkeit durch PME aus der Holzverbrennung
 Nachweis schädlicher
Auswirkungen auf das Herz Kreislaufsystem
 14 Testpersonen, 3 Stunden
Exposition, PME aus Holzofen mit
Birkenholz
 Messung der Herzfrequenz, des
Blutdruckes und
Pulswellengeschwindigkeit
Abbildung Posterbeitrag J. Unosson et al., Exposure To Wood Smoke Increases Arterial Stiffness,
Satellite Workshop within the EAC 2011, Manchester UK,
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DBFZ
Status of harmonization
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DBFZ
Dilution Tunnel
Copyright: DBFZ / Jan Gutzeit
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DBFZ
Measurements in 2010
compared
period
First Measurement Workshop in 2010
Particle counting instruments at the
DBFZ Dilution tunnel
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DBFZ
Measurements in 2010
40 nm
110 nm
Diameter correction?
Good
matching
curves
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DBFZ
Measurements in 2011
Instrumente
Prinzip
Verdünnungsrate
Fine Particle Sampler (Dekati)
Perforiertes Rohr + Injektor
einstellbar 20 - 200
Pals VKL 10E
Injektor
10 fest
Palas VKL 100
Injektor
100 fest
Grimm VKL
Injektor
10, 30 kombinierbar
Kreislaufverdünner (BTU Cottbus)
Kritische Düse
ca. 10
Measurement Workshop in 2011:
Small part – diluter comparison
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DBFZ
Measurements in 2011
SMPS / FMPS - 4 Part Diluter DIN Plus woodpellets
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DBFZ
Measurements in 2011
Gesamtanzahl
Nges (mittel)
Partikel Dichte1,2
FPS SMPS
8,2E+07
4,7 g/cm³
FPS FMPS
7,2E+07
/
VKL-mini SMPS
8,5E+07
4,1 g/cm³
VKL –mini FMPS
6,3E+07
/
VKL100 SMPS
6,1E+07
5,8 g/cm³
VKL100 FMPS
6,2E+07
/
Kreislaufverdünner SMPS
6,2E+07
4,7 g/cm³
Mittel
7,0E+07
Feinstaubpartikel aus
Biomasseverbrennung, Aufnahme
KIT, im Rahmen des Projektes
Wärme aus HolzFeinstaubemissionen
2 Partikeldichte, Literaturwerte: 1,1 - 3 g/cm³ (N. Coudray et al., Density measurement of fine aerosol fractions from wood
combustion sources using ELPI distributions and image processing techniques . Fuel 2009, 947-954)
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DBFZ
Measurements in 2011
Different fuels:
Wheat straw pellets
Wood-pellets
Equivalent diameter nm
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DBFZ
Summarization in 2012
Methods handbook
To be completed in 2013
Evaluation
in 2012
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DBFZ
Gemeinsame Projektskizze in 2012
abgelehnt
• Feinstaubmessung mit erweiterter Mess- und Analysentechnik
(Gravimetrie, Partikelzählung in Verbindung mit erweiterter
Gasanalytik)
• Anwendung und Vergleich verschiedener Methoden
• Einsatz verschiedener fester biogener Brennstoffe
• Unterschiedliche, vor allem repräsentative Feuerungstechnik
• Beteiligung von 5 nationalen Forschungseinrichtungen
• Messungen an 4 verschiedenen Standorten geplant
• Output über die „Energetischen Biomassenutzung“ beabsichtigt
 Gemeinsame Projektskizze wurde 2012 eingereicht
 Leider erfolgte eine Ablehnung
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DBFZ
Vision:
 Online- Toxicity
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DBFZ
B: Human toxicological experiments
• Alveolar cells (submerse) exposure of epithelial cells (A549) and
macrophages (THP-1) and metabolism with PAH sensitive bioassay
(PAH-CALUX)
• Exposition at the air liquid interface ALI  Compact Cell Exposure
System  first experiments published in 2012
Epithelzellen (A-549) Freßzellen (THP-1 diff.)
+
Querschnitt durch eine Alveole
© Urban & Fischer 2003 – Roche Lexikon Medizin, 5. Aufl.
Co-Kultur
=
Kompaktexpositionsystem
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DBFZ
Measurements in 2010
Dilution tunnel
- gas and PME
measurement
Hot exhaust gas
measurement
Continuos
heat output
measurement
Cell Exposure System and
particle measurement,
dilution tunnel
Wood log boiler (50 kW)
mounted on a scale
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DBFZ
Compact Cell Exposure System
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Compact system: 70x40x60 cm
Weight: ~ 45 kg
Sample flow rate: 1 m³/h
5 cell culture exposure
chambers
• 1 online dose measurement by
Quartz Cristal Microbalance
• ALI - Air Liquid Interface
Results will be published next
week on Venice Symposium
Source: S. Mülhopt, KIT, ITC-TAB
5 cell culture vessel + 1
microbalance
Source: S. Mülhopt, KIT, ITC-TAB
Source: S. Mülhopt, KIT, ITC-TAB
PAH CALUX® bioassay
Proven for
detection of
Benzo(a)pyrene
and other PAH
Source: University Konstanz
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DBFZ
Conclusion & Outlook
• Significant response of combustion aerosol exposed PAH CALUX®
• Significant response of B(a)p exposed cells in compare to blank control
• procedure seem to be capable  no influences of the procedure
determined so far
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Setup has to be improved (sampling train, tubing connections)
Atmospheric processing must be considered for future experiments
Batch wise operating furnace inappropriate for first trials
Parameter studies are necessary to determine significant influences
(fuel, settings, air supply…)
• Correlation between response and input variables
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